g]kfn art tyf C0f s]gb Lo ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= NEPAL FEDERATION OF SAVINGS & CREDIT CO-OPERATIVE UNIONS LTD. NEFSCUN

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2 g]km\:s"g :dfl/sf g]km\:s"g :dfl/sf NEFSCUN SMARIKA 2018 g]kfn art tyf C0f s]gb Lo ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= NEPAL FEDERATION OF SAVINGS & CREDIT CO-OPERATIVE UNIONS LTD. NEFSCUN s]gb Lo sfof{nom goff afg]zj/, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+=m )! $&*!(^#, km\ofs; g+=m )! $&*#)&! Od]nM j]a;fo6m æ;fsf]; dfkm{t ;dfj]zl cfly{s ljsf; / hljg:t/ kl/jt{gæ 1

3 @)&% >fj0f ;DkfbsLo k sfzs Joj:yfkg ;+/Ifs 8L=jL= a:g]t cwoif, g]km\:s"g g]km\:s"g dxf;lrj Pj+ ;"rgf tyf k sfzg pk;ldlt ;+of]hs rgb k ;fb 9sfn ;b:ox? gj/fh cof{n hulbz zdf{ x/]/fd k ;fb k ]n k'0o/fh k'8f;}gl ;Dkfbs lzjhl ;fksf]6f k d'v sfo{sf/l clws[t, g]km\:s"g ;x ;Dkfbs /fwf kf}8]n k zf;g tyf ;~rf/ clws[t, g]km\:s"g l8hfog n]cfp6 ljho ;'jfn d'b 0f PlS;; lk G6;{ k f= ln= Go"Knfhf, sf7df8f}+ )! $$#^*^! g]kfnsf] ;fsf]; cleofgn] #) j;gt kf/ u/l #! cf}+ jif{sf] kl/ksj pd]/df lx+8\b} ubf{ ljutsf] pknawlx? ;dliff ug'{ / cfufdl lbgsf nflu of]hgf agfpg' g} jt{dfgsf] lhdd]jf/l xf]. xfdln] g]km\:s"g :yfkgfsf] /ht hogtl jif{sf ;fndf k sfzg ul/psf] :dfl/sfsf] lg/gt/tf :j?k of] :dfl/sf k sfzg ug{ nflupsf] 5. ljz]if u/l Oltxf;sf] :d/0f ug{sf nflu k sfzg ul/g] o:tf :dfl/sfn] ;+:yfsf] oyfy{af]w u/fpg'sf ;fy} Oltxf;sf] ;ldiffaf6 goff ugtjo klxrfgnfo{ ;d]t ;xh agfolbg5. o; :dfl/sfdf d'vo?kdf cf}+ :yfkgf lbj;b]lv xfn;ddsf ultljlwsf] ;ldifftds emns k :t't ug'{sf ;fy} ljlegg cf/f]x cj/f]xaf6 k fkt l;sfo{ b:tfj]lhs/0f ug]{ k of; ul/psf] 5. cleofgsf cu h, ljifo lj1 / ;/f]sf/ If]qsf ljrf/n] xfdlnfo{ ;xl dfu{bz{g ug]{ ck]iff ;lxt ljrf/x?nfo{ ;+u lxt ug]{ k of; ul/psf] 5. o;lardf ;xsf/l sf] k lt:yfkg eo{ goff P]g k fkt epsf] 5. 5'6\6} ;fsf]; P]g k fkt geptf klg P]gdf art tyf C0f kl/rfng ;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yfn] xfd f] k of;sf] ;fy{stfl;4 u/]sf] 5. l:y/ls/0f sf]if, shf{ ;"rgf s]gb, art tyf shf{ ;'/If0f sf]if, ;d:ofu :t ;xsf/l Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, ;xsf/l k j4{g sf]if / ljifo s]lgb t d'vo sf/f]jf/ ug'{kg]{ Joj:yfn] g]kfnsf] ;fsf]; cleofgnfo{ /fxtsf] eg'e"lt lbnfpsf] 5. ;+3n] cfkm\gf] ;fnb]lv :jls[lt k fkt u/]sf] ;b:o ;+3 ;+:yfsf] cg'udgsf] ljifo ca /fhosf] sfg"gdf ;dfj]z epsf] 5. eg] ;b:osf] u'0f:t/ k dfl0fs/0fsf nflu k f]a]zg, PS;]; / hf]lvddf cfwfl/t cg'udg sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] nflu ljlgoddf Joj:yf epsf 5g\. g]km\:s"gn] ljzj C0f kl/ifb (WOCCU) sf] lgoldt ;b:otf k flkt u/];fu} g]kfnsf] ;fsf]; cleofg k ToIf?kdf ljzj ;~hfndf ;~hflns[t eo{ klxrfg :yflkt u/]sf] 5. pnn]lvt pknawlx? ;+3sf] Psn k of;af6 dfq ;Dej lypgg\. ca ol k fjwfgx?sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ub}{ Jojxfl/s k of]u ug{ ;d]t ;du ;fsf]; cleofgsf] ;fy, ;xof]u / P]Soj4tfsf] ck]iff ul/psf] 5. ol pknawlx? k fkt ug{ ;fsf]; cleofg, ;xsf/l ljefu, ;xsf/l e"ld Joj:yf tyf ul/al lgjf/0f dgqfno, g]kfn ;/sf/sf cgo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf lhdd]jf/ldf /xg'x'g] JolQmTjx?sf ;fy} ;xsf/l P]g lgdf{0f sfo{df ;sf/ftds e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{x'g] ttsflng Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf dfgglo ;b:oho"x?k lt x[bob]lv g} s[t1tf 1fkg ug{ rfxg5f}+. ;fsf]; cleofgsf] u'0f:t/ ljsf;, ljb'tlo k ljlwsf] prrtd k of]u / ptkfbgdf cfwfl/t j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ljsf;af6 dfq ;fsf]; cleofgn] bluf] ljsf; k fkt ug{ ;Sb5. ljzjsf] jt{dfg niosf]?kdf cufl8 ;fl/psf] bluf] ljsf; nio, g]kfnsf] ;xsf/l cleofgsf] ;xsfo{sf]?kdf cufl8 cfpsf] bluf] ljsf; nio k flktsf nflu ;xsf/l / o; ;+3sf] ;fsf]; dfkm{t ;dfj]zl cfly{s ljsf; / hljg:t/ kl/jt{gsf] cleofg ;fsf/ ug]{ sfo{ef/ k lt xfdl ;hu 5f}+. xfd f pknawlx?nfo{ s'g} x/kmdf JofVof ug]{ egbf klg u'0f:t/sf] s;ldf k/lif0f / ;+Vofdf u0fgf ug]{ txsf agfpg' 5. ljzj C0f kl/ifbn] ;~rfng l;4fgtsf?kdf cufl8 ;f/]sf ljqlo ;fif/tf, ;~hfn Joj:yfkg / ljzj kl/b[io h:tf goff l;4fgtsf] Jojxfl/s k of]uaf6 dfq ;fsf]; cleofgsf] ;fy{stf l;4 x'g]5. Oltxf;sf] ;dliff / eljiosf] dfu{ bz{gsf]?kdf k sflzt o; :dfl/sfdf n]v, /rgf, ljrf/sf ;fy} l8hfog / 5kfO{df k ToIf Pjd\ k/f]if?kdf ;xof]u / ;xsfo{ ug'{x'g] ;Dk"0f{ JolQmTjx? k lt cfef/ k s6 ub}{ cfufdl lbgdf ;d]t lg/gt/ ;xsfo{sf] ck]iff ub{5f}+. g]km\:s"gsf] ;~rfns ;ldlt, n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt / Joj:yfkg 6Ldsf] ;dk{0fsf] k ltkmnsf]?kdf of] k sfzg xftxftdf k' ofpg ;lspsf] 5. cfufdl lbgdf ;d]t o;nfo{ lg/gt/tf lbg] k ltj4tf JoQm ub{5f}+. ho ;xsf/l Û 2

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8 November 23, 2018 NEFSCUN Nepal Federation of Savings and Credit Cooperative Unions New Baneshwor, Kathmandu Nepal Dear Friends, Best wishes on the 30 year anniversary of NEFSCUN is also the year that NEFSCUN joined the international credit union system as a member of the World Council of Credit Unions. The World Council is proud to have the NEFSCUN as a valued member and we look forward to your leadership and participation as part of the global credit union system. NEFSCUN develops, promotes and strengthens its member Savings and Credit Cooperative Unions. Today NEFSCUN takes the lead in developing disciplined SACCO financial management and efficient business systems in the best interest of the consumer. As part of the 2020 credit union campaign SACCOS worldwide move to greater payments innovation, integration into national payments ecosystems and digitization of core services via online and mobile channels. Credit unions provide human centered financial services which empower members improved economic welfare. NEFSCUN shares the global values of the credit union system but also this robust vision of growth. Nepal SACCOs will continue make a difference in the lives of increasing numbers of Nepal citizens. We look forward many years of continued international cooperation ahead. Sincerely, Brian Branch President and CEO World Council of Credit Unions 7

9 ASSOCIATION OF ASIAN CONFEDERATION OF CREDIT UNIONS Greetings and Best Wishes! On behalf of the more than 40 million individual members of 37,000 credit unions in 22 countries in Asia, it is my pleasure to send greetings and best wishes to the leaders and members of NEFSCUN on your successful publication of 3rd edition of memoir on the occasion of 27th Annual General Meeting. We are with you in celebrating the successes of NEFSCUN in promoting and strengthening SACCOS. We thank NEFSCUN for giving us opportunity to work with you in the development of the SACCOS network in Nepal. The founders of NEFSCUN were blessed with foresight and a vision that has benefited thousands of SACCOS for three decades. We trust that the current and incoming leaders of NEFSCUN possess greater commitment to transcend what has been achieved so far. We are impressed that members of NEFSCUN have tremendously reaped benefits through the education and tailored fit services such as the interlending, mutual aid, risk-based supervision, and quality assurance. NEFSCUN has contributed to the growth of SACCOS in the country, but we believe there are much more things to do. We wish the leaders and professionals of the credit union movement in Nepal to continue their heedful efforts to maintain the credit union identity in the changing financial landscape of Nepal. We commend the efforts of NEFSCUN in keeping the SACCOS together by embracing the shared vision of Sustainable and Integrated Credit Union Network. We encourage NEFSCUN to continue to build the co-operative message to the public (as a brand), protecting the cooperative identity, and contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals by increasing the outreach of the poor, women and youth. We take this opportunity to express our heartfelt appreciation to NEFSCUN s leadership and management and along with wish for a very successful 30 years of establishment. Congratulations and more power! Sincerely yours, Elenita V. San Roque Chief Executive Officer 236 Ramkhamhaeng Soi 58/4, Huamark, Bangkapi, Bangkok 10240, Thailand Tel: to 6 accumail@aaccu.coop, Website: Member: International Co-operative Alliance; International Cooperative Banking Association; International Raiffeisen Union; United Nations Special Consultative Status; PROXFIN 8

