Molinos elenas Common name: Windmill Fan Palm. A hybrid palm thought to be a genetic anomaly from rare cross pollination from the Windmill palm and

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1 Molinos elenas Common name: Windmill Fan Palm. A hybrid palm thought to be a genetic anomaly from rare cross pollination from the Windmill palm and the Mediterrean Fan Palm, thus named by its discoverer P. Elena Byron, the Windmill Fan Palm. It derives all its energy from the wind itself and therefore ph, water and nutrients not an issue. It thrives in any temperature and is not affected by lack of light as it does not create photosynthesis. It lives on self-created energy derived from the wind itself. Some believe that the newly discovered palm is what actually gives us our winds in the RGV area due to the fans. Scientists have confirmed that it does not create wind.

2 CITRUS CLINIC Hosted by: Cameron County Master Gardeners Chuck Malloy, President Jennifer Herrera, Horticulture Agent

3 The Asian Citrus Psyllid and the Citrus Disease Huanglongbing Psyllid M. Rogers Texas Department of Agriculture Huanglongbing

4 The psyllid (pronounced síl - lid) is a small insect, about the size of an aphid The pest insect M. Rogers

5 Psyllid Life Cycle: days Eggs Nymphs The pest insect days 2-5 days 9-10 generations per year psyllids over-winter as adults in TX

feeds on the next citrus tree or citrus-like plant The pest insect and the

6 How does the insect pick up the bacteria? When the insect feeds it takes up the bacteria and passes it on when it feeds on the next citrus tree or citrus-like plant The pest insect and the pathogen M. Rogers The psyllid carries the bacteria in its body for the rest of its life (weeks to months). M. Rogers

As the psyllid feeds, it injects a salivary

7 As the psyllid feeds, it injects a salivary toxin that causes the tips of new leaves to easily break off. If the leaf survives, then it twists as it grows. The pest insect M. Rogers Twisted leaves can be a sign that the psyllid has been there. M. Rogers M. Rogers

8 An early sign of the disease is yellowing of the leaves The bacterial disease Leaves with HLB disease have a blotchy yellow pattern that is not the same on both sides of the leaf. HLB M. Keramane Leaves with nutrient deficiencies (Zinc is an example) have the same yellow pattern on both sides of the leaf. Zinc

9 HLB leaf symptoms can range from slight to nearly completely yellow The bacterial disease S. Halbert

10 HLB in Grapefruit

11 HLB in orange

12 Within 3 to 5 years after HLB infection, the tree stops bearing fruit and eventually dies. There is no cure for the disease! The bacterial disease Notice the fruit drop, which is a typical symptom of HLB. S. Halbert

13 OTHER SYMPTOMS of CG: Rabbit Ear Leaves

14 HLB disease prevents the fruit from developing the proper color The bacterial disease The lower half of the fruit may remain green, which is why this disease is also called citrus greening. S. Halbert S. Halbert

15 Even more devastating, HLB causes the fruit to be small, oddly shaped, with aborted seeds and bitter juice The bacterial disease The fruit grows crookedly, forming uneven segments

16 Symptoms may not show up in the tree until 1 to 2 years after it becomes infected The bacterial disease E. Grafton-Cardwell E. Grafton-Cardwell E. Grafton-Cardwell

17 Within 3 to 5 years after HLB infection, the tree stops bearing fruit and eventually dies. There is no cure for the disease! The bacterial disease This citrus tree in a backyard is obviously very sick, with few leaves and no fruit. S. Halbert

18 The HLB leaf and fruit symptoms can look very similar to another citrus disease called citrus stubborn Other diseases G. vidalakis So don t panic if you see yellowed leaves or off-colored fruit but do get them checked out! D. Gumpf

19 Plants affected What plants can the psyllid attack? All types of citrus and closely related plants in the Rutaceae family Citrus (limes, lemons, oranges, grapefruit, mandarins ) Fortunella (kumquats) Citropsis (cherry orange) Murraya paniculata (orange jasmine) Bergera koenigii (Indian curry leaf) Severinia buxifolia (Chinese box orange) Triphasia trifolia (limeberry) Clausena indica (wampei) Microcitrus papuana (desert-lime) Others.. Calamondin

20 Asian citrus psyllid feeds and reproduces on plants that we don t think of as citrus: like the ornamental orange jasmine Plants affected This orange jasmine plant, Murraya paniculata, is grown throughout Florida as a bush, tree or hedge. It is a preferred host for the psyllid because it produces new leaves continuously. It is not a common plant in California or Arizona.

the leaves are shipped to California for use in restaurants.

