ZeroFly Storage Bag. The first insecticide-incorporated polypropylene storage bag

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1 ZeroFly Storage Bag The first insecticide-incorporated polypropylene storage bag zerofly.com Edition: April 215

2 Table of Contents Food Security & Post-Harvest Losses 1 The Concept 2 Tested & Proven to Control 3 ZeroFly Storage Bag Advantages 4 Food Safety Assessment 5 Research Evidence: Laboratory USA UK India Ghana Research Evidence: Laboratory & Simulated Storage USA Ghana Nigeria Research Evidence: Field Vietnam Zambia Ethiopia Ghana Senegal Usage Guidelines 2 Frequently Asked Questions 21 Vestergaard 21

3 Food Security & Post-Harvest Losses As we approach 5 years post Green Revolution, food security remains a global problem with 1 in 8 still going hungry. Global hunger affects nearly a billion people and approximately one-third of food produced for human consumption is either lost or wasted. Addressing the post-harvest loss issue is critical to achieving global food security and global development. Food losses not only reduce the availability of food, but also farmer s incomes; this in turn creates a negative cycle, increasing poverty, food prices and reducing people s ability to buy food when it is needed most. The key question remaining is "When solutions are available, why are post-harvest food losses still a persistent challenge?" Particularly in developing regions, where as much as 3% of food produced per capita is lost or wasted. A key area where food losses could be avoided is at the storage phase and the correct storage of commodities is arguably the most important and critical post-harvest operation. Improper storage conditions introduce opportunities for insect infestation, fungal contamination and rodent attack. Grain is not only damaged and lost, but quality is also reduced with toxic mycotoxins produced by the fungal growth. Current protection practices have challenges with non-optimal harvesting methods; such as improper drying and repeated use of pesticides. Improper drying results in fungal growth and quality loss in grain due to toxic mycotoxin contamination from the fungal growth. The need for repeat intervention of insecticide treatments over prolonged storage periods (6 months 2 years) brings in concerns with applicator safety, environmental contamination and insecticidal residues on food commodities. The limited success in reducing post-harvest losses highlights the urgent need to provide better practices, innovative technologies and practical recommendations at scale throughout the most at risk regions. 1/3 One third of all food production world-wide gets lost or wasted. This amounts to 1.3 billion tonnes per year. Source: resources/keyfindings/en/ 1

4 The Concept ZeroFly Storage Bag is an insecticide-incorporated woven polypropylene bag developed for post-harvest storage of commodities including cereal grains, pulses, oilseeds and seeds. Innovative Technology The active ingredient, Deltamethrin, is a Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) approved pesticide for controlling insect pests. The active ingredient is incorporated into the individual yarns and slowly released onto the surface of the material in a controlled and sustained manner. The commodities stored in the bags are therefore continuously protected against insect infestation for the lifetime of the product. How it works ZeroFly Storage Bag kills stored grain pests on contact Protects grains, seeds & pulses against insect infestation Supports the Milennium Development Goals #1 - Eradicate extreme poverty & hunger #7 - Ensure environmental sustainability ZeroFly Storage Bags Post-Harvest Pest Control Solutions Fumigation Spraying Grain protectant (dust) Hermetic bags Pest control efficacy No repeated intervention required No risks for environment No specialized expertise required Suitable for large-scale stacking N/A N/A N/A No vulnerability to insect damage N/A N/A N/A No toxicity risks for food consumers No toxicity risks for operators Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) recommended on the products labels to ensure operators safety 1 Gloves 2 Gloves, full face mask 3 Gloves, face mask, protective eyewear, coveralls, boots 4 Gloves, face mask, protective eyewear, coveralls 2

