Flavor Enhancement Texturizing, Bulking, and Blending Mouth Feel Humectancy and Preservative Action Fermentation...

Transcription

1 INTRODUCTION... XX STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES... XXI REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY... XXII CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY AND FOR WHOM... XXII SCOPE AND FORMAT... XXIII METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES... XXVI RELATED BCC PUBLICATIONS... XXVI ABOUT THE AUTHOR... XXVII BCC ONLINE SERVICES... XXVII DISCLAIMER... XXVII SUMMARY... XXIX SUMMARY TABLE ESTIMATED U.S. MARKET FOR SUGAR AND OTHER SWEETENERS THROUGH 2011 (MT IN THOUSANDS)... XXX SUMMARY FIGURE ESTIMATED U.S. MARKET FOR SUGAR AND OTHER SWEETENERS (MT IN THOUSANDS)... XXXI OVERVIEW... 1 PROPERTIES AND COMPOSITION OF SUGARS AND SUGAR- BASED CALORIC SWEETENERS... 1 TABLE 1 SOME PROPERTIES OF SUGAR AND OTHER CALORIC SWEETENERS... 1 CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY... 2 SUGARS... 2 SUGAR ALCOHOLS... 3 TABLE 2 PROPERTIES OF SUGAR ALCOHOLS AND SUGAR... 4 HISTORY... 5 TABLE 3 EARLY CHRONOLOGY OF SUGAR AND SWEETENERS... 5 EARLY CULTIVATION OF CANE SUGAR... 6 EARLY MARKETS FOR CANE SUGAR... 6 OTHER SOURCES OF SUGAR BESIDES SUGAR CANE... 7 CORN DISTILLATION AND THE FIRST CORN SWEETENERS... 8 TABLE 4 LATER CHRONOLOGY OF SUGAR, OTHER SWEETENERS, AND HIS... 8 MARKET CHANGES IN CALORIC SWEETENER USAGE... 9 ARTIFICIAL, NONCALORIC SUGAR SUBSTITUTES... 9 SUGAR VERSUS OTHER SWEETENERS SUGAR VERSUS OTHER SWEETENERS (CONTINUED) SUGAR AND SWEETENER TRENDS SWEETENER TYPES SUGAR (SUCROSE) OTHER CALORIC (NUTRITIVE) SWEETENERS... 13

2 TABLE 5 ESTIMATED PERCENTAGE OF ANNUAL NUTRITIVE SWEETENER USE IN THE U.S. (%, BASED ON APPROX. 150 LBS PER YEAR PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION) Corn-Derived Sweeteners (HFCS, Dextrose/Glucose, etc.) Sugar Alcohols Minor Caloric Sweeteners (Honey, Maple Syrup, etc.) HIGH-INTENSITY (NON-NUTRITIVE) SWEETENERS APPLICATIONS AND ATTRIBUTES TABLE 6 SOME KEY SUGAR AND SWEETENER APPLICATIONS FLAVOR ENHANCEMENT TEXTURE BULK BLENDING MOUTH FEEL HUMECTANCY PRESERVATION BROWNING FERMENTATION COLOR CALORIC IMPACT SUGAR MARKET SUGAR MARKET OVERALL U.S. SUGAR MARKET TABLE 7 ESTIMATED U.S. SUGAR MARKET BY TYPE, THROUGH 2011 (MT IN THOUSANDS) FIGURE 1 ESTIMATED U.S. SUGAR MARKET BY TYPE, (MT IN THOUSANDS) SUGAR TYPES, PROPERTIES, AND FUNCTIONS TABLE 8 SOME FUNCTIONS AND ADVANTAGES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SUGARS WHITE (REFINED) SUGAR Flavor Enhancement Texturizing, Bulking, and Blending Mouth Feel Humectancy and Preservative Action Fermentation Color and Browning (Caramelization) Caloric Impact BROWN SUGARS AND MOLASSES Flavor Enhancement Texturizing, Bulking, and Blending Mouth Feel Humectancy and Preservative Action Fermentation... 27

