Strathprints Institutional Repository

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1 Strtprints Institutionl Repository Fernndez, J. nd Blnco, E. nd Prrondo, J. nd Sticklnd, M.T. nd Scnlon, T.J. (001) Ironwork of Teixois-Trmundi (Asturis) Spin. In: Interntionl Symposium on History of Mcines nd Mecnisms, HMM 000, , Cssino, Itly. Strtprints is designed to llow users to ccess te reserc output of te University of Strtclyde. Copyrigt c nd Morl Rigts for te ppers on tis site re retined y te individul utors nd/or oter copyrigt owners. You my not engge in furter distriution of te mteril for ny profitmking ctivities or ny commercil gin. You my freely distriute ot te url (ttp:// strtprints.strt.c.uk/) nd te content of tis pper for reserc or study, eductionl, or not-for-profit purposes witout prior permission or crge. Any correspondence concerning tis service sould e sent to Strtprints dministrtor: milto:strtprints@strt.c.uk ttp://strtprints.strt.c.uk/

2 Fernndez, J. nd Blnco, E. nd Prrondo, J. nd Sticklnd, M.T. nd Scnlon, T.J. (001) Ironwork of Teixois-Trmundi (Asturis) Spin. In: Interntionl Symposium on History of Mcines nd Mecnisms, HMM 000, My 000, Cssino, Itly. ttp://strtprints.strt.c.uk/8148/ Strtprints is designed to llow users to ccess te reserc output of te University of Strtclyde. Copyrigt nd Morl Rigts for te ppers on tis site re retined y te individul utors nd/or oter copyrigt owners. You my not engge in furter distriution of te mteril for ny profitmking ctivities or ny commercil gin. You my freely distriute ot te url (ttp://strtprints.strt.c.uk) nd te content of tis pper for reserc or study, eductionl, or not-for-profit purposes witout prior permission or crge. You my freely distriute te url (ttp://strtprints.strt.c.uk) of te Strtprints wesite. Any correspondence concerning tis service sould e sent to Te Strtprints Administrtor: eprints@cis.strt.c.uk

3 IRONWORK OF TEIXOIS-TARAMUNDI (ASTURIAS), SPAIN J Fernández Universidd de Extremdur, Dpto. de Electrónic e Ingenierí Electromecánic Avd. de Elvs s/n Bdjoz, Spin ffrncos@unex.es E Blnco, J Prrondo Universidd de Oviedo, Áre de Mecánic de Fluidos Cmpus de Viesques, 3371-Gijón (Asturis), Spin elnco@correo.uniovi.es M T Sticklnd, T J Scnlon University of Strtclyde, Deprtment of Mecnicl Engineering Glsgow, G1 1XJ Scotlnd msticklnd@meceng.strt.c.uk ABSTRACT. Tis pper descries nd old ironwork plced in Spnis villge. All prts of it re studied, specilly te Air supply nd te Hydrulic weel. Te minimum re in te wter trump for correct ir flow is clculted. On te oter nd, lso te power supply y te ydrulic weel, in norml conditions, to move te mmer wit required frequency is clculted. KEYWORDS. Air supplier, Wter trump, Hydrulic weel. 1.- INTRODUCTION. Tere re documentry proofs of te existence since ncient times of iron industry in Asturis, mountinous region on te nortern cost of Spin wit very umid ocenic climte. In prticulr from te sixteent to te eigteent centuries mny ironworks were rised trougout te region wit te common crcteristic of using te energy of te flowing wter in rivers y mens of ydrulic weels. At first te ydrulic energy ws utilised to produce te ir currents needed y te furnces nd, fter te sixteent century, it ws lso used to drive te forging mmers. Tese ironworks were known s ferrerís in te regionl lnguge of Asturis. Under te generl designtion of ferrerí tree types of instlltions, different ut complementry, could ctully e denoted: te ferrerís in teir strict sense, te mzos nd te frgus. Te formers were te estlisments were te iron ore ws melted nd deoxidised to otin iron rs. Te mzos were te instlltions, usully djcent to te ferrerís, were te iron rs previously otined were continuously struck wit rm or mmer to seprte slg incrusttions nd to stretc nd fltten te rs until cieving some preliminry spe. In te frgus or forges, te lst step of te process, te lcksmits mnufctured or repired finl iron products suc s nils, pns, orsesoes, weels, griculturl tools, etc. In te seventeent century tose tree stges of te production process were distinctively constituted t severl sites of Asturis, prticulrly in te western region ecuse of te undnce of rivers nd te greter vilility of te rw mterils needed for teir opertion, nmely iron ore nd crcol. Te iron ore used to e extrcted from smll lodes t te surfce of te terrin, wic were usully plced t loctions known only y te initnts of ec zone. Te crcol d to e mde in te woodlnds from sru roots or stumps nd from cestnut or ok wood, ot of tem very un-