5 Tested & Proven to Control Weevils Borers Rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae Attacks rice, wheat & barley Maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais Attacks grains Granary weevil Sitophilus granarius Attacks all small grains; wheat, corn/maize, rye, oats, barley, sorghum Beetles Larger grain borer Prostephanus truncatus Attacks corn/maize & wheat, bores into coffee & rice Lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica Attacks all grains & seeds, especially wheat, barley, sorghum, rice Groundnut borer Caryedon serratus Attacks groundnuts Confused flour beetle Tribolium confusum Attacks corn/maize & wheat, other stored food products Red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum Attacks stored grains & oilseeds, as well as beans & spices Khapra beetle Trogoderma granarium Attacks grain & seeds Pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus Callosobruchus chinensis Attacks legumes, such as cowpeas, beans, green grams Moths Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella Attacks cereals, grains, oilseeds, cocoa, spices, nuts & some pulses Angoumois grain moth Sitotroga cerealella Attacks corn/maize, rice, sorghum, millet, wheat 3

6 ZeroFly Storage Bag Advantages Grain Quality Protection Seed Viability Protection Proven Effectiveness Long Lasting Protection Superior Quality Safe Easy to Use Stored commodities are protected by reducing the insect damage. Commodity s quality and marketability are maintained. Seed viability of stored seeds is protected. Tests in several internationally renowned institutes concluded that the bags are effective, insects are killed, their entry into the bags is prevented and community effect is provided, by reducing insects population in the storage area. Effectiveness of a minimum two years is ensured through sustained release and controlled migration of the active ingredient to the surface of the yarns. Internationally recognized quality standards for storage bags are followed, quality assurance tests are conducted to ensure standards are met. A Food safe classification received under US & EU regulations. Insecticide residues in the stored commodities are below the most stringent global standards. Tests showed no migration of polyolefins from the bags onto the food commodities. Total heavy metal content was below detectable limits & met USDA requirements. Regular re-application of insecticides are not required. Limited protective equipment is required, compared to other pesticide interventions. Toxicity studies concluded the bags are safe to handle. 4

7 Food Safety Assessment Commodities stored in ZeroFly Storage Bags safe for consumption Multicountry studies have shown that when the commodities are stored in ZeroFly Storage Bags during the intended use period, the residues found within the grains are below the strictest maximum residue limits (MRL's) available worldwide, including; Indian Standards (.5 mg/ kg of rice,.5 mg/kg of grain), Codex Alimentarius (2 mg/ kg of grain), US EPA and EU country standards (2 mg/kg of grain). The product protects the commodity from damage whilst MRL's remain under the thresholds even when tested under some of the most challenging conditions the product is likely to be exposed to, such as high temperature, pressure and moisture. EU/Codex Alimentarius EU/Codex Alimentarius US EPA KENYA Food Safety & Standards Authority India Maize & Wheat EU/Codex Alimentarius KENYA Food Safety & Standards Authority India Beans US EPA GHANA Food Safety & Standards Authority India Maize Maize Wheat.1 (mg/kg) after 12 months 1..5 US EPA.1 Beans.1 (mg/kg) after 12 months Maize.2 (mg/kg) after 3 weeks EU/Codex Alimentarius US EPA INDIA Food Safety & Standards Authority India below detection limit Wheat after 1 month Wheat 2. EU/Codex Alimentarius US EPA INDIA Food Safety & Standards Authority India Rice Rice.5 (mg/kg) after 2 weeks* *MRLs were tested using accelerated shelf life test 54±2 C (as per FAO Pesticide Specifications/ APVMA, 25) under high moisture and high pressure environments equivalent of two years real time storage conditions. EU/Codex Alimentarius US EPA ZAMBIA Food Safety & Standards Authority India.1 (mg/kg) Maize after 12 months Maize EU/Codex Alimentarius US EPA VIETNAM Food Safety & Standards Authority India Rice (paddy) EU/Codex Alimentarius US EPA (mg/kg) Rice after 6 months VIETNAM Rice Food Safety & Standards Authority India.5.5 (mg/kg) Rice after 6 months 5

