PROOF. Contents. Part I Provinces A Z 7. Acknowledgments. Notes on the Text. List of Abbreviations. Units of Measurement.
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1 Contents Acknowledgments Notes on the Text List of Abbreviations Units of Measurement Glossary Maps and Tables ix x xi xii xiii xviii Introduction 1 Part I Provinces A Z 7 Anhui 9 Beijing 19 Chongqing 31 Fujian 43 Gansu 54 Guangdong 64 Guangxi 76 Guizhou 88 Hainan 98 Hebei 108 Heilongjiang 118 Henan 130 Hubei 142 Hunan 153 Inner Mongolia 163 vii
2 viii Contents Jiangsu 174 Jiangxi 187 Jilin 199 Liaoning 210 Ningxia 222 Qinghai 231 Shaanxi 240 Shandong 250 Shanghai 262 Shanxi 276 Sichuan 287 Tianjin 297 Tibet 308 Xinjiang 318 Yunnan 329 Zhejiang 340 Part II Ranking the Provinces 351 Appendix 379 Index 381
3 Introduction During ancient times, the Chinese nation was generally regarded as being divided into nine states (or prefectures). More often than not, China, now called zhongguo (center under heaven or central state) in pinyin form, had an alternative name, jiuzhou (nine states). However, there have been a number of different viewpoints as to the states precise classification. For example, according to Yugong (the geographical records of the tribute to Yu), a book which was probably written in the Xia Dynasty (c BC), the nine states are Jizhou (on the northern side of the Yellow River), Yanzhou (on the eastern side of the Yellow River), Qingzhou (on the Shandong Peninsula), Yangzhou (in the southeast), Jingzhou (in the south), Yuzhou (on the southern side of the Yellow River), Yongzhou (in the near west), Liangzhou (in the far west) and Xuzhou (in the east, comprising the northern Jiangsu and southeast Shandong provinces). 1 Since founding the feudal system, China s provincial administrations have been named as, inter alia, jun in the Qin Dynasty ( BC); junguo in the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC AD 25); zhou in the Eastern Han (AD ), the Wei (AD ), the Jin (AD ) and the North and South (AD ) dynasties; dao 2 in the Tang Dynasty (AD ); lu in the North and South Song (AD ) and Jin (AD ) dynasties; zhongshu-xingsheng in the Yuan Dynasty (AD ); xingsheng in the Ming (AD ) and Qing (AD ) dynasties. 1
4 2 Regional China Note that the Chinese character sheng originally refers to the term ministry (it is still used in Japan and Korea). Zhongshu-xingsheng and xingsheng (the latter has evolved into the term sheng in contemporary Chinese) refer to the ministerial representative agencies of central government to provinces. At present, China s territorial-administrative hierarchy has three different types of provincial-level units: sheng (provinces), zizhiqu (autonomous regions) and zhixiashi (municipalities directly under central government). In Chinese state administration autonomous refers to self-government by a large and single (but not necessarily majority) ethnic minority in any given unit within the territorial hierarchy. Autonomous regions are provincial-level units of state administration where the presence of an ethnic minority is officially recognized. They have the name of the specific ethnic minority incorporated into their title, as, for example, in the Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, where Guangxi is the geographic name of the region and Zhuang is the name of a nationality. Municipalities are large cities, directly subordinate to the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee (CCPCC) and the State Council. It should be noted that the three kinds of provincial administrations (sheng, zizhiqu and zhixiashi) have different functions. More often than not, top zhixiashi leaders are appointed as members of the Politburo of the CCPCC, something which has only happened to a small number of sheng and zizhiqu leaders. The autonomous regions (zizhiqu) are only established in areas where the ethnic minorities consist of the major portion of the population. Compared with other forms of provincial administrations, the zizhiqu is, at least in form, the most politically and culturally autonomous of the three kinds of provincial administration. In addition, Hong Kong and Macau which returned to China in 1997 and 1999, respectively are now China s two special administrative regions (SARs). It was agreed on handover that the existing political and economic systems that prevailed prior to these dates would be maintained for 50 years. 3 While the formation of most provinces had taken place well before the foundation of the People s Republic of China (PRC), in recent decades a few of the others were either incorporated with their neighboring provinces or divided into new ones. For example, in 1954, Pingyuan Province, which was composed of the marginal administrative areas of present-day Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong and Henan provinces, was abolished; in 1988, Hainan Island, Guangdong Province, was established as a new province; and, in 1997, Chongqing City and its surrounding areas,
