254 Index barbarian vassal state, 7 barter trade, 32 Batavia, 13 junk trade, 11 Battacharya, A., 189 Bayinnaung (King), 117, 126 Biao Zhun Dui tea fro

Transcription

1 Index A Abdurrahman Wahid end of discriminatory regulations against Chinese population, 165 Abu Bakar, 33 Age of Commerce, 10 Aguinaldo, Emilio (General), 39 Alaungsithu, 120 Anawrahta Bagan King, 119 offering, 120 reign of, 127 Ang Kwee Kee, 105 anti-chinese policies Spanish colonial authorities, 36 anti-japanese activities, 101 Aquino, Corazon, 58 APINDO (Indonesian Association of Entrepreneurs), 167 ASEAN-5, 189, 198 foreign direct investments in, 217 technological structure, 190 visitors from APEC, 203 ASEAN-China Dialogue, 23 ASEAN-China relations, 57 ASEAN+3, 23, 47, 54, 59 ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), 23, 47, 54 ASEAN s Treaty of Amity and Cooperation, 23 Asian Development Bank (ADB), 198 Asian Development Bank Outlook, 207 assimilation, 138, 139 atomic bomb, 62 Aung-Thwin, 121 Australia, 145 Ayutthaya, 11 B Babai, 125 Bagan, 118 invasion of, 128 Bagan Empire, 123 Bagan Yazawin, 119, 130 Bagan Yazawinthit, 117 Bahasa Indonesia, 156 importance of, 171 Bandung Regional Administrative Officials, 172 Bannya Dala, 117 Banten, 13

2 254 Index barbarian vassal state, 7 barter trade, 32 Batavia, 13 junk trade, 11 Battacharya, A., 189 Bayinnaung (King), 117, 126 Biao Zhun Dui tea from Taiwan, 108 bilateral commercial agreements, with China, 21 black tea, 107 Bourdieu, Pierre, 138 British Borneo Chinese migration, 17 British forces return to Singapore, 64 British Malaya Chinese population, 18 British Royal Air Force, 64 Brunei BTEC Higher National Diploma, 143, 152 Buddhist pilgrimages, 6 Buddhist temples, 166 Bureau of Commerce Qing government, 78 Bureau of International Trade Xiamen City, 104 Burma bilateral commercial agreements with China, 21 see also Myanmar Burman Ava, 116 Burmese Chronicles, 116 Buttinger, Joseph, 234 C Cable Vision, 167 Caktiong, Tony Tan, 58 Cambodia, 199 bilateral commercial agreement with China, 21 Vietnamese occupation of, 21 Cameron Highlands, 104 Campos, Jose Yao, 58 Canton, 13 Central Government, 88 Central People s Government Beijing, 104 Central Kingdom, 4 Central Trust of China, 106 Ceylon, 101 Champa, 6, 11 Chan, Antonio, 58 Chan, Jose Mari, 58 Chang Pi Shi, 89 Cheah Yee Tean, 87 Cheli, 125 Chen Yun, 206 Cheong Fatt Zte, 97 Chiang Kai-shek, 43, 66 Northern Expedition, 101 Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI), 188 Chiangmai Chronicle, 115 China ancient route linking with Southeast Asia, 12 average family income, 144 averting direct competition with, 201 barter trade, 21 comparative advantage and disadvantage, 197 cultural hegemony, 232 diplomatic relations, Indonesia, 22 diplomatic relations with, 46 domestic market, 205 economic emergence, 187 economic relationship with Southeast Asia, complementary, 198 emergence and policy implications, exchange missions with Sulu, 33