8 Food Safety Assessment Dietary Risk Assessment Based on the Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS) calculation, the Deltamethrin residues in commodities stored in ZeroFly Storage Bags are 6% below acceptable daily intake (ADI). Human Risk Assessment Following human risk assessment, the product is considered safe for occasional handling in households. However, personnel handling the bags on a daily basis are advised to wear gloves and full sleeve shirts to minimize potential exposure to insecticide. Heavy Metals Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Hexavalent Chromium (Cr6+), Mercury (Hg) and Antimony (Sb) were below detection limits in ZeroFly Storage Bag and therefore passed USDA EPA standards. Migration of Polyolefins in Polypropylene Test results have shown ZeroFly Storage Bags to be "food safe" both under US and Europeans standards for plastic products coming into contact with food commodities. Toxicity Oral toxicity on rats: Globally Harmonized System (GHS) evaluated as category 5: Safe. Acute dermal irritation/ corrosion potential was non-irritant to the skin of New Zealand white rabbits. Minimally irritating (M1) to the eyes (New Zealand white rabbits). Non-sensitizer to the skin of guinea pigs. Safe for consumers: The residue of insecticide found in stored commodities does not exceed the Acceptable Daily Intake. 6

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10 Research Evidence: Laboratory USA: Eurofins Agroscience Services Inc., Cedar Grove NC Granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius) adults showed 1% mortality and knock down when exposed to ZeroFly Storage Bag for 24 hours. Confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum) larvae and adults showed 1% knock down 12 hours after exposure and 1% mortality at the end of the 7 days of observation. The study showed that all adult granary weevils and adults and larvae of confused flour beetles were rapidly knocked down and killed and that neither pest was able to bore or chew through ZeroFly Storage Bag. UK: Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent Bioefficacy of ZeroFly Storage Bags against Indian meal moth & Khapra beetles % Mortality Time (hours) The study showed that all Indian meal moth & Khapra beetle adults were rapidly knocked down and killed by ZeroFly Storage Bag. Reproduction of Indian meal moth was negatively impacted by exposure to ZeroFly Storage Bag; eggs did not hatch nor develop further. Khapra beetle Indian meal moth Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) and Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella) adults were exposed to ZeroFly Storage Bag samples for up to 72h. Knock down occurred at one hour and insects were dead after 24 hours. 1% mortality was observed for larvae at the end of the observation period of 14 days. None of the exposed adults produced any offspring, whilst control adults bred successfully to produce viable larvae. 8

11 Research Evidence: Laboratory India: International Institute of Biotechnology and Toxicology (IIBAT), Chennai The efficacy of ZeroFly Storage Bags was tested under laboratory conditions through contact assays with adult rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae) and pulse beetles (Callosobruchus chinensis). The insects were collected from local households and warehouses, and confirmed as 3-fold resistant to Deltamethrin as compared to susceptible insects. The efficacy of ZeroFly Storage Bag samples against rice weevils and pulse beetles was established under laboratory conditions, and 1% knock down and mortality was achieved after 3 minutes and 24 hours exposure to the product respectively. The efficacy of ZeroFly Storage Bag after 2 days of real time exposure to Delhi summertime conditions (with average day temperatures ranging from 33-4 C), showed 1% and 8% mortality respectively, on pulse beetles after 3 minutes exposure, and on weevils after 24 hours. The study showed that weevils & pulse beetles with 3-fold resistance to deltamethrin were rapidly knocked down and killed. None of the pests were able to bore or chew through ZeroFly Storage Bag. Ghana: Vestergaard-NMIMR Vector Labs, Accra Bioefficacy of ZeroFly Storage Bags against larger grain borers % Mortality Fresh After 1 year of usage Time (hours) Maize weevils (Sitophilus zeamais) and larger grain borers (Prostephanus truncatus) were exposed for 24 hours to freshly produced samples and to bags used under warehouse conditions for 1 year in Lusaka area, Zambia. Bioefficacy of ZeroFly Storage Bags against maize weevils % Mortality Time (hours) The study showed that ZeroFly Storage Bag retained full bioefficacy against maize weevils & larger grain borers after 1 year of real time usage. Both pests were rapidly knocked down and killed by ZeroFly Storage Bag. 9

