Dry-hopping Beer and Achieving Consistent Flavor. Shellhammer Laboratory Department of Food Science and Technology
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1 Dry-hopping Beer and Achieving Consistent Flavor Shellhammer Laboratory Department of Food Science and Technology
2 Daniel Sharp, Ph.D. Director of Brewing Operations Ninkasi Brewing Company WHIRLPOOL VS. DRY- HOPPING: SENSORY ANALYSIS
3 Hop Aroma: Late vs. Dry Hopping Background Basics of Experimental Design and Setup Results OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
4 Background and literature review
5 Background and literature review
6 Background and literature review
7 Background and literature review
8 Background and literature review
9 Background and literature review
10 Contributions of select hopping regimes to the terpenoid and aroma profile of ale and lager beers. PCA Sensory Biplot (96.09%) Stone Fruit DH HHA WP HHA DH Simcoe Floral Citrus Tropical Fruit F2 (20.37%) Control iso KH HHA Herbal Grassy Hay Overall Pine Resinous WP Simcoe Cooked Veg HHA Hallertau MF Control Isohop only KH Kettle Boil (60 min) WP Whirlpool (10 min) DH Dry-hop (48 hours) KH Simcoe F1 (75.72%) Descriptor Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Daniel C. Sharp, Yanping Qian, Gina Shellhammer & Thomas H. Shellhammer (2018) Contributions of Select Hopping Regimes to the Terpenoid Content and Hop Aroma Profile of Ale and Lager Beers, Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists, 75:2, , DOI: /ASBCJ
11 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
12 Experimental Design Objectives: Minimize confounding variation Factors: Cultivar (12) and Addition (2) Subfactors: KO order, Kettle boil, Fermentation variation Challenges: Only 2 factors but total treatments = 24 Complete design = 50 units *3 Kettle boils (* 6 sensory reps = 300 samples. Brew length
13 Experimental Design Experimental Controls Common wort stream Psuedo Replication Split Kettle Boils Blocked treatments Small Treatment vessels
14 Experimental Setup 12 Cultivars Amarillo Cascade Chinook Citra Halletauer Mittlefrüh Huell Melon Galaxy Mosaic Nelson Sauvin Nugget Simcoe Saaz Unhopped Base 12 P wort 100% pale ale malt California ale (18 C) 25 ppm IAA Hopping 4 g/l (~1 lb BBL) Whirlpool: C Dry-hopping: C on yeast at cap. Analysis Triangle tests on Reps Descriptive sensory analysis on all treatments
15 SENSORY RESULTS
16 PCA biplot of Descriptive Data Nelson Sauvin DH F2 (8.5%) Control Simcoe WP Amarillo WP Citra DH Galaxy DH Amarillo DH Galaxy WP catty/sweaty Nelson Sauvin WP Mosaic DH Cascade WP Hallertau MF DH green/vegetal pine/resinous OHAI herbal/spicey citrus tropical fruit Huell Melon WP floral Citra WP Simcoe DH Nugget DH fruity Mosaic WP Nugget WP Cascade DH Hallertau MF WP Saaz WP Chinook WP Chinook DH F1 (79.5%) Saaz DH Huell Melon DH Descriptor Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Sharp, 2016