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11 g]km\:s"g g]kfn art tyf C0f s]gb Lo ;xsf/l ;+3 ut] lgjf{lrt ;~rfns ;ldlt >L 8L=aL= a:g]t cwoif k ltlglwtj M >L kl/tf]if kf}8\ofn jl/i7 pkfwoif k ltlglwtj M >L kfj{tl vff8 /fo{ pkfwoif k ltlglwtj M >L rgb k ;fb 9sfn dxf;lrj k ltlglwtj M >L s]zjk ;fb kf]v/]n sf]iffwoif k ltlglwtj M PsLs[t k m]08;lk ;fsf]; hl/l, bf]nvf xfd f] PsLs[t ;fsf]; :jode", sf7df8f}+ ;xf/f dlxnf ;fsf]; lgns07, wflbª u fdl0f ;fsf]; ab{3f6, gjnk/f;l O6x/f ;fsf]; O6x/f df]/ª >L zflgt clwsf/l ;~rfns k ltlglwtj M >L p4j ;fksf]6f ;~rfns k ltlglwtj M >L gfglsfhl zfso ;~rfns k ltlglwtj M >L s[i0fk ;fb g]kfn ;~rfns k ltlglwtj M >L 8f= s[i0f kf}8]n ;~rfns k ltlglwtj M k eft lbblalxgl ;fsf]; e/tk'/, lrtjg Hof]lt ldld{/] ;fd"lxs ;fsf]; kgf}tl, sfe ] blkfjtl ;fsf]; kf6g, nlntk'/?kgb]xl lhnnf art ;+3 a'6jn,?kgb]xl xft]dfnf] ;fsf]; l;d/f, af/f >L blks kg]? ;~rfns k ltlglwtj M >L o1 k ;fb 9sfn ;~rfns k ltlglwtj M >L uf]df g]kfn ;~rfns k ltlglwtj M >L dfwj k ;fb hf]zl ;~rfns k ltlglwtj M >L eldaxfb'/ u'?ë ;~rfns k ltlglwtj M xf]:6]x}+;] ;fsf]; sn+sl, sf7df8f}+ u+ufdfnf :jfjndag ;fsf]; l5gr', ;'v]{t gf/l ;+snk ;fsf]; pnf{jf/l df]/ë /fi6«;]js ;fsf]; dx]gb gu/, s~rgk'/ sf:sl lhnnf art ;+3 kf]v/f, sf:sl >L 3gZofd clwsf/l ;~rfns k ltlglwtj M >L r08lk ;fb zdf{ kf}8]n ;~rfns k ltlglwtj M >L rgb s'df/l v8\sf ;~rfns k ltlglwtj M >L e/tk ;fb bjf8l ;~rfns k ltlglwtj M emfkf lhnnf art ;+3 ljtf{df]8, emfkf afun'ª lhnnf art ;+3 afun'ª pbd ljsf; ;fsf]; bds, emfkf cya{ ;fsf]; e/tk'/, lrtjg 10

12 n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt >L bfdf]b/ clwsf/l ;+of]hs k ltlglwtj M l;sf] ;fsf]; aao{, alb{of >L z'eb f b]jl dxtf] ;b:o k ltlglwtj M cfbz{ dlxnf ;fsf]; aubx, ;nf{xl ;+:yfks cwoif >L ljlkg zdf{ ;b:o k ltlglwtj M l/nfoan ;fsf]; z+vd'n, sf7df8f}+ >L :j= ef]h/fh l3ld/] ;]jf cjlw >fj0f #@ k"j{ cwoif Pj+ ;Nnfxsf/x? >L s}nfzeqm k wfgfë ;]jf cjlw kmfu'g # d+l;/!$ >L ldg/fh s+8]n ;]jf cjlw d+l;/!% kf}if % >L Clif/fh l3ld/] ;]jf cjlw kf}if ^ k d'v sfo{sf/l clws[t >L lzjhl ;fksf]6f 11

13 l;4fy{ ;'Gb/jhf/ g=kf )(, ef]6]cf]8f/ kmf]g g+= M )^^ $))!@* Od]n M siddharths.saccos@gmail.com l;h{gftds ;'Gb/jhf/ g=kf= (, ef]6]cf]8f/, ndh'ª kmf]g g+= M )^^ $)))#%, )^^ $)))#& Od]n M srijanatmaksaccos@gmail.com j]a;fo6 M sf7df8f}+ lhnnf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= sf=d=g=kf= &, rfjlxn, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $$*@$%^, $$(!*&$ Od]n M ktmfed@gmail.com j]a;fo6 M ndh'ª lhnnf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= a]lz;x/ g=kf= *, ndh'ª Od]n M lamjungbachatshang@gmail.com >L hgsnof0f a]lz;x/ g=kf=, ndh'ª kmf]g g+= M)^^ %@)%$* Od]n M janakalyancooperative@gmail.com >L cf]d rfalxn, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $$^!^$* Od]n M shreeomsaving@gmail.com 12

14 ;fsf]; cleofgsf] pknawl / cfufdl kfonf 8L al a:g]t, cwoif, g]km\:s"g ljqlo ;Dd of]ubfg ;xsf/lsf] /x]sf] 5 eg] s"n ufx{:y ptkfbgdf klg ;xsf/lsf] of]ubfg a9l /x]sf] 5. o;/l ;xsf/l cleofg dfkm{t 5l/P/ /x]sf k" hl, >d / ;LknfO{ Pslqt ub}{ d'n'ssf] ul/al Go"gLs/0fdf / ;du cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;df of]ubfg ul//x]sf] 5. ;xsf/ltf dfkm{t ljsf; cyf{t ;du ljsf;df ;a}sf] ;xsfo{ ljzjjofkl Pp6f /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/sf?kdf cjndagsf] ljifo xf]. ljzjsf s]xl d'n'sx?n] ;xsf/lnfo{ x/]s JolQmsf] hljgk4ltsf]?kdf ceof; ul//x]sf 5g\ eg] t sltko d'n'sx?df cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts Pjd\ jftfj/0flo ljsf;sf] ;xofqlsf]?kdf ;xsf/l k 0ffnLnfO{ clësf/ ul/fb} cfpsf 5g\. ol ljifox?nfo{ ;+:yfut?kdf cl3 a9fpg, o;sf ljzjjofkl l;4fgt, d"no, dfgotf Pjd\ ;~rfngsf tf}/tl/sfx? dfu{lgb]{zsf?kdf ljlegg ;+u7gx?, 3f]if0ffkq, k ltj4tfkq dfkm{t hf/l ul/psf 5g\. ;g\!*$$ sf] df a]nfotdf /f]r8]nsf ;fd"lxs cu b'tx?sf] ;ldlt (Rochdel Equitable Pioneer Society) sf ;d"xaf6 z'?jft epsf] ;+u7gftds ;xsf/ltfsf] ljsf; epsf] kfog5. FW Raifeissen -!*!*!***_ n] hd{glsf u fld0f s[ifsx?df JofKt clgsfn l:yltsf] ;'wf/ ug{ ul/a ls;fgx?sf] ;+u7g agfp/ art ug{ / ;f]xl artaf6 ul/a ;+:yfx?nfo{ C0f lbg] sfdsf] ;'?jft u/]. >lds Pj+ s[ifsx?nfo{ pqm C0fnfO{ ptkfbg d"ns sfo{df nufo{ hljg:t/ psf:g] sfd u/]. o:t} u/l Franz Schulze n] hd{glsf] zx/l If]qx?df dhb'/x?sf] l:yltdf 13

15 ;'wf/ ug{ ;g\!*$( %) lt/ lj/fdl pkrf/sf] nflu d}ql ;+:yf h'qf l;nfpg]x?sf] ;+u7gx? agfpfb} log} ;+:yf dfkm{t art tyf C0fsf sf/f]jf/ ;'? u/]. pgn]!*^& df cfkm\g} lhddfdf klxnf] ;xsf/l clwlgod kfl/t ub}{ y'k } ;xsf/l ;+:yfx? / ljlegg VoftLk fkt a}+sx?sf] :yfkgf u/]. ljzjjofkl?kdf ;xsf/lsf] dd{, l;4fgt, d"no, dfgotf / ceof;x?nfo{ ljzje/df PsLs[t u/l ;dgjo / ;xof]usf] cfbfg k bfg ug{ ;g\!*(% cui6!* df ICA cgt/f{li6«o ;xsf/l dxf;+3sf] :yfkgf ul/of]. o;/l ;xsf/ltf, cfly{s sf/f]jf/, cfk;l ;xof]usf] k4lt / dfgotf ceof;df cfpkl5 ljzjsf ljlegg efudf ;xsf/ltfsf] k efj km}lnb} uof] h;sf] kmn:j?k 8]Gdfs{sf] b'uw ;xsf/l cleofg, ef/t, rlg, hfkfg h:tf b]zx?df s[lif ;xsf/l cleofg, Sofgf8f blif0f sf]l/of cflb ljzjsf w]/} j6f d'n'ssf art tyf C0f ;xsf/lsf] cleofgaf6 ul/a hgtfx?sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs cj:yf ;'wf/ ug{ w]/} d2t k'u]sf] 5. g]kfndf klg ;fndf klxnf] ;+:yfut ;xsf/lsf] :yfkgf dfkm{t cl3 a9]sf] ;xsf/l cleofg, ljlegg P]g, sfg"g / lgodx?af6 k jl4{t, ljsfl;t / ;+:yfut x'fb} cfhsf lbg ;Dd sl/j #$))) ;xsf/lx? btf{ ep h;n], ljifout 9+un] b]zsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, kof{j/0flo If]qdf of]ubfg ub}{ cfo/x]sf 5g\. h;dwo]!$))) hlt art tyf C0f ;xsf/lx? -;fsf];_ / %))) egbf a9l ax'p2]zolo u/l!())) egbf a9ln] k ToIf?kdf artsf] sf/f]jf/ ub}{ cfpsf 5g\. ;du ;xsf/ldf ^@ nfv egbf a9l JolQmx? ;xsf/ldf cfj4 eo;s]sf 5g\, # nfvegbf a9l JolQmx? g]t[tj txdf /x]sf 5g\.! nfvegbf a9ln] k ToIf /f]huf/l Pjd\ nfvf}f JolQmx?n] ck ToIf?kdf /f]huf/l k fkt ul//x]sf 5g\. ljqlo ;Dd of]ubfg ;xsf/lsf] /x]sf] 5 eg] s"n ufx{:y ptkfbgdf klg ;xsf/lsf] of]ubfg a9l /x]sf] 5. o;/l ;xsf/l cleofgdfkm{t 5l/P/ /x]sf k"fhl, >d / ;LknfO{ Pslqt ub}{ d'n'ssf] ul/al Go"gLs/0fdf / ;du cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;df of]ubfg ul//x]sf] 5. o;/l ;xsf/l cleofg o;sf ;b:ox?sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts ljsf;df ;fy lbg] Pp6f df}lns cfly{s k 0ffnL xf], xfd f]h:tf] ljsf;f]gd'v d'n'sdf o;sf] dxtj lbgfg'lbg a9\b} upsf] 5. g]kfnl ;xsf/lx?sf] bl3{sfnlg ljsf; Pjd\ lj:tf/sf nflu ;/sf/l lgsfox?, ;xsf/lsf zlif{ ;+:yfx? tyf :jb]zl Pjd\ ljb]zl lgsfox? ;xsf/lsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;df ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv nflu/x]sf 5g\ / xfn /fi6«n] d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] tlg vdafdwo] Ps vdafsf]?kdf cftd;ft ug'{n] klg o;sf] dxtj lbgk ltlbg a9\b} uo/x]sf] 5. kl5nnf] ;do ut jif{ dfq art tyf C0f ;xsf/lx?sf] ljzjjofkl ;~hfn -ljzj C0f kl/ifb_ sf] ;b:otf k fkt ug{ of] ;+3 ;Ifd /xg'n] ljzjdf g]kfnsf] ;fsf]; cleofgnfo{ ;an?kdf peofpg] sfo{n] xfdl ;d:t ;xsf/lsdl{ uf}/jflgjt x'g k'u]sf 5f}+. g]kfndf k j4{gftds, glltdf cfwfl/t sfo{;~rfng, ;+:yfut ljsf; / :jglodgsf/l Joj:yf ;lxtsf] P]g cfpg' cl3b]lv g} ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t art ;d"xnfo{ Pslqt u/l olg} ;b:ox?sf] k j4{g, ;+:yfut ljsf;, :t/ls/0f / k ljlw pkof]u x:tfgt/0fsf] dfwodaf6 cg'zfl;t / dof{lbt ;xsf/lsf] ;+:s[tl l;sfpgdf g]kfn art tyf C0f s]gb Lo ;xsf/l ;+3 tnnlg 5 / lg/gt/ nfluk/]sf] 5. z'?sf lbgx? b]lv PlzofnL C0f dxf;+3sf] k ToIf dfu{lgb]{zgdf k j4{g tx 14