12 Research Evidence: Laboratory & Simulated Storage USA: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Manhattan KS Impact on maize weevil population growth in stored maize Average live maize weevils Impact on grain damage during simulated storage period Average damaged kernels ZeroFly Storage Bags Control (untreated PP bags) In laboratory bioassays, red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum), lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica) and maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) showed 1% knock down and mortality after a maximum exposure period of 72 hours to ZeroFly Storage Bags. In a simulated storage study, 5g bags made out of ZeroFly Storage Bags and untreated polypropylene bags (as a negative control), were placed in controlled environmental chambers at 27.5 C and 65% RH, with either internal or external artificial infestation of insects. A significantly higher number of insects (P <.5) were recorded in the control bags both with external and internal initial infestation. There were no live insects nor damaged kernels in treated bags with no initial infestation*. ZeroFly Storage Bags Control (untreated PP bags) Untreated control bags with both internal and external infestation had almost 1% damaged kernels after 13 months of storage. *Some bags were damaged during the storage and therefore excluded from the statistical analysis. The study showed that all maize weevils, lesser grain borers & red flour beetles in contact with the ZeroFly Storage Bags were rapidly knocked down and killed. ZeroFly Storage Bags effectively protected the stored maize for at least 13 months. 1

13 Research Evidence: Laboratory & Simulated Storage Ghana: African Regional Postgraduate Program in Insect Science Laboratory, University of Accra Bioefficacy of ZeroFly Storage Bags against maize weevils % Mortality Exposure time (hours) Bioefficacy of ZeroFly Storage Bags against pulse beetles % Mortality Exposure time (hours) Insect infestation during simulated storage with artificial infestation Treatment Bag Size % Average Mortality (± SE*) Maize weevils Pulse beetles 5 Kg 1. (±.) 99.5 (±.1) ZeroFly Storage Bag 1 Kg 99.7 (±.1) 93.4 ( ± 1.3) Control (untreated PP bags) 5 Kg. (±.). (±.) 1 Kg 7. (± 2.3). (±.) *Standard Error Insect infestation during simulated on farm storage with natural infestation Treatment Bag Size Average no. live insects (± SE*) Maize weevils Pulse beetles ZeroFly Storage Bag 1 kg (± ) 1 (± ) Control (untreated PP bags) 1 Kg 128 (± 13) 142 (± 11) *Standard Error In laboratory bioassays with maize weevils (Sitophilus zeamais) and pulse beetles (Callosobruchus maculatus), 1% knock down and mortality effect was observed within 1 hours of exposure to ZeroFly Storage Bags. Under laboratory storage conditions, 5 and 1 kg bags of maize and cowpeas were artificially infested with 1 maize weevils and 2 pulse beetles for each of the crops respectively. After 3 weeks of observation, within the untreated 5kg control bags there was no mortality recorded, whilst an average of 7% mortality was recorded in the 1 kg control bags. ZeroFly Storage Bags killed 93.7% maize weevils and 1% pulse beetles. In simulated storage conditions, 1 kg bags were stored on a farm, under natural pest infestation and no live maize weevils and only 1 live pulse beetle were recorded within ZeroFly Storage Bags. Within the untreated control bags 127 live maize weevils and 142 live pulse beetles were recorded for the same storage period of 3 weeks. No weight loss was recorded for grain stored within ZeroFly Storage Bags, whilst 9.37% and 16.24% weight loss was found in control bags for maize and cowpeas respectively after 3 months of storage. Deltamethrin residues,.15 mg/kg of grain, on maize stored in ZeroFly Storage Bags remained below Maximum Residues Limits (Codex & EPA) throughout the storage period. The study showed that maize weevils & pulse beetles were rapidly knocked down and killed. ZeroFly Storage Bags effectively protected maize & cowpeas against maize weevils & pulse beetle. 11

