Managing thrips on lettuce, aphids on broccoli, and the new invasive pest Bagrada bug on cole crops
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1 Managing thrips on lettuce, aphids on broccoli, and the new invasive pest Bagrada bug on cole crops Surendra Dara Strawberry and Vegetle Crops Advisor and Affiliated IPM Advisor University of California Cooperative Extension Santa Barbara and San Luis strawberriesvegetles ucanr.org/strawberries-vegetles and ucanr.org/pestnews
2 Western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis Second instar larva Adult morphs Feeding damage Necrotic spots by tomato spotted wilt virus
3 Lettuce-experimental design Treatments 1. Untreated control 2. Assail 30 SC (acetamiprid) 4 oz + DyneAmic (NIS) 0.1% v/v 3. Radiant SC (spinetoram) 8 fl oz + Dyne Amic 0.25% 4. BotaniGard 22 WP (Beauveria bassiana) 2 lb + DyneAmic 0.125% 5. Torac 15 EC (tolfenpyrad) 21 fl oz + DyneAmic 0.25% 6. Torac 15EC 21 fl oz + Lannate SP 0.75 lb + DyneAmic 0.25% 7. NNI fl oz (new ai) + DyneAmic 0.25% Spraying Plot size 50* gal/acre at 70 psi with flat fan nozzle (*100 gpa for BotaniGard) 5 rows, 5.33 wide 10 long bed replicated 4 times Planted on April 6, 2012 Treated on May 16 and 24 and June 6, 2012
4 5/15/2012 5/16/2012 5/17/2012 5/18/2012 5/19/2012 5/20/2012 5/21/2012 5/22/2012 5/23/2012 5/24/2012 5/25/2012 5/26/2012 5/27/2012 5/28/2012 5/29/2012 5/30/2012 5/31/2012 6/1/2012 6/2/2012 6/3/2012 6/4/2012 6/5/2012 6/6/2012 6/7/2012 6/8/2012 6/9/2012 6/10/2012 6/11/2012 6/12/2012 6/13/2012 Number of thrips/plant Thrips populations during the study 5 Untreated Acetamiprid Spinetoram B. bassiana Tolfenpyrad Tolfen.+Metho. NNI
5 Number of thrips/plant Thrips after each spray application Pre-treatment After I Spray After II Spray After III Spray 3 a a 2 c b c bc 1 c b c b b 0 Untreated Acetamiprid Spinetoram B. bassiana Tolfenpyrad Tolfen.+Metho. NNI-1171
6 Number of thrips/plant Thrips before and after the spray applications 3 Pre-treatment Post-treatment a a 2 bc bc 1 c c 0 Untreated Acetamiprid Spinetoram B. bassiana Tolfenpyrad Tolfen.+Metho. NNI-1171
7 Percent change after treatment Percent change in thrips after treatment Untreated Acetamiprid Spinetoram B. bassiana Tolfenpyrad Tolfen.+Metho. NNI-1171
8 Conclusion Thrips numbers were significantly lower in chemical treatments compared to untreated control. Tolfenpyrad alone and with methomyl provided good control. Microbial control also has a potential for thrips management.
9 Cbage aphid and green peach aphid Cbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae
10 Broccoli-experimental design Treatments 1. Untreated control 2. Assail 30 SC (acetamiprid) 4 oz + DyneAmic (NIS) 0.1% v/v 3. BotaniGard 22 WP (Beauveria bassiana) 2 lb + DyneAmic 0.125% 4. Torac 15 EC (tolfenpyrad) 21 fl oz + DyneAmic 0.25% 5. Pyrifluquinazon 3.2 fl oz + DyneAmic 0.25% 6. NNI fl oz (new ai) + DyneAmic 0.25% 7. Closer (sulfoxaflor) 1.5 fl oz + DyneAmic 0.25% 8. Closer 2.0 fl oz + DyneAmic 0.25% Spraying Plot size 50* gal/acre at 70 psi with flat fan nozzle (*100 gpa for BotaniGard) 5 rows, 5.33 wide 20 long bed replicated 4 times Planted on July 31, 2012 Treated on September 5 and 25, 2012
11 Number of aphids/plant Aphid populations during the study 6 Untreated Acetamiprid B. bassiana Tolfenpyrad Pyrifluquinazon NNI-1171 Sulfoxaflor 1.5 Sulfoxaflor Pre-treatment I-3DAT I-7DAT I-13DAT II-3DAT II-7DAT II-12DAT
12 Number of cbage aphids/plant Cbage aphids 4 Untreated Acetamiprid B. bassiana Tolfenpyrad Pyrifluquinazon NNI-1171 Sulfoxaflor 1.5 Sulfoxaflor Pre-treatment I-3DAT I-7DAT I-13DAT II-3DAT II-7DAT II-12DAT