3 Color and Browning Attributes Caloric Impact INVERT SUGAR Flavor Enhancement Texturizing, Bulking, and Blending Mouth Feel Humectancy and Preservative Action Fermentation Color and Browning Attributes Caloric Impact SUGAR APPLICATIONS IN THE U.S TABLE 9 ESTIMATED U.S. SUGAR APPLICATIONS IN COMMERCIAL FOOD AND BEVERAGES, THROUGH 2011 (MT IN THOUSANDS) TABLE 9 (CONTINUED) U.S. SUGAR PRICES BEVERAGES BAKED GOODS AND CEREALS CANDY/CONFECTIONERY ICE CREAM AND DAIRY PRODUCTS CANNED, BOTTLED, AND FROZEN FOODS SUGAR MARKET ASSESSMENT CONCLUSION Conclusion (Continued) OTHER SWEETENER MARKETS OTHER SWEETENER MARKETS TABLE 10 COMPARISON OF OTHER SWEETENERS WITH SUCROSE (%) OVERALL MARKET FOR SWEETENERS OTHER THAN SUCROSE TABLE 11 ESTIMATED U.S. MARKET FOR OTHER SWEETENERS BY TYPE THROUGH 2011 (MT IN THOUSANDS) FIGURE 2 ESTIMATED U.S. MARKET FOR OTHER SWEETENERS BY TYPE (MT IN THOUSANDS) OVERALL MARKET FOR SWEETENERS (CONTINUED) HFCS AND OTHER CORN-DERIVED SWEETENERS HFCS AND CORN-DERIVED SWEETENERS MARKET TABLE 12 ESTIMATED U.S. HFCS AND CORN-DERIVED SWEETENERS MARKET BY TYPE, THROUGH 2011 (MT IN THOUSANDS) FIGURE 3 ESTIMATED U.S. HFCS AND CORN-DERIVED SWEETENERS MARKET BY TYPE, (MT IN THOUSANDS) PROPERTIES AND FUNCTIONALITY BY TYPE High Fructose Corn Syrups... 45

4 Flavor Enhancement Texturizing, Bulking, and Blending Mouth Feel Humectancy and Preservative Action Fermentation Color and Browning Attributes Caloric Impact Glucose, Dextrose, and other Corn Syrups Flavor Enhancement Texturizing, Bulking, and Blending Mouth Feel Humectancy and Preservative Action Fermentation Color and Browning Attributes Caloric Impact HFCS AND CORN-DERIVED SWEETENER APPLICATIONS TABLE 13 ESTIMATED U.S. USAGE OF HFCS AND CORN SWEETENER IN COMMERCIAL FOOD AND BEVERAGE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2011 (MT IN THOUSANDS) Beverages Bakery, Cereals, and Related Bakery Products Ice Cream and Dairy Products Candy and Confectionery HFCS AND CORN SWEETENER MARKET ASSESSMENT SUGAR ALCOHOLS (POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOLS, POLYOLS) TABLE 14 ESTIMATED U.S. SUGAR ALCOHOL MARKET BY TYPE, THROUGH 2011 (MT IN THOUSANDS) Sugar Alcohols Market (Continued) TABLE 15 COMPARISON OF SUGAR ALCOHOLS WITH SUCROSE PROPERTIES, FUNCTIONS, AND MARKETS BY SUGAR ALCOHOL Erythritol Flavor Enhancement Texturizing, Bulking, and Blending Mouth Feel Humectancy and Preservative Action Fermentation Caloric Impact Market Estimate and Forecast TABLE 16 ESTIMATED U.S. USAGE OF ERYTHRITOL IN COMMERCIAL FOOD AND BEVERAGE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2011 (MT IN THOUSANDS) Isomalt Flavor Enhancement... 59

5 Texturizing, Bulking, and Blending Mouth Feel Humectancy and Preservative Action Fermentation Color and Browning Attributes Caloric Impact Market Estimate and Forecast TABLE 17 ESTIMATED U.S. USAGE OF ISOMALT IN COMMERCIAL FOOD AND BEVERAGE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2011 (MT IN THOUSANDS) Lactitol Flavor Enhancement Texturizing, Bulking, and Blending Mouth Feel Humectancy and Preservative Action Fermentation Caloric Impact Market Estimate and Forecast TABLE 18 ESTIMATED U.S. USAGE OF LACTITOL IN COMMERCIAL FOOD AND BEVERAGE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2011 (MT IN THOUSANDS) Maltitol Flavor Enhancement Texturizing, Bulking, and Blending Mouth Feel Humectancy and Preservative Action Browning Qualities and Color Caloric Impact Market Estimate and Forecast TABLE 19 ESTIMATED U.S. USAGE OF MALTITOL IN COMMERCIAL FOOD AND BEVERAGE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2011 (MT IN THOUSANDS) Mannitol Flavor Enhancement Texturizing, Bulking, and Blending Humectancy and Preservative Action Browning Qualities and Color Caloric Impact Market Estimate and Forecast TABLE 20 ESTIMATED U.S. USAGE OF MANNITOL IN COMMERCIAL FOOD AND BEVERAGE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2011 (MT IN THOUSANDS) TABLE 20 (CONTINUED) Sorbitol... 67