16 ;+3;+u7g, ;+3;+:yfsf] ljlgod, glltx? lgdf{0f / ;b:otf clej[l4sf] If]q, ;+:yfut ljsf; tx M cfjzos clgjfo{ glltx?, kn;{ cg'udg k 0ffnL dfkm{t art tyf C0f ;xsf/lsf] ljqlo Pjd\ cftdlge{/tf bluf]kgf k/lif0f, ;'zf;g dfkm{t e"ldsf / lhdd]jf/l ljifodf 5nkmn / jx;, ;xsf/l Pjd\ n]vf Joj:yfkg dfkm{t b}lgs ;+rfngdf r':t Pjd\ b'?:ttf sfod, :t/ls/0f tx M kn;{ cg'udg, /fli6«o -k f]a]zg_, cgt/f{li6«o -PS;];_ dfkb08x?sf] lgdf{0f, sfof{gjog / k/lif0fsf kl5nnf] k6s Plzofsf ;fsf];x?nfo{ nlift u/l l;kmfl/; ul/psf] df]8]n ;lxtsf] PsLs[t k ljlw pkof]usf] tx M Sofg8f, cd]l/sf / sf]l/ofdf ceof; ul/psf cfw'lgs gjk jt{gx?sf] x:tfgt/0f ;fsf]; o"lglkms]zg df]8]nn] g]kfnsf] ;fsf]; cleofgnfo{ cem a9l dof{lbt, cg';flzt, ;'/lift / lhdd]jf/ agfpg] nio ;lxt g]kfnsf art tyf C0f ;xsf/lsf] ;xl Joj:yfkgdf o; ;+3n] xft]dfnf] ul//x]sf] 5. xfn;dd cfok'ubf o; ;+3df b]ze/af6 *))) -sl/j #%)) ;b:o ;+3 ;+:yfx? k ToIf?kdf cfj4 eo;s]sf] / lhnnf ;+3dfkm{t $%)) egbf a9l ;+:yfx? ck ToIf?kdf_ cfj4 /x]sf 5g\. g]kfnsf] ;fsf]; cleofgsf] ;zqmls/0f / ;'b[9ls/0fdf lqmofzln o; ;+3n] ljqlo ;xsf/lx?sf] hf]lvd ;'kl/j]if0f ljzn]if0f / k[i7kf]if0f u/l hf]lvd/lxt ;fsf]; ;~rfngsf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmdsf] to u/l b]zsf ljlegg :yfglo lgsfox?sf] ;dgjodf sfof{gjog ul//x]sf] 5 eg] /fhosf] o; ;+3 k ltsf] ;Ifdtfsf cfwf/df b[li6sf]0fdf ;d]t kl/jt{g cfo{ ;b:o ;+:yfx?sf] :jlgodg / l:y/ls/0f sf]ifsf] :yfkgfdfkm{t ;3g cg'udg / lgodgsf] lhdd]jf/k"0f{ e"ldsf lbg'nfo{ ;+3n] cfkm\gf] pknlawsf]?kdf :jlsf/]sf] 5. cfufdl lbgx?df oxl k fkt clwsfx?nfo{ cj;/df?kfgtl/t u/l s]gb Ls[t cg'udg k 0ffnL, prr k ljlwsf] ljsf; dfkm{t ;b:o ;+:yfx?sf] ;3g cg'udg / d"nofª\sg, tflnd tyf lziffnfo{ ;j{;'ne, :t/lo / Jojxfl/s, ;a} ;b:ox?df j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] Ps?ktf, ;'/lift ;b:osf] kl/snkgf / ;b:o ;+:yfx?df PsLs/0f jf ;d'ggltsf] cfwf/df ;b:ox?nfo{ ljzj C0f kl/ifbn] l;kmfl/; u/]sf dfkb08x?nfo{ sfod /fvb} j[xt?kdf s[lif, ko{6g, ptkfbg / pbdzlntf, lgof{t k j4{gsf] If]qdf a[xt nufgl k j4{g ;fy Jofks /f]huf/lsf] l;h{gfdf of]ubfg k' ofog] 5. o;/l g} b]zsf] s"n ufx:y{ ptkfbg j[l4 ug{ / b]zsf x/]s JolQmsf] hljgk4ltdf art tyf C0f ;xsf/ln] kl/jt{gsf/l e"ldsf lgjf{x u/l ;xsf/l dfkm{t b]zdf qmflgt Nofpg]df xfdl ljzj:t 5f}+. ljbdfg goff ;xsf/l P]gn] ;xsf/l If]qsf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgdf s]xl dfu{:ki6 u/]sf] / ;xsf/l ;~rfngsf] qmddf cfokg]{ ;Defljt ljqlo Pjd\ ;~rfngdf cl:y/tfsf] Go"gLs/0f / ;dfwfgsf nflu :yll/s/0f sf]ifdf ;xeflutf hgfo{ hf]lvd cg'udg clgjfo{?kdf u/fpg' kg]{ Joj:yfn] of] If]qsf] :yflotjsf nflu xf};nf k bfg t u/]sf]5 t/ of] ;fsf]; cleofgnfo{ dha't agfpg] / ;d'bfosf x/]s JolQmsf] artsf] ;'/Iffsf] k Tofe"lt u/fpg] ;+3sf] e"ldsfnfo{ cem lhdd]jf/?kdf k :t't ug{ g;s]sf]n] ;a} art tyf C0f ;xsf/lx?nfo{ Psfsf/ agfo{ cl3 a9fpg ljzjdf c;n ;fsf]; cleofg ;~rfngdf 5' } art tyf C0f ;xsf/l -;fsf];_ P]g /x]sf]n] ca xfdl k fkt pknawlx?nfo{ ;+:yfut ub}{ casf] :ki6 dfu{lrq ;fsf]; P]gsf] lgodg leq s]gb Lo ;+3sf] ;~hfndf g]kfnsf ;a} art tyf C0f ;xsf/lx? tkm{ s]lgb t x'g]5f}+. g]kfnsf] ;fsf]; cleofgsf] ;zqmls/0f / ;'b[9ls/0fdf lqmofzln o; ;+3n] ljqlo ;xsf/lx?sf] hf]lvd ;'kl/j]if0f ljzn]if0f / k[i7kf]if0f u/l hf]lvd/lxt ;fsf]; ;~rfngsf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmdsf] to u/l b]zsf ljlegg :yfglo lgsfox?sf] ;dgjodf sfof{gjog ul//x]sf] 5. 15

17 ultf~hnl dlxnf sf=d=g=kf= $, dxf/fhugh r08f]n kmf]g g+= M )!! $$#%!!* Od]n M saralagc.adhikari@gmail.com >L ;+snk :j]s d08gb]pk'/ g=kf= &, s'gtfj]zl, sfe ] kmf]g g+= M )!! $!@)!@ Od]n M sankalpaswecc@gmail.com cfefif ag]kf %, sfe ] kmf]g g+= M )!! ^^!!@), ^^$^^% Od]n M info@aabhashsaccos.coop.np z'ne ag]kf &, sfe ] kmf]g g+= M )!! ^^@^$$ Od]n M shulavsaccos7@gmail.com c6n kffrs'08 w'lnv]n $, sfe ]knf~rf]s kmf]g g+= M )!! $!%)$@, ^^#)!* Od]n M atalpanchkunda@gmail.com dgynl dgynl g=kf=!, /fd]5fk kmf]g g+= M )$* %$))#!, %$)$*% Od]n M manthali.coop@gmail.com j]a;fo6 M 16