21 Asian citrus psyllid feeds and reproduces on Indian Curry Leaf Plants affected This Indian curry leaf, Bergera koenigii, is grown in Hawaii and the leaves are shipped to California for use in restaurants. It is a favorite host of the psyllid. Shipments of infested leaves have been intercepted at airports.

22 Why are we so worried about this psyllid? The Asian citrus psyllid can pick up the bacterium that causes Huanglongbing (HLB) disease and move the disease from citrus tree to citrus tree as it feeds The bacterial disease Huanglongbing means yellow shoot disease in Chinese. It causes branches of citrus trees to turn yellow. E. Grafton-Cardwell

23 What is HLB? HLB is caused by a bacterium that affects the plant s ability to move nutrients The bacterial disease Bacterium: Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus

24 Where did Asian citrus psyllid and the HLB disease come from? Most likely ACP and HLB came from India or Asia. Both the psyllid and disease are affecting citrus production in Brazil, Cuba, Mexico, Belize, Florida and now Texas. S. California and Arizona have the psyllid but do not yet have the disease. Distribution of the pest and disease around the world HLB Disease found in Florida in 2005, Cuba in 2007 And Texas in 2012 G. Montez Both the psyllid and HLB disease Asian citrus psyllid, but not the disease

25 Where are the psyllid and the disease found in the US and neighboring countries? ACP (orange) and HLB (green areas) have been found in portions of: Distribution of the pest Florida Texas Louisiana Alabama Georgia S. Carolina California Arizona Hawaii Also Cuba Belize, Mexico, Honduras & Nicaragua Distribution of Asian citrus psyllid in orange and distribution of ACP + Huanglongbing in green. To track HLB, see the USDA site:

HOW DID THE PSYLLID SPREAD THROUGH FLORIDA? Distribution of the pest ACP was first detected in backyard citrus trees in south Florida in 1998.

27 HOW DID THE PSYLLID SPREAD THROUGH FLORIDA? Distribution of the pest ACP was first detected in backyard citrus trees in south Florida in The psyllid moved very rapidly both by flying (pink areas) as well as riding on nursery plants moved between retail nurseries throughout the state. In retail nurseries, orange jasmine (Murraya paniculata) was a common host. Katrina Vitkus

28 Texas Quarantined Areas South Texas 2012 First HLB detection Expanded to 3 counties: Hidalgo, Cameron and Willacy (as recent as December 2014) Gulf Coast 2014 Detection in trees from So. Texas Expanded to 3 counties: Harris, Montgomery and Fort Bend

29 Two Quarantine Areas in Texas Gulf Coast & South Texas interactive map

31 Quarantine Restrictions No movement of citrus out of quarantined areas Requirements of retail nurseries to sell citrus Prohibited for Movement tags, Insecticide treatment tags, etc. No planting of seeds, grafting, cuttings, or budding without licenses, permits and inspections by TDA/USDA More restrictive requirements inside the citrus zone due to commercial citrus production No movement into the Citrus Zone No movement in or out of Texas

32 What is the CITRUS ZONE? Commercial citrus production area in Texas. Consists of eight counties in south Texas Brooks, Cameron, Hidalgo, Jim Hogg, Kenedy, Starr, Willacy, and Zapata. Significant restrictions to protect 27,000 acres of commercial citrus worth millions of dollars in agricultural economic impact for Texas.

34 How does the quarantine affect plant movement? Citrus and closely related plants can not be moved out of any Citrus Greening quarantine area. Production nurseries must treat their plants with insecticides just prior to shipping if the plants are destined for retailers within the quarantine area. Nurseries Trees must have a tag on the tree or container to restrict movement of the tree

35 The bacterial disease pathways HLB has not been found in some areas of Texas or other states. How can it get there? Inside psyllid vector: HLB could be inside the body of a psyllid that flies into Texas or is transported by humans on fruit, leaves or stems of citrus relatives. Illegally imported citrus trees: HLB could be infecting a citrus tree (or close relative) that is already planted in a yard or orchard in Texas. It is illegal to bring citrus trees into Texas from other states or countries because they may be infested with ACP or infected with HLB. Plants, such as this Murraya (orange jasmine), can be a source of the psyllid and the disease E. Grafton-Cardwell