5 Introduction 3 all of which had belonged to Sichuan Province, became a provincelevel municipality under the direct control of central government. In addition, during the history of the PRC, some provincially marginal areas have been administratively transposed between the neighboring provinces. For example, in 1953, Xuzhou administrative region Shandong Province was placed under the administration of Jiangsu Province; and, in 1955, Yutai County was transferred from Anhui to Jiangsu Province. There are five hierarchies of administrative divisions in China that is, provincial, prefectural, county, township and village. The firstclass administrative divisions include provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under central government. The second-class administrative divisions refer to prefectures, autonomous prefectures, municipalities and other prefecture-level administrative divisions. And the third-class administrative divisions relate to counties, autonomous counties and other county-level administrative divisions. An organizational pattern involving more classes of administrative division has been generally known to have a lower level of administrative efficiency. Recently, some provinces have been granted permission by central government to practise the reform of administrative divisions (i.e. to eliminate the second-class administrative divisions) in order to increase spatial economic efficiency. However, this administrative reform has encountered difficulties in dealing with large provinces. For example, in Henan and Shandong provinces there are more than 100 counties and county-level administrative divisions. Without the participation of the prefecture-level administrations, it would be very difficult, if not impossible, for a provincial governor to exert any direct effective influence on all of these county magistrates concurrently. Most of China s provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities that are under the direct control of central government, 4 which are the average size and scale of a European country in population and land area, are considerable political and economic systems in their own right. These large provincial administrations, although they have some comparative advantages over the small ones in some circumstances, have been known to lack spatial administrative efficiency. Generally, the sources of benefits for large administrations may be grouped into two categories: (1) The large administrations can make relatively efficient use of their fixed cost and hence gain considerable advantages over small administrations.
6 4 Regional China (2) Marketing in a larger economy has many benefits, but the main economies of scale from marketing include the bulk purchases and distribution potentialities. A number of advantages can lead to larger administrations experiencing risk-bearing economies. The underlying factor is that large administrations frequently engage in a range of diverse activities, so that a fall in the return from any one unit of economy does not threaten the stability of the whole economy. While increases in size frequently confer advantages on an administration, there is a limit to the gains from growth in many cases. In other words, there is an optimal level of capacity, and increases in size beyond this level will lead to a loss of economies of scale and manifest themselves in rising average costs (see Figure 0.1). Without doubt, the increasing complexity of managing a large administration is the major source of administrative inefficiencies when its size grows beyond a certain level, and management of diverse socioeconomic affairs and risks becomes increasingly difficult. Given China s huge size and enormous population, establishing new provincial administrations (including provinces or other provinciallevel units) in the border areas of some adjacent, large provinces seems to serve two positive functions. The first concerns the increase in the efficiency of spatial administration over the marginal, adjacent areas by transferring the multitude of administrative systems into a unitary administrative structure; and the second relates to the realization of Benefit Cost 0 S Size of admin. Figure 0.1 The optimum size (S ) of administrative divisions
7 Introduction 5 increased economies of scale for provincial administration by separating the marginal areas out of the over-sized provinces. Over recent decades, the total number of China s provincial administrations has increased from 29 in the mid-1950s to 30 in 1988 and 31 in But economic geographers and regional scientists still believe that the introduction of more (and smaller) provinces may help to improve the spatial efficiency of the Chinese economy. However, it seems unlikely that, under current political and economic systems, central government will be willing to create, and, of course, able to deal with, any more provincial administrations. This book provides, in an easy-to-use format, a broad collection of data on China s 31 provinces. It is a resource that profiles the geography, demography, economy, political environment and business climate of each of these provinces. The chapter on each province contains: a brief introduction setting the geo-political and institutional background to each province s economy; a clear map indicating each province s geo-political relations with its neighbors, as well as its administrative divisions; a set of key demographic and socioeconomic indicators; an economic survey, divided into sections addressing the various sectors, including agriculture, industry, services, external trade, government finance and international economic cooperation; comparative (dis)advantage indexes of major industrial sectors in each province; provincial ranking of selected socioeconomic indicators from 2000 to 2010; a dedicated list of references for each province. We hope that this book, which can be regularly updated with new editions to make sure that the provincial data are as up-to-date as possible, will become a useful source for researchers, businesses, government agencies and news media with an interest in either the rapidly changing provincial economies or the Chinese economy as a whole. Notes 1. In the book titled Lvshi Chunqiu (historical records compiled by Lv Buwei), these states include Jizhou, Yanzhou, Qingzhou, Yangzhou, Jingzhou, Yuzhou, Yongzhou, Youzhou (in the northeast) and Bingzhou (in the north).
