Where has globalisation occurred?

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1 Student activities: Which countries produce coffee? 1. Use Table 1 to locate and mark onto a blank political map of the world, the coffee producing countries. 2. Draw proportional flow lines to show the amount of coffee they produce each year. 3. Describe the pattern of global coffee production. 4. Outline the advantages and disadvantages of using proportional flow lines to show data. Table 1 Coffee Producing Countries Country No of 60kg coffee bags 2013 Burundi Ethiopia Kenya Malawi Rwanda Tanzania Zambia India Indonesia Papua New Guinea Vietnam Yemen Bolivia Brazil Columbia Cuba Costa Rica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Peru Venezuela Page 1 of 5

2 RoyNickNorse, 2017, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:blank_map_political_world_territories.png Page 2 of 5

3 Teacher notes Lesson objectives: 1. Understand where has globalisation occurred? 2. Knowledge of the KOF Index of Globalisation 3. Understand that coffee is a global product. 4. Know how the trading of coffee operates. 5. Identify which countries produce coffee? 6. Understand how Starbucks operates as a TNC. 7. Identify the reasons why Cuba is switched off from globalisation? Slides 3-5 Describe the KOF Index of Globalisation and explain why it is a useful indicator of globalisation. The KOF Index of Globalisation, measures the economic, social and political dimensions of globalisation, and observes changes in the globalisation of a series of countries over a long-term period. It is based on 23 variables and the KOF Index of Globalisation 2017 covers 192 countries and relates to the period 1970 to The Index comprises an economic, a social and a political component and measures globalisation on a scale from 1 to 100. The underlying variables are divided into percentiles to smooth out outliers and reduce fluctuation over time. It is a useful indicator of globalisation because it is a comparative tool and uses the same criteria to compare different countries. It uses multiple dimensions to have a more reliable outcome. What dimensions of globalisation have enabled coffee to become a popular global beverage? The dimensions of globalisation that have enabled coffee to become a global beverage include flows of capital, labour, products, services and information. Global banking enables money to travel electronically around the world and TNCs can finance the opening of coffee stores in new regions using money loaned from the major global banks. Skilled employees and managers of TNCs can be relocated to new places in order to help set up new coffees stores. In the coffee growing countries, seasonal workers move to work harvesting coffee cherries. Cheaper, easier and faster forms of sea transport have enabled coffee beans to be transported around the world. Satellite communications, the internet and fibre optic cable systems have enabled the HQs of TNCs to communicate with their global operations. Documents can be accurately scanned and ed anywhere. TNCs have large marketing departments and budgets enabling large TNCs, e.g. Starbucks, to build a valuable global brand in which consumers trust. The development of which technologies have enabled coffee to be traded worldwide? Coffee has been able to be traded globally because of the development of financial, transport and security technologies. High speed broadband connectivity helps financial transactions and enables fast international trading. Smartphones give people instant Page 3 of 5

4 information enabling them to make better decisions. Mobile banking enables businesses to operate more effectively and for money to be easily transferred between people and places. Container ports and ships allow greater quantities of coffee to be transported. Computerised logistics systems enable coffee to be transported to many destinations. Slide 6 Questions 1 and 2 should look something like this. Students should draw arrows to the locations they think are most likely, e.g. North America and Europe. 3. The global pattern of coffee production shows that no coffee is produced in North America, Europe or Australia and that most is grown in Central and South America (60%); Asia (34%) and a small amount in Africa (6%). The largest producer is Brazil (35%), followed by Vietnam (21%). The smallest producer is Zambia. 4. Proportional flow lines are where the width of the arrow represents the volume of flow from one place to another. The advantages of this cartographic method are that it is visual and can show movements easily such as flows of coffee. There is a clear location component. Movement is depicted clearly by the straight line and the use of the arrows emphasises this movement. The proportional scale makes it easier to identify main movements and the crowding of lines can provide a visual indication of the flows. The use of colour can add information. The disadvantages are that it can be hard to draw and flows the same direction can overlap. If the lines merge the details are indistinguishable Page 4 of 5

5 Slides 7-10 Which dimensions of globalisation have enabled Starbucks to expand its operations? Starbucks has been able to go global because of the flows of capital, labour, products, services and information. Global banking enables money to travel electronically around the world so Starbucks can finance the opening of new coffee stores in new regions using money loaned from the major global banks. Managers from their HQ in Seattle can be relocated abroad to provide expertise and advice. Growth of English as a global language makes it easy for an American company to operate worldwide. Coffee can be transported in container ships from the coffee producing regions to consumers worldwide. Satellite communications, the internet and fibre optic cable systems have enabled Starbucks to communicate with its operators around the world. Documents can be accurately scanned and ed anywhere. Video conferencing can replace face to face interaction. Explain why restrictions on the flow of capital have prevented Cuba from globalising further. Cuba has been shut out of the global banking system. Its lack of high speed broadband connectivity has hindered financial transactions and resulted in low amounts of international trading. Without mobile banking, businesses in Cuba have had difficulties operating and it is hard to transfer money. The US embargo, in place since 1961, has imposed economic sanctions against Cuba, restricting trade, capital flows, banking and travel for all people and companies under US jurisdiction. With these restrictions, the flows of capital into, around and out of Cuba have been difficult, resulting in slow economic growth and the country being switched off form globalisation. Explain how the slow development of communication systems and relationships with neighbouring countries has prevented Cuba from globalising further. Cuba has not invested in satellite or terrestrial cellular networks resulting in poor access to smartphones and the Internet. Without these systems, it has been hard for Cubans to communicate 24/7 by voice, , text, instant messaging or video conferencing. The mobile telephone network and the Internet are limited, expensive, slow and unreliable. Cubans also have restrictions on their Internet use, access to foreign media, and foreign travel. Cuba is a member of the United Nations and the World Trade Organisation but is not a member of the International Monetary Fund or the World Bank. Cuba is isolated at the regional level as well. It is excluded from the Organisation of American States, the Inter-American Development Bank, and the negotiations for the creation of a Free Trade Area of the Americas. This lack of relationships with other countries has held Cuba back from economic growth Page 5 of 5

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