18 n]v ;xsf/l k j4{gdf :yfglo / k b]z ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf s]zjk ;fb a8fn cwoif /fli6«o ;xsf/l dxf;+3 ln= xfd f] ;+ljwfgsf nio, ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3sf] bluf] ljsf; nio / ;xsf/lsf] nio ;dfg /x]sf] b]lvg5. o;y{ ;a} txsf hgk ltlglw, ;xsf/lsdl{ / /fi6«;]js ;a}n] Pstfj4 ep/ nio xfl;n ug{ h?/l 5. nfdf] k of;kl5 hgtfåf/f hgtfs} nflu, hgk ltlglw dfkm{t d'n'sdf ;dfhjfb pgd'v ;+ljwfg ag]sf] 5. o; egbf cl3 d'n'sdf PsfTds /fho Joj:yf lyof]. xfn ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg'?k ;+3fTds /fho :yflkt epsf] 5. ;+3Lo ;/sf/, k fb]lzs ;/sf/ / :yfglo ;/sf/ u/l tlg txsf] ;/sf/ lgdf{0f ug{] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg';f/ tlg} txsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg eo{ sfo{k f/de eo{;s]sf] 5 / ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg'?k :yfglo / k fb]lzs ;/sf/ cfjzos sfg"g tyf gllt lgdf{0fdf ;+nug epsf]n] o; cj:yfdf ;xsf/l d}ql sfg"g tyf gllt lgdf{0fsf nflu ;DalGwt If]qsf ;xsf/l cu'jfx?sf] e"ldsf ctogt dxtjk"0f{ /x]sf] b]lvg5. ;a} txsf ;+;bnfo{ cf cfkm\g} txsf] sfg"g, gllt, lgod agfpg] clwsf/ epsfn] ;xsf/l bz{g, d"no, dfgotf / l;4fgt cg'?k ;xsf/l ;+3 ;+:yf ;+rfng Pj+ ;+3 ;+:yfsf] Joj;flos ultlzntfsf nflu sfg"g agg cfjzos 5. o;y{ ;xsf/lsf cu'jf ;xsf/lsdl{x?n] uxg cwoog tyf ljzn]if0f Pj+ cg';gwfgd'ns tyodf cfwfl/t ep/ ;a} &%# j6} :yfglo ;/sf/ tyf & j6} k b]zdf lg/gt/ kxnsbdl ug{'kb{5. xfd f] ;+ljwfgsf] k :tfjgf xfd f nflu dfu{bz{s l;4fgt xf]. k :tfjgfdf n]lvpsf] 5 æax'hftlo, ax'eflifs, ax';f+:s[lts tyf ef}uf]lns ljljwtfo'qm ljz]iftfnfo{ cftd;ft u/l ljljwtf alrsf] Pstf, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts P]Soj4tf, ;lxi0f'tf / ;b\efjnfo{ ;+/If0f Pjd\ k j4{g ub{} jul{o, hflto, If]qLo, eflifs, wfld{s, n}+lus lje]b / ;a} k sf/sf hftlo 5'jf5'tsf] cgto u/l cfly{s ;dfgtf ;d[l4 / ;fdflhs Gofo ;'lglzrt ug{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zl / ;xeflutfd"ns l;4fgtsf cfwf/df ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f k lt k ltj4 /xl ;Dj[4 /fi6«lgdf{0f ul/g]5.æ o;} u/l ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %) -#_ df, æ;fj{hlgs, lghl / ;xsf/l If]qsf] ;xeflutf tyf ljsf; dfkm{t ;dfhjfb pgd"v :jtgq / ;+j[4 cy{tgqsf] lgdf{0f ug{]æ / wf/f %! -3!_ df, ;fj{hlgs, lghl / ;xsf/l If]qsf] 17

19 ;xeflutf / :jtgq ljsf; dfkm{t /fli6«o cy{tgq ;'b[9 ug{].æ pnn]v epsf] 5. dfly pnn]lvt ;+ljwfgsf j'fbfx?n] d'n'ssf] bluf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbpsf] 5. o;}u/l ;]K6]Da/df ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3sf!(# /fi6«n] Jofks 5nkmn u/l bluf] ljsf;sf!& j6f niodf x:tfif/ ug]{ qmddf g]kfnn] klg ;lqmotfsf ;fy pqm ;Dddf bluf] ljsf; nio xfl;n ug{] k ltj4tf hgfpsf] 5. o;af6 xfd f] ;+ljwfgsf] nio, ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3sf] bluf] ljsf; nio / ;xsf/lsf] nio ;dfg /x]sf] b]lvg5. o;y{ ;a} txsf] hgk ltlglw, ;xsf/lsdl{ / /fi6«;]js ;a}n] Pstfj4 ep/ nio xfl;n ug{ h?/l 5. g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf epcg'?k /fhosf] k'g;+/rgf eo{ ;+3Lo ;/sf/, k fb]lzs ;/sf/ / :yfglo ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf e};s]sf] 5. ca &%# j6} :yfglo txdf ;+3Lo P]gsf] k fjwfgsf] k lts'n gx'g] u/l ;xsf/l P]g agfpg cfjzos 5. To;} u/l ;+3Lo P]gsf] efjgfsf] k lts"n gx'g] u/l k fb]lzs ;xsf/l P]g agfpg' kg{] x'g5. o;} cg'?k ;xsf/l ;+3 ;+:yfsf] zlif{:y lgsfo /fli6«o ;xsf/l dxf;+3sf] kxndf gd"gf :yfglo ;xsf/l P]g agfo{ ;DalGwt txdf k7fpsf] 5. ;f] gd'gf P]gnfO{ ;d]t cwoog u/l ;xsf/ld}ql P]g, lgodfjnl, gllt agfpg ;DalGwt If]qsf ;xsf/lsf cu'jfx?n] k fyldstfsf ;fy cgo ;Dk"0f{ sfd 5f8]/ epklg c;n P]g lgdf{0fdf Wofg lbg cfjzos 5. :yfglo ;xsf/l P]g, gllt, lgod gag];dd lg/gt/ o;} sfddf nfug cfjzos b]lvg5. sydsbflrt :yfglo txdf ;xsf/l P]g, lgod, gllt ;xsf/l d}ql gjg]df ;xsf/l cleofgsf] k j4{g geo{ v'ldrg] ;Defjgf /xg5. o;sf nflu &%# j6} :yfglo txdf lqmofzln ;xsf/l cu'jfx?sf] Wofg s]lgb t ug{ h?/l 5. To;}u/L ;ft} k b]zdf k b]z txsf] P]g sfg"g lgdf{0fdf nlaª ug{ h?/l 5. o;sf nflu k b]z leqsf ;a} ;xsf/l ;+3 ;+:yfsf cu'jfx?sf] lgdg cg';f/sf] k of; ug{ cfjzos 5. k b]zdf M y cfkm\gf] k b]z leq epsf ;xsf/l ;+3 ;+:yfsf] clen]v /fvg]. y k b]z leqsf] ;xsf/l If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;+3 ;+:yfsf] jt{dfg cj:yf, ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfosf] vf]hl ug{]. y ;xsf/l If]qsf] k j4{g / ljsf;sf nflu ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;DalGwt tx, lgsfodf nlaª ug{]. y ;xsf/l ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf nflu k fb]lzs gllt, sfg"g, lgod, dfkb08sf] lgdf{0f / sfof{gjogdf ;DalGWft hgk ltlglw / ;DalGwt clwsf/l;fu ;Dks{ ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ / ;sf/ftds e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{. y ;xsf/l ;DaGwL /fli6«o, s]gb Lo, k fb]zls ;+3 ;+:yf;fu ;dgjo ug{], cfjzos dfqfdf ljifo ldng] ;+3 ;+:yfsf] PsLs/0f ug{] u/fpg]. y cfkm\gf] k b]zsf ;xsf/lsf] ljsf;sf nflu tflnd k lzif0fsf nflu ljif]z of]hgfsf ;fy cl3 a9\g] a9fpg], ;DalGwt kif;fu ;xsfo{ ug{]. y ;xsf/l k lzif0f s]gb epsf] 7fpFdf k efjsf/l?kdf k lzif0f ug{ u/fpg kxn ug]{, gepsf] :yfgdf :yfkgfsf nflu hf]8 ug{]. ;a} k b]zdf k b]z:t/lo k lzif0f s]gb cfjzos epsf]n] o;sf nflu z;qm k of; ug{]. y ljqlo sf/f]jf/ ug{] ;xsf/lsf] ;'/Iff / ;'Joj:yfsf nflu ljz]if tflnd / cg'udg k efjsf/l agfpg]. ;du df ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf cg'?k tlg vda] cy{glltnfo{ Jojxf/df :yflkt ug{ ;a} ;xsf/lsf cu'jfx? nflu kg{ h?/l 5. o;/l dfq ;Dj[4 g]kfn / ;'vl g]kfnl agfpg ;lsg5. :yfglo txsf] clwsf/ / ;xsf/l M jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf] tlg txsf] ;/sf/ dwo] :yfglo tx w]/} lx;fan] dxtjk"0f{ ;/sf/ xf]. hgtfsf] ;fy lnp/ hgtfs} efjgf cg';f/ ;+rfng x'g] jf:tljs?kdf hgtf k ToIf?kn] ;+nug x'g] tx xf]. ;xsf/l ;+:yf btf{ ug{], PsLs/0f ug{] / P]g lgod cg';f/ ;+rfng x'g g;sg] ep vf/]h ug{] ;Ddsf] clwsf/ :yfglo txnfo{ 5. Ps :yfglo txleq dfq sfo{ If]q epsf] ;xsf/l ;+:yf :yfglo tx cgtu{t /xg]5g\ / Ps :yfglo txegbf a9l sfo{ If]q epsf ;+:yf k b]z tx cgtu{t x'g5g\ / Ps k b]z egbf w]/} sfo{ If]q epsf ;+3 ;+:yfx? s]gb Lo cyf{t ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] sfo{bfo/f leq kb{5g\. :yfglo tx cyf{t dxfgu/kflnsf, pkdxfgu/kflnsf, gu/kflnsf / ufpfkflnsfsf] ;d]t &%# j6f :yfglo tx 5g\. k To]s :yfglo txn] ;xsf/l If]qsf] btf{, cg'udg / k f]t;fxgsf nflu Pshgf clws[tnfo{ lhddf 18