8 6 Regional China 2. Notice that the Chinese character dao is still being used for province in both North and South Korea. 3. Note that Hong Kong and Macau SARs will not be discussed in this book. 4. In what follows, unless stated otherwise, we will use the term province to denote all three kinds of administrative division.
9 Index Notes: (1) Only the administrative divisions that are directly under provinces, autonomous regions and central municipalities are included in this index. (2) The types of the administrative divisions are shown within parentheses. Abbreviations: AC=autonomous county; AP=autonomous prefecture; C=county; CM=county level municipality; D=district; FD=forestry district; NA=new prefectural-level area; P=prefecture; PD=prefectural level district; PL=prefectural level league; PM= prefectural level municipality; SPC= sub-prefectural level country; and SPM=sub-provincial level municipality. Aba (Tibetan & Qiang AP, Sichuan), 288 Aksu (P, Xinjiang), 319, 323 Ali (P, Tibet), 309 Altay (P, Xinjiang), 319 Alxa (PL, Inner Mongolia), 164 Ankang (PM, Shaanxi), 241 Anqing (PM, Anhui), 10, 12 Anshan (PM, Liaoning), 211, Anshun (PM, Guizhou), 89 Anyang (PM, Henan), 131, 134, 137 Aral (SPM, Xinjiang), 319, 320 Ba nan (PD, Chongqing), 32 Baicheng (PM, Jilin), 200, 204 Baise (PM, Guangxi), 77, 79 Baisha (Li AC, Hainan), 99 Baishan (PM, Jilin), 200 Baiyin (PM, Gansu), 55, 59 Baodi (PD, Tianjin), 298 Baoding (PM, Hebei), 109, Baoji (PM, Shaanxi), 241, 245 Baoshan (PD, Shanghai), 263, 271 Baoshan (PM, Yunnan), 330 Baoting (Li & Miao AC, Hainan), 99 Baotou (PM, Inner Mongolia), 164, 168, 170 1, 224, 227 Bayannur (PM, Inner Mongolia), 164 Bayingolin (Mongol AP, Xinjiang), 319 Bazhong (PM, Sichuan), 288 Beichen (PD, Tianjin), 298 Beihai (PM, Guangxi), 22, 77 9, 82 4 Beipei (PD, Chongqing), 32 Beitun (SPM, Xinjiang), 319, 320 Bengbu (PM, Anhui), 10 Benxi (PM, Liaoning), 211, 215 Bijie (PM, Guizhou), 89 Binhai (NA, Tianjin), 298, , 304, 306 Binzhou (PM, Shandong), 251 Bishan (C, Chongqing), 32 Bortala (Mongol AP, Xinjiang), 319 Bozhou (PM, Anhui), 10 Cangzhou (PM, Hebei), 109, 114 Changchun (SPM, Jilin), 200, Changde (PM, Hunan), 154 Changdu (P, Tibet), 309 Changji (Hui AP, Xinjiang), 319 Changjiang (Li AC, Hainan), 99, 103 Changning (PD, Shanghai), 263 Changping (PD, Beijing), 20, 21, 26 Changsha (PM, Hunan), 154, 157, Changshou (PD, Chongqing), 32 Changzhi (PM, Shanxi), 277 Changzhou (PM, Jiangsu), 175 7, 181 Chaoyang (PD, Beijing), 20 Chaoyang (PM, Liaoning), 211 Chaozhou (PM, Guangdong), 65 Chengde (PM, Hebei), 109, 111 2, 114 Chengdu (SPM, Sichuan), 37, 237, 288, 289, 292 4, 335 Chengkou (C, Chongqing),