14 Research Evidence: Laboratory & Simulated Storage Nigeria: Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute (NSPRI), Ilorin In laboratory bioassays ZeroFly Storage Bags showed 1% mortality with all insect species tested with 24 hours of exposure at 7 days of observation. Under simulated storage conditions, ZeroFly Storage Bags (1kg bags) were compared to local polypropylene (PP) bags with untreated grain (negative control), and bags with treated grain, Permethin dust,.6% a.i.* (positive control). Maize and cowpeas (5g) were artificially infested with pulse beetles (Callosobruchus maculatus), maize weevils (Sitophilus zeamais), lesser grain borers (Rhysopertha dominica) and red flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum) and then kept under observation and assessed at 7 and 25 days. The ZeroFly Storage Bags effectively protected all the commodities, recording 1% insect mortality, whilst live insects were found in all control bags after 25 days. The commodities stored in ZeroFly Storage Bags maintained higher grain quality and seed viability (93% germination rate), as compared to both negative and positive controls (53% & 54% respectively) after 3 months of storage. The study showed ZeroFly Storage Bags effectively killed pulse beetles, maize weevils, lesser grain borers & red flour beetles within 24 hours of exposure and protected maize seed viability over 3 months of storage. *a.i. - active ingredient 12 One of a farmer's most critical management decisions is the selection of a seed source and variety. The cost of seed stock is usually less than 5-1% of total production costs. Yet seed stock can affect the yield potential of a crop more than any other input. Seed viability is negatively impacted by insect damage, as many pests are known to attack the seed embryo first, thus reducing future crop yields. Germination rate should be above 8%.

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16 Research Evidence: Field Vietnam: Sub-Institute of Agricultural Engineering & Post-Harvest Technology (SIAEP), Ho Chi Minh Impact on insect population growth in stored paddy rice Average live insects/5g Impact on grain damage in paddy rice over storage period % Grain damage Impact on paddy rice weight loss over storage period Kg ZeroFly Storage Bags Control (untreated PP bags) A field trial using paddy and milled rice was conducted in Ho Chi Minh area using 5 kg ZeroFly Storage Bags compared with locally procured untreated polypropylene (PP) bags over a 6 month storage period. The commodities were fumigated before bagging in order to eliminate insect infestation. Artificial infestation was carried out within the warehouse. The damage of paddy rice grains was significantly lower in ZeroFly Storage Bags after 4 months of storage. At 6 months, the weight loss was also significantly lower in ZeroFly Storage Bags. Insects in rice packed in untreated bags caused an increase in the percentage of broken rice over time, also resulting in decreased milling quality. Along with weight loss, quality is also measured by milling yield, a measure of the percent of bran removed from the brown rice kernel. Milling is important to consumers, since unmilled brown rice absorbs water poorly and does not cook as quickly as milled rice. Impact on milling yield for paddy rice over storage period % Milling yield

17 ZeroFly Storage Bags Control (untreated PP bags) Taste and color are also key aspects of consumer acceptance. These characteristics were measured on a five point Hedonic Scale, from 1 (very poor) to 5 (highly acceptable). Taste and odour profile of rice stored in ZeroFly Storage Bags retained the original score. This was not the case for rice packed in untreated bags, where the rice had undesirable odour and taste, characteristic to the presence of insects. Sensory evaluation results before & after storage Paddy rice Before After Taste ZeroFly 4 4 Control Odour ZeroFly 3 3 Control Milled rice Before After Taste ZeroFly 3 3 Control 3 1 Odour ZeroFly 3 3 Control 3 1 The paddy rice stored in untreated bags had significantly lower seed viability after 6 months of storage, with 84% for untreated bags vs. 93% for ZeroFly Storage Bags. Deltamethrin residues of rice packed in ZeroFly Storage Bags were sampled and analyzed. The recorded averages after 6 months of storage were lower than the Indian Standards (.5 mg/kg of rice,.5 mg/kg of grain), Codex Alimentarius (2 mg/ kg of grain), US EPA (1 mg/kg of grain) and European standards (2 mg/kg of grain). Rice Deltamethrin residues (mg/kg) Paddy.185 Milled.455 Impact on seed viability of paddy rice over storage period Germination % Impact on insect population growth in stored milled rice Average live insects/5g Impact on weight loss during storage of milled rice Kg The study showed that the ZeroFly Storage Bags effectively controlled rice weevil infestation and maintained high quality parameters of paddy and milled rice over the 6 months of storage. ZeroFly Storage Bags maintained higher seed viability, higher milling quality and insecticide residues remained below the strictest global residue limits. 15