4 dnt in te wole region. Sometimes te opertion of te ferrerís d sesonl crcter, due to te sortge of wter in te rivers during summer. Nowdys, tere exist four ferrerís in Asturis in opertion, fter teir restortion finncilly supported y te regionl government of Principdo de Asturis. One of tem, clled Mzo de Teixois, is descried in tis pper. It is locted on te nks of te Mests strem, t 3 km from Trmundi nd very close to te order of Asturis wit Glici. Tis mzo is prt of very interesting etnogrpic site relted to te trditionl uses of te ydrulic energy; it lso includes grin mill, grinding stone, mini-power plnt nd fulling mmer..- WEIR AND RESERVOIR. Te ferrerí Mzo de Teioxis consists in worksop uilding tt contins ert, power mmer nd rooms to store iron ore nd crcol. Next to te uilding tere is n elevted wter reservoir, wose energy is used to move te ydrulic weels nd to produce continuous ir supply. Figure 1 sows generl sceme of te set up. Ec of te instlltions is descried seprtely elow. Fig. 1: Picture of fcility Weir. Erly ydrulic ironworks were locted on te nks of te lrgest rivers, in order to mke use of te nturl velocity of te wter currents. Susequently rtificil rriers were uilt cross te rivers nd rooks in order to store wter wit some mount of potentil energy due to te increment of te free surfce level. Te weirs used to e erected t river loctions wit low velocity, from were cnnel derived te wter to te working site. At Fig. : Reservoir nd Wter trump first te weirs were mostly wooden, y mens of piling trunks wit folige cross te rivered, so tt runces drgged y te strem would e jmmed nd ccumulted to te rrier. Lter te weirs were lso uilt wit worked stone.

5 In te cse of te Mzo de Teixois, wter from te weir is conveyed long cnnel worked cross te illside, wit lengt of 50 m. Tis cnnel s rectngulr cross-section of 0.75 m widt. At te end of te cnnel tere is sluice gte to regulte te rte of wter entering te reservoir t te ironworks site. Also, tere re some spillwys long te cnnel to prevent overflowing during very riny periods. Reservoir. Te wter from te cnnel is collected in wooden reservoir elevted 3 m wit respect to te ironworks ground. Toug tis ed is smll, te corresponding ccumulted ydrulic energy is enoug to drive te ydrulic weel. At te ottom of te reservoir tere re two regultion orifices wic my e progressively opened or closed y verticlly displcing wooden coke wit truncted cone spe t te lower end. Lterl guides ensure n xil sifting of te cokes wit good lignment, so tt te pssge of wter is eliminted wen te vlves re totlly closed. Tese vlves re driven from te interior of te ferrerí y mens of poles, so tt ot te rte of te ir supplier nd te speed of te rotting weel (nd ence te rytm of mmering) cn e esily controlled y te lcksmit. Figures 1 nd 3 sow some detils of te elevted reservoir nd te flow regultion vlves. 3.- AIR SUPPLIER AND HEARTH. Air supplier. In te ert of te ferrerís te temperture s to rec t lest 100 ºC, so tt te iron ecomes psty nd te slg get melted. A sufficient regulr supply of oxygen ws needed to rec suc temperture nd tis s to e cieved y mens of mecnicl ir lower. Te device used in te Mzo de Teixois consists in wter trump, verticl pipeline tt connects te elevted reservoir to prtilly closed wooden tnk locted on te ground. Wen te wter is flowing, te reltive pressure t te pipe inlet ecomes negtive, so tt ir cn e sucked in troug numer of smll oles ville for suc purpose. Tis ir, very umid, is relieved from te wter nd ccumulted in te upper zone of te ground tnk, were te pressure is now positive. From tis tnk te ir is ten guided to te ert troug noter wooden pipeline. Tis device provides continuous supply of ir wit ig content of umidity, wic is very convenient to deoxidise te iron ore, nd so it ws widely used in mny ironworks. Figure sows te externl ppernce of te ir supplier. Figure 3 presents its cross-section, wit indiction of te geometricl vriles tt govern te ir rte, nd te nomenclture used for te different elements. Fig. 3: Description of Wter trump