10 382 Index Chengmai (C, Hainan), 99 Chenzhou (PM, Hunan), 154, 160 Chifeng (PM, Inner Mongolia), 164 Chizhou (PM, Anhui), 10 Chongming (C, Shanghai), 263 Chongzuo (PM, Guangxi), 77, 84 Chuxiong (Yi AP, Yunnan), 330, 337 Chuzhou (PM, Anhui), 10 Da Hinggan Ling (P, Heilongjiang), Dadukou (PD, Chongqing), 32 Dali (Bai AP, Yunnan), 330, 332 Dalian (SPM, Liaoning), 211, 213 6, 218, 150, 204, 207 Dandong (PM, Liaoning), 211, 213, 215 6, 218, 204 Danzhou (CM, Hainan), 99, 100 Daqing (PM, Heilongjiang), 119, Datong (PM, Shanxi), 277 8, 280, 282, 284 Daxing (PD, Beijing), 20 Dazhou (PM, Sichuan), 288 Dazu (PD, Chongqing), 32 Dehong (Dai & Jingpo AP, Yunnan), 330 Deyang (PM, Sichuan), 288 Dezhou (PM, Shandong), 251 Dianjiang (C, Chongqing), 32 Ding an (C, Hainan), 99 Dingxi (PM, Gansu), 55 Diqing (Tibetan AP, Yunnan), 330 Dongcheng (PD, Beijing), 20, 21, 24 Dongfang (CM, Hainan), , 101, 103 Dongguan (PM, Guangdong), 65, 69 Dongli (PD, Tianjin), 298 Dongying (PM, Shandong), 251, 252, 255 Enshi (Tujia (& Miao AP, Hubei), 143 Ezhou (PM, Hubei), 143 Fangchenggang (PM, Guangxi), 77 8, 84 Fangshan (PD, Beijing), 20 Fengdu (PD, Chongqing), 32 Fengjie (C, Chongqing), 32 Fengtai (PD, Beijing), 20, 26 Fengxian (PD, Shanghai), 263 Foshan (PM, Guangdong), 65, 69, 71 Fuling (PD, Chongqing), 32 Fushun (PM, Liaoning), 211 Fuxin (PM, Liaoning), 211 Fuyang (PM, Anhui), 10 Fuzhou (PM, Fujian), 44 5, 47, Fuzhou (PM, Jiangxi), 188 Gannan (Tibetan AP, Gansu), 55 Ganzhou (PM, Jiangxi), 188 Ganzi (Tibetan AP, Sichuan), 288 Golog (Tibetan AP, Qinghai), 232 Guang an (PM, Sichuan), 288 Guangyuan (PM, Sichuan), 288 Guangzhou (SPM, Guangdong), 65 9, 71 2, 92, 155, 237 Guigang (PM, Guangxi), 77 Guilin (PM, Guangxi), 77 80, 83 4 Guiyang (PM, Guizhou), 89, 91 2, 94 5 Guyuan (PM, Ningxia), 223 Haibei (Tibetan AP, Qinghai), 232 Haidian (PD, Beijing), 20, 24 6 Haidong (P (, Qinghai), 232 Haikou (PM, Hainan), , 105 Hainan (Tibetan AP, Qinghai), 232 Haixi (Mongol & Tibetan AP, Qinghai), 232 Handan (PM, Hebei), 109, Hangzhou (SPM, Zhejiang), 22, 176, 182, 341, 343, Hanzhong (PM, Shaanxi), 241 Harbin (SPM, Heilongjiang), 119, 122, Hebei (PD, Tianjin), 298 Hebi (PM, Henan), 131 Hechi (PM, Guangxi), 77 Hechuan (PD, Chongqing), 32 Hedong (PD, Tianjin), 298 Hefei (PM, Anhui), 10, Hegang (PM, Heilongjiang), 119 Heihe (PM, Heilongjiang), 119, 125 Hengshui (PM, Hebei), 109 Hengyang (PM, Hunan), 154 Heping (PD, Tianjin), 298 Hexi (PD, Tianjin), 298
