The Energy and Resources Institute, 2011

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3 An imprint of The Energy and Resources Institute The Energy and Resources Institute, 2011 First published in 2011 by The Energy and Resources Institute TERI Press Darbari Seth Block, IHC Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi , India Tel / , Fax: / India +91 Delhi (0)11 Website: ISBN All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. All export rights for this book vest exclusively with The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI). Unauthorized export is a violation of terms of sale and is subject to legal action. Author: Benita Sen Managing Editor: Anupama Jauhry Series Editor: Arshi Ahmad Creative Head: Priyabrata Roy Chowdhury Illustration and Direction: Yatindra Kumar Colouring Artists: Neeraj Riddlan and Vijay Nipane Image Research: Yukti Garg Production Head: T Radhakrishnan Printed and bound in India This book is printed on recycled paper.

4 The Energy and Resources Institute

5 A note from Dr R K Pachauri Human civilization in its race towards progress has at times ignored its adverse effects on nature. With every passing century, man has intensified his quest for a tomorrow better than today, and issues like environment-friendly living, usage of clean energy and preventing the harmful effects of chemicals on nature are becoming increasingly important. Contrary to popular belief, these can be tackled without compromising on our comforts. All we need to do is turn a few pages of history and relearn lessons that civilizations from various parts of the world have left behind. This series provides a unique and interesting perspective of history from the eyes of an environmentalist. It highlights the environmental wisdom of ancient people. These books bring alive ancient civilizations and their simple, earth-friendly lifestyles building bright and airy houses from mud bricks, using the sun s energy to heat homes, utilizing plants to make natural dyes, applying manure to grow crops, and many more such techniques. Exploring the fascinating civilizations of the ancient world and bringing forth little known green lessons from the past, I hope these books will ensure that young readers put to use the knowledge of yesteryears to lay the foundation for a prosperous future. R K Pachauri Director-General, TERI Chairman, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

6 Contents Teri in an ancient land 6 Ancient homes 8 The First cities 10 Life in Mesopotamia 12 What they wore 14 Ancient farmers 16 The Royal Touch 18 CHILDREN OF MANY GODS 20 Wheels and boats 22 The art of writing 24 Science and knowledge 26 ALL FALL DOWN 28 green lessons 30

Teri in an ancient land Mesopotamia. The word means land between two rivers. It is the name the Greek historian Polybius gave the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

The two rivers join near Al-Qurnah in south-eastern Iraq and flow together for about 200 kilometres before flowing into the Persian Gulf. After joining, the river is called Shattal-Arab.

To the north were the eastern Taurus Mountains and to the east, the Zagros range. In the plains to the south roamed game like wild boar. The first settlers perhaps came here to hunt for these.

7 Teri in an ancient land Mesopotamia. The word means land between two rivers. It is the name the Greek historian Polybius gave the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. If you were to visit Mesopotamia today, you would have to travel down parts of Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and south-western Iran. The Tigris and Euphrates rise in southern Turkey. The two rivers join near Al-Qurnah in south-eastern Iraq and flow together for about 200 kilometres before flowing into the Persian Gulf. After joining, the river is called Shattal-Arab. The land around the rivers was once dotted with lakes, marshes, and short streams. Beyond that was the vast Syrian desert to the west. To the north were the eastern Taurus Mountains and to the east, the Zagros range. In the plains to the south roamed game like wild boar. The first settlers perhaps came here to hunt for these. Teri at school Let me tell you about the Priest King Hammurabi, who made the first laws in ancient Mesopotamia. S-C-R-E-E-E-C-H Who was that? assyria euphrates river mari BABYLONIA Later, on the way home STOP! YOU HAVE FORGOTTEN THE RULES OF CROSSING A ROAD.YOU NEED TO LEARN SOME RULES AND REGULATIONS. LET ME TAKE YOU TO AN ANCIENT LAND, WHERE THE CODE OF HAMMURABI RULED The Mesopotamians were the first farmers. They grew wild varieties of lentil, pea, emmer and einkorn wheat, barley, flax, chickpea, and bitter vetch (an ancient grain legume crop).

