Developing a building damage function using SAR images and post-event data after the Typhoon Haiyan in The Philippines
|
|
- Jerome Gibson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Developing a building damage function using SAR images and post-event data after te Typoon Haiyan in Te Pilippines Bruno ADRIANO 1, Erick MAS 2 and Sunici KOSHIMURA 3 1 Member of JSCE, Graduate Student, Graduate Scool of Engineering, Tooku University (Aoba E301, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai , Japan) adriano@geoinfo.civil.tooku.ac.jp 2 Member of JSCE, Assistant Professor, International Researc Institute of Disaster Science, Tooku University (Aoba E301, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai , Japan) mas@irides.tooku.ac.jp 3 Member of JSCE, Professor, International Researc Institute of Disaster Science, Tooku University (Aoba E301, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai , Japan) kosimura@irides.tooku.ac.jp A building damage function was developed using very ig-resolution syntetic aperture radar (VHR SAR) images and post-event building damage data after te 2013 Super Typoon Haiyan, obtained from Tacloban city, te Pilippines. Structural damage caused by te typoon was analyzed focusing on canges in te radar footprint signatures of affected buildings. Tese canges are classified using a pase-based coefficient calculated from pre- and post-event COSMO-SkyMed images. Te damage function is expressed as te damage ratio of structures wit regard to te pase-based coefficient. Te application of te estimated damage function in Tacloban city sows tat from a group of structures wit a POC coefficient of 0.2 or less, at least alf of tem are expected to be damaged. Key Words: damage function, cange detection, Typoon Haiyan, radar remote sensing 1. INTRODUCTION On November 8, 2013, te Super Typoon Haiyan it a portion of te Souteast Asia, in particular te sout region of te Pilippines. Te Joint Typoon Warning Center (JTWC) assessed te system as a Category 5 (super typoon on te Saffir-Simpson urricane wind scale). Te super typoon Haiyan traveled wit a sustained wind speed of 315 km -1 and made its first landfall wit a maximum wind speed of approximately 230 km -1. Te typoon made its first landfall over eastern Samar Island at 4:40 local time (LT), and its second landfall over Leyte Island at 7:00 LT (Fig.1a). As of April 17, 2014, reports on damage to people registered 6,300 dead, 28,689 injured and 1,061 missing 1). Spaceborne Eart observation is a valuable option in gatering information on te extension of damaged areas after occurrence of natural disasters. In particular, syntetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors are capable to observe te Eart's surface regardless te weater and dayligt conditions. Te new generation of SAR sensors suc as TerraSAR-X and COSMO-SkyMed (CSK) are able to provide detailed surface information for a single urban structure 2). Tis information can be used to evaluate te condition of building structures after natural disasters. In tis paper, we developed a building damage function for storm surge impact using SAR images and post-event building damage data after te Typoon Haiyan. Te structural damage is analyzed using te canges on te backscattering features of building footprints between pre- and post-event SAR images. 2. STUDY AREA AND IMAGERY DATA Te study area is Tacloban city, located approximately at 125 o 00''E, 11 o 15''N on te norteast of Leyte Island (Fig.1). Tacloban city, wit 221,174 inabitants 3), is te largest in population witin te Visayas region in te Pilippines. It was one of te ardest it places by te typoon, wic accounted for at least 2,500 of te approximately 6,300 deats I_1729
2 (a) (b) (c) 11 20'N Tacloban Samar Island Fig.4a Fig.4b Fig.4a Fig.4b Leyte Island 'E 125 0'E [db] +7 [db] +7 (d) m m -43 (e) m m None Moderate Hig Total Survived Destroyed Fig.1 (a) Tacloban city. (b) Pre-event CSK data. (c) CSK data. (d) Building damage data provided by JICA in GIS-format. (e) Reclassified building damage used in tis study. Te blue dased line indicates te inundation boundary of te storm surge 7). Table 1 Number of building according to te damage level and reclassified damage level used in tis study. JICA Total 457 Hig 3 Moderate 1288 None 953 GTD Destroyed 460 Survived 2241 in te islands 4). Te Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) and te Pilippines Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE) conducted a collaborated field survey one mont after te disaster. Tey reported a maximum inundation of approximately 6 m at Tacloban city 5). A follow-up survey conducted by te International Researc Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS) team from Tooku University on mid January 2014, two monts after te event, reported at least 7 m of inundation dept at downtown Tacloban 6). Two SAR images from te CSK X-band sensor were used in tis study. A pre-event scene acquired on August 19, 2013 (Fig.1b) and a post-event scene acquired on November 20, 2013 (Fig.1c), approximately 12 days after Tacloban city was it by te typoon. After conducting pre-processing of te CSK images, tese were resampled at 0.2 m/pixel in a square size. (1) Building ground trut data In addition, te Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) provided a GIS file of building footprint data. Tese data include building damage level classification estimated troug visual interpretation of pre- and post-event ig-resolution optical satellite images. Te building damage level was classified in 4 categories: Total, wen structures were totally destroyed, wased or blown away. Hig, wen te roof ad been totally destroyed. Moderate, wen te roof ad been partially damaged. None, wen tere were not visible damage. In tis study, we selected te buildings inside te inundated area previously calculated in Adriano et al. 7). Finally, to construct te ground trut data (GTD), building damage levels were reclassified in 2 classes: Destroyed and Survived. Te spatial distribution of te reclassified damages levels, in te study area, as well as te number of buildings in I_1730