11 Index 383 Heyuan (PM, Guangdong), 65, 66 Heze (PM, Shandong), 251 Hezhou (PM, Guangxi), 77, 80 Hinggan (PL, Inner Mongolia), 164 Hohhot (PM, Inner Mongolia), 164, 170 Honghe (Hani & Yi AP, Yunnan), 330 Hongkou (PD, Shanghai), 263 Hongqiao (PD, Tianjin), 298 Hotan (P, Xinjiang), 319 Huai an (PM, Jiangsu), 175, 177 Huaibei (PM, Anhui), 10, 11 Huaihua (PM, Hunan), 154 Huainan (PM, Anhui), 10, 12 Huairou (PD, Beijing), 20, 21 Huanggang (PM, Hubei), 143 Huangnan (Tibetan AP, Qinghai), 232 Huangpu (PD, Shanghai), Huangshan (PM, Anhui), 10, 12 Huangshi (PM, Hubei), 143, 145 Huizhou (PM, Guangdong), 65 6, 68 9, 71 Huludao (PM, Liaoning), 211, 213 Hulunbuir (PM, Inner Mongolia), Huzhou (PM, Zhejiang), 341, 346 Ili (Kazakh AP, Xinjiang), 319, 320 Ji (C, Tianjin), 298 Ji nan (SPM, Shandong), 251, 254, Jiading (PD, Shanghai), 263, Jiamusi (PM, Heilongjiang), 119 Ji an (PM, Jiangxi), 188 Jiangbei (PD, Chongqing), 32 Jiangjin (PD, Chongqing), 32 Jiangmen (PM, Guangdong), 65, 68 9 Jiaozuo (PM, Henan), 131 Jiaxing (PM, Zhejiang), 182, 341, 346 Jiayuguan (PM, Gansu), 55 Jieyang (PM, Guangdong), 65 Jilin (PM, Jilin), 200, 206 Jinchang (PM, Gansu), 55, 56, 59 Jincheng (PM, Shanxi), 277 Jing an (PD, Shanghai), 263, 265 Jingdezhen (PM, Jiangxi), 188, Jinghai (C, Tianjin), 298 Jingmen (PM, Hubei), 143, 145 Jingzhou (PM, Hubei), 143, 149 Jinhua (PM, Zhejiang), 215, 341 Jining (PM, Shandong), 251 Jinnan (PD, Tianjin), 298 Jinshan (PD, Shanghai), 263 Jinzhong (PM, Shanxi), 277 Jinzhou (PM, Liaoning), 211, 213 Jiujiang (PM, Jiangxi), 188, Jiulongpo (PD, Chongqing), 32 Jiuquan (PM, Gansu), 55, 227 Jixi (PM, Heilongjiang), 119 Jiyuan (SPM, Henan), 131, 132 Kai (C, Chongqing), 32 Kaifeng (PM, Henan), 131, Karamay (PM, Xinjiang), 319, 323 Kashgar (P, Xinjiang), Kizilsu (Kirgiz AP, Xinjiang), 319 Kumul (P, Xinjiang), 319 Kunming (PM, Yunnan), 22, 34, 330, 332, Laibin (PM, Guangxi), 77 Laiwu (PM, Shandong), 251 Langfang (PM, Hebei), 109, 114 Lanzhou (PM, Gansu), 55 6, 59, 61 2 Ledong (Li (AC, Hainan), 99, 103 Leshan (PM, Sichuan), 288 Lhasa (PM, Tibet), 309, Liangping (C, Chongqing), 32 Liangshan (Yi AP, Sichuan), 288 Lianyungang (PM, Jiangsu), 175 6, 179, 242 Liaocheng (PM, Shandong), 251 Liaoyang (PM, Liaoning), 211, 213 Liaoyuan (PM, Jilin), 200 Lijiang (PM, Yunnan), 330, 332 Lincang (PM, Yunnan), 330 Linfen (PM, Shanxi), 277 Lingao (C, Hainan), 99 Lingshui (Li (AC, Hainan), 99, 103 Linxia (Hui AP, Gansu), 55 Linyi (PM, Shandong), 251, 253 Linzhi (P, Tibet), 309 Lishui (PM, Zhejiang), 341 Liupanshui (PM, Guizhou), 89 Liuzhou (PM, Guangxi), 77, 81 2, 84 5 Longnan (PM, Gansu), 55
12 384 Index Longyan (PM, Fujian), 44, 46 Loudi (PM, Hunan), 154 Lu an (PM, Anhui), 10 Luohe (PM, Henan), 131 Luoyang (PM, Henan), Luzhou (PM, Sichuan), 288, 292, 295 Lvliang (PM, Shanxi), 277 Ma anshan (PM, Anhui), 10, 12 14, 17 Maoming (PM, Guangdong), 65, 67, 69 Meishan (PM, Sichuan), 288 Meizhou (PM, Guangdong), 47, 50, 65, 66 Mentougou (PD, Beijing), 20 Mianyang (PM, Sichuan), 288, 292, 295 Minhang (PD, Shanghai), 263, 267, 270 Miyun (SPC, Beijing), 20, 21 2 Mudanjiang (PM, Heilongjiang), 119 Nan an (PD, Chongqing), 32 Nanchang (PM, Jiangxi), 188, Nanchong (PM, Sichuan), 288, 292 Nanchuan (D, Chongqing), 32 Nanjing (SPM, Jiangsu), 16, 21, 34, , 184 Nankai (PD, Tianjin), 298, 302 Nanning (PM, Guangxi), 77, 81 4 Nanping (PM, Fujian), 44 Nantong (PM, Jiangsu), 175 6, 182 Nanyang (PM, Henan), 131, 134 Naqu (P, Tibet), 309 Neijiang (PM, Sichuan), 288 Ningbo (SPM, Zhejiang), 341, Ningde (PM, Fujian), 44 Ninghe (C, Tianjin), 298 Nujiang (Lisu AP, Yunnan), 330 Ordos (PM, Inner Mongolia), 164 Panjin (PM, Liaoning), 211, 215 Panzhihua (PM, Sichuan), 288, 290, 295 Pengshui (Miao & Tujia AC, Chongqing), 32 Pingdingshan (PM, Henan), 131, 137, 169 Pinggu (PD, Beijing), 20 Pingliang (PM, Gansu), 55 Pingxiang (PM, Jiangxi), 188 Pudong (ND, Shanghai), 263 5, 267, 270 Pu er (PM, Yunnan), 330 Putian (PM, Fujian), 44, 47 Putuo (PD, Shanghai), 263 Puyang (PM, Henan), 131 Qiandongnan (Miao & Dong AP, Guizhou), 89 Qianjiang (CM, Hubei), 143 Qianjiang (PD, Chongqing), 32 Qiannan (Buyei & Miao AP, Guizhou), 89 Qianxinan (Buyei & Miao AP, Guizhou), 89 Qijiang (PD, Chongqing), 32 Qingdao (SPM, Shandong), 251 2, Qingpu (PD, Shanghai), 263, 270 Qingyang (PM, Gansu), 55, 59 Qingyuan (PM, Guangdong), 65, 67, 191 Qinhuangdao (PM, Hebei), 109, 111, 114 5, 282 Qinzhou (PM, Guangxi), 77 8, 84 Qionghai (CM, Hainan), Qiongzhong (Li & Miao AC, Hainan), 99, 103 Qiqihar (PM, Heilongjiang), 119, 124 Qitaihe (PM, Heilongjiang), 119 Quanzhou (PM, Fujian), 44, 48 9 Qujing (PM, Yunnan), 330, 337 Quzhou (PM, Zhejiang), 341 Rikaze (P, Tibet), 309 Rizhao (PM, Shandong), 251 Rongchang (C, Chongqing), 32 Sanmenxia (PM, Henan), Sanming (PM, Fujian), 44 Sansha (PM, Hainan), 99 Sanya (PM, Hainan), , 105 Shangluo (PM, Shaanxi), 241 Shangqiu (PM, Henan), 131 Shangrao (PM, Jiangxi), 188 Shannan (P, Tibet), , 312 3