3 Index 255 exports of products, 199 family ties, 145 Filipino investments in, 48, 53 First Five-Year Plan, 20 foreign trade, 21 GDP growth, 196 high technology products, 190 imports, 191 imports from ASEAN, 193 increase in market share, investment opportunities, labour-intensive light manufacturing, 199 office rentals, 200 opening of, 188 outward investment from, 204 patriotism, Singapore tea merchants, 102 perceptions of, overseas tea traders, Philippines, reconnecting, 44 Philippines trade with, 47 post-war peaceful unification, 65 private property rights, 200 re-engagement with global economy, 221 reconnection with, 46 regional export structure, coefficients, 190 rival of U.S., 31 service sector, 202 size of market, Southeast Asia, long-term historical review, 3 30 Southeast Asian studies in, 4 techonological structure, 190 third largest trading nation, 188 threat to NIEs, 192 trade structure, 188 trading partner, 104 tributary system, 131 view of Southeast Asia, 4 visitors from, 203 wages, 200 war of resistance, 65 China-American Tea Company, 106 China-ASEAN Free Trade Area (CAFTA), 23, 47, 54 China-ASEAN Strategic Partnership Agreement, 47 China-ASEAN trade, 24 China-Dutch Indies trade, 11 China-Myanmar relations, 115 China-Southeast Asia relations, 4, 20, 22 China students academic performance, 141 assimilation into local society, 146 better education attainments, 142 cultural characteristics, 141 employment in China, 148 horizontal movement across national borders, 141 length of stay, 144 news from China, 145 plans after completion of study, 147 possible migrants, Singapore, 139 relations which China, 141 restrictions, 155 scholarships, 144 Singapore, 140 position temporarily fixed, 149 support for fees, 143 China Tea Company (CTC), Xiamen branch, 105 Chinese born in Philippines, 55 long-term interaction, 11 Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 103 Chinese Community Association, Malaya, 71 Chinese Cosmo Pageant Indonesia, 154 Chinese cultural identity translocal, 159

4 256 Index Chinese culture practising, 170 Chinese flag, significance, 67 Chinese General Chamber of Commerce, 65, 66, 67, 70 Chinese government, initiatives towards Philippines, 50 Chinese imperialism, 18 Chinese junk trade, 10 Chinese language erosion of, 181 Thailand, 3, 4 Chinese Massacre (1740), 155 Chinese media Indonesia, 164 Chinese merchants, sojourn in Southeast Asia, 11 Chinese mestizos, 38 Chinese migration mid-19th to mid-20th century, 15 Philippines, 17 Southeast Asia, 10 Chinese Muslim traders, 9 Chinese nationalism, 76 Chinese nationalist identity, 72 Chinese new migrants, Singapore, 140 Chinese New Year celebrations at Jakarta Fair, 167, 173 national holiday in Indonesia, 165 Chinese reactionary group, 245 Chinese Revolutionary Party, 80 Chinese special envoys, tributary system, 6 Chinese Town Hall, 77, 78, 80, 83, 89 Chinese trader, as middlemen, 36 Chinese traders Filipino traders, 32 linking with Filipino traders, 32 Chineseness, 170 chu nom, 249 Cojuangco, Eduardo, 58 Cold War, end of, 22 Philippines, anti-china stance, 43 colonialism, Western, 16 common factors, 191 communist guerillas, 19 organizations, 43 Coser, Lewis, 63 culture China students in Singapore, 141 practising, 170 D Dai Viet, 15 Dasmarina, Gomez, 35 de Artera, Diego, 35 de Keizer, Madelon, 62 de Sande, Francisco, 35 Dee, Howard, 58 Deng Xiao Peng, 187, 206 Dewey, George (Commodore), 39 Diamond Jubilee Queen Victoria, 93 diplomatic relations China and Indonesia, 22 direct equity investments, Chinese overseas direct, 204 Director of Transportation, 84 Donation for the Relief and Security of Guangdong and Fujian Provinces, 76, 77, 83, 87 Dong Bei Jiang, flood victims in, 91 Dong Son, 232 dual allegiance, Dutch colonial powers, 155 Dutch disease, 207 Dutch Indies, 13 liberal period, 17 E Early Harvest Programme, 188 East Asia export dependencies, 225