3 (a) Pre-event (g a ) (b) (g b ) Amplitude Amplitude m (c) POC (ga,gb) = 0.12 (d) POC (ga,ga) = Fig.2 Example of te calculated POC function. (a) Pre-event sample CSK data g b. (b) sample CSK data g a (c) POC function between g a and g b. (d) POC function between two identical sample data (g a ). eac category (Fig1d and Table 1) sow tat 80% of te buildings were not significantly damaged (survived), and were concentrated on te center of downtown Tacloban. Moreover, most of te destroyed buildings corresponded to te urban settlements located on te sout and nort of te study area. According to field surveys, tese areas were igly vulnerable due to non-engineering construction 7) 9). 3. METHODOLOGY (1) Pase-based cange detection coefficient Te pase-based detection metod used in tis study is te Pase-Only Correlation (POC) function 10), 11). Tis coefficient as sown good performance to detect damage areas using moderate-resolution satellite images 7). Te definition of te POC function is as follows. First, consider two images g a and g b. Let G a and G b denote te 2D Discrete Fourier Transforms (2D-DFT) of te two images, as sown by equations (1) and (2). { } G = F (1) a g a G b = F{ g b } (2) Te cross-spectrum between te 2D-DFT images is calculated by multiplying te element-wise G a and te complex conjugate G b (G * b), sown by equation (3), were denotes an element-wise product. Pre-event Fig.3 Scematic plots of te building footprint signature in a SAR image. Top and bottom figures sow cross-section and te 3D view of te radar backscattering. R G G * a b = (3) * Ga Gb Te POC function is given by te maximum value of te modulus of te 2D Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (2D IDFT) of R, as sown by equation (4). POC = F 1 { R} (4) max Te most exceptional advantage of te POC-function compared to te ordinary correlation is its accuracy in image matcing 10), 11). In general, wen two images are similar, teir POC value gives a peak equal to 1.0. Tis fact can be interpreted as a low cange. On te oter and, wen two images present differences, te peak drops significantly. Tis can be interpreted as a ig cange. An example of te calculation of te POC values using a sample of te CSK data from te pre- and post-event images is sown in Fig.2. Te figure sows te calculated POC coefficient from a destroyed building and te details are sown in Fig.4b. Te resulting coefficient from te pre- and post-event samples indicates low correlation or ig canges (POC=0.11), wic is consistent wit te building damage level. In addition, te calculated POC value from two identical samples (POC=1.0) is also sown as a proof of concept. I_1731
4 0 30 m Poto Poto 0 30 m (a) 0 25 m (a) Pre-event (2) Radar remote sensing analysis Te canges of te backscattering features in damaged buildings, suc as its layover area, are strongly correlated to te extent of structural destruction 12). A scematic plot sowing te caracteristics of a non-damaged and damaged building radar footprint is sown in Fig.3. Te top figures sow a cross-section wit te radar backscattering properties and te reduction of te layover lengt ( ) in damaged structures. Te bottom figures sow te 3D view of te relation between te radar footprint or layover area and te building eigt (). Previous studies ave employed tis relation to estimate building eigts using ig-resolution SAR images and GIS data 13), 14). Based on Fig.3, te extent of te layover lengt is calculated using equation (5); wic is a function of te building eigt and te incidence angle () of te SAR image. = tan (5) In tis study, we estimated te layover area of non-damaged structures from te pre-event SAR scene. Ten tese areas are used to construct a mask applied in te post-event scene to conduct te cange detection analysis. (b) Pre-event Poto Fig.4 Pre- and post-event images and potos in-situ of eac damage classification. (a) Survived building (b) Destroyed building. Te solid polygons sow te initial GIS footprint, and te dased polygons sows te estimated layover-template. Te dark red arrows indicate te range and azimut direction of te radar sensor. Te layover area for a single building is estimated by sifting its original GIS-footprint in te direction of te sensor, as sown in Fig.4. Te number of times in te sifting process depends on te building eigt and te location of te building wit respect to oter buildings and streets. For instance, Fig.4a sows a 2-story building; in tis case, te initial footprint was sifted 2 times. Conversely, Fig.4b sows a wareouse of approximately 15 m eigt; ten, in tis case te initial footprint was sifted 4 times. Ten, to construct te mask of layover areas, te estimated layover is spatially added to te original footprint, as sown by te solid and dased polygons in Fig.4. Finally, te mask, or layover-template, is used to evaluate te canges on te radar backscattering caracteristics between te preand post-event SAR images. Te cange detection analysis is based on te POC function tat is calculated from te pixels inside te mask. Examples of te cange analysis are sown in Fig.4. For instance, a survived building in Fig.4a results on a POC value of 0.8 (low canges); tis is consistent wit te damage observed in te post-event poto. Conversely, te POC value of a destroyed building in Fig.4b resulted in 0.11 (ig canges); tis is also consistent wit te damage level interpreted in te poto. (3) Damage function for building damage Building damage function, traditionally, as been developed to identify structural vulnerability against strong ground motion witin te risk analysis of building structures. An extension of tis concept was apply to introduce building damage functions or tsunami fragility functions for tsunami impact 14). Tis function gives te probability of structural damage wit regard to te ydrodynamic features of tsunamis, suc as inundation dept and flow velocity. In tis study, we construct a damage function to evaluate te building damage ratio based on te canges on te radar footprint signature, wic is defined by te POC coefficient. To construct te building damage function, we assume tat te cumulative probability P of occurrence of te damage is given as equation (6). x P(x) =1 (6) were is te standardized normal distribution function, x is te POC coefficient; μ and are te mean and standard deviation of x, wic are obtained from equation (7). x = 1 + (7) I_1732
