Unit 2 History and Archaeology. Chapters 2 and 3 pages 24-57

Transcription

1 Unit 2 History and Archaeology Chapters 2 and 3 pages 24-57

2 Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Understanding History Pages 24-29

3 The Big Picture As your life unfolds, it becomes part of a larger history. History is: the story of the past. People who study the past are called historians. They use different kinds of sources to find out what life was like in the past. What are some of the sources that a historian might use?

4 Types of Sources Books Diaries, journals, song books from a particular time period, fiction books, non-fiction books, poetry

5 Types of Sources Bones Pottery Clothing Music Cars Pictures Eye-witnesses And many, many more

6 History All Around Before the written record, history was passed from one person to another by oral tradition. Oral tradition is: passing on history by word of mouth. Why? What might be a drawback of oral tradition?

7 Learning from Artifacts An artifact is: something from another time. It is made by someone in the past. An example of an artifact is:???

8 Different Sources Using Primary Sources Materials that were created during a particular time under study are called primary sources. Examples of primary sources are: Diaries, journals, song books from a particular time period, poetry, photographs, household items, clothing, toys, etc.

9 Different Sources A Secondary Source Records of the past that are based on the studies of primary sources are called secondary sources. Examples of secondary sources are: Textbooks example is social studies Biographies about Abe Lincoln Non-fiction books about the Holocaust Documentaries

10 Different Sources How does information given in a primary source differ from information given in a secondary source? Secondary sources are not written in first person Primary sources are probably going to give us the most accurate representation of what actually happened in the past.

11 Different Sources Different Viewpoints Historians often disagree about how sources should be interpreted, or how life in a past time should be remembered. Since historian viewpoints shape the way they view the past, historians can end up constructing different pictures of the same historical period. What does that mean? Can you think of an example?

12 Different Sources Different Viewpoints continued The further back in time something happened, the harder it is to reconstruct the past. Many important sources (from the past) have been destroyed. This makes it impossible to understand (certain) past cultures and events.

13 Putting It All Together Looking at an Artifact What things should you look at in order to learn more about the artifact? Everything - you need to look at multiple sources. In the book example, Nina looked at a hula hoop (primary source) and an article and photo (secondary sources from LIFE magazine) Why do multiple sources improve accuracy?

14 Putting It All Together Combining Sources Written sources are so valuable to historians because they can speak for people and things from another time. Historians use primary sources and secondary sources to shed light on a topic. Historians also examine artifacts to learn their purpose and importance. Historians interpret written sources to try to understand a culture s customs.

15 Think About It Why is it important that historians get it right? After more research, do historians ever change their mind about history? Can you think of an example?

16 Decision Making pages Was there actually a lost city of Troy? Where should Schliemann search? He had to make decisions.

17 Chapter 2, Lesson 2 Iceman of the Alps pp

18 The Big Picture Written sources and artifacts are useful clues to historians trying to interpret past events. Archaeology is: the study of the remains of past cultures. It is a science. Archaeologists carefully dig up and explore historical sites.

19 The Big Picture Name four things archaeologists do to find out how people in the past lived: Carefully dig up and explore historical sites Use modern instruments (like X-rays) to discover, identify and save these remains Do tests to determine the age of artifacts (Carbon dating) Link different clues to figure out what it says about a past culture

20 A Discovery in the Alps Europe s highest mountain range are called the Alps. They contain snow-covered peaks and glaciers. Each year, more than 100 people die in the Alps.

21 A Mystery in the Ice The police set out to recover the body of the Iceman a few days after he was discovered. Along with the body, police also recovered: A knife Rope leather An ax

22 A Mystery in the Ice After taking a closer look at the ax, police realized it was hundreds of years old! The discovery of the Iceman was big news and drew the attention of Konrad Spindler, a German archaeologist. Spindler estimated the age of the Iceman by looking at his copper ax, and chipped stone knife.

23 A Mystery in the Ice It is estimated the Iceman was 4,000 years old. Later it was determined the Iceman was actually 5,300 years old, which meant that he lived in Europe during the time of prehistory. Prehistory is: the time before writing was developed.