5 Index 257 investment statistics, 222 new regionalism, production of cotton textiles, 213 regionalization, 212 East Asian regionalization, 226 Economic Analytical Unit, 196 economic integration, 220 European regional project, 221 European Union, 221 export ratios intra-regional, 224 F Fa Xian, travel to India, 7 Faure, David, 233 Filipino Chinese Christians, 55 list of outstanding, 58 use of Chinese surnames, 55 Filipino Chinese (Tsinoys) Min-Nan as lingua franca, 55 financial crises, 221 flying-geese pattern, 200 Flying Tigers, 163 Foo Choo Choon, 90, 97 foreign direct investment by country, 195 China, 187, 194 Foreign Policy Council, 46 free trade area, 24 Frienship Pass, 244 Fujian province, 55 Fujian Provincial Government, 101 Fujian tea competition with Taiwan teas, quality, 107 Funan, 6 Fuqing Association, 166 G Gajah Mada, 165 Gan Wei Hoon, 103 German Bundestag, 220 Ghosh, S., 189 Giddens, Anthony, 180 Glass Palace Chronicle, 115 globalization, notion of Indonesian Chinese, 157 transmission of values, 159 Glodok, 165 Goh Say Eng, 78, 79, 93 Gokongwei, John, 58 Gotianun, Andrew, 58 government-linked corporations (GLCs), 202 Gremio de Chinos, abolishment of, 40 Gresik, 13 Guang Fu Gong, 91 Guangdong, 55 Relief Operation Centre, 91 Guangzhou, 12 guanxi, 14, 158 Guanxi-Lang Son borderlands Friendship Pass, 244 Guo Ju Ri Bao, 167 H Hainan, 12, 14 Hakka Association, 166 Halbwachs, Maurice, 62 Hall, Stuart, 154, 178 Han dynasty, 6, 7 Hanthawati period, 126 Harian Indonesia, 166 high-yen crisis, 214 Hiroshima, 62 Ho Chi Minh, 242 Ho Chi Minh City, 243 Ho Chi Minh Museum, 247 Hokkien Association, 166 Hong Kong, 55, 159 export of, 107 Hmannan, 117, 119, 120, 131 Hu Jintao, 74

6 258 Index Huang Xing, 88 huaqiao, 158 Huks, 43 Hutabarat, Victor, 168 I ideological barriers, disappearance of, 22 imagined dreamland, Chinese media, 164 imagined nostalgia, 160, 162, 165 imagined security, 161 India, 13, 101 Indian Ocean, 12 Indonesia, 199 bilateral commercial agreement with China, 21 Centre of Strategic and International Studies, 177 China s threat to, 192 Chinese education in, 182 Chinese in, , 155 Chinese-language schools, 156 colonial period, 180 communist guerillas, 19 cultural identity of Chinese, 153 diplomatic relations, China, 22 Flying Tigers, 163 Lembaga Sensor Film, 161 manufacturers of motorcycles, 199 May (1998) riots, 157, 161 Miss Chinese Cosmos Pageant, 171 pribumi, 180 Indonesian Chinese blood brotherhood initiation, 164 Buddhist temples, 166 cultural identity, notion of hybridity, 179 pastiche personality, 157 role of media, social chameleon, 157 Indonesian International Trade Fair (1955), 21 Indovision, 167 internal development, Chinese culture, 232 International Society for the Study of Chinese Overseas, 152 Inwa, Inwa period, 127 J Jakarta Fair Ground, 154 Jakarta Post, 169 Jali-Jali, 168 Jansen, W.J., 189 Japan, 212 commodity exports, 214 competition with NIE, 218 cross-border trade surplus, 227 foreign investment, 215 industrial restructuring, 215 intra-regional export ratio, 223 official surrender, 64 surrender in Singapore, 64 Japanese investments, 215, 226 Java, 15, 17 Jian Chang Hang Tea Merchant, 105 Johor, 11 Johor Bahru, 68 Joint Declaration on Strategic Partnership, with ASEAN, 23 Joo Hiang Tea Merchant, 102 junk trade, 11 Manila-China, 37 K KAISA-Angelo King Heritage Center, 60 Kang Tai, 6 King Kiling of Butuan, 32 King of Spain, 35 King of Sulu, 8 Khoo Beng Cheang, 78, 79, 94

7 Index 259 Khoo Cheow Teong, 85, 96 Khoo Ewe Bee, 83 Ko Chung Cheng, 102 Koh Hoon Peng, 102, 103 Korean War, 43 Kota Cina, 15 Kuala Lumpur, 68 kung fu serials, impact on Indonesian Chinese, 161 Kuomintang (KMT), 101 Kusuma, Eddie, 178 Kwong Wah Yit Poh, 93 Kyawswa, 122 L Laksono, Sylvia Agung, 172 Lall, Sanjaya, 222 land trading route, 12 lantern parade, 71 Lao Cai, 241 Laos, 14, 199 Laurel-Langley Agreement, 46 Le Le Association, 91 Leong Lok Hing, 83, 84, 87, 96 Lian Yingzhou, 66 Liang Houzhou, 67, 68 liberal period, 17 Lieberman, Victor, 130 Lim, Alfredo, 58 Lim Ewe Hong, 89 Lim Joo Teck, 84, 89, 94 Lim Keng Lian, 102, 103, 105 Lim Kim Thye Tea Merchant, 103, 105 Lim Seng Hooi, 95 Lim Sioe Liong, 159 Lim, Vincente (Gen), 58 Limahong, 35 Lin Wen Qin, 87 Locke, P.V., 95 Lontong Cap Go Meh, 168 Luce, G.H., 117 Luzon, traders from, 32 M Ma-hala-chih, 32 Madura, 17 Magellan, Ferdinand, 33 Mahayazawingyi, 116, 119 Mahayazawinthit, 116 Mai-i, 33 traders from, 32 main trade route, 12 Makassar, 14 Makdum, 33 Malacca, 68 Malay Peninsula, 14 Malaya bilateral commercial agreement with China, 21 communist guerillas, 19 conflict of double allegiance, 71 decolonization, 110 Malaysia cautious interchange with, 23 China s threat to, 192 hub for halal food, 200 New Economic Policy, 201 Manchu administration, 76 Manila, 14 junk trade, 11 Manila-China junk trade, 37 manufactured exports, technological structure, 191 manufacturing, labour intensive, market positioning, 222 Marcos, Ferdinand, 46, 58 maritime private trade, 9 15 Mattli, Walter, 221 Maung Maung Lay, 15 Maw Shan, 125 Mawtonmawkaysa, 124 Melaka, 11 Metro TV, 167