5 0.7 (a) GTD 0.6 In-situ poto in Fig.7 Damage ratio = = None Moderate Hig Total m (b) Model POC coefcient Fig.5 Damage function for building destruction, in terms of te canges of te footprint backscattering features between te pre- and post- event SAR images, wic is expressed by te POC function. Te circles indicate te distribution of te damage ratio In-situ poto in Fig.7 To calculate te mean and standard deviation in equation (7), te buildings are sorted in increasing order according to te POC coefficient values. Ten, we divide into groups of 90 buildings in eac sample. Next, a damage ratio is calculated by dividing te number of destroyed buildings over te total number of buildings in eac sample. Te corresponding cange coefficient for eac group is given by te average value of te POC coefficient witin te range of te sample. Finally, te two statistical parameters of damage function (μ and ) are obtained by plotting x and te inverse of 1 on normal probability papers, and performing te least-square fitting of tis plot. Trougout te regression analysis, te parameters are determined as sown in Fig.5. Te proposed function does not sow damage ratios greater tan 70% because tere are few buildings in te wole sample. Neverteless, tis curve suggests tat at least 50% of a group of structures may be damaged wen teir corresponding POC coefficient are less tan 0.2. Te proposed function can be used as a measure to assess te damage due to te potential storm surge and waves impact. Finally, to verify te applicability of te proposed damage function to conduct damage detection, te building damage were classified into 4 damage levels following te ground trut data (GTD) provided by JICA: (i) 0.00 to 0.15 for None damage, (ii) 0.16 to 0.30 for Moderate damage, (iii) 0.31 to 0.50 for Hig damage, and (iv) 0.51 to 1.00 for Total damage (Fig.6). In general, te spatial distribution of building damage using te damage function (Model) correlates wit te damage levels Damage ratio m Fig.6 Application of te estimated damage function. (a) GTD used in tis study. (b) Building damage ratio estimated using te proposed damage function. Te wite ellipse sows te area were te damage function cannot reproduce te interpreted damage levels. Tis migt be due to te rapid and informal reconstruction of tis area. Fig.7 In-situ potos from te areas tat were informally reconstructed few days after te event, wic migt cause te false detection from a post- SAR image, acquired almost two weeks after te event. observed in te GTD. In particular, te damage levels at te center of downtown Tacloban are consistently lower in te Model and te GTD; tis was also observed in post-event field surveys 6), 8). Conversely, te area inside te wite ellipse in Fig.6 sows low damage ratio, wic is not consistent wit te GTD. Tis migt be because footprint sizes of ouses located at tis area are relatively small to be well represented in te SAR images. In addition, based on te post-event field survey 6), 8), te ouses at tis area were rapidly reconstructed few days after te I_1733
6 event, wic migt cause te false detection from a post- SAR image acquired almost two weeks after te event wen several ouses were informally reconstructed, as sown in Fig CONCLUDING REMARKS A building damage function was constructed using te ig-resolution SAR data (COSMO-SkyMed images) and post-event building damage data for te 2013 Typoon Haiyan tat it te city of Tacloban. Te pase-based cange detection metod was used to conduct te cange analysis. Te damage function sows te damage ratio of structures wit common POC coefficient values. Te damage function can be used as a measure to assess te possible extent of damage due to typoon impacts. However, note tat te damage function developed in te present study is from te typoon tat it Tacloban city, wic includes storm surge and wave impacts. Terefore, tey migt not be applicable as a universal measure of typoon impact or damage and is expected to serve as a tool for damage estimation of future events in Tacloban city. ACKNOWLEDGMENT: Tis researc was supported by te J-RAPID program from te Japan Science and Tecnology Agency (JST) and IRIDeS Researc Grant (A-1). REFERENCES 1) National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council: Effects of Typoon Yolanda ; SitRep: No108-03APR ) Ferro A., Brunner D., and Bruzzone L.: Automatic Detection and Reconstruction of Building Radar Footprints From Single VHR SAR Images, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 51, no. 2, pp , ) National Statistics Office: Population and Annual Growt Rates for Te Pilippines and Its Regions, Provinces, and Higly Urbanized Cities; 2010 Census and Housing Population ) Maar A., Lagmay F., Agaton R. P., Allen M., Baala C., Brianne J., Briones L. T., May K., Cabacaba C., Vincent C., Caro C., Dasallas L. L., Anne L., Gonzalo L., Ladiero C. N., Pillip J., Teresa M., Mungcal F., Victor J., Puno R., Marie, Ramos A. C., Santiago J., Kennet J., and Tablazon J. P.: Devastating storm surges of Typoon Haiyan, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, vol. 11, pp. 1 12, ) Tajima Y., Yasuda T., Paceco B. M., Cruz E. C., Kawasaki K., Nobuoka H., Miyamoto M., Asano Y., Arikawa T., Ortigas N. M., Aquino R., Mata W., Valdez J., and Briones F.: Initial Report of Jsce-Pice Joint Survey on te Storm Surge Disaster Caused By Typoon Haiyan, Coast. Eng. J., vol. 56, no. 01, p , ) Mas E., Bricker J., Kure S., Adriano B., Yi C., Suppasri A., and Kosimura S.: Survey and satellite damage interpretation of te 2013 Super Typoon Haiyan in te Pilippines, Nat. Hazards Eart Syst. Sci., vol. 15, pp , ) Adriano B., Gokon H., Mas E., Kosimura S., Liu W., and Matsuoka M.: Extraction of damaged areas due to te 2013 Haiyan typoon using ASTER data, in IGARSS 2014 and 35t CSRS, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society (GRSS) and te Canadian Remote Sensing Society (CRSS), pp , ) Mas E., Kure S., Bricker J., Adriano B., Yi C., Suppasri A., and Kosimura S.: Field survey and damage inspection after te 2013 Typoon Haiyan in Te Pilippines, in Coastal Engineering Conference of te Japan Society of Civil Engineers Vol. 70, No. 2, p. I_1451 I_1455, ) Bricker J., Takagi H., Mas E., Kure S., Adriano B., Yi C., and Roeber V.: Spatial variation of damage due to storm surge and waves during Typoon