6 Te mount of ir supplied y te wter trump my e evluted y pplying fluid mecnics principles in simple formultion s sown elow. Assuming opertion in permnent regime nd non-viscous flow, te ir-flow supplied to te ert is equl to te ir-flow cptured troug te orifices t te pipeline wll, nd it my e expressed s: Q = S v (E. 1) Te velocity of te in-coming ir my e relted to te locl pressure in te pipe t te position of te oles, y estlising n energy conservtion eqution (Bernoulli s) etween n exterior point nd te ole itself: 0 = P ρ g v + g v = P ρ (E. ) Hence, te existence of flowing ir requires sttic pressure in te pipe t te orifice position, P elow te tmosperic pressure. Tis negtive reltive pressure results from te gin of kinetic energy of te wter wen entering te verticl pipeline. Downwrds te pipeline, owever, te reduction of ltitude mkes te pressure increse till reverting positive, ecuse te trnsverse section is constnt. Severl energy conservtion equtions my e used to relte te pressure of te ir, for instnce t te ground tnk, P, to te geometricl dimensions of te device. Between te upper reservoir nd te verticl pipeline t te orifice position: P ρ g v g = + + (E. 3) Between te upper reservoir nd te outlet of te verticl pipeline: P ρ g v g c = + + c (E. 4) Between te outlet of te verticl pipeline nd te ir trpped in te lower tnk: P Pc + d = ρ g ρ g + c (E. 5) Between te interior of te lower tnk nd its wter outlet: P vc + d = ρ g g (E. 6) Also, mss conservtion (continuity eqution) implies tt: S v = S v (E. 7) c c By proper comintion of te different equtions, ot te ir flow-rte Q nd te pressure P t te lower tnk my e sown to e:

7 Q ρ S = S g ρ S + Sc (E. 8) S ρ g (E. 9) S + Sc P = d It my e oserved tt, if te eigt of te upper reservoir is incremented ten te ir flowrte Q reduces, ut te pressure P of te ir trpped in te lower tnk increses. Also, te ir flowrte increses, wit no effect on te pressure P, wen incresing te eigt of te reting orifice. Finlly, te existence of ir flow-rte is suject to te verifiction of te following reltionsip etween eigts nd trnsverse sections: S S c > 1 (E. 10) Hert. Te ert is te furnce were te ore is processed to otin iron, nd lso, were te iron rs re conveniently eted to fcilitte its sping. In te ert, te iron ore nd te crcol re rrnged on severl lternte lyers; once te ore is melted te slg flots on te iron mss, wic it is susequently removed y itting it wit mmer or rm. Te ert is usully sped like n inverted truncted pyrmid. 4.- HYDRAULIC WHEEL. In te Mzo de Teixois, te wter stored in te upper reservoir (free surfce t 3 m ig) cn e conveyed troug wooden cnnel, wen te corresponding regultion vlve is open, towrds te ydrulic weel. Te wter impinges on some of te vnes of te weel, producing torque tt mkes te weel rotte. Tis weel is mde of ok wood nd s 16 vnes. Te weel s dimeter of 1.5 m nd widt of 0. m. Te vnes re 0.3 m long. Te sft of te weel is mde of ok wood, nd it s dimeter of 0.6 m nd lengt of 5 m. Te sft is reinforced y set of iron rings clled sellos. Te sft is extended t ot ends y coxil iron r wit dimeter of 0.08 m; ec r re verticlly supported y wooden frmework tt eves like ering, since it permits te r rottion wit reltively low friction. At te end opposite to te weel, te sft s 4 fixed cms of 0.3 m long. Wen rotting, ec cm puses down te end of em tt olds te mmer, wic mkes te mmer to lift up. Wen te cm loses contct wit te mmer em, te mmer flls down itting te iron on te nvil. Cms nd erings re cooled nd luricted y smll wter current so tt wer is very smll. Fig. 4: Hydrulic weel

