Chapter 21. Reaching Out: Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction. 2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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1 Chapter 21 Reaching Out: Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction 1

2 Patterns of Long-Distance Trade n Silk roads n Sea lanes of Indian Ocean basin n Trans-Saharan caravan routes n Development of trading cities, emporia n Nomadic invasions cause local devastation but expand trade network q Example: Mongols in China, thirteenth century 2

3 Marco Polo ( ) n Example of long-distance travel n Traveled to China with merchant father, uncle n Enters service of Mongol Khubilai Khan n Returns to Venice after 17-year absence n Experiences recorded by fellow prisoner in Venice-Genoa conflict n Great influence on European engagement with far east 3

4 Travels of Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta 4

5 Political and Diplomatic Travel n Trade requires diplomatic relations after 1000 C.E. n Mongols, Christians recognize Muslims as common enemy, thirteenth century n Pope Innocent IV invites Mongols to convert to Christianity q Mongols counter-offer: Christians accept Mongol rule or face destruction 5

6 Diplomatic Travelers n Rabban Sauma q Nestorian Christian priest sent to pope by Mongols in Persia, 1287, regarding proposed attack on Jerusalem q Did not win European support q 1295, new leader of Persia accepts Islam 6

7 Diplomatic Travelers n Ibn Battuta ( ) q Islamic scholar, worked in governments on extensive travel q Strict punishment meted out according to sharia n n Lashes for drinking alcohol, hand amputations for theft Unable to convince women of Maldive Islands to cover breasts 7

8 Missionary Travelers n Sufi missionaries travel throughout new Muslim territories, C.E. n Christian missionaries accompany, follow crusaders q Roman Catholic priests travel east to serve expatriate communities q John of Montecorvino travels to China in 1291 n Translates Biblical texts, builds churches 8

9 Cultural Exchanges n Songs and stories troubadours n European scientists consulted with Muslim and Jewish counterparts on understanding of natural world n Magnetic compass from China 9

10 Spread of Crops n Citrus fruits, Asian rice, cotton n Sugarcane q Muslims introduce crystallized sugar to Europeans q Demand increases rapidly q Europeans use Muslim precedent of having large populations of slaves work on sugarcane plantations 10

11 Gunpowder Technologies n Muslims, Mongols spread gunpowder n Technology reaches Europe by mid-thirteenth century 11

12 Crisis and Recovery n Little ice age, ca C.E. q Decline of agricultural output leads to widespread famine q Bubonic plague spreads from southwest China n n Carried by fleas on rodents Mongol campaigns spread disease to Chinese interior 12

13 Spread of Plague n Mongols, merchants, travelers spread disease west n 1346 Black Sea ports n 1347 Mediterranean ports n 1348 western Europe 13

14 Symptoms of the Black Plague n Inflamed and discolored lymph nodes in neck, armpits, groin area q Buboes, hence bubonic n 60-70% mortality rate, within days of onset of symptoms n Extreme northern climates less affected q Winter hard on flea population n India, sub-saharan areas unaffected q Reasons unknown 14

15 Population Decline (millions) 15

16 Social and Economic Effects n Massive labor shortage n Demand for higher wages n Population movements n Governments attempt to freeze wages, stop serf movements q Riots result 16

17 Recovery in China: The Ming Dynasty n Yuan dynasty collapses 1368, Mongols depart n Impoverished orphan raised by Buddhist monks, works through military ranks, becomes Emperor Hongwu n Proclaims new Ming ( brilliant ) dynasty,

18 Ming Centralization n Reestablishment of Confucian educational system n Execution of minister suspected of treason, begins tradition of direct rule by emperor n Reliance on emissaries called mandarins n Heavy reliance on eunuchs q Sterile, could not build hereditary power base n Centralized structure lasts through Qing dynasty to

19 Economic Recovery n Conscripted labor to repair, rebuild irrigation systems n Promoted manufacturing of porcelain, silk n Cultural revival q Attempt to eradicate Mongol legacy by promoting traditional Chinese culture q Emperor Yongle commissions 23,000-roll Encyclopedia 19

20 Recovery in Western Europe: State Building n China: centralized empire n Europe: regional states n Europe develops new taxes q Italian states: bonds q France: salt tax, sales tax q England: hearth tax, head tax, plow tax n Establish large standing armies q French Louis XI ( ) had army of 15,000 20

21 Spain n Fernando of Aragon marries Isabel of Castile, 1469 n Major political and economic alliance n Completes reconquista, expanded beyond Iberian peninsula to Italy n Funded Columbus s quest for China 21

22 The Renaissance, Fourteenth to Sixteenth Century n Rebirth of classical culture n Italian artists use perspective n Work with real human anatomy and musculature q Leonardo da Vinci ( ) n Architecture: domed cathedrals q Imitation of Roman domes 22

23 The Humanists n Humanities: literature, history, moral philosophy n Renaissance humanists deeply devoted to Christianity q Desiderius Erasmus ( ) publishes critical Greek-Latin edition of New Testament n Also devoted to rediscovering classical Latin texts, often ignored in monastic libraries 23

24 Humanist Moral Thought n Rejection of monastic lifestyle in favor of morally virtuous life while engaged in the world q Marriage, business n Reconciliation of Christianity with rapidly changing European society and economy 24

25 Renaissance Europe and the Larger World n Artists express interest in Byzantine, Asian worlds n Giovanni Pico della Mirandola ( ) tries to reconcile Plato, Aristotle, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism q Illustrative failure 25

26 Exploration and Colonization n Ming dynasty hesitant to have large foreign populations q Mongol experience q Allowed small populations in port cities n Yongle engaged Admiral Zheng He to mount seven massive naval expeditions, n Placed trade under imperial control n Demonstrated strength of Ming dynasty n Successful, but aborted as Mongols presented new threat in the north 26

27 Chinese and European Voyages of Exploration,

28 European Exploration in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans n Motives: profit, missionary activity n Portuguese early leaders in Atlantic exploration n Search for sea route to Indian Ocean basin n Prince Henrique (Henry the Navigator) seizes Strait of Gibraltar, 1415 n Begins encouragement of major Atlantic voyages 28

29 Colonization of the Atlantic Islands n Madeiras, Azores Islands, etc. n Investments in sugarcane plantations n Exploration of west African coast n Dramatically increases volume of slave trade n Ultimately, some 12 million Africans deported to Americas for slave labor 29

30 Indian Ocean Trade n Attempt to avoid using Muslim middlemen in trade with east n 1488, Bartolomeu Dias sails around Cape of Good Hope q , Vasco da Gama sails this route to India and back n Portuguese gun ships attempt to maintain trade monopoly n Beginnings of European imperialism in Asia 30

31 Christopher Columbus n Search for western sea route to Indian Ocean n Portuguese consider his proposal impractical, reject it n Fernando and Isabel of Spain underwrite voyage; departs in 1492 n Makes landfall in San Salvador q Believed he had reached islands off coast of Asia 31