17 PCA biplot of Descriptive Data Nelson Sauvin DH F2 (8.5%) Simcoe WP Amarillo WP Citra DH Galaxy DH Amarillo DH Galaxy WP catty/sweaty Nelson Sauvin WP Mosaic DH Cascade WP Hallertau MF DH green/vegetal OHAI herbal/spicey pine/resinous citrus tropical fruit Huell Melon WP floral Citra WP Simcoe DH Nugget DH fruity Mosaic WP Nugget WP Cascade DH Hallertau MF WP Saaz WP Chinook WP Chinook DH Saaz DH Huell Melon DH F1 (79.5%) Descriptor Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Sharp, 2016
18 PCA biplot of Descriptive Data Nelson Sauvin DH F2 (8.5%) Simcoe WP Amarillo WP Citra DH Galaxy DH Amarillo DH Galaxy WP catty/sweaty Nelson Sauvin WP Mosaic DH Cascade WP Hallertau MF DH green/vegetal OHAI herbal/spicey pine/resinous citrus tropical fruit Huell Melon WP floral Citra WP Simcoe DH Nugget DH fruity Mosaic WP Nugget WP Cascade DH Hallertau MF WP Saaz WP Chinook WP Chinook DH Saaz DH Huell Melon DH F1 (79.5%) Descriptor Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Sharp, 2016
19 PCA biplot of Descriptive Data catty/sweaty F2 (8.5%) green/vegetal herbal/spicey pine/resinous floral fruity citrus tropical fruit OHAI F1 (79.5%) Descriptor Group 3 Sharp, 2016
20 PCA biplot of Descriptive Data catty/sweaty F2 (8.5%) green/vegetal herbal/spicey pine/resinous floral fruity citrus tropical fruit OHAI F1 (79.5%) Descriptor Group 3 Sharp, 2016
21 Take-aways Normal process variation = minimal effect Extraction efficiencies may be very low Dry-hopping increases aromatic intensity relative to late hopping Aroma character may be significantly difference between the two OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 20
22 Scott Lafontaine Doctoral Candidate Oregon State University DOSING RATES AND EXTRACTION EFFICIENCIES
23 Background Cascade from 2015 Harvest 29 Sample lots 19 Farms 13 Unique oil values Dry hopped at 3.8g/L Region Farm (coded) OSU Hop Oil (ml/100g) CAS_12_16 WA CAS_27_16 WA CAS_21_16 ID CAS_22_16 ID CAS_24_16 WA CAS_07_16 ID CAS_09_16 ID CAS_19_16 WA CAS_04_16 WA CAS_25_16 OR CAS_26_16 WA CAS_06_16 ID CAS_05_16 WA CAS_11_16 WA CAS_16_16 WA CAS_17_16 OR CAS_15_16 WA CAS_03_16 OR CAS_23_16 WA CAS_20_16 WA CAS_28_16 WA CAS_29_16 WA CAS_02_16 OR CAS_08_16 OR CAS_13_16 WA CAS_10_16 WA CAS_01_16 OR CAS_18_16 WA CAS_14_16 WA 2 2.6
24 Background Cascade from 2015 Harvest 29 Sample lots 19 Farms 13 Unique oil values Dry hopped at 3.8g/L Region Farm (coded) OSU Hop Oil (ml/100g) CAS_12_16 WA CAS_27_16 WA CAS_21_16 ID CAS_22_16 ID CAS_24_16 WA CAS_07_16 ID CAS_09_16 ID CAS_19_16 WA CAS_04_16 WA CAS_25_16 OR CAS_26_16 WA CAS_06_16 ID CAS_05_16 WA CAS_11_16 WA CAS_16_16 WA CAS_17_16 OR CAS_15_16 WA CAS_03_16 OR CAS_23_16 WA CAS_20_16 WA CAS_28_16 WA CAS_29_16 WA CAS_02_16 OR CAS_08_16 OR CAS_13_16 WA CAS_10_16 WA CAS_01_16 OR CAS_18_16 WA CAS_14_16 WA Selected one Cascade lot and dry-hopped at 4 distinct levels 0 g/hl 2 g/l 0.5 lb/bbl 3.8 g/l 1 lb/bbl 8 g/l 2 lb/bbl 16 g/l 4 lb/bbl
25 Main objective The main goal of this project was to determine a dose response curve for Cascade hop aroma.
26 Main objective The main goal of this project was to determine a dose response curve for Cascade hop aroma. Does more hop material = more aroma?