13 Index 385 Shantou (PM, Guangdong), 65, 68 9, 71 Shanwei (PM, Guangdong), 65 Shaoguan (PM, Guangdong), 65 7 Shaoxing (PM, Zhejiang), 341, 343, Shaoyang (PM, Hunan), 154 Shapingba (PD, Chongqing), 32 Shennongjia (FD, Hubei), 143 4, 146 Shenyang (SPM, Liaoning), 211, Shenzhen (SPM, Guangdong), 65, 67 9, 71 3 Shihezi (SPM, Xinjiang), , Shijiazhuang (PM, Hebei), 109, Shijingshan (PD, Beijing), 20, 24 Shiyan (PM, Hubei), 143 Shizhu (Tujia (AC, Chongqing), 32 Shizuishan (PM, Ningxia), 223, 227 Shuangyashan (PM, Heilongjiang), 119 Shunyi (PD, Beijing), 20 Shuozhou (PM, Shanxi), 277 Siping (PM, Jilin), 200 Songjiang (PD, Shanghai), 263, 271 Songyuan (PM, Jilin), 200 Suihua (PM, Heilongjiang), 119 Suining (PM, Sichuan), 288 Suizhou (PM, Hubei), 143 Suqian (PM, Jiangsu), 175 Suzhou (PM, Anhui), 10 Suzhou (PM, Jiangsu), 175 9, Tacheng (P, Xinjiang), 319, 325 Tai an (PM, Shandong), 251 Taiyuan (PM, Shanxi), 277, 280 2, 284 Taizhou (PM, Jiangsu), 175, 176 Taizhou (PM, Zhejiang), 341, 346 Tangshan (PM, Hebei), 109, 113 4, 116, 168 Tianmen (CM, Hubei), 143 Tianshui (PM, Gansu), 55 Tieling (PM, Liaoning), 211 Tongchuan (PM, Shaanxi), 241 Tonghua (PM, Jilin), 200, 204 Tongliang (C, Chongqing), 32 Tongliao (PM, Inner Mongolia), 164 Tongling (PM, Anhui), 10, 12, 14, 17 Tongnan (C, Chongqing), 32 Tongren (PM, Guizhou), 89 Tongzhou (PD, Beijing), 20, 21 Tumxuk (SPM, Xinjiang), 319, 320 Tunchang (C, Hainan), 99 Turpan (P, Xinjiang), 319, 320 Ulanqab (PM, Inner Mongolia), 164 Urumqi (PM, Xinjiang), 319, 323, 325 Wanning (CM, Hainan), , 103, 105 Wanzhou (PD, Chongqing), 32 Weifang (PM, Shandong), 251, 254, 258 Weihai (PM, Shandong), 251, 258 Weinan (PM, Shaanxi), 241 Wenchang (CM, Hainan), 99, 100 Wenshan (Zhuang & Miao AP, Yunnan), 330 Wenzhou (PM, Zhejiang), 341, 343, Wuhai (PM, Inner Mongolia), 164, 168 Wuhan (SPM, Hubei), Wuhu (PM, Anhui), 10, 13, 14, 16 Wujiaqu (SPM, Xinjiang), 319 Wulong (C, Chongqing), 32 Wuqing (PD, Tianjin), 298 Wushan (C, Chongqing), 32 Wuwei (PM, Gansu), 55, 56 Wuxi (C, Chongqing), 32 Wuxi (PM, Jiangsu), 175 9, 183 Wuzhishan (CM, Hainan), 99, 100 Wuzhong (PM, Ningxia), 223 Wuzhou (PM, Guangxi), 77, 85 Xiamen (SPM, Fujian), 44, Xi an (SPM, Shaanxi), 241, 243 4, Xiangtan (PM, Hunan), 154 Xiangxi (Tujia & Miao AP, Hunan), 154 Xiangyang (PM, Hubei), 143, 150 Xianning (PM, Hubei), 143 Xiantao (CM, Hubei), 143 Xianyang (PM, Shaanxi), 241, Xiaogan (PM, Hubei), 143 Xicheng (PD, Beijing), 20, 21 Xilingol (PL, Inner Mongolia), 164 Xingtai (PM, Hebei), 109