Haiyan in te Pilippines, in Coastal Engineering Conference of te Japan Society of Civil Engineers Vol. 70, No. 2, p. I_231 I_235, ) Takita K., Aoki T., Sasaki Y., Higuci T., and Kobayasi K.: Hig-accuracy subpixel image registration based on pase-only correlation, IEICE Trans. Fundam. Electron. Commun. Comput. Sci., vol. E86-A, no. 8, pp , ) Ito K., Nakajima H., Kobayasi K., Aoki T., and Tatsuo H.: A fingerprint matcing algoritm using pase-only correlation, IEICE Trans. Fundam. Electron. Commun. Comput. Sci., vol. E87-A, no. 3, pp , Nov ) Gokon H., Post J., Stein E., Martinis S., Twele A., Muck M., Geiss C., Kosimura S., and Matsuoka M.: A Metod for Detecting Buildings Destroyed by te 2011 Tooku Eartquake and Tsunami Using Multitemporal TerraSAR-X Data, IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett., vol. 12, no. 6, pp , ) Yamazaki F., Liu W., Mas E., and Kosimura S.: Development of building eigt data from ig-resolution SAR imagery and building footprint, in Safety, Reliability, Risk and Life-Cycle Performance of Structures & Infrastructures Deodatis, Ellingwood & Frangopol (Eds), pp , ) Liu W., Yamazaki F., Adriano B., and Mas E.: Development of Building Heigt Data in Peru from Hig-Resolution SAR Imagery, J. Disaster Res., vol. 9, no. 6, pp , ) Kosimura S., Oie T., Yanagisawa H., and Imamura F.: Developing fragility functions for tsunami damage estimation using numerical model and post-tsunami data from Banda Ace, Indonesia, Coast. Eng. J., vol. 51, no. 3, pp , (Received Marc 18, 2015) I_1734
Optimization Model of Oil-Volume Marking with Tilted Oil Tank
Open Journal of Optimization 1 1 - ttp://.doi.org/1.36/ojop.1.1 Publised Online December 1 (ttp://www.scirp.org/journal/ojop) Optimization Model of Oil-olume Marking wit Tilted Oil Tank Wei Xie 1 Xiaojing
More informationOverall stability of multi-span portal sheds at right-angles to the portal spans
Overall stability of multi-span portal seds at rigt-angles to te portal spans SCI s Senior Manager for Standards, Carles M King, explains te approac for design of long-span portal seds. 1. Introduction
More informationStudy of microrelief influence on optical output coefficient of GaN-based LED
Study of microrelief influence on optical output coefficient of GaN-based LED Danilina T.I., Cistoyedova I.A. and Popov A.A. Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics, Lenina prospect
More informationANALYSIS OF WORK ROLL THERMAL BEHAVIOR FOR 1450MM HOT STRIP MILL WITH GENETIC ALGORITHM
Journal of Teoretical and Applied Information Tecnology 3 t September 2. Vol. 43 No.2 5-2 JATIT & LLS. All rigts reserved. ANALYSIS OF WORK ROLL THERMAL BEHAVIOR FOR 45MM HOT STRIP MILL WITH GENETIC ALGORITHM
More informationGround Improvement Using Preloading with Prefabricated Vertical Drains
DISCUSSION of: Ground Improvement Using Preloading wit Prefabricated Vertical Drains Full Reference: Dar, A.S., Siddique, A., Ameen, S.F., (211). Ground Improvement using Pre-loading wit Prefabricated
More informationPhysics Engineering PC 1431 Experiment P2 Heat Engine. Section B: Brief Theory (condensed from Serway & Jewett)
Pysics Engineering PC 1431 Experiment P2 Heat Engine Section A: Introduction Te invention of steam engine played a very significant role in te Industrial Revolution from te late 1700s to early 1800s. Te
More informationOD DVOSTRUKO ZASTAKLJENOG PROZORA DO DVOSTRUKE FASADE INDIKATORI PRENOSA TOPLOTE STACIONARNOG STANJA
OD DVOSTRUKO ZASTAKLJENOG PROZORA DO DVOSTRUKE FASADE INDIKATORI PRENOSA TOPLOTE STACIONARNOG STANJA FROM DOUBLE-GLAZED WINDOW TO DOUBLE-SKIN FACADE STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER INDICATORS Gabriel NĂSTASE
More information234 The National Strategies Secondary Mathematics exemplification: Y7
234 Te National Strategies Secondary Matematics exemplification: Y7 Pupils sould learn to: Deduce and use formulae to calculate lengts, perimeters, areas and volumes in 2-D and 3-D sapes As outcomes, Year
More informationMath GPS. 2. Art projects include structures made with straws this week.
Number of Plants Mat GPS. List te measurements in order from greatest to least., inces,5 feet mile 75 yards Greatest. Art projects include structures made wit straws tis week. Number of Projects, p Total
More informationCalculation Methodology of Translucent Construction Elements in Buildings and Other Structures
MATEC Web of Conferences 96, 005 (08) ttps://doi.org/0.05/matecconf/0896005 XXVII R-S-P Seminar 08, Teoretical Foundation of Civil Engineering Calculation Metodology of Translucent Construction Elements
More informationCalculation of Theoretical Torque and Displacement in an Internal Gear Pump
TECHNICAL REPORT Calculation of Teoretical Torque and Displacement in an Internal Gear Pump Y. INAGUMA Tis paper describes numerical determination of teoretical torque (ideal torque) and teoretical stroke
More informationPrediction of steel plate deformation due to triangle heating using the inherent strain method
J Mar Sci Tecnol (005) 10:11 16 DOI 10.1007/s00773-005-00-5 Prediction of steel plate deformation due to triangle eating using te inerent strain metod Cang Doo Jang 1, Tae Hoon Kim, Dae Eun Ko 3, Tomas
More informationRevision Topic 12: Area and Volume Area of simple shapes
Revision Topic : Area and Volume Area of simple sapes You need to learn ALL of te following area formulae: Rectangle Triangle W L b Area = lengt widt Area = base eigt = ½ b Parallelogram Trapezium a b
More information2 2D 2F. 1pc for each 20 m of wire. h (min. 45) h (min. 45) 3AC. see details J, E
TEXTILE AIR DIFFUSERS - - INSTRUCTIONS AIR FOR MOUNTING 1 1D 1F see details A, B, C 2 2D 2F see details A, B, C (min. 32) min. every 0 mm 1pc for eac 20 m of wire min. every 0 mm 1pc for eac 20 m of wire
More informationHealth Effects due to the Reduction of Benzene Emission in Japan
Health Effects due to the Reduction of Benzene Emission in Japan Hideo Kajihara 1, Akihiro Fushimi 2 1 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050, Ikarashi 2nocho, Niigata, 950-2181,
More informationPoint Pollution Sources Dimensioning
Point Pollution Sources Diensioning Georgeta CUCULEANU 1 ABSTRACT In tis paper a etod for deterining te ain pysical caracteristics of te point pollution sources is presented. It can be used to find te