24 An Amazing Find What made the discovery of the Iceman so interesting? He was mummified and the tools that he used were discovered with him.

25 Tools of the Archaeologist The archaeologists were only able to work a few days at the site of the Iceman because a winter storm came in. The next summer, 600 tons of snow had to be removed before they could begin their work.

26 Tools of the Archaeologist What steps did the archaeologists follow in their research? 1. They made a detailed map. 2. They took photographs. 3. They used steam blowers and hair dryers to melt the snow and ice. 4. They filtered the melted water three times.

27 Tools of the Archaeologist Why did the archaeologists filter the water three times? They wanted to make sure that even the tiniest specks of evidence were not lost. What did the flecks of wheat tell the scientists? This proved that the Iceman may have had contact with a village where grain was grown.

28 Tools of the Archaeologist What did the pollen/plant dust tell the scientists? This told him that the Iceman probably died in the autumn, the season when pine and alder trees give off the most pollen.

29 Equipped for Survival Archaeologists found the following survival gear near the Iceman: Knife-blades Rope Hunting arrows A small net

30 Equipped for Survival A net was discovered, and archaeologists reasoned it was used to catch birds. A leather belt-pouch contained flint blades, a bone needle, and a black fungus. We believe the fungus was used as a fire-starter. Two small beads were also found on the Iceman. Scientists believe they were used for medicine. The items found with the Iceman tell us that he had great survival skills.

31 Examining the Evidence How tall and how old do scientists believe the Iceman was? 5 feet, 2 inches and between years old What color hair did he have? Wavy dark-brown hair and a beard X-rays showed that the Iceman had broken ribs.

32 Living 5,000 Years Ago The people of the Iceman s time were experts at interacting with the environment. We think this because 17 kinds of trees and 8 kinds of animals were used to make the Iceman s belongings. Scientists also believe they were skilled metalworkers. We think this because they could shape copper tools. They also had contact with farmers because traces of grain were found on the Iceman.

33 The Mystery Remains There are still many mysteries about the Iceman, but Spindler believes that he was a shepherd who spent long periods of time in the mountains.

34 Did You Know? How did the archaeologists figure out how old the Iceman was?

35 Chapter 3, Lesson 1 Early People pgs

36 The Big Picture Scientists disagree how long people have been around. Some think it is 40,000 years, while others think it is 2 million years.

37 Life Long Ago: Discoveries in Africa Some scientists believe human life began in Africa over 2 million years ago. This evidence is based on remains found in East Africa, which are the oldest of their kind. Some remains are found in the country of Tanzania in a canyon.

38 Tools from Long Ago Along with the remains, scientists found what might be the world s first tools. These tools mark the start of technology in culture. Technology is: the use of skills and tools to meet practical needs. Stone tools were the most common technology until about 12,000 years ago. This period of time is called the Old Stone Age.

39 Tools from Long Ago Remains of bones with the tools suggest people hunted for food. People also used the skill of making fire. This made it possible for people to: Cook food Move to cooler climates

40 Life in the Old Stone Age Before 40,000 years ago, Stone-Age technology became more complex. Examples are: 1. Smaller and finer blades were crafted. 2. Blades were tied to wooden handles to make small axes. From about 40,000 years ago, cultural changes came more rapidly. This marked a time when people moved more closely together. This led to the development of cultures.

41 Hunting and Gathering Describe Border Cave: 1. in Zululand northeastern tip of South Africa 2. nestled on side of cliff 3. overlooked grassy river valley 4. herds of eland moved about in valley 5. ate and drank from river 6. excellent base to follow herds 7. evidence that people made cave as comfortable as possible.

42 Hunting and Gathering People of Border Cave made their homes as comfortable as possible. They had grass for bedding and campfires for cooking and light. The people of Border Cave probably traveled many miles to hunt the eland herds. Arrowhead-like blades suggest they used bows and arrows to kill animals for food.