SMART GREEN CIVILIZATIONS nineveh nimrud ashur Mesopotamia was one of the earliest organized human settlements, so it is called the cradle of civilization.

8 SMART GREEN CIVILIZATIONS nineveh nimrud ashur Mesopotamia was one of the earliest organized human settlements, so it is called the cradle of civilization. The first civilizations in the region go back to around 6000 BC. The rivers provided water for drinking, bathing, and other daily needs. People travelled up and down the rivers for trade. The rivers flooded every April or May and brought down rich alluvial soil, which was good for crops. The Mesopotamian civilization is a broad name given to several civilizations that flourished in ancient Mesopotamia the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian civilizations. zagros mountains AKKAD tigris river The fertile lowlands between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers became the birthplace of the ancient Mesopotamian civilization. More than six thousand years ago, Mesopotamians established some of the first cities, developed a writing system, and built large buildings and empires. babylon SUMER lagash uruk eridu ur persian gulf THEN and NOW The Tigris Euphrates marshlands were once home to plants, birds, and animals. Today, over thirty dams generate hydropower and control floods, but they have dried up most of the marshlands. 6-7

Ancient Uh, oh where am I? homes Houses in ancient Mesopotamia were built according to a plan. Some were larger than others, but all of them were of the same design.

Mesopotamia received little rainfall, so there was no danger of the mud bricks dissolving except if there were flash floods or unusually heavy rains. Roofs were lined with local palm wood.

Since there was no timber to fire kilns, bricks were dried in the hot sun. They were plastered with mud. When the mud dried, the bricks became hard. The houses usually had more than one floor.

9 Ancient Uh, oh where am I? homes Houses in ancient Mesopotamia were built according to a plan. Some were larger than others, but all of them were of the same design. Stones, wood, and metal were in short supply. So, mud bricks were used for building houses. Mesopotamia received little rainfall, so there was no danger of the mud bricks dissolving except if there were flash floods or unusually heavy rains. Roofs were lined with local palm wood. Welcome to ancient Mesopotamia. I am King Hammurabi, your guide to this ancient civilization. Bricks were made by mixing river mud with straw from reeds growing by the water. Since there was no timber to fire kilns, bricks were dried in the hot sun. They were plastered with mud. When the mud dried, the bricks became hard. The houses usually had more than one floor. The ground floor was the courtyard, where children played and domestic animals like chicken were kept. There were stairs leading up to the upper floor and then to a flat roof. Many people used the roof to cook and sleep. Houses in ancient Mesopotamia were made of mud bricks dried in the sun. While the poor lived in single-storied houses, rich homes had more than one floor. The Mesopotamians knew how to divide the year into months. The period May June, when bricks were dried in the sun, was called the Month of Bricks.

Mud and chopped straw were mixed and put into moulds, which were dried in the sun to make bricks. SMART GREEN CIVILIZATIONS The rich lived in large houses, while the poor lived in small ones.

10 Mud and chopped straw were mixed and put into moulds, which were dried in the sun to make bricks. SMART GREEN CIVILIZATIONS The rich lived in large houses, while the poor lived in small ones. These were built wall-to-wall along narrow lanes that did not allow much light in. Inside the houses, rooms fanned out from a square room in the centre. Most homes had no toilets and people defecated in open grounds within the city. Only the rich had toilets, located near the outer wall. The waste flowed to rivers through underground drains. As the cities grew, there were rich sections and poor sections, but all families had a home of their own. THEN and NOW People built new houses over old ones when they were damaged. Layers of rebuilding created high mounds called tells. Archaeologists still excavate tells to study ancient Mesopotamia. 8-9

11 Smart Green Civilizations : Ancient Mesopotamia 35% OFF Publisher : TERI Press ISBN : Author : Benita Sen Type the URL : Get this ebook

Mesopotamia: Land Between the Rivers. Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia: Land Between the Rivers Mesopotamia The many people of Mesopotamia 1. Sumerians (ancient Sumer s city-states) (3000 B.C. - 1800 B.C.) 2. Babylonians (Babylonian Empire) (1800 B.C. - 1200 B.C.