8 In order to evlute te torque tt te weel trnsmits to te mmer, control volume tt includes te weel my e considered, wit control surfces perpendiculr to te flow direction t ot te inlet nd te outlet. Te flow velocity t te entrnce of te turine depends on te potentil energy of te wter t te upper reservoir. Assuming idel flow, tt velocity my e expressed s: v = g (E. 11) Te direction of tis inlet velocity is tngentil to te weel. At te outlet, owever, te fluid velocity s components in ot te rdil nd te tngentil directions. Te rdil component does not produce torque on te weel xis nd it is equl to: v r = v ω R (E. 1) in wic ω is te rottion speed of te weel nd R te weel rdius. Te tngentil component is equl to te liner velocity of te weel: v = ω R ϑ (E. 13) Te lw of conservtion of te kinetic moment on tis control volume my e formulted s: r r r r r ΣM = ρ ( Λv) dv + ρ ( Λv) dq (E. 14) t VC SC Q = S v (E. 15) Since te regime is stedy, te term of eqution E.14 wit temporl derivtive is zero. Hence, te torque trnsmitted to te mmer sft under stedy regime results to e: ΣM ( v ω R) v S = ρ R (E. 16) ( ω ) = 690 ( ω ) ΣM = (E. 17) Te power ssocited to tt torque is: P = M ω (E. 18) Te digrm of Figure 5 represents te torque nd te power trnsmitted to te mmer sft s function of te rottionl speed. Te mximum power tt cn e extrcted from te wter is otined for flow inlet velocity tt doules te liner velocity of te weel: dp dω mx = 0 v ω = (E. 19) R For te Mzo de Teixois, tt mximum power would correspond to rottion speed of.56 Hz Power (W) Torque (mn) 0 0,4 0,8 1, 1,6,4,8 3, 3,6 4 4,4 4,8 5, 5,6 6 Rottionl speed s^-1 Hmmer Torque (mn) Fig. 5: Digrm of Power nd Torque vs. Speed

9 5.- HAMMER. Te mmer is crucil element in te trditionl iron mnufcturing processes. On one nd it is used to compct te iron in r nd to remove te slg from it. On te oter nd it is used for te stretcing nd smooting of te iron rs, nd, finlly, to give tese iron rs teir definitive spe. Figure 6 sows sketc of te mmer t te Mzo de Teixois. Tis mmer is iron mde nd it weigs 00 kg. Its ft is of ok wood, wit lengt of 4 m nd dimeter of 0.4 m. Tis em is simple-supported t /3 of its totl lengt from te mmer end. Te mmer its on n nvil wit truncted pyrmid spe, wic is clmped y wooden stock uried underground. Fig. 6: Hmmer To lift te mmer, te force needed on te oter end of te em is: /3 F = = 394 N 1/ 3 (E. 0) Admitting n verge rdil distnce of 0.8 m nd mecnicl efficiency of 66 %, te torque needed on te weel sft is: M = F l = / 0.66 = 4756 mn (E. 1) After comprison of equtions E.17 nd E.0, te rottionl speed of te weel results to e: 690 ( ω) = 4756 ω = 0.5 s 1 5 rpm (E. ) wic corresponds to 0 mmer its per minute. Te rel mmering rytm is expected to vry etween 18 nd 5 its per minute. Hence te operting conditions of te weel re well elow te point of mximum ydrulic power trnsmission, ecuse te device cn produce te torque required y te mmer wit te wised cdence only for very smll rottionl speed. Tis mens tt te weel is mking use of only smll frction of te ydrulic energy ville in te incoming wter. However, te poor efficiency of te process ws not usully rel prolem due to te undnce of wter in te river course. Only

10 during te summer period tis ironworks could e forced to stop y te lck of sufficient wter, wic migt ve een elped y using more efficient process. In order to use weel operting on its mximum power, new weel sould e considered wit dimeter of 14 m nd squred vnes of 0.15 long; oviously tis new weel would rdly e fesile. Anoter possiility to improve te process efficiency would e to include gerox so tt weel nd mmer sft could operte wit different rottionl speeds. Given te tecniques ville t tt time, owever, ig weel speed would generte n excessive friction torque s well s fretting wer t te erings nd ger teet. 6.- CONCLUSION. A description s een provided of te trditionl ironworks powered y ydrulic energy in Asturis. Prticulr ttention ws pid to te ironworks clled Mzo de Teixois, wic s een recently restored into opertion. Te pplictions of te wter energy to produce permnent ir current onto te ert nd to drive te working mmer ve een nlysed troug te simplified formultion of fluid mecnics principles. Te trnsformtion of ydrulic into mecnicl energy in tis ironworks s een found to e process wit rter little efficiency, toug more efficient solutions would not d een tecniclly fesile t te time. REFERENCES. - Blnco, E. et l; "Sistems de omeo", Pulicciones de l ETSII Gijón. ISBN , Fernández, J. et l; "Introducción l Mecánic de Fluidos", Pulicciones de l Universidd de Oviedo. ISBN: , Legzpi, J.; Ingenios de mder, Cj de Aorros de Asturis, Oviedo Morís, G.; Ingenios idráulicos istóricos: molinos, tnes y ferrerís, Comunicción intern. ET- SII Gijón, Universidd de Oviedo, Sedille, M., "Turomcines Hydruliques et Termiques", Tome II, Msson & Cie, 1967.