43 Hunting and Gathering They did not just hunt though. They also knew a great deal about the plants around them. Hunter-gatherers are: people who meet their survival needs by hunting animals for meat and gathering plants for food.

44 A Changing Culture Sometime a thousand years ago, a small baby was buried along with a seashell bead towards the back of the cave.

45 A Changing Culture This reveals many things about the people of Border Cave. They are: 1. The burial implies that the baby was deeply cared for. 2. They were religious. Why else would you bury the child with the bead unless you thought it might need it in an afterlife? 3. They must have traveled because they had a bead from the Indian Ocean, which was 50 miles away. 4. They valued beauty the bead.

46 A Changing Culture Earliest signs of art date back 40,000 years. Rock paintings in France and Spain date back 30,000 years. Others dating back 10,000 years have been found on every continent inhabited by humans.

47 Chapter 3, Lesson 2 Agriculture Changes the World pgs

48 The Big Picture Earth s cool climate began to warm about 12,000 years ago. This caused the number of plants, animals, and people on Earth to grow. Hunters and gather s began building permanent homes in places rich with wild grains and animals.

49 The Big Picture In time, early people began experimenting with agriculture. Agriculture is: the raising of crops and animals for human use. The New Stone Age is the period of time beginning about 12,000 years ago and ending roughly 6,000 years ago.

50 Catal Huyuk Located in Southern Turkey on a large mound. Covers about 32 acres, or 21 football fields. Existed over 8,500 years ago. Largest city this old ever uncovered by archaeologists. Housed about 5,000 people. How could so many people live this close together?

51 Agriculture Brings Change Agriculture provided a way for people to live in large groups without having to travel great distances to gather food. First people had to domesticate animals though. To domesticate means to: train something to be useful to people.

52 Agriculture Brings Change What plants were domesticated? Wheat, barley, peas, and lentils What animals were domesticated? Goats, cattle, and sheep

53 Living in Catal Huyuk: A New Kind of Home The homes in Catal Huyuk were built to last with brick walls coated with plaster. The roofs were covered with reeds and supported by wooden beams. There were no streets or doors in Catal Huyuk, which meant that people entered their homes through the roof!

54 A New Kind of Home We think that religion played an important role because one in every three buildings was a temple. The people of Catal Huyuk may have created the world s first wall paintings. They also focused on domestication of crops and animals.

55 New Ways of Life The people of Catal Huyuk kept their extra stores of grain in pots. A surplus is: an extra supply of something. What provided a steady source of milk and meat? Cattle Many people in Catal Huyuk were farmers, a demanding job that left little time for other tasks.

56 New Ways of Life The demands on a farmer s time led to specialization. Specialization is: people training to do particular kinds of work. Name some specialized jobs in Catal Huyuk: Wheat makers, tool makers, brick makers, and pot makers.

57 New Ways of Life Changes in community life sparked the growth of a complex new civilization. A civilization is: a culture that has developed systems of specialization, religion, learning, and government.

58 A Busy City New kinds of technology were used to make pots, cloth, and jewelry. At what age did girls and boys probably start to learn the skills of their mothers and fathers? 12 What new material did people of Catal Huyuk begin using and what did they make out of it? Copper. They made rings, beads, or pins.

59 Signs of Movement Catal Huyuk s crafts attracted many people to the city, and they people of Catal Huyuk wanted to see things that others had to offer. This brought about trade. Trade is: the exchange of goods. What was one thing that the people of Catal Huyuk traded? obsidian

60 People from Near and Far The people of Catal Huyuk traded obsidian knives and arrowheads with people who lived in the forests miles away. In return they received the wood they needed to build houses.

61 People from Far and Near With what far away place do we think the people of Catal Huyuk traded? Syria Why? They have found remains of obsidian in Syria and pieces of Syrian pottery in Catal Huyuk, along with Red Sea shells.

62 People from Far and Near Goods weren t the only thing traded in Catal Huyuk, people also were. When people moved in and out of the city, they brought with them their own skills and traditions. This helped to bring about the growth of this rich and complex civilization.