20 lbg'kg{] x'g5. tl clwsf/l ;xsf/l bz{g, d"no, dfgotf / l;4fgtaf/] k i6 hfgsf/ x'g cfjzos 5. ;Fu;Fu} /fi6«ljsf;sf tlg vdaf dwo] Ps vdaf ;xsf/l epsfn] k To]s :yfglo txn] ;xsf/laf/] ToxL dxtjsf ;fy of]hgf agfp/ sfd ug'{ x/]s :yfglo txsf] st{jo x'g]5. :yfglo txn] ;xsf/l If]qsf nflu b]xfo cg';f/ sfo{ ug{ cfjzos 5. y x/]s :yfglo txn] :yfglo txsf ;xsf/lsf] cfjzostf cg';f/ btf{, kl/rfng, k lzif0f, k f]t;fxgsf nflu cfjzos of]hgf;fy cl3 a9\g h?/l 5. y ;xsf/lsf] 5'6\6} 8]:s :yfkgf u/l Pshgf clws[[tsf] Joj:yf ug{], ltgnfo{ ;xsf/lsf] bz{g, l;4fgt, d"no dfgotfaf/] k lzif0f lbo{ bio agfpg]. y cfkm\gf] sfo{if]qleqsf ;xsf/l ;+3 ;+:yfsf] tyof+s Jojl:yt agfpg], y ;xsf/l If]qsf] k j4{gsf nflu kof{kt jh]6sf] Joj:yf ug]{, y ;xsf/l /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] # vdaf dwo] Ps dxtjk"0f{ vdafsf]?kdf l:jsf/ ug{]. y ;xsf/l cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / jftfj/0flo ljsf;sf] cfwf/ :tdesf]?kdf :jlsf/ ug{]. y ;xsf/l / cgo Joj;fo alr cfwf/e"t cgt/ epsf s'/faf/] k i6 x'g]. y ;xsf/l ;fdflhs Joj;fo xf]. s;}n] ;xsf/lnfo{ /]8qm; ;f];fo6l h:t} xf] eg]/ a' g] / s;}n] ;xsf/l eg]sf] lghl sdkgl h:t} a' g] unt wf/0ffaf6 d'qm x'g'kb{5. y ;xsf/l ;fdflhs Joj;fo xf]. o;n] ;fdflhs Gofo / ptkfbstj j[l4sf nflu ;Fu;Fu} cufl8 a9fpg] Joj;fo g} xf]. y cgo sdkgldf k"fhlåf/f ;b:o lgogqlt x'g5g\ t/ o;sf] l7s pn6f] ;xsf/ldf ;b:oåf/f k"fhldfly lgogq0f /x]sf] x'g5. y of] cfwf/e"t leggtfaf/] ;a} :yfglo tx, k b]z / ;+3Lo ;/sf/ k i6 x'g h?/l 5. y k To]s :yfglo txn] o;sf] dxtj a'em]/ To;} cg';f/ cl3 a9\g h?/l 5. cgtdf M g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, bluf] ljsf; nio / ;xsf/lsf] l;4fgt alrsf] ;DaGw ctogt ulx/f] 5. ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3n] ;Dd xfl;n ug'{kg{]!& a'fb] nio / xfd f] ;+ljwfgsf] k :tfjgfsf alr w]/} ;fldkotf 5. ;xsf/l If]qn] klg cfly{s ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / jftfj/0flo If]qsf] ;dtfd"ns ljsf; / bluf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg5. ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3n] cl3 ;f/]sf] bluf] ljsf; niosf] p2]zo cg'?k cgt/f{li6«o ;xsf/l dxf;+3n] cfkm\gf] sfo{qmd cufl8 a9fpsf] 5. o;} cg'?k /fli6«o ;xsf/l dxf;+3n] bluf] ljsf; nio k flktsf nflu sfo{qmdnfo{ lg/gt/ cufl8 a9fpsf] 5. jf:tjdf of] ;+of]u dfq xf]og ca l;+u} ljzjn] rfx]sf] ljifo Pp6} 5. casf] ljzjn] / xfd f] b]z g]kfnn] klg cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / jftfj/0flo If]qdf klg nf]stflgqs/0fsf] cfjzostf af]w u/]sf] 5. cfhsf] cfjzostf k flktsf nflu eljiosf ;GtfgnfO{ k lts"n k efj kg{] u/l ljsf; ug{] xf]og, bluf] ljsf; g} jf:tljs ljsf; xf] egg]df Psdt epsf] 5. o;sf] emns klg b]lvpsf] 5. xfn} cs;kmf]8{ o"lgel;{6l / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] g]kfnsf] ax'cfoflds ul/alsf af/] u/]sf] cwoogn] klg o;sf] dxtj af]w u/]sf] 5. pqm cwoogn] b]vfpsf] 5, h'g k b]zdf ;xsf/l ;+3 ;+:yf ;3g 5g\, h'g k b]zdf ;xsf/l k lzif0f s]gb lyp. tl k b]zdf ax'cfoflds ul/al sd 5. h'g k b]zdf ;xsf/l sdhf]/ 5 jf ctogt} Go"g lqmofzln 5. To:tf] k b]zdf ax'cfoflds ul/al w]/} 5. h:t} b]zel/df ax'cfoflds ul/al jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf] tlg txsf] ;/sf/ dwo] :yfglo tx w]/} lx;fan] dxtjk"0f{ ;/sf/ xf]. hgtfsf] ;fy lnp/ hgtfs} efjgf cg';f/ ;+rfng x'g] jf:tljs?kdf hgtf k ToIf?kn] ;+nug x'g] tx xf]. ;xsf/l ;+:yf btf{ ug{], PsLs/0f ug{] / P]g lgod cg';f/ ;+rfng x'g g;sg] ep vf/]h ug{] ;Ddsf] clwsf/ :yfglo txnfo{ 5. 19

21 k ltzt 5. k b]z :t/df epsf ax'cfoflds ul/alsf] tyof+s b]xfo cg';f/ kfopsf] 5. k b]z g+=! df!(=&ü k b]z df $&=(Ü k b]z g+= # df!@=@ü k b]z g+= $ df!$=)@ü k b]z g+= % k b]z g+= ^ df %!=@Ü k b]z g+= & df ##=&Ü pqm tyon] ;xsf/l s]jn cfly{s ljifo dfq} xf]og\ cfly{s ;+u} ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts ;a} If]qsf] ;du ljsf;sf nflu dxtjk"0f{ kif xf] egg] s'/f k dfl0ft u/]sf] 5. of] s'/fnfo{ dgg u/]/ x/]s txsf ;/sf/n] ;xsf/ld}ql P]g sfg"g, lgod, lgb{]lzsf agfp/ ;xsf/lsf] Jofkstf / ultlzntfsf] nflu dxtjk"0f{ :yfg lbg'kb{5. ;a} ;xsf/l If]qsf cu'jf ;xsf/lsdl{n] klg ;xsf/lsf] uxg cwoog, cg';gwfg ug{] / To;nfO{ Jojxf/df :yflkt ug{ lg/gt/tf / w}o{tfsf ;fy nflu /xg' kb{5. :yfglo / k fb]lzs ;/sf/sf hglgjf{lrt k ltlglw / /fi6«;]js sd{rf/lx?;fu /fd f] ;DaGw :yflkt u/]/ nuftf/ nlaª u/]/ ;xsf/ld}ql cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{ nflu/xg'k5{. lg/gt/ ;}4flGts a}rfl/s / Jojxfl/s larf/ ljdz{ u/]/ ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf cg'?k bluf] ljsf; nio k flktsf nflu ;xsf/l If]qsf] e"ldsf clej[l4 ug'{kb{5. o;n] d'n'sdf ;xsf/l cleofgsf] e"ldsf clej[l4 x'g'sf ;fy} g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{gjog Pj+ ;Ddsf] bluf] ljsf; nio k flktdf dxtjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'ub5. à à à k b]z :t/df epsf] ax'cfoflds ul/alsf] tyof+s 20

22 hgsnof0f k~rgu/!, gjnk/f;l kmf]g g+= M (*%&)*)&*% Od]n M janakalyan2050@gmail.com l;ghl{ slknj:t' kmf]g g+= M )&^ %%)!^# Od]n M synergycoop@yahoo.com gjhfu/0f dgynl g=kf!, /fd]5fk kmf]g g+= M )$* %$)#*) Od]n M nawajagaransaccos@gmail.com j]a;fo6 M nawajagaran.coop.np ldlnh'nl eld]zj/ g=kf= ^, rl/sf]6, bf]nvf kmf]g g+= M (&& $( $@!#(&, $@!($# Od]nM milijuli50.saccos@gmail.com j]a;fo6 M >L hgd'vl j}t]zj/ %, d}gfkf]v/l bf]nvf kmf]g g+= M )$( $!!)#), $@!*^@ Od]nM info.janamukhi.coop.np j]a;fo6 M PsLs[t k m]08l;k lh/l guf/kflnsf %, bf]nvf kmf]g g+= M )$( $)))$$ Od]n M unitedfriendship.saccos@gmail.com 21

23 u fdl0f ab{3f6 $, gjnk/f;l -jb{3f6 ;':tf klzrd_ kmf]gm (*%&)*)##%, )&* Od]n M graminsaccos@gmail.com j]a;fo6 M graminsaccos.com.np ;b:o ;+Vof M ^@%( hgf -dlxnf #@*% g]km\:s"gsf] a fl0ë sfo{qmd M k f]a]zg a f08 k fkt, PS;]; sfo{qmddf ;xeful k'/:sf/ tyf ;Ddfgx? M pts[i6 ;xsf/l Joj;fo M lhnnf ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= gjnk/f;l pts[i6 ;xsf/l Joj;fo -klzrdf~rn ljsf; If]q_ /fli6«o ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= k b]z g+= % sf] pts[i6 Mg]km\:s"g ;+:yf PsLs/0f M :jl0f{d / ld/ld/] ;fsf];, jb{3f6 ;b:ox?;fusf] bluf] ;DaGw M ;b:o e]63f6, ;'Ts]/L e]63f6, d[to'/fxt sfo{qmd ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkx? M /Qmbfg, cf+vf lzlj/, j[iff/f]k0f, :yfglo ljwfnox?nfo{ ef}lts ;fdfu L ;xof]u, b}jl k sf]ksf] j]nf ;xof]u. ;xf/f dlxnf lgns07 g=kf= # wflbª kmf]g g+= )!) %@)&$^ Od]n : sahara.mahila@yahoo.com art ;]jfx? lgoldt art afn art P]lR5s art v'q's] art cfjlws art b}lgs art lth art ;xf/f dlxnf ljz]if art h]i7 gfu/ls art pkrf/ art ;+rosf]if art C0f ;]jfx? 3/ huuf C0f j}b]lzs C0f s[lif C0f Jofkf/ tyf Joj;fo C0f cfktsfnlg C0f z}lifs C0f pkrf/ C0f o'jf :j/f]huf/ C0f ;x'lnot C0f 22

24 n]v g]kfndf ;xsf/lsf] cj:yf, ;Defjgf / r'gf}tl ;To kxf8l ;f+;b k ltlglw ;ef ; a} ljzjjofkl?kdf cfly{s ;fdflhs?kfgt/0fsf] Ps ;Djfxs agb} uo{/x]sf] ;xsf/l If]q g]kfndf lbgfg'lbg c nf]slk o jgb} uo{/x]sf] 5. hgtfsf] Jofks cfsif{0f, tlg vda] cy{glltsf] Ps vdafsf]?kdf ;xsf/l If]qsf] e"ldsfnfo{ /fhon] cftd;fy u/]sf] cj:yf / cfly{s ;fdflhs hljgsf ljlegg If]qx?df v'nb} u}/x]sf ;xsf/l ;+:yfx? g]kfndf ;xsf/l If]qsf] eljzosf] nflu yk ;sf/ftds ;+s]t x'g. ;fdfgotm g]kfndf ;xsf/l If]qsf] ;'?jft ;f8] 5 bzs cufl8 epsf] b]lvg5. k~rfotl sfndf ;xsf/lnfo{ cufl8 a9fpg' kb{5 egg] ;f+]r b]lvp klg ttsflng /fhg}lts Joj:yfsf] rl/q / ;Ldfsf sf/0f ;xsf/l d}ql jftfj/0f agg ;s]g. ;fn kl5 ;xsf/l If]qnfO{ yk Jojl:yt ug]{ k of;x? ep. To;sf] nflu ;xsf/l P]g lgodfjnlx?sf] Joj:yf ;d]t ep. t/ Tolta]nf klg ;xsf/lnfo{ :yfglo cy{tgqsf] bfo/f leq /fv]/ ;~rfng ug]{ b[li6sf]0fsf] sf/0f ;xsf/l If]q ; ;fgf ;d"x / bfo/fdf dfq ;Lldt x'g k'uof]. kl5nnf] )^# sf] zflgt jftf{kl5 d'n'sdf ;+3Lo nf]stflgqs u0ftgq :yfkgf ; u} ;xsf/l If]q cem Jofks agb} hfg] ljzjf; lno{psf] 5. ;dfhjfb pgd'v cy{tgqsf] lbzf / ;+3, k b]z / :yfglo tlg j6} ;/sf/ / txaf6 ;xsf/lsf] k j4{g / Joj:yfkg ;xsf/l If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu gof cfwf/ agg k'ug] s'/f lglzrt 5. ag]sf] cgtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ;xsf/lnfo{ cy{tgqsf] Ps vdafsf]?kdf Aoa:Yff ul/pkl5 ;xsf/l cfgbf]ngsf] If]q lgs} km/flsnf] x'g u'uof]. o;n] ;xsf/l cfgbf]ngdf ;xeflutf / ;xsf/l If]qsf] e"ldsf b'j}nfo{ u'0fftds 9+un] a9fo{ lbpsf] 5. ;xsf/l If]qsf] jt{dfg cj:yf M ptkfbg tyf lgdf{0f, ljt/0f tyf pkef]u / ljqlo?kdf ;xsf/lx? km}lnb} u}/x]sf 5g\. u fld0f O{nfsfb]lv ;x/l If]q;Dd ; ;fgf pbd Joj;fob]lv d f}nf / 7'nf Joj;fosf] If]qdf ;d]t ;xsf/l cleofg lj:tf/ x'fb} u}/x]sf] 5. ;a} ju{, ;d'bfo, lnë, If]q, k]zfsdl{x? of] cleofgdf ;fd]n x'g] qmd a9\bf] 5. d'n'sdf ;+3Lo nf]stflgqs u0ftgq :yfkgf;fu} ;xsf/l If]q c Jofks agb} hfg] ljzjf; lnopsf] 5. ;dfhjfb pgd'v cy{tgqsf] lbzf / ;+3, k b]z / :yfglo tlg j6} ;/sf/ / txaf6 ;xsf/lsf] k j4{g / Joj:yfkg ;xsf/l If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu goff cfwf/ agg k'ug] s'/f lglzrt 5. cfly{s ;fdflhs hljgsf k fo ;a} If]qdf ;xsf/l If]qsf] pkl:ylt a9\b} u}/x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf ljqlo ;xsf/l cleofgsf cu k+lqdf. s'g} klg k]zf Joj;fo ;~rfngsf] nflu d"vo zt{ cfly{s kif agg] epsf], 5l/P/ /x]sf] k"fhlnfo{ ;+ul7t ubf{ 23