18 Research Evidence: Field Zambia: Zambian Agricultural Research Institute (ZARI), Mt. Makulu Impact on maize weevils population growth in stored maize Average live insects Impact on maize grain damage over storage period %Average damaged kernels Impact on maize seed viability over storage period % Germination ZeroFly Storage Bags FRA bags with Shumba Control (FRA bags) Control (PP bags) A field trial was carried out in Lusaka area, where 5 kg ZeroFly Storage Bags were compared with locally procured untreated polypropylene (PP) bags with or without insecticidal treatment of grain (normal practice: Shumba = Fenitrothion 1% & Deltamethrin.13%). The study duration was 12 months in a purpose built research-facility, simulating a commercial warehouse, with natural and additional artificial infestation of maize weevils and larger grain borers. There were highly significant differences (P <.1) in weight loss, grain damage, number of live larger grain borers (Prostephanus truncatus) and maize weevils (Sitophilus zeamais) between the untreated controls and the insecticidal treatments over time. Significantly higher (P <.1) seed viability was recorded for seed obtained from insecticidal treatments, when compared with seed from untreated control bags. Deltamethrin residues on grain stored within ZeroFly Storage Bags remained below MRLs during the storage period of 1 year Laboratory bioefficacy tests confirmed 1% mortality for both maize weevils and larger grain borers when exposed to samples collected from ZeroFly Storage Bags over the 1 year period. The study showed that ZeroFly Storage Bags effectively in controlled maize weevil & larger grain borer infestation in the warehouse. Effective protection against storage pests, maintaining grain quality & damage levels below 1.5% over the 1 year storage period was provided. High seed viability for maize stored for 1 year was preserved and ZeroFly Storage Bags remained highly effective, killing insects even after 1 year of field use. 16

19 Research Evidence: Field Ethiopia: Bako Agricultural Research Center, Bako Treatment % Dead Maize weevils The study showed that ZeroFly Storage Bags were as effective as fumigation and insecticidal dust treatments. ZeroFly Storage Bags controlled maize weevils & Angoumois grain moths in maize storage for over 6 months. % Dead Angoumois grain moths % Damaged kernels % Germination ZeroFly Storage Bags 88 a 1 a 1.3 b 89 a Aluminum phosphide 92 a 1 a 1.1 b 87 a Malathion (5% a.i.*) 87 a 81 b 1.8 b 84 a Untreated PP bags 32 b 54 c 7.7 a 84 a Results with different letters represent statistically significant differences between treatments (P<.5) *active ingredient ZeroFly Storage Bags were compared to local practices over 6 months of storage. The treatments were as follows: Polypropylene (PP) bags, with no pest control measures Polypropylene (PP) bags & fumigation with Aluminium phosphide Polypropylene (PP) bags & Malathion (5% a.i.) mixed with the grains The study was carried out in a grain storage facility with natural infestation of storage pest insects. After 6 months storage, all insecticidal treatments were effective against the storage pests tested. With ZeroFly Storage Bags 1% mortality was recorded for Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella) and 87% for maize weevils (Sitophilus zeamais) adults, additionaly the germination remained above 89%. Results of the insecticidal treatments were not significantly different, all performing significantly better than the untreated control. 17