More information青藜苑教育 Example : Find te area of te following trapezium. 7cm 4.5cm cm To find te area, you add te parallel sides 7
青藜苑教育 www.tetopedu.com 00-6895997 3095457 Area of simple sapes Revision Topic : Area and Volume You need to learn ALL of te following area formulae: Rectangle Triangle W L Area = lengt widt Area = b base
More informationTORQUE CONVERTER MODELLING FOR ACCELERATION SIMULATION
UNIVERSITY OF PITESTI SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN FACULTY OF MECHANICS AND TECHNOLOGY AUTOMOTIVE series, year XVII, no.1 ( 3 ) TORQUE CONVERTER MODELLING FOR ACCELERATION SIMULATION 1 Ciobotaru, Ticuşor *, 1 Vînturiş,
More informationBalanced Binary Trees
Balanced Binary Trees 1 Binary searc trees provide O(log N) searc times provided tat te nodes are distributed in a reasonably balanced manner. Unfortunately, tat is not always te case and performing a
More information16.1 Volume of Prisms and Cylinders
Name Class Date 16.1 Volume of Prisms and Cylinders Essential Question: How do te formulas for te volume of a prism and cylinder relate to area formulas tat you already know? Explore G.11.D Apply te formulas
More informationNumerical Simulation of Stresses in Thin-rimmed Spur Gears with Keyway B. Brůžek, E. Leidich
Numerical Simulation of Stresses in Tin-rimmed Spur Gears wit Keyway B. Brůžek, E. Leidic Tis paper contains an investigation of te key on a stress distribution in a tin-rimmed spur gear. A stress analysis
More informationMath Practice Use a Formula
9.4 Volumes of Prisms How can you find te volume of a prism? ACTIVITY: Pearls in a Treasure Cest Work wit a partner. A treasure cest is filled wit valuable pearls. Eac pearl is about centimeter in diameter
More informationAnalysing the energy consumption of air handling units by Hungarian and international methods
Analysing te energy consumption of air andling units by Hungarian and international metods László Kajtár 1, Miklós Kassai 2,* 1,2 Budapest University of Tecnology and Economics (BUTE), Budapest, Hungary
More informationSoybean Yield Loss Due to Hail Damage*
1 of 6 6/11/2009 9:22 AM G85-762-A Soybean Yield Loss Due to Hail Damage* This NebGuide discusses the methods used by the hail insurance industry to assess yield loss due to hail damage in soybeans. C.
More informationInstallation the DELTABEAM Frame
Tese installation instructions are intended to be used togeter wit te project s erection metod statement were te instructions may be complemented. If tere are differences between te erection metod statement
More informationBackground. Sample design
Background Te National Statistics Centre (NSC) of te Lao Peoples Democratic Republic as conducted tree expenditure and consumption surveys in te last decade. Te first Lao Expenditure and Consumption Survey
More informationRed Green Black Trees: Extension to Red Black Trees
Red Green Black Trees: Extension to Red Black Trees Seyfeddine Zouana*, Djamel Eddine Zegour Laboratoire de la Communication dans les Systèmes Informatiques, Ecole nationale Supérieure d'informatique,
More informationImproving Capacity for Crime Repor3ng: Data Quality and Imputa3on Methods Using State Incident- Based Repor3ng System Data
Improving Capacity for Crime Repor3ng: Data Quality and Imputa3on Methods Using State Incident- Based Repor3ng System Data July 31, 2014 Justice Research and Statistics Association 720 7th Street, NW,
More informationTo find the volume of a pyramid and of a cone
- Volumes of Pyramids and Cones Common Core State Standards G-GMD.A. Use volume formulas for... pyramids, cones... to solve problems. G-MG.A. Use geometric sapes, teir measures, and teir properties to
More informationVolumes of Pyramids. Essential Question How can you find the volume of a pyramid?
11.6 Volumes of Pyramids Essential Question How can you find te volume of a pyramid? Finding te Volume of a Pyramid Work wit a partner. Te pyramid and te prism ave te same eigt and te same square base.
More informationStudy of Steam Export Transients in a Combined Cycle Power Plant
Study of Steam Export Transients in a Combined Cycle ower lant Alfonso Junquera Delgado Departamento Mecánico, Empresarios Agrupados c\ Magallanes 3 Madrid 8003 ajd@empre.es Almudena Travesí de los Santos
More informationThe household budget and expenditure data collection module (IOF 2014/2015) within a continuous multipurpose survey system (INCAF)
MZ:2014:08 Te ouseold budget and expenditure data collection module (IOF 2014/2015) witin a continuous multipurpose survey system (INCAF) Report from a fift sort term mission to te National Statistical
More informationCambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education *3653696496* ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/11 Paper 1 October/November 2017 1 hour 30 minutes Candidates
More informationFarm Structure Survey 2009/2010 Survey on agricultural production methods 2009/2010
Farm Structure Survey 2009/2010 Survey on agricultural production metods 2009/2010 National Metodological Report (NMR) According to Art. 12 of Regulation (EC) No 1166/2008 of te European Parliament and
More informationCORRELATIONS BETWEEN CUTICLE WAX AND OIL IN AVOCADOS
California Avocado Society 1966 Yearbook 50: 121-127 CORRELATIONS BETWEEN CUTICLE WAX AND OIL IN AVOCADOS Louis C. Erickson and Gerald G. Porter Cuticle wax, or bloom, is the waxy material which may be
More informationRussell James Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Taupo-ldairakei, New Zealand
MEASUREMENT OF STEAM-TJATER FLOWS FOR THE TOTAL FLOW TURBIlJE Russell James Department of Scientific and Industrial Researc Taupo-ldairakei, New Zealand Hot water geotermal fields discarge steam-water
More informationFixation effects: do they exist in design problem solving?
Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 1993, volume 20, pages 333-345 Fixation effects: do tey exist in design problem solving? A T Purcell, P Williams, J S Gero, B Colbron Department of Arcitectural
More informationG Soybean Yield Loss Due to Hail Damage
Extension Historical Materials from University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension University of Nebraska Lincoln Year 1985 G85-762 Soybean Yield Loss Due to Hail Damage Charles A. Shapiro T.A. Peterson A.D.