8 260 Index Miandian, 125 Military Government of Hubei, 82 Military Governor of Guangdong, 91 Miao people, 241 Min Guo calendar, 69 Ming China, 126 Ming dynasty, 8 Ming period, 10 Ming Shi-lu, 124, 125, 129 Minkyinyo, 126 Minyekyawswa, 123 Miss Chinese Cosmos Pageant, , 176 Indonesia, 174 mobility multiplier, 162 Mon, history of, 117 Mon Hanthawati, 116 Mongol dynasty, 128 invasion, 129, 130 Mubang, 125 multilateral organizations China s participation, 23 multinational companies risk diversification, 201 Municipal Commissioner for Georgetown, 79, 81 Mutual Defence Treaty, with United States, 43 Myanmar, 124 Inwa, relations with China, tributary of Tarup-China, 127 Myanmar-China relations, 118 Myanmar-Taungngu, 126 Myinsaing, N Nanjing, 65 Nanjing Treaty, 17 Nanyang, 4 Nanyang Siang Pau, 63, 64, 67, 69, 107, 108 Narathihapate, 129 Nat spirits and dieties, 131 nation building, National Archives of Singapore (NAS), 110 National Donation, 87, 88, 89 National Government, Nanjing, 101 National People s Congress, Nanjing, 103 National Security Council, 46 Neubronner, H.A., 79, 94 New Concept of Secuirty and Peaceful Rise/Development, 23 new regionalism, 219 Nine Dragon River, 12 Nine Three, victory of, 68 O Oman, 223 Omocon, 35 Ong, Aihwa, 158 Ongpin, Bobby, 58 Ooi Huck Boon, 84 original equipment manufacturing (OEM), 219 Osmena, Sergio Sr, 58 Ou Yang Ri Kui, 87 overseas Chinese, 16 allegiance of, 70 case of Penang, 92 identity, 68 Malaya, 76 national construction of post-war China, 68 patriotic sentiment, 72 relations with China, 19 Singapore Chinese nationalistic identity, 69 fight against Japanese, 63 tea traders,

9 Index 261 Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission (OCAC), 109 Overseas Chinese Commission, 104 P Paduka Batara, 32 Paduka Prabu, 32 Paduka Suli, 33 Pangasinan, 33 Pangestu, Mari E., 171 Panggabean, Ghea, 173 Panthay, 15 Parian, 36 Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI), 156 Patani, 11, 13 patriotic Chinese organizations, 102 Paua, Ignacio (General), 38, 58 pauchong tea, 111 Pe Maung Tin, 117 Pearl River Film Company, 93 Pek Kim Aw, 102 Peking Treaty (1860), 17 Penang Cantonese community, 91 Chinese, 76 Chinese Town Hall, 91 contributions by Chinese in, 81 donation promoters, 86 leadership of Chinese community, 77 National Donation, 87 end of campaign, 91 negative reaction, 89 passiveness, 90 remittance to China after Wuchang uprising, 83 Penang Chinese Chamber of Commerce (PCCC), 77, 80 Penang Conference, 81, 88 Penang Gazette, 79 Penang Philomathic Union, 77 Penang Sin Poe, 88, 90 People s Daily Overseas Edition, 167 People s Political Council, Chongqing, 103 pepper, 14 Perak, Chinese Protector, 90 Phayre, Arthur, 121 Philippine-China bilateral agreements, 49 Philippine-China connection, 33 Philippine-China relation, sociocultural, Philippine-China relations, after 1991, American occupation, 42 deepening connections, present day, 57 Philippine-China trade, 37 American Occupation, 41 Spanish occupation (1855 to 1895), 38 Philippine culture, Chinese influences, 57 Philippine government initiatives towards China and Filipino-Chinese, 49 Philippine Revolution, 38 Philippine-U.S. Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Security, 47 Philippines abolishment of Gremio de Chinos, 39 China s threat to, 192 Chinese investments in, 48, 52 Chinese migration, 17 colonial rule of U.S., 31 Communist guerillas, 19 ethnic Chinese born in, 55 foreign trade (1899), 37 major trading partners, 52 positioning with China, preferential access to U.S. markets, 46 reconnecting with China, 44, 46 relations with China, (1565) to (1975), Spanish colonial rule, 35 39