27 Things to consider when dry-hopping on small scale.. Sample inhomogeneity Dissolved oxygen uptake Package scalping
28 Hop Preparation and Dry-Hopping Parameters Blend brewer s cuts of whole cone hops by grinding
29 Brewing unhopped beer Beer Specifications: Grist: 85% Pale 2-row 13.5% Carmel 10L 0.5% Carmel 120L Original Gravity: 10.6 P Real Extract: 3.16 P BU = 20 mg/l (iso-extract) ABV = 4.8 % ABV
30 OSU s current small-scale dry-hopping process All dry-hop events occur in duplicate (40 L beer each) During filtration 2 kegs are blended during filtration into 1 keg Oxygen monitoring DH Event 1 DH Event g/l 3.8 g/l Filtration Dry-hop for 24 hrs Carbonated 3.8 g/l treatment DO DO Spec. 110 ppb Vollmer, D. et. al. J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. 74(4): , 2016
31 Evaluations using draft beer Minimized total package oxygen Great for sensory testing implementation
32 Sensory evaluation - descriptive analysis
33 Sensory evaluation descriptive analysis external controls Attributes Base (No dry hop) 3.8 g/l 16 g/l Ballast Point Grapefruit Sculpin Hop Valley Citrus Mistress Assess Descriptors Based on Aroma Only Overall Hop Aroma Intensity Citrus Herbal/Tea Panelists came to consensus for attributes on commercial and internally made samples References were served to panelists at each DA session
34 SENSORY RESULTS
35 Hop dosage rate Overall Hop Aroma Intensity Sensory Score (15pt scale) Dry Hop rate (g/l) Overall Hop Aroma Intensity
36 Hop dosage rate Overall Hop Aroma Intensity 14.0 Sensory Score (15pt scale) a a b c c Overall Hop Aroma Intensity Dry Hop rate (g/l) Panelists could discriminate the different dry hop rate samples (ie 0, 2, 3.8, 8, & 16) *Letters represent Tukey s HSD groupings
37 Hop dosage rate Overall Hop Aroma Intensity 14.0 Sensory Score (15pt scale) a a b c c Overall Hop Aroma Intensity Dry Hop rate (g/l) Panelists scaled the samples randomly against 28 other samples in the DA panel Range of DA OHAI ratings (i.e. ~6-9.5) for 2015 DA Panels Same DH rate 3.8/g/L *Letters represent Tukey s HSD groupings
38 Hop dose response hoppy quality (citrus and herbal/tea) Sensory Score (15pt scale) Dry Hop rate (g/l) Overall Hop Aroma Intensity Herbal/ Tea Citrus
39 Hop dose response hoppy quality (citrus and herbal/tea) Sensory Score (15pt scale) c c c b c a b b a b b a a a a Dry Hop rate (g/l) Herbal/ Tea response is similar to OHAI Overall Hop Aroma Intensity Herbal/ Tea Citrus *Letters represent Tukey s HSD groupings
40 Hop dose response hoppy quality (citrus and herbal/tea) Hop dose response hoppy quality (citrus and herbal/tea) Sensory Score (15pt scale) a a a a a a b b b c c b Dry Hop rate (g/l) Citrus response seemed to be suppressed compared to OHAI and Herbal/Tea c c b Overall Hop Aroma Intensity Herbal/ Tea Citrus *Letters represent Tukey s HSD groupings
41 CHEMISTRY RESULTS
42 Solid phase micro extraction GC/MS Hop volatiles (In Beer) Dry hopped beer Internal Standard 4-octanol Target Hop Analytes Linalool Terpinen-4-ol α-terpineol Nerol Phenyl Acetate Geraniol Geranial-citral Methyl Geranate Geraniol Acetate β-caryophellyene α-humulene β-farnesene Gernyal Isobutyrate
43 Solid phase micro extraction GC/MS Hop volatiles (In Beer) Dry hopped beer Internal Standard 4-octanol Target Hop Analytes Linalool Terpinen-4-ol α-terpineol Nerol Phenyl Acetate Geraniol Geranial-citral Methyl Geranate Geraniol Acetate β-caryophellyene α-humulene β-farnesene Gernyal Isobutyrate
44 Hop Compound Concentrations Terpene Alcohols Geraniol (ppb) Linalool (ppb) Dry hop rate (g/l) *Average of 4 SPME-GC/MS instrumental runs Dry hop rate (g/l) Nerol (ppb) # # Dry hop rate (g/l) # Estimated values lower than LOQ
45 Hop Compound Concentrations Terpene Alcohols Geraniol (ppb) Linalool (ppb) Detection threshold 4 ppb a Dry hop rate (g/l) *Average of 4 SPME-GC/MS instrumental runs Detection threshold 1 ppb a Dry hop rate (g/l) Nerol (ppb) # # Dry hop rate (g/l) a Kishimoto J. Agric. Food Chem Vol 54, no # Estimated values lower than LOQ
46 Hop total oil + compositional analysis Internal Standard 2-octanol Target Hop Analytes Linalool Terpinen-4-ol α-terpineol Nerol Phenyl Acetate Geraniol Geranial-citral Methyl Geranate Geraniol Acetate β-caryophellyene α-humulene β-farnesene Gernyal Isobutyrate