6 Flavor Enhancement Texturizing, Bulking, and Blending Mouth Feel Humectant and Preservative Action Color and Browning Attributes Caloric Impact Market Estimate and Forecast TABLE 21 ESTIMATED U.S. USAGE OF SORBITOL IN COMMERCIAL FOOD AND BEVERAGE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2011 (MT IN THOUSANDS) Xylitol Flavor Enhancement Texturizing, Bulking, and Blending Mouth Feel Humectancy and Preservative Action Caloric Impact Market Estimate and Forecast TABLE 22 ESTIMATED U.S. USAGE OF XYLITOL IN COMMERCIAL FOOD AND BEVERAGE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2011 (MT IN THOUSANDS) SUGAR ALCOHOL APPLICATIONS AND MARKETS TABLE 23 ESTIMATED U.S. USAGE OF SUGAR ALCOHOLS IN COMMERCIAL FOOD AND BEVERAGE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2011 (MT IN THOUSANDS) Beverages Bakery, Cereal, and Related Products Dairy Products and Ice Cream Candy and Confectionery SUGAR ALCOHOL MARKET ASSESSMENT Sugar Alcohol Market Assessment (Continued) HIGH-INTENSITY SWEETENERS TABLE 24 SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMERCIAL HIGH- INTENSITY SWEETENERS HIGH-INTENSITY SWEETENERS MARKET (HIS) TABLE 25 ESTIMATED U.S. HIGH INTENSITY SWEETENER MARKET BY TYPE THROUGH 2011 (MT) FIGURE 4 ESTIMATED U.S. HIGH INTENSITY SWEETENER MARKET BY TYPE, (MT) PROPERTIES, FUNCTIONS, AND HIGH-INTENSITY SWEETENER MARKETS Aspartame Aspartame (Continued) Flavor Enhancement Texturizing, Bulking, and Blending... 81

7 Mouth Feel Humectancy and Preservative Action Fermentation Color and Browning Attributes Caloric Impact Market Estimate and Forecast TABLE 26 ESTIMATED U.S. USAGE OF ASPARTAME IN COMMERCIAL FOOD AND BEVERAGE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2011 (MT) Acesulfame-K (Ace-K) Flavor Enhancement Texturizing, Bulking, and Blending Mouth Feel Humectancy and Preservative Action Fermentation Color and Browning Attributes Caloric Impact Market Estimate and Forecast TABLE 27 ESTIMATED U.S. USAGE OF ACE-K IN COMMERCIAL FOOD AND BEVERAGE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2011 (MT) Saccharin Flavor Enhancement Texturizing, Bulking, and Blending Mouth Feel Humectancy and Preservative Action Fermentation Color and Browning Attributes Caloric Impact Market Estimate and Forecast TABLE 28 ESTIMATED U.S. USAGE OF SACCHARIN IN COMMERCIAL FOOD AND BEVERAGE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2011 (MT) Sucralose Flavor Enhancement Texturizing, Bulking, and Blending Mouth Feel Humectancy and Preservative Action Fermentation Color and Browning Attributes Caloric Impact TABLE 29 ESTIMATED U.S. USAGE OF SUCRALOSE IN COMMERCIAL FOOD AND BEVERAGE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2011 (MT)... 92

