The First Civilizations Unit 1. Ancient and Classical Civilizations AP World History

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1 The First Civilizations Unit 1. Ancient and Classical Civilizations AP World History

2 Essential Question How did the first civilizations form and what were their achievements?

3 Specific Objectives " Identify basic characteristics of civilizations. " Explain how geography affected the development of river- valley civilizations. " Identify major achievements of each of the first civilizations.

4 Culture and Civilization CIVILIZATION refers to a complex culture in which large numbers of people share several common elements. CULTURE is the way of life of a people in a certain time and place. Examples: Neanderthal culture in Europe 20,000 years ago, Inca culture 500 years ago, Japanese culture today.

5 Basic Characteristics " Cities: made possible by abundance of food; new patterns of living " Government: organize and regulate human activity " Religion: explanation of forces of nature and people s role in the world " Social Structure: class divisions based on political and economic power " Writing: allows keeping of accurate records " Art: paintings, poetry and other cultural productions

6

7 Ancient Mesopotamia

8 Ancient Egypt

9 Traveling along the Nile River This wall painting from an Egyptian tomb shows a boat with oarsmen and a square sail.

10 Indus River Valley

11 Ancient China

12 Mesoamerica

13 Cities

14 Sumerian cities " City- states. " Building relied on mud bricks. " Invented the arch and the dome. " Farming and trade.

15 Indus Cities " Planned cities " All houses built to the same plan " Streets in grid pattern " Public wells " Drainage system Mohenjo-Daro, the citadel, 2000 B.C.E.

16 Mesoamerican Cities " Centers for religious rituals " Stone pyramids and monuments " Olmec - San Lorenzo and La Venta " Zapotec - Monte Alban " Teotihuacán, or Place of the Gods

17 Other cities " Evidence of different capital cities in Egypt and China. Anyang, capital of the Shang Dynasty Memphis, capital of the Old Kingdom

18 Government & Religion

19 mesopotamian Religion " Polytheistic: it involved many gods " Temples called ziggurats. " Priests and priestesses held a great deal of power. " Kings were believed to derive their power from deities, making the government a theocracy.

20 Egyptian Religion " Polytheistic " Gods and goddesses associated with heavenly bodies and natural forces. " Sun and land held special significance. " The Egyptian - Son of Re (Ra) " Pharaohs were mummified.

21 Mandate of Heaven " King as a link between Heaven and Earth (but not divine). " Expected to follow the dao. " Dynastic cycle. New Dynasty claims Mandate of Heaven Old Dynasty loses Mandate of Heaven Aging Dynasty stops providing good government

22 Religion in other civilizations " Divine rule in the Indus Valley. " Belief that supernatural forces helped rulers in China. " Mesoamerican civilizations: " Belief in a jaguar- god " Ruled by a priestly class. " Ritual ball game and sacrifices

23 Social Structure

24 Sumerian Society Nobles Commoners Slaves

25 Egyptian Society

26 Asian Societies " Ruling class " Artisans and merchants " Peasants " Slaves " Family as most basic unit in society

27 Mesoamerican Societies " Ruling class " Priests " Merchants " Artisans and peasants " Slaves

28 Writing

29 Cuneiform

30 Egyptian Hieroglyphics

31 Indus Writing

32 Chinese Pictographs

33 Mesoamerican Glyphs

34 Art, Science and Technology

35 Mesopotamia " Art and Architecture " Literature " The Epic of Gilgamesh " Science " Mathematics, geometry, astronomy " Technology " Wheel, sundial, arch, bronze

36 Egypt " Architecture " Pyramids " Art and sculpture " Human body in profile or semi- profile " Science " Math, geometry, calendar

37 Harappa " Art " Sculpture, jewelry, pottery " Technology " Math, navigation, engineering

38 China " Art " Calligraphy, bronze objects " Tecnhology " Iron weapons and plow, farming methods, silk, paper

39 Mesoamerica " Art and architecture " Pyramids, Olmec heads, human figures, jewelry " Science " Mathematics, calendar

40

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