13 Number of green peach aphids/plant Green peach aphids 3 Untreated Acetamiprid B. bassiana Tolfenpyrad Pyrifluquinazon NNI-1171 Sulfoxaflor 1.5 Sulfoxaflor Pre-treatment I-3DAT I-7DAT I-13DAT II-3DAT II-7DAT II-12DAT
14 Number of aphids/plant Aphids after each spray application 5 Pre-treatment After I Application After II Application 4 a 3 a 2 1 b b b b b 0 Untreated Acetamiprid B. bassiana Tolfenpyrad Pyrifluquinazon NNI-1171 Sulfoxaflor 1.5 Sulfoxaflor 2.0 b
15 Number of aphids/plant Aphids before and after spray applications 5 Pre-treatment Post-treatment 4 3 a 2 1 b b 0 Untreated Acetamiprid B. bassiana Tolfenpyrad Pyrifluquinazon NNI-1171 Sulfoxaflor 1.5 Sulfoxaflor 2.0
16 Percent change after treatment Percent change in aphids after treatment
17 Number of cbage aphids/plant Cbage aphids before and after spray applications 4 Pre-treatment Post-treatment 3 2 a 1 c c 0 c c bc c Untreated Acetamiprid B. bassiana Tolfenpyrad Pyrifluquinazon NNI-1171 Sulfoxaflor 1.5 Sulfoxaflor 2.0
18 Percent change after treatment Percent change in cbage aphids after treatment
19 Number of green peach aphids/plant Green peach aphids before and after spray applications 3 Pre-treatment Post-treatment 2 a 1 b 0 Untreated Acetamiprid B. bassiana Tolfenpyrad Pyrifluquinazon NNI-1171 Sulfoxaflor 1.5 Sulfoxaflor 2.0
20 Percent change after treatment Percent change in green peach aphids after treatment
21 Conclusions Cbage and green peach aphids responded differently to treatments. Sulfoxaflor provided good control for both aphid species. B. bassiana provided good control of green peach aphids which was similar to some chemical treatments
22 Bagrada bug, Bagrada hilaris Order: Hemiptera Family: Pentatomidae (Stink bugs) Origin: Africa Distribution: Asia and Europe and now in Arizona and California Host plants: Mainly crucifers. Also infests malvaceous, leguminoseous, cucurbits, and graminaceous plants London rocket, wild mustards, pepperweed, and others
23 Bagrada bug-distribution In Los Angeles County in California: Kern, Imperial, Los Angeles, Monterey, Orange, Riverside, San Diego, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, and Ventura Counties Arizona: Yuma, La Paz, Maricopa, and Pinal Counties New Mexico: Luna, Socorro, Valencia, and Santa Fe Counties Nevada, Utah, and Texas
24 Bagrada bug-host range Brassicaceae: Alyssum, arugula, broccoli, cbage, cauliflower, collards, cress, kale, radish, rutaga, turnips, etc. Cucurbitaceae: Cantaloupes and watermelons Graminaceae: Corn, millets, and wheat Leguminaceae: Various legumes Malvaceae: Cotton and okra Rosaeae: Strawberry Solanaceae: Potato
25 Bagrada bug-biology Eggs Barrel-shaped, laid singly or in small groups on plant surface or in soil Each female lays up to 95 eggs Whitish and turn orange with age Hatch in 3-6 days Ta-I Huang, Univ Arizona Eric Natwick, UCCE
26 Bagrada bug-biology Nymphs There are five nymphal instars Newly emerged nymphs are reddish orange and develop white and black markings with time Nymphal stage lasts for 2-3 weeks Ta-I Huang, Univ Arizona
27 Bagrada bug-biology Adults They are 1/5-1/3 long and 1/8-1/6 wide Black with orange and white markings Females are larger than males
28 Bagrada bug-biology Harlequin bug vs. Bagrada bug projectnoah.org nathistoc.bio.uci.edu
29 Bagrada bug-damage Suck the plant juices with their needle-like mouthparts. Stippling with necrotic spots, stunted growth, loss of apical dominance, formation of multiple heads and plant death.