10 262 Index trade with China, 44, 47, 51 trade with Taiwan, 45 World War II, 40 Plaza Accord (1985), 213 Plaza Senayan, 165 post-world War II, 42 Presidential Decision Directive, 88 private trade, ban on, 12 Pus, Philip, 161 Pyuminhti victory over Tarup, 129 Q Qincai, land struggle, 241 Qing dynasty, 6, 9, 82 Qing government, 15 Qiu Jin Jing, 97 Quanzhou Harbour, 12 Queen Victoria Diamond Jubilee, 93 Quirino, Elpidio, 42 R Raja Baginda, 33 Ratepayers Association, 79, 80 Reformasi, 154 regionalism, definition, 220 Reid, Anthony, 11 Ren Jian, 168 Republic of China (ROC), 43, 88 continued recognition of, reunification by Kuomintang (KMT), 101 Rimbunan Hijau Group, 93 Rizal, Jose 39, 58 Romulo, Carlos P., 45 Ruiz, St. Lorenzo, 58 S St. Francis Baccalaurate, 143, 152 St. Francis Methodist School (SFMS), 142 Second Myanmar Empire, 126 semi-fermented tea, 107 Serif Kabungsuan, 33 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), 194 Shan, 116, 124 Shang Bao Ri Bao, 167 Shantou Chamber of Commerce, Guangdong province, 104 Shanxi province, 175 Shin Thilawuntha, 117 Shizu Zhiyuan, 128 Silalahi, Harry Tjan, 177 Silicon Valley, 206 silks, 13 Singapore, 14, 145 China students, China s threat to, 192 Chinese communities, literature on, 150 Chinese new migrants, 140 Chinese tea traders, diplomatic relations with China, 140 English-speaking nation, 146 hub of halal food, 200 internationalized education environment, 141 part of Malaya, 68 return of British forces, 64 St. Francis Methodist School (SFMS), 142 Singapore Chinese Mobilization Council, 103 Singapore Chinese Tea Importers and Exporters Association (SCTIEA), 100, 110 cost of tea rising, 104 loyalty to ROC, 108 patriotism towards China, 102 report on Taiwanese tea trade, 106

11 Index 263 rise in cost of tea, 104 trade missin to Taiwan, Singapore-Malaysia Trade Mission, to Taiwan, 105 Singapore Tea Merchants Association, 100 Sino-French War, 240 Sino-United States rapprochement, 21 Sino-Vietnamese relations, 22, 233, 237 borderline demarcation, 239 Sino-Vietnamese tension, 21 Society Ordinance, 78 socio-cultural gap, 4, 5 Soeharto era, 154 Song period, 12 South Korea developing domestic economies, 219 invesments abroad, 216 South Sulawesi, 13 Southeast Asia, 189, 194 ancient route linking with China, 12 benefit from relations with China, 5 Chinese migration into, 10 communist guerillas, 19 engagement of big powers, 5 strategic policy implications, view of China, 4 as dangerous adversary, 19 Spain, colonialization of Philippines, 34 spice trade, 180 Spratly Island, 22, 238, 244 Steering Committee for Vietnam- China Bilateral Cooperation, 239 Straits Chronicle, 79 Straits Echo, 80 Straits Settlements, 95 British nationals, 95 strategic partnership, Suara Pembaruan, 169 Sulu, 32 exchange missions with China, 33 Sulu Sultanate, 34 Sun Dao Ren, 84 Sun Yat-sen, 68, 76, 77, 81 Sung Dynasty, 32 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, 154, 181 Suyenti, 176, 178 symbol of acculturation, 174 Sy, Henry, 58 Sycip, Albino, 58 Sycip, Alexander, 58 Sycip, Washington, 58 Sydartha, Myra, 173 T Tabinshwehti, 126 Tagaung dynasty, 118 Taiwan, 55, 66, 159, competition with Fujian teas, dependence on Chinese market, 227 developing domestic economies, 219 Philippine s relations with, 43 trade balances with China, 225 trade mission of SCTIEA, trade with Philippines, 45 Taiwan policy, 43 Taiwan Strait, 220 Taiwanese pauchong tea, 111 Taiwanese Strait, 22 Tan Kah Kee, 103 Tan, Lucio, 58 Tan Sin Cheng, 78, 79, 94 Tang dynasty, 8 Tarian Nusantara, 168 Tarup, 116, 117 preference for Kyawswa, 122