14 386 Index Xining (PM, Qinghai), 232, 235 8, 314 Xinxiang (PM, Henan), 131 Xinyang (PM, Henan), 131 Xinyu (PM, Jiangxi), 188, 193 Xinzhou (PM, Shanxi), 277 Xiqing (PD, Tianjin), 298 Xishuangbanna (Dai AP, Yunnan), 330, 332 Xiushan (Tujia and Miao AC, Chongqing), 32 Xuancheng (PM, Anhui), 10 Xuchang (PM, Henan), 131 Xuhui (PD, Shanghai), 263 Xuzhou (PM, Jiangsu), 1, 3, Ya an (PM, Sichuan), 288 Yan an (PM, Shaanxi), 241, 243 Yanbian (Korean AP, Jilin), 200, 202 Yancheng (PM, Jiangsu), 175 6, 182 Yangjiang (PM (, Guangdong), 65, 67 Yangpu (EDZ, Hainan), 99, 105 Yangpu (PD, Shanghai), 263 Yangquan (PM, Shanxi), 277 Yangzhou (PM, Jiangsu), 1, 5, 175, 177, 179 Yanqing (SPC, Beijing), 20 Yantai (PM, Shandong), 251, 253 4, Yibin (PM, Sichuan), 288 9, 294 Yichang (PM, Hubei), 143, 146 Yichun (PM, Heilongjiang), 119 Yichun (PM, Jiangxi), 188 Yinchuan (PM, Ningxia), 223 4, 226, 228 Yingkou (PM, Liaoning), 211, 213, Yingtan (PM, Jiangxi), 188 Yiyang (PM, Hunan), 154 Yongchuan (PD, Chongqing), 32 Yongzhou (PM, Hunan), 154 Youyang (Tujia and Miao AC, Chongqing), 32 Yubei (PD, Chongqing), 32 Yueyang (PM, Hunan), 154, Yulin (PM, Guangxi), 77, 84 Yulin (PM, Shaanxi), 241 Yuncheng (PM, Shanxi), 277, 278 Yunfu (PM, Guangdong), 65 Yunyang (C, Chongqing), 32 Yushu (Tibetan AP, Qinghai), 232 Yuxi (PM, Yunnan), 330 Yuzhong (PD, Chongqing), 32 Zangnan (D, Tibet), 309, 310 Zaozhuang (PM, Shandong), 251, 253 Zhabei (PD, Shanghai), 263 Zhangjiajie (PM, Hunan), 154, 156 Zhangjiakou (PM, Hebei), 109 Zhangye (PM, Gansu), 55 Zhangzhou (PM, Fujian), 44, 48 9 Zhanjiang (PM, Guangdong), 37, 65 7, 71 Zhaoqing (PM, Guangdong), 65, 67 Zhaotong (PM, Yunnan), 330 Zhengzhou (PM, Henan), 131, Zhenjiang (PM, Jiangsu), Zhong (C, Chongqing), 32 Zhongshan (PM, Guangdong), 65, 67, 69, 72 Zhongwei (PM, Ningxia), 223 Zhoukou (PM, Henan), 131 Zhoushan (PM, Zhejiang), 341, Zhuhai (PM, Guangdong), 65, 67 9, 71 Zhumadian (PM, Henan), 131 Zhuzhou (PM, Hunan), 154, 158, 160 Zibo (PM, Shandong), 251, 253 Zigong (PM, Sichuan), 288 Ziyang (PM, Sichuan), 288 Zunyi (PM, Guizhou), 89
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