25 pqm cfjzostf k'/f x'g ;Sg] l:ylt / Joj:yfkg klg t'ngftds?kn] ;xh b]lvg] epsf sf/0f ljqlo ;xsf/lx? cgo ;xsf/lsf] bffhf] cln cufl8 a9]sf] b]lvg5. sl/j #% xhf/ s'n ;xsf/l ;+:yf dwo] nueu!$ xhf/ ljqlo ;xsf/lx? lqmofzln 5g\. ;xsf/l If]qsf] dxtj s/la ^) nfv dflg;x?sf] ;xeflutf / lbgfg'lbgsf] a9\bf] cfsif{0fn] g]kfndf ;xsf/l If]qsf] dxtjnfo{ Jojxf/tM k'li6 ub{5. ljzjjofkl?kdf :yflkt d"no, cfh{g u/]sf cg'ej, xfd f] cfkm\g} d'n'sdf xffl;n epsf cg'ejx?, ep u/]sf ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf / b]lvpsf ;Defjgfx?nfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ ;xsf/lsf] dxtjnfo{ ;+If]kdf o;/l pnn]v ug{ ;lsg5. s_ cfly{s dxtj M hgtf alrdf 5l/P/ /x]sf] k"fhl, ;Lk / >dnfo{ ;+ul7t?kdf kl/rfng u/l ul/al lgjf/0f, /f]huf/lsf cj;/sf] l;h{gf ;lxt :yfglo Pj+ /fli6«o cy{tgqdf ;xsf/l If]q dxtjk"0f{ /xg ;Sb5. cfly{s ljsf;df cfd hgtfsf] ;xeflutfsf] ljsf;nfo{ tla / Jofks t'nofpg ;+Dej x'g5. s[lif, pbf]u, hnljb't, aghgo pbdsf] If]qnfO{ ljsf; lj:tf/ ub{} cfly{s ;d[l4sf] dfu{nfo{ yk k z:t ug{ ;Sb5. t;y{ ;xsf/lnfo{ s]jn cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ epsf ju{ / ;d'bfon] :yfglo?kdf ;+ul7t ep/ cfkm\g} nflu sfd ug]{ k 0ffnLsf]?kdf dfq a' g' x'b}g. ;xsf/ln] tnnf] ju{sf] ptyfgsf] ljifonfo{ ljz]if Wofg lbg5 g}, To; cltl/qm ;du cfly{s ljsf;df ;d]t ;xsf/ln] dxtjk"0f{ of]ubfg k' ofpg] epsf] sf/0f ;xsf/lnfo{ cfy{tgqsf] Ps vdaf dflgpsf] xf]. v_ ;fdflhs dxtj M ;xsf/l cleofgn] cfly{s ljsf;df hg;xeflutfnfo{ k j4{g dfq ub}{g, cfly{s ljsf;sf k ltkmndf ;xh kx'frsf] jftfj/0f klg l;h{gf ub{5. :yfglo :t/af6 ljsl;t x'fb} cufl8 a9\g] epsf sf/0f ;d'bfo / hgtfsf] 7'nf] lx:;fsf] Ifdtf / k]zfut biftf ljsf;df 6]jf k' ofo{/x]sf] x'g5. To;}u/L ljsf;df ;a}sf] nflu cj;/ tof/ ub}{ ;dfj]zl ;dfh lgdf{0fdf ;d]t of]ubfg k' ofpsf] x'g5. If]qut lx;fan] ;d]t ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf] jftfj/0f tof/ x'fb} hfg5. o;y{ ;xsf/ln] cfly{s ;d[l4sf] cnfjf ;fdlhs Gofo :yfkgfdf ;d]t ljlzi6 of]ubfg k' ofpg] b]lvg5. u_ cy{ /fhgllts dxtj M ;xsf/l ;f f cfly{s ;fdflhs p2]zosf nflu ul/g] ;xsfo{ xf]. j]nfotl gfu/ls /f]j6{ cf]j]gn] ;xsf/l cfgbf]ng dfkm{t ;dfhjfbsf] kl/snkgf ;d]t u/]sf lyp. olta]nf g]kfn ;dfhjfb pgd'v cy{tgq lgdf{0fsf] r/0fdf 5. ;fdflhs Gofodf cfwfl/t pqm cfly{s ;fdflhs Joj:yf lgdf{0fdf ;xsf/l dfkm{t cfd hg;d'bfon] cfkm\gf] e"ldsf, bflotj / clwsf/nfo{ ;'lglzrt ug{ ;Sb5g\. To;}u/L x/]s If]qdf b]lvb} cfpsf] larf}lnof x?sf] k efjsf sf/0f /fho / gful/s b'j}n] gf]s;fgl Joxf]g'{ kl//x]sf] cj:yfdf cfd gul/ssf] hljg :t/df ;'wf/ ub}{ ;dfhjfb pgd'v /fli6«o cy{tgq lgdf{0fdf ;d]t ;xsf/lsf] ljz]if dxtj b]lvg5. ;d:of Pj+ r'gf}tlx? M s_ x/]s goff pknawl ;Fu} s]xl r'gf}tlx? klg l;h{gf x'fb} cfo{/x]sf x'g5g\. ;xsf/l If]q hlt nf]slk o / Jofks x'fb} hfg5 larf}lnof / Psflwsf/ JolQmx?sf] e"ldsf s]xl ;Lldt x'g hfg5. To; kl5 pglx? ;xsf/l lj?4 ljlegg nf~5gf nufpg] / t]hf]jw ug]{ sf]l;;df nfub5g\. g]kfndf klg ;xsf/l cfgbf]ngdf b]lvpsf Psfw ulnt sdhf]/lx?nfo{ kxf8 agfpg] sf]l;; ul//x]sf] b]lvg5. ;xsf/l cfgbf]ngn] xffl;n u/]sf pknawlx? k lt uf}/j ub}{ b]lvpsf sdhf]/lx?nfo{ ;Rrfpb} cl3 a9\g] k 0f / k ltj4tf u/]/ g} To; vfnsf r'gf}tlx?sf] ;fdgf ub}{ cl3 a9\g ;Dej x'g5. v_ ;xsf/lsf] If]qsf r'gf}tlx?af/] rrf{ ubf{ aflx/ b]vf kg]{ r'gf}tlsf] dfq xf]o{g cfgtl/s hljgdf k s6 x'g] r'gf}tltkm{ klg Wofg lbg} kb{5. 24