20 Research Evidence: Field Ghana: African Regional Postgraduate Program in Insect Science Laboratory, University of Accra Impact on maize weevil population growth in stored maize Average live maize weevils Impact on larger grain borer population growth in stored maize Average live larger grain borers ZeroFly Storage Bags Control (untreated PP bags) In a field trial in Accra, 5 kg ZeroFly Storage Bags were compared to locally procured untreated polypropylene (PP) bags (negative control) over 6 months of storage. Untreated maize was frozen to kill any insect infestation coming from the field, pre-bagging. Each bag was then artificially infested with 2 adults of larger grain borer (Prostephanus truncatus) or maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) and placed into storage for 6 months. The control bags had significantly higher (P <.5) numbers of live insects after the period of study for both pests. The grain kept in the untreated control bags had significantly higher (P <.5) damage than those kept in ZeroFly Storage Bags for both insect species. Damage were comparable for both storage pests, which was greater than 6% after 6 Impact on grain damage by maize weevils over storage period % Damaged kernels Impact on grain damage by larger grain borers over storage period % Damaged kernels The study showed that ZeroFly Storage Bags were effective in controlling maize weevils & larger grain borers. Grain damage was maintained at a low level (below 3% ) throughout the 6 month trial period. 18

21 Research Evidence: Field Senegal: Interdisciplinary Team for Phytosanitary Experiments of Ministry of Agriculture, Dakar Impact on flour beetle population growth in millet over storage period Average live flour beetles Impact on groundnut borer population growth in groundnuts over storage period Average live groundnut borers Storage time (weeks) Impact on pulse beetle population growth in cowpeas over storage period Average live pulse beetles Storage time (weeks) ZeroFly Storage Bags Control (untreated PP bags) In a field trial near Dakar, the efficacy of 5 kg ZeroFly Storage Bags to protect crops of local importance (groundnuts, cowpeas, maize and millet) was assessed against key target pest species over 3 months, under normal commercial warehouse conditions. The commoditites were frozen to kill any insect infestation from the field, then bagged, using either ZeroFly Storage Bags or locally procured polypropylene (PP) bags and randomly assigned across the warehouse. All untreated control bags had significantly higher (P <.5) numbers of live insects over the storage period, for all the commodities within the trial. Insect counts in the storage area showed a significantly higher number of dead insects (a total of 15'535 dead vs. 238 live) providing a strong indication of community protection of ZeroFly Storage Bags in the warehouse setting Storage time (weeks) Impact on maize weevil population growth in maize over storage period Average live maize weevils Storage time (weeks) ZeroFly Storage Bags effectively killed groundnut borers, pulse beetles, maize weevils and flour beetles. ZeroFly Storage Bag provided protection for groundnuts, cowpeas, maize and millet stored for 12 weeks, providing a barrier to insects trying to penetrate the bags and so reducing the overall warehouse insect population. 19

22 Usage Guidelines Step 1 Dry harvested or milled grains to moisture levels safe for storage (<14% for grains & <12% for seeds). Step 2 Ensure the grain is insect-free (solarization, fumigation, etc.) & the grains are mold-free prior to bagging. Step 3 Pour the grain into ZeroFly Storage Bags as soon as possible to ensure no insect infestation. Step 4 Seal the bags by sewing or tying immediately after bagging. Ensure that the bags are tightly closed after each opening to prevent insect entry. Handling & Safety Information Do not use hooks while lifting or carrying the bag. Do not expose the bag to extreme heat, direct sunlight &/or open flame. Occasionally (quarterly) brush fabric to prevent dust/ dirt build-up on exposed surfaces. Use gloves and cover exposed body parts with appropriate clothing while lifting or carrying the bag. Wash hands with soap & water after handling the bag. Dispose of the bag after its intended use as per local regulatory guidelines. 2