More informationBuying Filberts On a Sample Basis
E 55 m ^7q Buying Filberts On a Sample Basis Special Report 279 September 1969 Cooperative Extension Service c, 789/0 ite IP") 0, i mi 1910 S R e, `g,,ttsoliktill:torvti EARs srin ITQ, E,6
More informationVariance Estimation of the Design Effect
JSM 013 - Survey Researc Metods Section Variance Estimation of te Design Effect Alberto Padilla Banco de México Abstract Sample size determination is a crucial part of te planning process of a survey and
More informationUniform Rules Update Final EIR APPENDIX 6 ASSUMPTIONS AND CALCULATIONS USED FOR ESTIMATING TRAFFIC VOLUMES
APPENDIX 6 ASSUMPTIONS AND CALCULATIONS USED FOR ESTIMATING TRAFFIC VOLUMES ASSUMPTIONS AND CALCULATIONS USED FOR ESTIMATING TRAFFIC VOLUMES This appendix contains the assumptions that have been applied
More informationCO-ROTATING FULLY INTERMESHING TWIN-SCREW COMPOUNDING: ADVANCEMENTS FOR IMPROVED PERFORMANCE AND PRODUCTIVITY
CO-ROTATING FULLY INTERMESHING TWIN-SCREW COMPOUNDING: ADVANCEMENTS FOR IMPROVED PERFORMANCE AND PRODUCTIVITY Paul G. Andersen, Coperion Corporation, Ramsey, NJ Frank Lecner, Coperion GmbH, Stuttgart,
More informationJapan s s Position on Scientific Research Whaling
Japan s s Position on Scientific Research Whaling Ministry of Foreign Affairs Japan 2008/4/25 1 The Position of the Japanese Government on Whaling Science based management and sustainable use Science-based
More information1/1 FULL SIZE 3/4 QUARTER SIZE 1/2 HALF SIZE EXTRA LARGE SIZE EXTRA LONG SIZE
STERILE CONTAINER SYSTEMS BIO-BARRIER 1/1 FULL SIZE 3/4 QUARTER SIZE 1/2 HALF SIZE EXTRA LARGE SIZE EXTRA LONG SIZE Aygün Bio-Barrier model sterilization container systems are designed wit mecanical valves
More information1/1 FULL SIZE 3/4 QUARTER SIZE 1/2 HALF SIZE EXTRA LARGE SIZE EXTRA LONG SIZE
BIO-BARRIER 1/1 FULL SIZE 3/4 QUARTER SIZE 1/2 HALF SIZE EXTRA LARGE SIZE EXTRA LONG SIZE Aygün Bio-Barrier model sterilization container systems are designed wit mecanical valves bot in bottom and lid
More informationInfluence of the mass flow ratio water-air on the volumetric mass transfer coefficient in a cooling tower
International Journal of CemTec Researc CODEN (UA): IJCRGG, IN: 974-49, IN(Online):455-9555 Vol.11 No.1, pp 167-173, 18 Influence of te mass flow ratio water-air on te volumetric mass transfer coefficient
More informationGrillCam: A Real-time Eating Action Recognition System
GrillCam: A Real-time Eating Action Recognition System Koichi Okamoto and Keiji Yanai The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 1-5-1 Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, JAPAN {okamoto-k@mm.inf.uec.ac.jp,yanai@cs.uec.ac.jp}
More informationSTA Module 6 The Normal Distribution
STA 2023 Module 6 The Normal Distribution Learning Objectives 1. Explain what it means for a variable to be normally distributed or approximately normally distributed. 2. Explain the meaning of the parameters
More informationSTA Module 6 The Normal Distribution. Learning Objectives. Examples of Normal Curves
STA 2023 Module 6 The Normal Distribution Learning Objectives 1. Explain what it means for a variable to be normally distributed or approximately normally distributed. 2. Explain the meaning of the parameters
More informationAn experimental study on the design method of a real-sized Mobile Bridge for a moving vehicle
Mobile and Rapidly ssembled Structures I 93 n experimental study on te design metod of a real-sized Mobile ridge for a moving veicle Y. ikairo, I. rio, M. Nakazawa, S. Ono 3, J. olnicki-szulc 4, P. Pawlowski
More informationDetecting Melamine Adulteration in Milk Powder
Detecting Melamine Adulteration in Milk Powder Introduction Food adulteration is at the top of the list when it comes to food safety concerns, especially following recent incidents, such as the 2008 Chinese
More informationRELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF ESTIMATES BASED ON PERCENTAGES OF MISSINGNESS USING THREE IMPUTATION NUMBERS IN MULTIPLE IMPUTATION ANALYSIS ABSTRACT
RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF ESTIMATES BASED ON PERCENTAGES OF MISSINGNESS USING THREE IMPUTATION NUMBERS IN MULTIPLE IMPUTATION ANALYSIS Nwakuya, M. T. (Ph.D) Department of Mathematics/Statistics University
More informationEssential Question How can you find the surface area and the volume of a cone? 3 in. π
11.7 Suface Aeas and Volumes of Cones Essential Question How can you find te suface aea and te volume of a cone? Finding te Suface Aea of a Cone Wok wit a patne. Constuct a cicle wit a adius of 3 inces.
More informationActivity 10. Coffee Break. Introduction. Equipment Required. Collecting the Data
. Activity 10 Coffee Break Economists often use math to analyze growth trends for a company. Based on past performance, a mathematical equation or formula can sometimes be developed to help make predictions
More informationSorghum Yield Loss Due to Hail Damage, G A
1 of 8 6/11/2009 9:27 AM G86-812-A Sorghum Yield Loss Due to Hail Damage* This NebGuide discusses the methods used by the hail insurance industry to assess yield loss due to hail damage in grain sorghum.
More informationResearch regarding the setting up of the Processing Directions of Peach New Cultivars and Hybrids
Roumanian Biotecnological Letters Vol. 13, No. 5, 2008, pp. 3955 3961 Copyrigt 2008 Bucarest University Printed in Romania. All rigts reserved Roumanian Society of Biological Sciences ORIGINAL PAPER Researc
More informationGasoline Empirical Analysis: Competition Bureau March 2005
Gasoline Empirical Analysis: Update of Four Elements of the January 2001 Conference Board study: "The Final Fifteen Feet of Hose: The Canadian Gasoline Industry in the Year 2000" Competition Bureau March
More informationHCR OF HEAT PUMP ROOM AIR CONDITIONER IN CHINA. Beijing , China
OF HEA PUMP ROOM AIR CONDIIONER IN CHINA Baolong Wang 1, Wenxing Si 1, uan Cen 1 1 Department of Building Sciencesingua University, Beijing 100084, Cina ABSRAC Definition of eating/cooling capacity ratio
More informationOnline Appendix to. Are Two heads Better Than One: Team versus Individual Play in Signaling Games. David C. Cooper and John H.
