Fertile Crescent Empires
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1 Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus The Hittites Maps: Conquering the Fertile Crescent The Assyrians and the Chaldeans Faces of History: Nebuchadnezzar II The Phoenicians Map: Phoenician Trade Quick Facts: Alphabet
2 Main Idea Fertile Crescent Empires Indo-European invaders introduced new technologies to the Fertile Crescent while adapting earlier technologies developed by the civilizations they encountered there. Essential Questions What military advantages helped the Hittites establish an empire in Asia Minor? What events led to the rise and fall of the Assyrian and Chaldean empires? What were the main achievements of the Phoenicians?
3 Choose from: 1) Assyrians 2) Hittites 3) Chaldeans 4) Phoenicians 5) Persians
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6 Decline of Babylonian Empire Nomadic tribes moved into the region, drawn by wealth Included Indo-Europeans Steppes: arid grasslands north of the Black Sea Hittite Military Might Hittites: warlike Indo-European tribe Built strong empire in Asia Minor (now Turkey) between B.C. (BCE) Horse-drawn war chariot and new techniques Hittite Culture Blended their culture with cultures around them First to make objects out of iron Rule reached peak in 1300s BC The Hittites
7 *They were the first people to learn to smelt (separate metal from ore) iron. There were eventually weakened and defeated by the Sea Peoples. The Sea Peoples is the term used for a mysterious confederacy of seafaring raiders who sailed into the eastern shores of the Mediterranean, invaded Cyprus, and the Levant, and attempted to enter Egyptian territory The end of the Hittite kingdom allowed for the rise of other people in this region
8 Hittite Territory at the height of their Empire.
9 The Hittite capital city of Hattusha
10 The ancient Hittite city of Hattusha, in Turkey.
11 The Hittite s Three Man Chariot. Two archers and a driver in each chariot made this a fearsome offensive weapon.
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13 Summarize How were the Hittites able to build an empire in Asia Minor? Answer(s): With their military advantages, they were able to conquer people in surrounding areas.
14 The Assyrians and the Chaldeans After the Hittite empire fell, other peoples fought for dominance in western Asia. In time, the Assyrians became the supreme power in the region; later the Chaldeans formed their own empire. The Assyrians From Northern Mesopotamia Barley, cattle Adopted Sumerian culture New empire in 900 BC Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Egypt Fierce warrior society War chariots, foot soldiers, cavalry Masters of siege warfare Terror War Machine Assyrian Rule Efficient system Local leaders System of roads Brutal with opposition Cultural achievements, library
15 A stone carving of the Assyrians conquering an Egyptian town in their war on Egypt.
16 A drawing of the Assyrian capitol of Nineveh.
17 The Chaldeans As Assyria began to decline, the Chaldeans swooped in. Babylon, capital of their new empire Nebuchadnezzar II Warrior and builder Hanging Gardens of Babylon Chaldean culture Admired ancient Sumerian culture Developed calendar; advances in astronomy
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19 Nineveh under siege by the Babylonians and Medes.
20 The ruins of Nineveh.
21 The Masqah (Maas-KAH) Gate of Nineveh.
22 A mythological beast called a Lammasu, from the gates of Nineveh.
23 Compare and Contrast How were the Hittite, Assyrian, and Chaldean empires similar and different? Answer(s): All made cultural and technological advances. Hittites known for military power, efficient government; Chaldeans developed calendar, Hanging Gardens of Babylon, shortlived empire; Phoenicians not an empire, built wealthy trading society, developed alphabet.
24 The Phoenicians In an area of western Asia called Phoenicia, city-states emerged as trading centers, and Phoenicians built a wealthy trading society. Trading Society Western end of Fertile Crescent Farming difficult Trade and sea for livelihood Expert sailors Founded colonies on routes Trade brought great wealth Invented glassblowing Exports: ivory, silver, slaves Alphabet Greatest achievement Invented by traders to record activities Adopted by many, including the Greeks Ancestor of the English language alphabet
25 And Trade Lived: The Phoenicians established a trade empire, and colonies, throughout the Mediterranean. Murex snail Made Living: They traded several goods including glass and lumber. Goods: Their most important product was Tyrian purple, a dye made from boiling the Murex snail. This purple dye was very difficult and expensive to produce. It was very valuable to the rich.
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27 The Ruins of Ancient Tyre, a Phoenician trading port.
28 A Phoenician-style vessel.
29 Phoenician Artifacts
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31 The Phoenicians spread their alphabet throughout the Mediterranean Their alphabet consisted of 22 letters, it did not have vowels. Unlike many early alphabets which were made of pictograms, the Phoenician alphabet was phonic (based on sound). These sounds could be assembled to make words. The Greeks eventually adopted this alphabet, which influenced the Latin Alphabet which we use today.
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34 ANSWERS: Messages on worksheet above can be translated as: Can you read this message We hope the ship does not sink The weather should be good. Strong winds will make the trip fast
35 Video: THE QUEST FOR THE PHOENICIANS (60 MINUTES) PROMPT: WHO WERE THE PHOENICAINS? WHAT WAS THEIR GENETIC MAKEUP? WHY WERE THEY SUCH GREAT SHIPBUILDERS AND SEAFARERS? WHO ARE THEIR DESCENDENTS AND HOW MIGHT THIS CHANGE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIFFERENT RELIGIOUS GROUPS IN MODERN-DAY LEBANON?
36 REVIEW:
37 Find the Main Idea What were the Phoenicians most significant achievements? Answer(s): purple dye, glassblowing, alphabet
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