26 ;xsf/l cleofgsf] ;kmntf ;Fu} ;xsf/lsdl{x? ;fdflhs pq/bflotjaf6 cnu ep/ ljz'4 Joj;foL agg ;Sg] r'gf}tltkm{ klg plqs} ;hs x'g h?/l x'g5. u_ pnn]lvt ;d:of Pj+ r'gf}tlsf cnjf ljifout biftf k fkt gx'g', ;xsf/l If]qsf] nufgl cg'ptkfbs If]qdf x'g', cfgtl/s ;'zf;g dfly p7\g] sltko k Zgx? C0f ;xsf/l If]qdf b]lvpsf yk ;d:of / r'gf}tl x'g\. o;f] elg/xfbf ;d:of / r'gf}tlsf] kf6f] ;xsf/l cfgbf]ngsf] d"n k j[lq xf]o{g of] ;xfos Pj+ uf}0f kif xf]. cfh ;xsf/l cfgbf]ngsf] d"n k j[lq ;kmntf, pknawl / uf}/j xf] egg] s'/fnfo{ eg] la;{g' x'b}g. Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx? s_ ;xsf/l lziff cleofg M ;xsf/l k ltsf] hgtfsf] a9\bf] cfsif{0fnfo{ Jojl:yt / ;'b[9 ub}{ cufl8 a9\g ;xsf/l lziffnfo{ cleofgsf]?kdf cufl8 a9fpg h?/l 5. ljbfno lziffaf6 g} kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]z ug'{sf ;fy} cgo ljlegg dfwodaf6 x/]s j8f;dd k' ofpg cfjzos 5. v_ ;a} txdf ;xsf/l ;+/rgf lgdf{0f M ;+ljwfgn] ;+3, k b]z / :yfglo txdf ;d]t ;xsf/lsf] sfo{if]q lgwf{/0f u/]sf] l:yltdf k b]z / :yfglo txdf ;d]t ;xsf/l cfgbf]ngnfo{ Jojl:yt ug]{ k efjsf/l ;+/rgfx? lgdf{0f ug{' kb{5. u_ Joj;flos biftfsf] ljsf; ug'{ kb{5 M ;xsf/lsdl{x?nfo{ ;xsf/l lziffsf] 1fg ep/ dfq k'ub}g cfjzos Joj;foL biftf / ;Lk ;d]t ljsf; ug{ kflnsf tx;dd ;xsf/l s]lgb t l;kd'ns tflndsf] ;d]t Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ x'g5. 3_ /fhosf] e"ldsf ;xof]ul x'g' kb{5 M ;xsf/l ;+:yfx? :jfoq x'g5g\ / of] x:tif]k d'qm x'g' kb{5. o;sf] cy{ /fhon] ;xsf/l If]qsf] k j4{gsf] nflu cfjzos ;xof]u ug'{ x'b}g egg] xf]o{g. ;fdflhs Gofo :yflkt ug]{ pwb]zo af]s]sf] ;/sf/n] ;xsf/l If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf] nflu gllt / sfg"g nfo{ yk ;xsf/l d}ql agfpgsf ;fy} cgo cfjzos ;xof]usf nflu ;d[t Wofg lbg' kb{5. ª_ ;xsf/lx? alr ;xsfo{ x'g' kb{5 M Pp6} k s[ltsf ;xsf/lx? alrsf] ;xsfo{sf ;fy} legg legg rl/qsf ptkfbg, pkef]u / ljqlo ;xsf/lx? alrsf] ;xsfo{n] ;xsf/l If]qsf] u'0fftds ljsf;df ;xof]u k' ofp5. r_ ;xsf/l If]qn] ;/sf/ / lghl If]q;Fu ;d]t ;xsfo{ ug'{ kb{5 M tlg vda] cy{glltsf] cy{ tlgj6} If]qn] cnu cnu 9+un] sfd ug'{sf cltl/qm cfjzostf cg';f/ tlg j6} jf s'g} b'o{sf] alrdf ;xsfo{ ug]{ klg epsf]n] ;/sf/ ;xsf/l / ;xsf/l lghl If]q alrsf] ;f ]bf/l af/] klg cfufdl lbgdf ;f]rb} hfg' kg]{ b]lvg5. 5_ cfgtl/s ;'zf;g k j4{g M s'g} klg If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu cfg/ls hljg :j:y / ;'b[9 Pj+ k efjsf/l x'g} kb{5. ;+:yfsf] k efjsf/ltf sf] nflu :ki6 sfo{lbzf / l6d l:k 6sf] cnjf kf/bzl{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf, lgikiftf nufotsf ;'zf;g;fu ;Djlwt kifdf lg/gt/ Wofg lbo{/xg' kg]{ x'g5. dfly pnn]lvt ljifo j:t'sf cfwf/df s] egg ;lsg5 eg] g]kfndf ;/sf/l / hg:t/af6 ;d]t ;xsf/lnnfo{ ljz]if dxtjsf ;fy c+lusf/ ub}{ cfpsf] sf/0f ;xsf/l If]qsf] eljio lgs} phofnf] b]lvg5 eg] ;xsf/l If]qn] cfly{s ;fdflhs?kfgt/0fsf If]qdf ljz]if of]ubfg ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgfx? yk x'fb} u}/x]sf 5g\. ;xsf/l If]q hlt nf]slk o / Jofks x' b} hfg5 larf}lnof / Psflwsf/ JolQmx?sf] e"ldsf s]xl ;Lldt x'g hfg5. To;kl5 pglx? ;xsf/l lj?4 ljlegg nf~5gf nufpg] / t]hf]jw ug]{ sf]l;;df nfub5g\. g]kfndf klg ;xsf/l cfgbf]ngdf b]lvpsf Psfw ulnt sdhf]/lx?nfo{ kxf8 agfpg] sf]l;; ul//x]sf] b]lvg5. ;xsf/l cfgbf]ngn] xffl;n u/]sf pknawlx? k lt uf}/j ub}{ b]lvpsf sdhf]/lx?nfo{ ;Rrfpb} cl3 a9\g] k 0f / k ltj4tf u/]/ g} To; vfnsf r'gf}tlx?sf] ;fdgf ub}{ cl3 a9\g ;Dej x'g5. 25

27 sf]lno b]jxb g=kf= &, sf]lnodfu{,?kgb]xl kmf]g g+= M )&! %&&%(^, ^#)%(^ Od]n M koliyasahakari@gmail.com j]a;fo6 M ;fd"lxs ljsf; ltnf]tdf #, z+s/gu/,?kgb]xl kmf]g g+= M )&! $!$#!!, $!$@*$ Od]n M samuhiksaccos@gmail.com n'ldagl e}/xjf,?kgb]xl kmf]g g+= M )&! %@%*!& Od]n M lumbinicop@gmail.com n'ldagl e'dxl, gjnk/f;l kmf]g g+= M (*%&)@(#)# Od]n M lumibin.sacos2056@gmail.com 6fs'/f Go"/f]8, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $@$&(&%, $!%*^%# Od]n M takuracooperative@gmail.com k 0ffdL ;an axfn, Go"/f]8, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $@!%#(*, $@%%&*& Od]n M pranamisaccos@gmail.com 26

28 n]v cfly{s ljsf;, ;d[l4 / ;xsf/l uf]klgfy d}gfnl ;lrj e"ld Joj:yf, ;xsf/l tyf ul/al lgjf/0f dgqfno ;/n cy{df lnbf cfk;l lxtsf nflu ;xsfo{ g} ;xsf/l xf]. cgt/f{li6«o ;xsf/l ;+3sf cg';f/ ;+o'qm :jfldtj / k hftflgqs lgogq0fdf /xg] pbdsf] dfwodaf6 cfk\mgf ;dfg cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts cfjzostf Pjd\ cfsf+iff k flktsf nflu :j]r5fn] Pstfj4 JolQmx?af6 :yflkt ;+u7g ;xsf/l xf]. cfly{s Joj;fo / pbdx? JolQmut, sdkglsf?kdf / ;fd"lxs lxtsf nflu ug{ ;lsg5. ;xsf/ln] j}olqms pbdzlntf / sdkglsf ahf/jfbl l;4fgtaf6 k//xl Joj;fonfO{ ;fd"lxs lxt / ;dfg cfjzostf k"/f ug{ s]lgb t u/fp5, h;sf nflu ;xsf/lsf ol cfwf/e"t d"no x'g5g\ M y cftd ;xof]u y :jpq/bfol y k hftflgqs y ;dfgtf y Gofo y P]Soj4tf plnnlvt ^ d"nox?sf cfwf/df ;xsf/lx? :yfglo tj/af6 ;dfg cfjzostf / cfsf+iff k"/f ug{sf nflu :jod\ kl/rflnt x'g5g\, :jlgoldt x'g5g\ / kmfobfsf ;dfg g]kfnl ;dfh d]nldnfk / cfk;l ;xof]usf] ;+:s[ltdf wgl 5. ;xsf/l ;fdflhs hljg k4ltsf kifdf k/fk"j{b]lv g} cl:ttjdf /x b} cfp ;fndf ;xsf/l ljefusf] :yfkgf epkl5 /fhosf] cf}krfl/s sfo{;"rldf /x]sf] b]lvg5. efulbf/l /fvb5g\. To;}n] ;xsf/l cfkm\gf] OR5fsf] ;+:yf, cfkm\gf] Ifdtfsf] Joj;fo / cfkm\gf] efjgfsf] cleofg xf]. ldx]gt / kl/>d, ;xsfo{ / ;dk{0f ;xsf/lsf u'0f x'g\, h;sf cfwf/df ;xsf/l ;fdflhs hljg k4lt agg ;S5. g]kfndf ;xsf/l cfgbf]ng g]kfnl ;dfh d]nldnfk / cfk;l ;xof]usf] ;+:s[ltdf wgl 5. ;xsf/l ;fdflhs hljg k4ltsf kifdf k/fk"j{b]lv g} cl:ttjdf /xb} cfp ;fndf ;xsf/l ljefusf] :yfkgf epkl5 /fhosf] cf}krfl/s sfo{;"rldf /x]sf] b]lvg5. klxnf] k~rjifl{o of]hgf df ;xsf/l If]qsf] p2]zo / gllt ;dfj]z u/l ;xsf/lnfo{ >lds tyf s[ifsdflysf] C0fef/ 36fpg] / nf]stflgqs 9+un] cfk;l ;xof]u ljsf; ug{ ;3fp k' ofpg] ;+ogqsf?kdf :jlsf/l ;xsf/lsf] cfly{s e"ldsfnfo{ :ki6 3f]if0ff ul/of]. pqm of]hgf cjlwdf d'n'se/ $%)) ;+:yfx? :yfkgf ug]{ nio /flvpsf] lyof]. ;xsf/lsf ;ft l;4fgt :j]lr5s tyf v'nf ;b:otf ;b:ox?af6 k hftflgqs lgogq0f ;b:ox?sf] cfly{s ;xeflutf :jfoqtf / :jtgqtf lziff, tflnd / ;"rgf ;xsf/l alr ;xof]u ;d'bfok lt rf;f] k yd of]hgfdf /flvpsf] p2]zo sfof{gjogsf] qmd df jvfg ;xsf/l ;+:yf btf{af6 z'? eof]. o; lbgnfo{ g]kfnsf] 27