Online Appendix to Are Two heads Better Than One: Team versus Individual Play in Signaling Games David C. Cooper and John H. Kagel This appendix contains a discussion of the robustness of the regression
More informationApplying Trigonometric Functions. ENTERTAINMENT The circus has arrived and the roustabouts must put
5-4 OJETIVE Use trigonometry to find te measures of te sides of rigt triangles. pplying Trigonometric Functions ENTERTINMENT Te circus as arrived and te roustabouts must put up te main tent in a field
More informationPrimary Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to define the term intent to purchase evaluation and explain its use.
THE TOMATO FLAVORFUL OR FLAVORLESS? Written by Amy Rowley and Jeremy Peacock Annotation In this classroom activity, students will explore the principles of sensory evaluation as they conduct and analyze
More informationTHE REDESIGNED CANADIAN MONTHLY WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE SURVEY: A POSTMORTEM OF THE IMPLEMENTATION
ASA Section on Survey Researc Metods THE REDESIGNED CANADIAN MONTHLY WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE SURVEY: A POSTMORTEM OF THE IMPLEMENTATION Julie Trépanier, Statistics Canada Julie Trépanier, Business Survey
More informationWe Protect Your Yarn Like No One Else
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION VISIT WWW.SPINCAN.NET We Protect Your Yarn Like No One Else SPINCAN MANUFACTURING COMPANY REGD OFFICE Sakespeare Sarani, Century Towers, Room no. 501 Kolkata 700 017, India PHONE
More informationRelation between Grape Wine Quality and Related Physicochemical Indexes
Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 5(4): 557-5577, 013 ISSN: 040-7459; e-issn: 040-7467 Maxwell Scientific Organization, 013 Submitted: October 1, 01 Accepted: December 03,
More informationCharles Creek Flood Zone Modeling: A Correlation Study of Environmental Conditions Versus Water Level in the Pasquotank Watershed
Charles Creek Flood Zone Modeling: A Correlation Study of Environmental Conditions Versus Water Level in the Pasquotank Watershed Team Members Je aime Powell Nartezya Dykes Lekedrick Easley Jerome Mitchell
More informationSupporing Information. Modelling the Atomic Arrangement of Amorphous 2D Silica: Analysis
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. This journal is the Owner Societies 2018 Supporing Information Modelling the Atomic Arrangement of Amorphous 2D Silica:
More informationCoffee zone updating: contribution to the Agricultural Sector
1 Coffee zone updating: contribution to the Agricultural Sector Author¹: GEOG. Graciela Romero Martinez Authors²: José Antonio Guzmán Mailing address: 131-3009, Santa Barbara of Heredia Email address:
More informationIMPACT OF RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE ON TEA PRODUCTION IN UNDIVIDED SIVASAGAR DISTRICT
International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research (IJASR) ISSN (P): 2250-0057; ISSN (E): 2321-0087 Vol. 8, Issue 1 Feb 2018, 51-56 TJPRC Pvt. Ltd. IMPACT OF RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE ON TEA PRODUCTION
More informationBIOLOGICALLY INSPIRED MULTIFUNCTIONAL COMPOSITE PANEL WITH INTEGRATED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM FOR THERMAL CONTROL
BIOLOGICALLY INSPIRED MULTIFUNCTIONAL COMPOSITE PANEL WITH INTEGRATED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM FOR THERMAL CONTROL A. D. Williams, M. E. Lyall, L. E. Underwood, and B. J. Arritt Air Force Researc Laboratory,
More informationRegression Models for Saffron Yields in Iran
Regression Models for Saffron ields in Iran Sanaeinejad, S.H., Hosseini, S.N 1 Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran sanaei_h@yahoo.co.uk, nasir_nbm@yahoo.com, Abstract: Saffron
More informationGas Flow into Rotary Valve Intake and Exhaust Mechanism in Internal Combustion Engine
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Tecnology Vol:7, No:4, 13 Gas Flow into Rotary Valve Intake and Exaust Mecanism in Internal Combustion Engine R. Usubamatov, Z. A. Rasid International Science
More informationTrip Generation at Fast Food Restaurants
Trip Generation at Fast Food Restaurants in Saudi Arabia This study developed trip generation rates at fast food restaurants in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The results showed that vehicle trip rates were not
More informationQuality of western Canadian pea beans 2010
ISSN 1920-9096 Quality of western Canadian pea beans 2010 Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Contact: Ning Wang Program Manager, Pulse Research Tel : 204 983-2154 Email: ning.wang@grainscanada.gc.ca
More informationPredicting Wine Quality
March 8, 2016 Ilker Karakasoglu Predicting Wine Quality Problem description: You have been retained as a statistical consultant for a wine co-operative, and have been asked to analyze these data. Each
More informationAverage Matrix Relative Sensitivity Factors (AMRSFs) for X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
Average Matrix Relative Sensitivity Factors (AMRSFs) for X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) These tables and plots contain AMRSFs for XPS calculated for the total peak area for all core levels with
More informationHow Rest Area Commercialization Will Devastate the Economic Contributions of Interstate Businesses. Acknowledgements
How Rest Area Commercialization Will Devastate the Economic Contributions of Interstate Businesses Acknowledgements The NATSO Foundation, a charitable 501(c)(3) organization, is the research and educational
More informationElemental Analysis of Yixing Tea Pots by Laser Excited Atomic. Fluorescence of Desorbed Plumes (PLEAF) Bruno Y. Cai * and N.H. Cheung Dec.
Elemental Analysis of Yixing Tea Pots by Laser Excited Atomic Fluorescence of Desorbed Plumes (PLEAF) Bruno Y. Cai * and N.H. Cheung 2012 Dec. 31 Summary Two Yixing tea pot samples were analyzed by PLEAF.