47 Hop Compound % Extraction Terpene Alcohols % Geraniol extracted from hop material % Linalool extracted from hop material Dry hop rate (g/l) Dry hop rate (g/l) % Nerol extracted from hop material *Assuming 100% extraction based on hop oil hydrodistillation Dry hop rate Dry hop rate (g/l) Terpene alcohol extraction (%)
48 Dry hopping having other impacts on beer Real Extract w/w % RE-Bottle Carbonation? BU Dry Hop Rate (g/l) ph Bitterness? Dry hopping rate (g/l) ph-flavor Stability? BU Dry Hop Rate (g/l) Humulinones ISO Alpha Acid *ph and RE measured using Anton Paar Alcolyzer *BU measured using ASBC MOA Beer-23
49 Conclusions More hops is not an efficient way of adding aroma to beer Soon to be published.. Impact of static dry-hopping rate on the sensory and analytical profiles of beer Can spent dry-hops be reused? Look for Dean Hauser s work at Brewing Summit- The Extraction Efficiency of Hop Bitter Acids and Volatiles During Dry-Hopping
50 Thomas H. Shellhammer, PhD Nor Wester Professor of Fermentation Science Oregon State University BITTERNESS OF DRY-HOPPED BEER
51 How does the nonvolatile fraction influence dry-hopped beer quality? OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
52 How does the nonvolatile fraction influence dry-hopped beer quality? Protein 15% Hop acids 20% Essential oils 3% Cellulose/Lignin 35% Polyphenols/Tannins 5% Carbohydrates 4% Minerals 8% OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
53 How does the nonvolatile fraction influence dry-hopped beer quality? Protein 15% Hop acids 20% Essential oils 3% Cellulose/Lignin 35% Polyphenols/Tannins 5% Carbohydrates 4% Minerals 8% OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
54 Hop acids (up to ~20% of hops) Alpha Acids Beta Acids OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
55 Hop acids (up to ~20% of hops) Alpha Acids Iso-Alpha Acids OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
56 Hop acids (up to ~20% of hops) Iso-Alpha Acids Alpha Acids Humulinones (oxidized alpha acids) OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
57 Hop acids (up to ~20% of hops) Beta Acids Hulupones (oxidized beta acids) OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
58 Hop acids what you may find in beer Iso-Alpha Acids Alpha Acids Humulinones (oxidized alpha acids) Hulupones (oxidized beta acids) OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
59 Hop acids what you may find in beer Iso-Alpha Acids Alpha Acids Humulinones (oxidized alpha acids) XOREGON STATE UNIVERSITY Hulupones (oxidized beta acids)
60 Regarding dry-hopped beers Does BU work? What drives bitterness? Beer: 121 unique brands from 42 breweries 30 brands multi rep study + 91 brands single rep study Chemical analysis: 7 factors Iso-alpha acids, oxidized hop acids, alpha acids, TPP, ABV, RE, ph BU Sensory analysis: Bitterness intensity Multiple Replication study: data for model building Partial Replication study: data for model testing OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
61 Chemistry of beers in commercial survey ABV (%) RE (%) ph Multi rep Single rep Alpha (mg/l) Iso (mg/l) Humulinones (mg/l) TPP (mg/l) OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
62 Bitterness comes from Isos & Humulinones BU predicts bitterness Measured Sesnory Bitterness Isohumulone (mg/l) Measured Sesnory Bitterness Humulinones (mg/l) Measured Sesnory Bitterness (Isohumulone + Humulone) (mg/l) Measured Sesnory Bitterness Bitterness Unit OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
63 Bitterness comes from Isos & Humulinones BU predicts bitterness Measured Sesnory Bitterness Measured Sesnory Bitterness Isohumulone (mg/l) Humulinones (mg/l) Measured Sesnory Bitterness (Isohumulone + Humulone) (mg/l) Measured Sesnory Bitterness Bitterness Unit OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
64 Bitterness comes from Isos & Humulinones BU predicts bitterness Hahn, C, Lafontaine, S.R., Pereira, C.B. and Shellhammer, T.H Evaluation of the Nonvolatile Chemistry Affecting the Sensory Bitterness Intensity of Highly Hopped Beer, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
65 HOP CREEP
66 Typical fermentation, no dry-hopping Density (g/m3) Days after start of fermentation OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