23 Frequently Asked Questions How does ZeroFly Storage Bag work? ZeroFly Storage Bag works by establishing a long-lasting insecticidal protection around the bagged commodities. When the pests come into contact with the bag in an attempt to reach the stored commodities, they get a lethal dose of insecticide and are killed. ZeroFly Storage Bags are similar in usage to any other polypropylene storage bags, with the additional benefit of insecticidal killing action. What insecticide is used and how safe is it? The insecticide active ingredient is deltamethrin, a pyrethroid. Deltamethrin is approved by FAO for use in agriculture and by WHO for use in public health. This product is considered safe for farmers and consumers. Maximum Residue Limits assessments reveal that levels of insecticide on the stored commodities are below the most stringent standards globally. What pests does it control? ZeroFly Storage Bags will control deltamethrin susceptible insects when they contact the bags. Tests have confirmed control of all major postharvest insect pests, including; weevils, borers, and moths. What is the lifespan of ZeroFly Storage Bag? ZeroFly Storage Bag will remain effective for 2 years depending upon environmental conditions where the bag is used. What is ZeroFly Storage Bag made of and why was this material chosen? ZeroFly Storage Bag is made of a polypropylene polymer that has the insecticide incorporated into the yarns. The material was chosen for its properties of controlled and sustained release of the insecticide for the life of the product and since the textile is durable enough for its intended use. What colors does it come in? As standard, white, with ZeroFly printed logo. It can also come in a variety of colors and printed central logos upon request. What research has been done to show that it is effective? ZeroFly Storage Bag has been studied in laboratory studies to show efficacy against insects. It has also been evaluated in accelerated storage conditions as well as real usage in field studies to confirm action against field populations of various key storage pests. Are bags safe to stack in warehouses? The ZeroFly Storage Bags provide an extra level of safety in the warehouses as they have an antislip weave pattern to reduce slippage. How is the storage bag maintained? The ZeroFly Storage Bag is intented for indoor storage of commodities. The material should be kept clean by occasionally using a soft broom to avoid build up of dust on the surface. Keeping dirt and dust off the material is important to prevent any interference between the insecticide on the surface and its contact with the storage pest insects, ensuring maximal efficacy. Can it be safely discarded? At the end of its intended lifetime or if physical integrity is lost, ZeroFly Storage Bag can be disposed of as per local guidelines, for example following regulations for disposal of plastic waste, as fuel for brick kilns, or alternatively, recycled into products that have limited human contact such as waste pipes. Vestergaard Vestergaard is a global company committed to improving lives of people in developing countries with important food security interventions. Vestergaard believes strongly in humanitarian responsibility and the commitment to the United Nation's Millennium Development Goals drives business objectives and provides the impetus for continued focus on innovation. With extensive Research & Development, Vestergaard is dedicated to improve and support the health of the most vulnerable people on earth by continuously improving our products. We encourage the independent evaluation of our products at recognized international research institutions. ZeroFly Storage Bags are produced in ISO 91 certified manufacturing facilites. The active incredient used in the product, deltamethrin, is only sourced from suppliers approved by FAO/WHO. The product is tested in ISO IEC 1725 accredited Vestergaard laboratories before release with a Certificate of Quality or Certificate of Analysis. Any customer inquiry on product performance or quality is promptly addressed. We provide a testing service to verify quality of our products for customers. Our life-saving tools include: ZeroFly Storage Bags Insectide-incorporated storage bags protecting crops and seeds ZeroFly Screen Insectide-incorporated screen protecting livestock from flies ZeroFly Targets & Traps Tools to monitor and control tsetse and biting fly populations LifeStraw Water filters reducing diarrheal diseases PermaNet #1 long-lasting insecticidal nets For more information, visit 21

24 Impacting People ZeroFly products aim to end hunger through reduced losses and increased productivity VESTERGAARD GROUP S.A. zerofly.com

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