36 How do the psyllid (and HLB) get around? It can spread naturally by flying or it can be transported on plants Psyllid-infested curry leaves shipped in boxes Unprocessed fruit infested areas The pest insect On ornamentals in floral bouquets from Mexico Citrus riding across the border in vans

37 How are agricultural personnel detecting the psyllid? Visual surveys and yellow sticky cards Detect the insect Sticky cards are most effective at 1 meter height E. Grafton-Cardwell M. Rogers

around the yard should be treated with a foliar and a systemic insecticide Close

38 What happens when Asian citrus psyllids are found in a backyard? Backyard citrus If a psyllid is found, all of the host plants in that yard and around the yard should be treated with a foliar and a systemic insecticide Close monitoring should be done to make sure there are no psyllids on the tree(s). A. Sanchez A. Sanchez

Materials for Controlling Asian Citrus Psyllid (Carrier of Citrus Greening) in Home Landscapes, Gardens, & Non-Commercial Orchards Material** Organic Life Stage Controlled Rate Notes Status z

39 Materials for Controlling Asian Citrus Psyllid (Carrier of Citrus Greening) in Home Landscapes, Gardens, & Non-Commercial Orchards Material** Organic Life Stage Controlled Rate Notes Status z Imidicloprid (Bayer Advanced Fruit-Citrus- Vegetable Insect Control) Malathion 50+% Various manufacturers Not Organic Adult, Nymph, systemic Drench soil once per year, according to label, for prevention and control of ACP for extended periods. Not Organic Adult, Nymph Approx. 3-4 tsp/gallon (Follow product label rates accurately) Other imidicloprid products marketed by Bayer are not labeled for citrus trees bearing fruit. Best time to apply is early summer post bloom as summer flushes commence Broad-spectrum, contactkilling garden insecticide with short residual activity. Pyrethrum (pyrethrins) (Bayer Advanced Natria Insect, Disease & Mite Control - contains sulfur also; Pyganic Crop Protection 5.0 & Pyganic Crop Protection 1.4; Safer Brand Yard & Garden Insect Killer with soap and pyrethrins) Organic (most products, depending on secondary ingredients) Adult, Nymph Follow product label rates Broad-spectrum, contactkilling insecticide with very short residual activity. Product should not be overused; may lead to mite problems Azadirachtin concentrate (active ingredient in Neem spray productsvarious manufacturers); applied like an insecticide. Organic (most products, depending on secondary ingredients) Repellant; suppression of psyllid population buildup. (Some curative or knockdown properties); very short residual Follow label rates Use in combination with other products, such as horticultural oils, insecticidal soaps or citrus peel oil products like Citri-King or Oro-Boost (active ingredientalcohol ethoxylate) Clarified hydrophobic extract of Neem Oil (Trilogy, other manufacturers) Organic Egg and nymph-effective. Adult suppression only. Follow label rates (0.5% to 2.0% solution in water or ½ to 2 oz/gal. of water. Usage similar to horticultural oils and insecticidal soaps. Thorough coverage of tree needed.

40 Material** Organic Life Stage Controlled Rate Notes Status z Horticultural petroleum oils Ultra-fine /412 class (Sunspray Ultrafine, Saf-T- Side, several others) Organic Egg, Nymph, (Adult suppression only) 1 to 2.5 oz/gal of water (1% to 2.5% v/v). Use higher rates for heavy infestation situations Apply thoroughly to wellwatered plants at air temperatures below 95 o F. Can be applied during early bloom, but do not apply during late bloom/early fruit set period which may increase fruit abortion. Soaps and insecticidal soaps (Safer Brand Insecticidal Soap, several others) Organic Nymph, adult Approximately 1-2.5% rate (1-2.5 oz liquid hand or dish detergent/gal. of water. For commercial insecticidal soaps, follow label rates. Soap sprays require good coverage throughout the plant for effective control. Apply to plants that are well watered and at temperatures below 95 o F. Kaolinite clay suspensions (Surround Crop Protectant ) Organic Repellant ½ pound/gal. of water Must be re-applied after wash-off from rain or irrigation occurs **Name-brand products listed are not an endorsement, but rather a guide for ease of locating the correct material for ACP control. z Organic means generally considered an organic/low toxicity control material. Approval for USDA-Certified Organic status or OMRI-approved is not implied and should be verified independently. Always follow the product label guidelines for mixing, handling, disposal, timing of application, preharvest interval, etc! Asian Citrus Psyllid may infest a citrus tree throughout the year Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter-- and may re-infest trees days, weeks or months after treatment with one of the products listed here. Citrus growers should therefore monitor their trees regularly for the presence of eggs, larvae, and adult psyllids. Effective year-round control requires utilizing multiple control materials listed in this table. Horticultural oils, soaps, neem products, and kaolinite products may be used frequently to suppress the ACP population and prevent outbreaks. Insecticides like malathion, imidicloprid, and pyrethrum should be used judiciously/according to label recommendations to prevent development of insecticide-resistant psyllids. Imidicloprid is applied to the soil once per year, and acts systemically to prevent infestation of psyllids. For assistance with proper identification of Asian Citrus Psyllids, control product selection, mixing, or application of insecticides, contact your County AgriLife Extension office:

41 Alternative Control Bio-control Dr. Flores/USDA is working with a beneficial parasitoid that feeds on the ACP Adult Tamarixia radiata

inside screenhouses and being a certified citrus nursery HLB-infected citrus trees are removed and destroyed Infected tree

42 When the devastating HLB disease gets to commercial citrus, what happens? Increased costs and a reduction in citrus production and acreage Citrus nurseries are already placing their nursery stock inside screenhouses and being a certified citrus nursery HLB-infected citrus trees are removed and destroyed Infected tree removal The disease spreads in spite of pesticide treatments and tree removal (tree movement). The expected lifespan of citrus trees will drop from >50 years to <15 years in infected orchards.

Management The lower we suppress ACP, the less likelihood of it finding an HLB infected plant and moving the disease into

43 If we don t have HLB in my area, why should I treat for Asian citrus psyllid? Areawide treatments are essential for slowing ACP spread through the state (both urban and commercial citrus) ACP Management The lower we suppress ACP, the less likelihood of it finding an HLB infected plant and moving the disease into commercial citrus We are buying time for the scientists to create a plant that can resist the disease We can not live with HLB. It will devastate the Texas citrus industry

44 You can help search for the psyllid! It is critical for Texas to control the spread of HLB Look for immature stages of psyllids (eggs and nymphs) on the tips of branches in the new flush. Detect the insect E. Grafton-Cardwell

45 What should I look for? Look for psyllids and waxy tubules in the new flush Detect the insect M. Rogers

46 This web site provides users with basic information about the psyllid and disease.

47 When in doubt, Check it out Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Texas A&M Kingsville Citrus Center Texas Department of Agriculture Texas Citrus Pest & Disease Mgmt Corporation USDA APHIS in Texas Just make a call. Better to be safe than sorry

49 TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Charlene Farias Citrus Plant Quality Specialist Environmental and Biosecurity Programs Agriculture and Consumer Protection Division

50 Texas Department of Agriculture TELL-TDA

53 The End. Thank you Questions??? cameron.agrilife.org/ Slides and graphics compliments of TDA, USDA, US Citrus LLC, and Texas Agri-Life Extension Offices

55 POP QUIZ

56 I buy citrus in Starr County. Can I bring it to Brownsville?

58 Yes, but I cannot leave the quarantine zone once inside.

59 My wife and I live in Zapata County. We want to go shopping and stop in Starr County and buy citrus. We then go to the Outlet Mall in Mercedes. After we are done we want to return home to Starr. Is this OK? Why?

61 No. We cannot leave the quarantine area with citrus.

62 I buy citrus in Corpus Cristi. Can I bring it home to Raymondville?

64 No. Nothing enters the Citrus Zone.

65 I buy citrus in Galveston. I want to go home to Ft Worth via Houston. Is this allowable?

67 With special permits and a sealed vehicle this may be allowed. Stopping is brief with limitations to same day travel and no releasing the citrus to the outside elements. Even though this is a quarantine zone it is not the Citrus Zone.

68 I buy citrus in Lake Chuck, LA. Can I bring it into TX?

70 No. Nothing in or out of Texas or any other state for citrus.

The Asian Citrus Psyllid and the Citrus Disease Huanglongbing

The Asian Citrus Psyllid and the Citrus Disease Huanglongbing Asian Citrus Psyllid and the Citrus Disease Huanglongbing Psyllid M. Rogers Beth Grafton-Cardwell University of California Riverside Huanglongbing Where did Asian citrus psyllid and the HLB disease come