8 HIGH-INTENSITY SWEETENER MARKETS AND APPLICATIONS TABLE 30 ESTIMATED U.S. USAGE OF HIGH INTENSITY SWEETENERS IN COMMERCIAL FOOD AND BEVERAGE APPLICATIONS, THROUGH 2011 (MT) High-intensity Sweetener (Continued) Beverages Bakery, Cereal and Related Products Ice Cream and Dairy Products Candy and Confectionery HIGH-INTENSITY SWEETENER MARKET ASSESSMENT Aspartame Ace-K Saccharin Sucralose Conclusions OTHER CALORIC SWEETENERS OTHER CALORIC SWEETENERS MARKET TABLE 31 ESTIMATED U.S. HONEY AND MAPLE SYRUP MARKET, THROUGH 2011 (MT IN THOUSANDS) FIGURE 5 ESTIMATED U.S. HONEY AND MAPLE SYRUP MARKET, THROUGH 2011 (MT IN THOUSANDS) PROPERTIES AND FUNCTIONALITY BY PRODUCT Honey Flavor Enhancement Texturizing, Bulking, and Blending Mouth Feel Humectancy and Preservative Action Fermentation Color and Browning Attributes Caloric Impact Maple Syrup Flavor Enhancement Mouth Feel Humectancy and Preservative Action Fermentation Color and Browning Attributes Caloric Impact OVERALL CONCLUSION: OTHER SWEETENERS OVERALL CONCLUSION: (CONTINUED) TECHNOLOGY CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF SUGAR MONOSACCHARIDES DISACCHARIDES

9 HIGHER SACCHARIDES: POLY- OR OLIGOSACCHARIDES METHODS FOR EXTRACTION AND REFINING SUGAR Refining of Sugar Cane Refining of Sugar Cane (Continued) Sugar Beet Refining RESEARCH AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SUGAR PRODUCTION CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF HFCS AND OTHER CORN SWEETENERS PRODUCTION OF CORN SWEETENERS FROM CORNSTARCH Production of HFCS from Cornstarch TECHNOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF SUGAR ALCOHOLS (POLYOLS) HIS TECHNOLOGY TABLE 32 SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMERCIAL HIGH- INTENSITY SWEETENERS ASPARTAME ACESULFAME-K SACCHARIN SUCRALOSE SELECTED PATENT TECHNOLOGY TABLE 33 SOME SELECTED U.S. SWEETENER PATENTS TABLE 33 (CONTINUED) SELECTED PATENT ABSTRACTS Aspartame Patent No. 3,492,131: Peptide Sweetening Agents Erythritol Fermentation Process for the Production of Erythritol (Patent No. 3,756,917) Invert Sugar Sorbitol Catalytic Hydrogenation of Glucose to Produce Sorbitol (Patent No. 4,322,569) Sucralose Tagatose Process for Manufacturing Tagatose (Patent No. 5,002,612) Xylitol Process for Making Xylitol (Patent No. 4,008,285) Xylitol (Continued) INDUSTRY FACTORS, CONCERNS, COMPETITIVENESS, AND TRENDS BACKGROUND CONCERNS OVER PROPERTIES

10 HEALTH ISSUES TABLE 34 SOME HEALTH ISSUES CONCERNING SUGAR AND SWEETENERS Weight Gain TABLE 35 PREVALENCE STATISTICS RELATED TO THE OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE IN THE U.S., (%) Diabetes Sugar Corn-Derived Sweeteners Sugar Alcohols HIS DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS OF SUGAR AND OTHER SWEETENERS SUGAR (SUCROSE) TABLE 36 DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS OF SUGAR BY TYPE AND APPLICATION OTHER NUTRITIVE/CALORIC SWEETENERS TABLE 37 DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS OF OTHER NUTRITIVE SWEETENERS BY TYPE AND APPLICATION TABLE 37 (CONTINUED) HIS TABLE 38 DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS FOR HIGH INTENSITY SWEETENERS BY TYPE AND APPLICATION TABLE 38 (CONTINUED) CURRENT STATUS OF SUGAR AND SWEETENER COMPETITIVENESS GENERAL ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS Marketing Marketing (Continued) Consumer Health Perceptions Usage of Sugar Usage of Other Caloric Sweeteners The Impact of High-Intensity Sweeteners MARKET GROWTH FACTORS Market Shifts and Marketing Agreements TABLE 39 MARKET SHARE COMPARISON OF SUGAR AND OTHER SWEETENERS IN THE U.S., (%) Impact of Market Growth Factors TABLE 40 SOME MAJOR COMPETITIVENESS FACTORS AFFECTING DEMAND FOR SUGAR AND OTHER SWEETENERS (%) SOME TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS

11 TABLE 41 PROJECTED MARKET PENETRATION OF DIFFERENT SWEETENERS IN PROCESSED FOODS AND BEVERAGES, (%) MULTIFUNCTION BEVERAGES SWEETENER BLENDS MODIFIED SUGAR MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS SWEETENERS ON THE HORIZON Alitame Beflora Brazzein Cyclamates Dulcin Glycyrrhizin Hernaculin Inulins Left-Handed Sugar Miraculin Monellins Neotame Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcones Phyllodulcin Stevioside (Stevia) Suosans Tagatose Thaumatin Thaumatin (Continued) GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS AND PUBLIC ISSUES REGULATIONS AFFECTING SUGAR AND SWEETENERS TABLE 42 FEDERAL REGULATIONS GOVERNING SUGAR AND SWEETENERS CFR TITLE CFR Title 21 (Continued) Sugar and Nutritive Sweeteners with GRAS Status Sweeteners with Interim GRAS Status Pending Additional Study Recent GRAS Status Approvals Approval Status of HIS HIS with Interim GRAS Status Pending Additional Study Currently Banned High Intensity Sweeteners Other Regulations Regarding Sugar and Sweeteners International Statutes Regulating Sugar and Sweeteners PUBLIC CONCERNS AND ISSUES CURRENT CONCERNS OVER HFCS

12 SUCRALOSE ADVERTISING PROBLEMS Sucralose Advertising (Continued) BIOETHICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND CONCERNS Genetically Modified Corn Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) Environmental Impacts of Sugar Cultivation CARIES, HIS, AND OTHER PUBLIC CONCERNS Caries, HIS, and other (continued) SOME INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS THE INTERNATIONAL SUGAR MARKET INTERNATIONAL SUGAR PRODUCTION TABLE 43 SUGAR PRODUCTION AND OTHER DATA FOR THE TOP 10 PRODUCERS TABLE 44 GLOBAL SUGAR PRODUCTION AND TRADE BY REGION, (MT IN THOUSANDS) TABLE 44 (CONTINUED) INTERNATIONAL SUGAR PRICES TABLE 45 PRICE OF RAW SUGAR, (CENTS/LB) TABLE 46 DOMESTIC RETAIL SUGAR PRICES, SEASON (CENTS/LB) European Union Plan European Union Plan (Continued) Mideast Sugar Refining Price Supports and Subsidies in the U.S Example: The World Sugar Price/Supply Situation, Spring U.S. SUGAR IMPORTS U.S. Sugar Imports (Continued) TABLE 47 U.S. SUGAR TARIFF RATE QUOTA IMPORTS TO (MT IN THOUSANDS) THE INTERNATIONAL HFCS MARKET TABLE 48 U.S. HFCS PRODUCTION AND IMPORTS, (MT IN THOUSANDS) THE INTERNATIONAL HFCS MARKET (CONTINUED) COMPANY PROFILES INTRODUCTION SWEETENER MANUFACTURERS AND REFINERS/PROCESSORS AMERICAN CRYSTAL SUGAR CO ARCHER DANIELS MIDLAND CO BRITISH SUGAR, PLC C&H SUGAR CO., INC CARGILL, INC

13 CARGILL EUROPE/CERESTAR, INC CELANESE CORP./NUTRINOVA, INC. (AMERICA) CORN PRODUCTS INTERNATIONAL, INC FLORIDA CRYSTALS CORP IMPERIAL SUGAR CO THE NUTRASWEET CO PENFORD CORP./PENFORD FOOD INGREDIENTS CO PMC SPECIALTIES GROUP, INC ROQUETTE AMERICA, INC SPHERIX INC./BIOSPHERIX SPI POLYOLS, INC SUGAR CANE GROWERS COOPERATIVE OF FLORIDA TATE & LYLE, PLC/A.E. STALEY MANUFACTURING CO UNITED STATES SUGAR CORP FOOD AND BEVERAGE PROCESSORS CADBURY SCHWEPPES, PLC THE COCA-COLA CO CONAGRA FOODS, INC DA VINCI GOURMET DAWN FOOD PRODUCTS, INC GENERAL MILLS, INC H. J. HEINZ CO KELLOGG CO KRAFT FOODS, INC NATIONAL BEVERAGE CORP NESTLÉ USA, INC PEPSICO SARA LEE CORP THE J.M. SMUCKER CO UNILEVER WILLIAM WRIGLEY JR. CO APPENDIX GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND ACRONYMS GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED) GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS (CONTINUED)