30 Bagrada bug-chemical control 2012 Small plot broccoli trials at Yuma Ag Center (John Palumbo and Ta-I Huang) 1 st application Mean Number of Adults/20 Plants Treatment 1-Day After Treatment 3-Days After Treatment 5-Days After Treatment Bifenthrin 0.0 b 0.5 d 2.3 b Methomyl 1.8 b 2.5 bcd 4.0 Chlorpyrifos 1.5 b 1.5 cd 3.0 Clothianidin 0.5 b a Dinotefuran 0.5 b 2.0 bcd 6.8 a Acephate 0.5 b 3.5 c 4.0 Untreated control 7.3 a 5.8 a 6.8 a Martin, Palumbo, Dara, and Natwick 2013
31 Bagrada bug-control 2012 Small plot broccoli trials at Yuma Ag Center (John Palumbo and Ta-I Huang) 2 nd application Mean Number of Adults/20 Plants Treatment 1-Day After Treatment 3-Days After Treatment 5-Days After Treatment Bifenthrin 0.0 b 1.3 bc 1.5 a Methomyl 0.0 b 1.0 c 4.0 a Chlorpyrifos 0.8 b a Clothianidin 0.8 b 4.3 c 5.5 a Dinotefuran 0.3 b 1.3 bc 4.0 a Acephate 0.8 b 1.5 bc 5.5 a Untreated control 5.0 a 6.8 a 6.5 a Martin, Palumbo, Dara, and Natwick 2013
32 Bagrada bug-non-chemical control Active Ingredient Beauveria bassiana strain GHA Metarhizium brunneum strain F 52 Isaria fumosorosea strain FE9901 Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1 Pyrethrins + potassium salts of fatty acids Product* Mycotrol O Met 52 NoFly Grandevo Safer Yard & Garden Insect Killer Application Rate 1 qrt/100 gal 1 qrt/100 gal 28 oz/100 gal 3 lb/100 gal Ready-to-use Essential oil blend Rid-Bugs 60 ml/gal *Verify lel status before using any of these materials Martin, Palumbo, Dara, and Natwick 2013
33 Bagrada bug-non-chemical control B. hilaris on treated broccoli Fungus emerging from surfacesterilized cadavers Martin, Palumbo, Dara, and Natwick 2013
34 Bagrada bug-non-chemical control B. hilaris killed by B. bassiana B. hilaris killed by M. brunneum B. hilaris killed by I. fumosorosea Martin, Palumbo, Dara, and Natwick 2013
35 Percent infection/mortality Bagrada bug-non-chemical control Untreated Mycotrol-O Met 52 NoFly Grandevo Safer Rid-Bugs B. bassiana M. brunneum I. fumosorosea C. subtsugae Pyrethrins + Insecticidal soap Essential oils Martin, Palumbo, Dara, and Natwick 2013
36 Bagrada bug-cultural control Consider removing weed hosts Ensure transplants and other nursery materials are free of Bagrada bugs before planting Cultivate to destroy bugs and eggs in the soil; research on effectiveness has not been completed Exclusion: row covers may prevent damage but research on effectiveness has not been done Shred and disc crop immediately after harvest Rotate to a non-host crop Martin, Palumbo, Dara, and Natwick 2013
37 Bagrada bug-monitoring Look for Bagrada bug the morning after transplanting when the sprinklers are off. For direct-seeded cole crops, look for bugs as soon as seedlings emerge. Continue monitoring weekly until the 5- to 6-leaf stage in direct seeded and transplanted crops. After the 5- to 6-leaf stage, loratory and field research show most plants can tolerate Bagrada bug feeding without significant injury or yield loss. Monitor mid-morning to late afternoon (10 a.m. 4 p.m.) when temperatures are near or ove 86 F Look for fresh feeding on cotyledons and young leaves; look for wilted seedlings Look for bugs on plants underneath cotyledons and leaves, on the stem at the soil surface, in cracks in the soil, and under dirt clods After insecticide applications look carefully on the soil for dead bugs (bugs blend in with the soil and also play dead when disturbed) Martin, Palumbo, Dara, and Natwick 2013
38 Bagrada bug-thresholds Prevent adults from feeding on plant terminals and small cotyledons in order to estlish a quality stand. One adult per ten-foot row of seedlings or transplants causes stand loss or unacceptle plant damage. For transplants, chemigate at the first sign of damage or when adults are found. For direct-seeded crops, chemigate when seedlings first emerge. When stands are estlished, apply an insecticide when bugs or fresh damage is readily observed. Martin, Palumbo, Dara, and Natwick 2013
39 Bagrada bug-video
40 Acknowledgments Growers Frank Costa San Ysidro Farms Technicians Thomas Crottogini Pedro Villela Pesticide Industry Curt Engle Pedro Hernandez Jesse Richardson Pest infestations
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