11/13/11$ Week 11. Neanderthals/Humans Early humans

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1 Week 11 Neanderthals/Humans Early humans 1$

2 The world right about now ICE More ICE! ICE AGE series of warm and cold periods (8-10 degrees cooler on average)! Lasts from 1.9 million years ago until 10,000 years ago! Pleistocene Epoch! Impact! More water locked in ice than now! Less water = lower sea levels (up to 400 feet in some places) 2$

3 Temperature Curves 30,000 years ago Neanderthal 3$

4 Human vs. Neanderthal! Aurignacian! After 35,000 bp! Mousterian! Before 35,000 bp Neanderthals Mousterian Technology Chatelperronian Neanderthal? Humans Aurignacian tech 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 Years before present 4$

5 Chatelperonian Tradition! 32,000 30,000 bp! Found in association with Neanderthal sites! Includes bone and stone tools! Tools are much more elaborate than Mousterian! Appear to be imitations of Aurignacian tools! Were Neanderthals trying to catch up? Early human technology! Atlatl spear thrower! Effectively lengthens the throwing arm! Allows spears to be thrown a long distance! Venus figurines! 27,000-20,000 bp! Found throughout Europe! Rock art Venus Figurines! Faces are hidden! Pronounced breast and genitalia! Overweight or pregnant! Possible meanings? 5$

6 Venus Figurines Distribution of figurines Lascaux 6$

7 Lascaux, France Lascaux! Cave in southwestern France that was occupied by early humans in Europe! Preserves thousands of extraordinary murals and portable art pieces! Paintings over 2,000! Rendered in ochre and charcoal! Generally of animals bears, cattle, horses, rhinoceros! No reindeer which is what they were eating! Outlines of human hands! Engravings! Often of humans wearing animal skins! Most paintings date to approximately 17,000 bp 7$

8 Lascaux II (the sequel) Crossed Bison! One painting depicts two overlapping bison! May show evidence of perspective not seen again until the 15 th century Rock Art What is the function of rock art? What do handprints mean? What is the difference between rock art and graffiti? 8$

9 Australian petroglyphs undated Modern spray paint 9$

10 Spanish inscription Hunter-gatherers in the Upper Paleolithic! #1 Context is everything Big Ideas! #2 Preservation makes or breaks all of our interpretations! #3 Don t remember!! #4 Humans must adapt to the physical environment first and the social environment second 10$

11 Last Glacial Maximum (ca. 20kya) Last Glacial Maximum 22,000 kya How do we know it was cold? Oxygen isotopes! 16 O eight protons/eight neutrons in the nucleus this is normal oxygen! About 99% of all oxygen! 18 O eight protons/ten neutrons a little heavier than 16 O! So it takes less energy for 16 O that is in H 2 0 (water) to evaporate! Conversely, 18 O condenses first 18 O heavy! Evaporation 16 O light! 11$

12 Regular water cycle 16 O 16 O 16 O Ice Age Cycle 16 O 16 O 16 O 16 O 16 O 16 O ICE! In normal times the ratio of 16 O to 18 O is 95:1! In cold times, the 16 O becomes more common in ice (98:1)! The larger the ratio the colder it gets So. This is an ice core, which contains ice that goes back tens of thousands of years 12$

13 Aurignacian Culture! Note: this is an archaeological culture! 35,000 26,000 bp! Located in Europe and SW Asia! Stone and bone tools! 3-D Art Lion Man 32,000 kya (oldest anthropomorphic figure in the world Aurignacian Tools Bone points Bladelettes 13$

14 Upper Paleolithic Timeline W C AURIGNACIAN GRAVETTIAN MAGDALENIAN 30kya 20kya 10kya Magdalenian Culture! Ca kya! Last Paleolithic culture! Repopulation of Europe! AKA L'Age du Renne! Subsistence! Reindeer! Reindeer pie! Reindeer chops! You get the idea! Technology! Focus on bone tools! Microlithization Magdalenian Culture! Bâton de commandent! Made from antler or bone! Often has depictions of animals etched into surface! 1 or 2 holes on one end! Function! Spear thrower?! Shaft straightener?! Scepter? 14$

15 Magdalenian Culture! Mobile Art! Engraved stones! Site of Limieul includes 47 stone blocks engraved with animal figures (42 are reindeer)! Bone jewelry! Rocher de la Peine includes over 150 necklaces made of wolf, lion, and bear teeth Cave Lion (Panthera leo spelaea)! Ca. 300, kya! Maybe up to 2 kya in Eastern Europe! Average size! 12 feet long! 520 pounds! Appearance! Short mane! Tiger-like stripes! Large protruding ears Cave bear (Ursa spelaeus)! Went extinct ~ 10 kya! 30 % larger than a modern brown bear! Cave bear skulls are often found in the back of Neanderthal caves! Clan of the Cave Bear! Upper Paleolithic hunters sometimes buried with cave bear skulls 15$

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