12 264 Index Tarup-China, Burmese perception of, 129 Tarup-China relations, Taruppye, 120 Taungngu, 124, 126 tea important trading commodity, 13 promotion as a national product, 101 Teehankee, Claudio, 58 Temasik, 15 Teo Soon Kheng, 87 Teo Thian Guan Tea Merchant, 105 textiles, 13 Thailand, 23 China s threat to, 192 communist guerillas, 19 Thaksinomics, 207 Tharehkettara dynasty, 118 Thio Thiau Siat, 97 Three People s Principle Youth Corp, 67 Tjo Jak Min, 105 Tonkin, 13 tourism, outbound, 202 trade balance favour of China, 51 transnationalism, 138, 139 Treaty of Amity and Cooperation, 23 trepang, 14 tributary gifts, 8 tributary system barbarian vassal state, 7 Chinese special envoys, 6 early period to mid-19th century, 6 9 Sino-Southeast Asian officials, 7 tributary missions, from Southeast Asian states, 8 Trustees of Guangfu Gong, 85 Tumahan, 32 Tung Meng Hui, 88 Penang branch, 78 Ty, George, 58 Tye Kee Yoon, 89 U U Kala, 123 U Thaw Kaung, 130 U Tin Ohn, 130 United Kingdom, 88, 145 United States, 88, 145 clothing market, 199 colonialization of Philippines, 31 Philippines dependent for national security, 42 Philippines, principal source of defence, 57 preferential access to markets, 46 rule over Philippines, 39, 40 University of London Examinations and Assessment Council (ULEAC), 152 Unnan, 12 uprisings, financial support for, 82 USS Missouri, 65 V Victory Day, 65, 66, 71 Vietnam, , 233 Chinese consulate in, 238 cultural relationship with China, historial struggles, 234 Military Museums, 247 political relationship with China, power of rhetoric, spirit of resistance, 235 Vietnam Diplomatic Relationship , 245 Vietnam-American War, 242 Vietnam-China conflicts, 243

13 Index 265 Vietnamese-Chinese interactions, 248 Vu Dung, 239 W Wacik, Jero, 172 Wacik, Triesna, 172 Wang Gungwu, 72, 170 Wang Ji, 125 Wang Zeng Yuan Tea Merchant, 109, 110 Wee Kim Kheng, 78, 79, 83, 87, 93 Wong Nai Siong, 84 World Tourism Organization, 202 World Trade Organization, 188 World War II, 5 Philippines, 40 prior to, 18 Wuchang uprising, 83 donations to pseudo collectors, 90 Wuyi Mountain tea, 107 X Xiamen Chamber of Commerce, 104 Xiamen Tea Merchants Association, 104 Xiaosanmeng, 241 Xiong Yu Shan, 78, 79, 94 Y Yap, Arthur, 58 Yap, Emilio, 58 Yazawingyaw, 117 Yeoh Guan Seok, 79, 94 Yong La, 9 Yuan dynasty, 10 Yuan Shi, 128, 129 Yuan Wen Lei, 128 Yuchengco, Enrique, 58 Yuchengo, Alfonso, 58 Yuegang, 12 Yueh culture, 234 Yung Lo (Emperor), 33 Yunnan, 14, 233 Yunnan-Vietnam Border Agreement, 240 Z Zhang Yucai, 70 Zhen Guang, 175 Zheng He, 7 voyages, 9, 10 Zhenla, 7 Zhou Da-guan, 6 Zhu Ying, 6 Zhuan Ke, 168 Zhuang Yin An, 96 Zinmeh Chronicle, 115