67 Dry-hopping can create Hop Creep Dry hop addition Density (g/m3) Days after start of fermentation OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
68 Cascade hops have broad (low) enzyme activities Enzyme Hops Malt (130 dp) α-amylase β-amylase Amyloglucosidase 0.02 NA Limit dextrinase <0.01 NA OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
69 Hop enzymes stimulate after-fermentation AKA Hop Creep 4 Beer + Hops Real Extract ( P) Beer Beer + Yeast Days Beer + Yeast + Hops OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
70 Hop Creep & Diacetyl issues Density (g/m3) Diacetyl (ppb) Days after start of fermentation OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
71 Hop Creep & Diacetyl issues Density (g/m3) Dry hop addition Diacetyl (ppb) Days after start of fermentation OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
72 HOP ENZYMES PERSIST IN PACKAGED BEER
73 Enzyme action during production and post-packaging Dry hopping schedule: 2 days after yeast harvest Dry hop warm 2-4 lb/bbl hops 2 dry hop additions 7 days on hops Finishing: Crash cool Centrifuge Up to 24 hours hold prior to packaging OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
74 Sampling plan Samples measured on Anton Paar Alcolyzer/Densitometer & HPLC Pre-dry hop addition Pre-second dry hop addition 24 hours 48 hours 72 hours In-process samples Finished beer samples Fresh Force aged (3 37 C) 3 months 25C (packaged 3 months earlier) ABV (% v/v) Maltose (g/100 ml) RE ( P)
75 Results: before dry-hopping % ABV (% v/v) & P P Maltose (g/100 ml) 4.5 Pre- dry hop addition 0.00 g/100 ml Pre- second dry hop addition 24 Hours after 2nd dry hop 48 hours after 2nd dry hop 72 hours after 2nd dry hop Fresh Force Aged 3 Months 0.00 ABV (% v/v) Maltose (g/100 ml) RE ( P)
76 Results: during dry-hopping ABV (% v/v) & P Maltose increases after first dry hop addition Maltose (g/100 ml) 4.5 Pre- dry hop addition Pre- second dry hop addition 24 Hours after 2nd dry hop 48 hours after 2nd dry hop 72 hours after 2nd dry hop Fresh Force Aged 3 Months 0.00 ABV (% v/v) Maltose (g/100 ml) RE ( P)
77 Results: fresh ABV (% v/v) & P Maltose increases from post dry hopping to fresh package Maltose (g/100 ml) Pre- dry hop addition Pre- second dry hop addition 24 Hours after 2nd dry hop 48 hours after 2nd dry hop 72 hours after 2nd dry hop Fresh Force Aged 3 Months 0.00 ABV (% v/v) Maltose (g/100 ml) RE ( P)
78 ABV (% v/v) & P Results: force aged 37 C Increased maltose and ABV in forced aged (37C) for 3 days Separate batch, stored at brewery Maltose (g/100 ml) 4.5 Pre- dry hop addition Pre- second dry hop addition 24 Hours after 2nd dry hop 48 hours after 2nd dry hop 72 hours after 2nd dry hop Fresh Force Aged 3 Months 0.00 ABV (% v/v) Maltose (g/100 ml) RE ( P)
79 Continued aging study 2 months later Same packages tested 2 months later Force aging repeated (at 37 C) for 3 and 7 days Do enzymes transferred into beer after dry-hopping and continue to reduce beer limit dextrins? 2 months 4 C 2 months 4 C + force aged x 3 days 37 C 2 months 4 C + force aged x 7 days 37 C
80 Repeat force aging study 2 months later ABV (% v/v) & P * Fresh 2 Month (cold) 3 Day Force Aged 7 Day Force Aged Maltose (g/100 ml) ABV (% v/v) *Compared to Fresh package (3/29/17) Maltose (g/100 ml) RE ( P)
81 Conclusion Humulinones coming from hops (during processing and storage) can significantly impact dry-hopped beer bitterness Hop-derived enzymes can alter carbohydrate make up of Real Extract Refermentation in the presence of yeast (for example bottle conditioning) Lead to diacetyl spikes SOLUTION: dry hop timing, temperature, hop variety, pasteurization Hop enzymes persist in finished beer Dry-hopped beers likely become sweeter with age OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
82 Acknowledgements Oregon State University Jeff Clawson Kaylyn Kirkpatrick Andrew Sutton Cameron McDaniel Dan Vollmer Hops John I Haas Yakima Chief HopUnion Crosby Hop Farm Funding agencies Fonds Baillet Latour Fund Hop Research Council Breweries Allagash Brewing Company Craft Brew Alliance Bridgeport Brewery Ninkasi Brewing Company Russian River Brewing Company pfriem Brewing Company Melvin Brewing Company OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
83 OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
84 Thank you
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