More informationAWRI Refrigeration Demand Calculator
AWRI Refrigeration Demand Calculator Resources and expertise are readily available to wine producers to manage efficient refrigeration supply and plant capacity. However, efficient management of winery
More informationInternational Plant Protection Convention Page 1 of 10
International Plant Protection Convention Draft ISPM: Revision to Annex 1 and Annex 2 to ISPM 15 (Regulation of wood packaging material in international trade) 2006-010A&B [1]Draft revision of Annex 1
More informationThis appendix tabulates results summarized in Section IV of our paper, and also reports the results of additional tests.
Internet Appendix for Mutual Fund Trading Pressure: Firm-level Stock Price Impact and Timing of SEOs, by Mozaffar Khan, Leonid Kogan and George Serafeim. * This appendix tabulates results summarized in
More information20.1 Heights and distances
20 Heigts an istances INTROUTION In tis capter, we will learn te practical use of trigonometry in our ay-to-ay life. We will see ow trigonometry is use for fining te eigts an istances of various objects,
More informationPEEL RIVER HEALTH ASSESSMENT
PEEL RIVER HEALTH ASSESSMENT CONTENTS SUMMARY... 2 Overall River Health Scoring... 2 Overall Data Sufficiency Scoring... 2 HYDROLOGY... 3 Overall Hydrology River Health Scoring... 3 Hydrology Data Sufficiency...
More informationA New Approach for Smoothing Soil Grain Size Curve Determined by Hydrometer
International Journal of Geosciences, 2013, 4, 1285-1291 Published Online November 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ijg) http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2013.49123 A New Approach for Smoothing Soil Grain
More information4.2 Using Similar Shapes
LESSON 4.2 Using Similar Sapes Proportionalit 7.5. Generalize te critical attributes of similarit, including ratios witin and between similar sapes. ESSENTIL QUESTION How can ou use similar sapes to find
More informationPlanning in Post-Katrina New Orleans. Photo: CNN
Planning in Post-Katrina New Orleans Photo: CNN Hurricane Katrina Photo: NOAA Stephen D. Villavaso, FAICP Hurricane Katrina Source: Times-Picayune Before dawn on the morning of Monday, August 29 th, Hurricane
More informationVortices in Simulations of Solar Surface Convection
Vortices in Simulations of Solar Surface Convection Rainer Moll with Robert Cameron and Manfred Schüssler Solar Group Seminar March 22, 2011 Fig.: Intensity and velocity streamlines ( 1400 350 km) Simulations
More informationDescription of Danish Practices in Retail Trade Statistics.
Description of Danis Practices in Retail Trade Statistics. 1. Statistical units and reporting units Units and population Te enterprises in te Retail Trade Index are all legal units. In te Central Business
More informationICC September 2018 Original: English. Emerging coffee markets: South and East Asia
ICC 122-6 7 September 2018 Original: English E International Coffee Council 122 st Session 17 21 September 2018 London, UK Emerging coffee markets: South and East Asia Background 1. In accordance with
More informationEffect of SPT Hammer Energy Efficiency in the Bearing Capacity Evaluation in Sands
Proceedings of the 2 nd World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering (CSEE 17) Barcelona, Spain April 2 4, 2017 Paper No. ICGRE 123 ISSN: 2371-5294 DOI: 10.11159/icgre17.123 Effect
More informationMissing Data Treatments
Missing Data Treatments Lindsey Perry EDU7312: Spring 2012 Presentation Outline Types of Missing Data Listwise Deletion Pairwise Deletion Single Imputation Methods Mean Imputation Hot Deck Imputation Multiple
More informationApplications. 38 Looking for Pythagoras. Find the missing length(s).
Applications. A rigt triangle as legs of lengt inces and inces. a. Find te area of a square drawn on te ypotenuse of te triangle. b. Wat is te lengt of te ypotenuse?. Use te Pytagorean Teorem to find te
More informationLászló Mester. The new physical-mechanical theory of granular materials
László Mester Te new pysical-mecanical teory of granular materials 9 - - Contents Introduction 3 Granular material as a distinct state of matter 4 Pysical properties of te granular material in relation
More informationCharacteristics and dead-time of GM-tube
Caracteristics ad dead-time of GM-tube GM-tubes are te most popular gas ioizatio detectors for te measuremet of - ad -radiatio. Gas ioizatio detectors ave tree types: ioizatio cambers, proportioal couters
More informationDecision making with incomplete information Some new developments. Rudolf Vetschera University of Vienna. Tamkang University May 15, 2017
Decision making with incomplete information Some new developments Rudolf Vetschera University of Vienna Tamkang University May 15, 2017 Agenda Problem description Overview of methods Single parameter approaches
More informationManaging Measurement Uncertainty in Building Acoustics
Buildings 2015, 5, 1389-1413; doi: 10.3390/buildings5041389 Article OPEN ACCESS buildings ISSN 2075-5309 www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings/ Managing Measurement Uncertainty in Building Acoustics Ciara Scrosati
More informationAbstract. Keywords: Gray Pine, Species Classification, Lidar, Hyperspectral, Elevation, Slope.
Comparison of Hyperspectral Gray Pine Classification to Lidar Derived Elevation and Slope Andrew Fritter - Portland State & Quantum Spatial - afritter@pdx.edu Abstract The gray pine (GP) tree has been
More informationQuality of western Canadian flaxseed 2012
ISSN 1700-2087 Quality of western Canadian flaxseed 2012 Ann S. Puvirajah Oilseeds Contact: Ann S. Puvirajah Oilseeds Tel : 204 983-3354 Email: ann.puvirajah@grainscanada.gc.ca Fax : 204-983-0724 Grain
More informationLearning Connectivity Networks from High-Dimensional Point Processes
Learning Connectivity Networks from High-Dimensional Point Processes Ali Shojaie Department of Biostatistics University of Washington faculty.washington.edu/ashojaie Feb 21st 2018 Motivation: Unlocking
More informationMobility tools and use: Accessibility s role in Switzerland
Mobility tools and use: Accessibility s role in Switzerland A Loder IVT ETH Brisbane, July 2017 In Swiss cities, public transport is competitive if not advantageous. 22 min 16-26 min 16-28 min 2 And between
More informationMBA 503 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric
MBA 503 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric Overview There are two summative assessments for this course. For your first assessment, you will be objectively assessed by your completion of a series of MyAccountingLab
More information