29 ;xsf/l cleofgsf] cf}krfl/s yfngl egg df klxnf]k6s ;xsf/l sfof{gjogdf cfpkl5 ;xsf/lnfo{ sfg"gl ;+/rgfsf lx;fadf Jojl:yt / ;+/lift ug{ vf]lhpsf] b]lvg5. sf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{gkl5 ;xsf/lnfo{ o;sf d"ne"t l;4fgt / d"noegbf klg ttsflng /fhg}lts Joj:yfsf] cfly{s bz{g sfof{gjogtkm{ lglb{i6 ul/psfn] ;xsf/lx? hg:t/sf ;+u7gegbf klg c4{/fhgllts ;+ogqsf?kdf ;+/lift / kl/rflnt df ;xsf/l k lzif0f df ;xsf/l a}+s -h;nfo{ kl5 s[lif ljsf; a}+sdf df ;+:yfsf] k'gu{7g tyf PsLs/0f h:tf ;+/rgfut sfo{x? x'fb} df Jofks?kdf ;femf ;+:yfx? lj:tf/ / kl/rfng ug]{ ;femf cleofgú yflnof] df ;femf ;+:yf P]g hf/l ul/of]. ol ;+/rgfut kl/j{tgn] ;xsf/l d"no / l;4fgtnfo{ eg] vf;} ;+:yfut u/]g, a? Joj:yfsf] lgb]{lzt lqmofsnfksf] ;fd'bfols/0f ug]{ ;+ogqsf?kdf ;femfx? lj:tf/ ep. k~rfot Joj:yfsf] clegg bz{gsf?kdf ;+/If0f / ljsf; ul/of]. ;xsf/l cleofgsdl{x?sf] ;+nugtfegbf /fhg}lts?kdf ;+/If0f ul/of] / k~rfot, ufpfkms{ /fli6«o cleofg, e"ld;'wf/, clgjfo{ art cleofg h:t} ;femf cleofgnfo{ lglb{i6 ul/of]. k hftflgqs ;+u7g, :jod\ lgogq0f, :jpq/bflotj / ;b:o s]lgb ttf ;a} ljifoj:t'x? lgb]{zt lyp. kl/0ffdtm /fd f sfd ug]{ ;femfú x?nfo{ klg ;xsf/lú cleofgsf kfq egg ;lsg] cj:yf /x]g. ;femfnfo{ 5' } bz{gsf?kdf ljsf; lj:tf/ ug{ vf]lhof]. ttsflng ;femfsf ol rf/ cfwf/e"t rl/q /x]sf] lyof] M y ;xsf/l l;4fgtegbf ;/sf/af6 lgb]{lzt / lgolgqt lyp, y ;femfsf] /fi6«jofkl ;ª\u7g lypg, s]xl lhnnf / ;'ljwf :yfgdf dfq lqmofzln lyp, y gfd ;femf epklg sfd ;femf lypg. lglb{i6?kdf art tyf shf{sf] sfd ub{y], y lqmofsnfkx? ;b:o kl/rflntegbf lglb{i6 / /fhgllts[t lyp. ;DklQ Joj:yfkg klg Jojl:yt lypg. hgcfgbf]ng efu! d'n'sn] cjndjg u/]sf] pbf/ /fhobz{gsf sf/0f cgo If]qdf h:t} ;xsf/l If]qdf klg ;'wf/sf k of;x? x'gyfn]. cgtl/d ;/sf/sf] ;dodf /fwfs[i0f d}gfnlsf] ;+of]hstjdf ;xsf/l cfgbf]ngnfo{ s;/l cl3 a9fpg] / cfly{s ;fdflhs ;xsf/l cleofgnfo{ Jofks lj:tf/ ug{ ;x'lnot, 5'6 / ;'ljwfsf] h?/t kg'{ :jfefljs xf]. cleofgn] lglzrt cfsf/ glnp;dd ;x'lnot emg} dxtjk"0f{ x'g5. o;} cjwf/0ff ;Dd ;xsf/l ;+:yf s/d'qm lyp. af6 zx/df sfo{if]q epsf ;xsf/lx? #) k ltztsf] s/ bfo/fdf kg{ up. ljsf;df kl/rfng ug]{ egg] ljifodf ;'emfj lbg $% lbgsf] sfof{jlw ;lxt prr:t/lo ;ldlt u7g ul/of]. pqm ;ldltsf] k ltj]bgsf cfwf/df /fli6«o ;xsf/l ljsf; af]8{,, /fli6«o ;xsf/l ;+3, ;xsf/l a}+s :yfkgf / ;xsf/l th'{df ul/of]. P]gn] ;xsf/l ;+:yfnfo{ btf{, lgodg tyf k zf;g / k j4{g ug]{ cfwf/ lbof]. kl/0ffdtm lglb{i6 Joj:yfsf ;femfsf gfddf ;~rflnt *## ;+:yf klg ca ;xsf/ldf kl/0ft ep. ltgsf] Joj:yfkg, ;~rfng klg ;xsf/l P]g cg'?k g} x'gyfnof]. ;xsf/l n] ;xsf/l cleofgnfo{ ttsflng cj:yfdf k j4{g tyf lgodgsf] sfg"gl cfwf/ lbg k'uof]. o;n] ;xsf/lnfo{ o;sf dfgo d"no tyf l;4fgtdf cfwfl/t agfpg] 9frf k :t't u/]sf] lyof]. csf]{ zjbdf egbf kl/jlt{t zf;slo k 0ffnLcg'?k sfg"g tyf gllt kl/dfh{gsf] pkhsf]?kdf P]g hf/l epsf] lyof]. P]gn] ;xsf/lsf] kl/efiff, ;xsf/l btf{sf] dfgb08, sfo{if]q, ;xsf/ln] kfpg] 5'6 ;'ljwf, ;+:yfsf] lnsjl8]zg, b08 ;hfo nufotsf] ljifodf pnn]v u/]sf] lyof]. ;xsf/l n] o;sf sfo{ljlwut lj:t[tls/0f x'gk'uof]. P]gn] ;xsf/l ;+:yf / ;+3x?sf] u7g Pjd\ ;~rfng j:t't :jmlgodg u/]kl5 ;xsf/l cfgbf]ngdf Jofks hg;xeflutf b]lvg k'uof]. 5' } ;xsf/l dgqfno gepsf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/nfo{ ;xsf/l gllt lgod th'{df ljifodf ;Nnfx lbg / ;xsf/l cleofgnfo{ ;3fpg ljz]ifls[t sfo{ ug{ /fli6«o ;xsf/l ljsf; af]8{ cg';f/ :yfol ;+/rgfsf?kdf /fli6«o ;xsf/l ljsf; jf8{sf] :yfkgf ul/of]. ;xsf/l ljefun] lgodg, k zf;g tyf s]xl k j4{gsf/l sfd / af]8{n] k/fdz{bfol / k j4{gsf/l sfd u/l ;xsf/l cleofgdf of]ubfg k' ofpg df ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf] /fli6«o ;+u7gsf]?kdf /fli6«o ;xsf/l ;+3sf] :yfkgf eof] af6 o;n] cgt/f{li6«o ;xsf/l cleofgsf] ;b:o k fkt u/l g]kfnsf] ;xsf/l cfgbf]ngnfo{ ljzj ;xsf/l cleofgsf] clegg efusf?kdf cfj4 ug{k'uof]. o;kl5 eg] ;+:yfut?kdf g} ;xsf/l ;+:yfx? cgo d'n'ssf ;xsf/l cfgbf]ngsf c;n ceof; / cg'ejaf6 nfeflgjt x'g k'u] eg] g]kfnsf s]xl /fd f sfo{x?sf af/]df affsl ljzjn] a'em\g kfpg] ;DaGw ;'q sfod df ttsflng s[lif dgqfnonfo{ s[lif tyf ;xsf/l dgqfnodf kl/0ft u/l 28

30 ;xsf/lnfo{ dgqfnout txdf dxtj lbopsf] b]lvg5. t/ s[lif cfkm}df a[xb If]q / ;xsf/l cleofg cfkm}df cgt/;dalgwt ljifo epsf]n] s[lif dgqfnosf] g]t[tjdf ;xsf/l cleofgn] kfpg' kg]{ hlt dxtj / k fyldstf kfpg. ;fy} ;xsf/l cleofgnfo{ cy{tgqsf cgo pkif]q;fu cfj4 ug]{, If]q pkif]qalrsf] cfj4tf sfod ug]{ ljifodf Jofj;flos ;f]r ;d]t ck]lift?kdf x'g ;s]g. ;xsf/l cleofgnfo{ Jofks lj:tf/ ug{ ;x'lnot, 5'6 / ;'ljwfsf] h?/t kg'{ :jfefljs xf]. cleofgn] lglzrt cfsf/ glnp;dd ;x'lnot emg} dxtjk"0f{ x'g5. o;} cjwf/0ff ;Dd ;xsf/l ;+:yf s/d'qm lyp. af6 zx/df sfo{if]q epsf ;xsf/lx? #) k ltztsf] s/ bfo/fdf kg{ up. ;xsf/lx? zx/l If]qdf a9l s]lgb s[t epsf] ;Gbe{df s/f/f]k0fsf] Joj:yfn] ;xsf/lnfo{ ufptkm{ klg lqmofsnfk lj:tf/ ug{ ;Gb]z lbpsf] x'g;s5. h]xf];\ o; sfo{af6 ;xsf/lnfo{ /fli6«o sfo{;"rldf k fyldstf;fy gx]l/psf] xf] ls egg] ;Gb]x klg cleofgsdl{df b]lvof]. o;af6 ;xsf/l cfgbf]ngdf gsf/ftds k efj kg{uof]. ;/sf/sf] cfly{s bz{gnfo{ 3f]if0ff ug]{ sfd jflif{s ah]6n] klg ub}{ cfpsf] 5. cfly{s ^@ sf] ah]6 aqmjon] ol ljifo ;lxt ;xsf/l If]qnfO{ klxnf]kn6 lgs} dxtj lbfb} gllt 3f]if0ff u of]. y ufpf ufpfdf ;xsf/l, 3/ 3/df /f]hfuf/lsf] l;h{gf ug{ k of; ug]{, y ljb't ptkfbg tyf ljt/0fdf ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf] ;+nugtf a9fpfb} n}hfg], y lghl If]qdf v'n]sf ljbfno tyf z}lifs ;+:yfnfo{ ;xsf/lsf?kdf btf{ ub}{ n}hfg] Joj:yf ul/g], y /fli6«o ;xsf/l ljsf; sf]if v8f ug]{, y ;xsf/l k lzif0f s]gb nfo{ /fli6«o ;xsf/l ;+3 / s]gb Lo ;xsf/l ;+3x?sf] ;xeflutfdf :jfoq k lzif0f ;+:yfsf]?kdf ljsf; ul/g], y b'uw ljsf; ;+:yfgsf lr:ofg s]gb x? b'uw ptkfbs ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?fo{ x:tfgt/0f ul/g], y u fdl0f ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yf jf ;+3sf] cfos/, k"jf{wf/ ljsf; eo{ g;s]sf gu/kflnsfdf /x]sf tyf tf]lspsf gu/kflnsfdf /x]sf ;+:yfx?nfo{ klg cfos/ gnfug] Joj:yf df ;xsf/l tyf ul/al lgjf/0f dgqfnosf] :yfkgf epkl5 ;xsf/l If]qnfO{ /fli6«o :t/df x]g]{ Psn s]gb Lo lgsfosf] cefj k"/f eof], h;nfo{ Ps dxtjk"0f{ pknljwsf?kdf lng ;lsg5. ;fy} ;xsf/lnfo{ ul/al lgjf/0fsf] dfwodsf?kdf :jlsfl/psf] 5. o;af6 ;xsf/l cleofgnfo{ dgf]j}1flgs?kdf epklg k f]t;fxg ldn]sf] lyof]. ;xsf/ln] cgo dgqfno / ;/sf/sf c+ux?;fu ;dgjo, ;Dks{ / gllt th'{dfsf nflu dgqfnosf] g]t[tj k efjs/l b]lvg k'uof]. dgqfnosf] :yfkgfkl5 /fli6«o ;xsf/l gllt th'{df eof] eg] ;xsf/l ljsf; /0fgLltsf] d:of}bf u of]. ;fljs ;xsf/l tyf ul/al lgjf/0f dgqfno s[lif, e"ld Joj:yf tyf ;xsf/l dgqfnodf uflep klg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ljefhg lgofdjnln] ;fljs dgqfnon] ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfd ;a} goff dgqfnon] ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]n] ul/al / ;xsf/lnfo{ x]g]{ PsLs[t b[li6sf]0f ljsf; epsf] 5 / ul/al;fu ;DalGwt ljifodf ;xsf/lsf] yk of]ubfgsf] dfu{ k z:t epsf] 5. ;xsf/l cleofgn] ef]lu/x]sf ;d:of / To;sf] lgbfgsf nflu lnog'kg]{ sbd, cgt/ dgqfno ;dgjo Pjd\ ;xsfo{ / ;xsf/l tyof+ª\slo cfwf/ tof/ kf/l ;xsf/l ;DaGwL gllt, lg0f{onfo{ tyodf cfwfl/t agfpg dgqfnon] sfo{ ub}{ cfpsf] 5 eg] ;xsf/l cleofgsf] ;+/If0f Pjd\ ;xsf/l;fu ;xsfo{df dgqfnosf] e"ldsf dfu{bz{s jgb} cfpsf] 5. dgqfnosf] kxndf ;xsf/l ;DaGwL sfg"gx?nfo{ ;+zf]wg / PsLs[t ug{ ag]sf] klg ttsflng Jojf:yflksf ;+;baf6 kfl/t eo{ ut]b]lv sfof{gjogdf cfpsf] 5. t/ ;xsf/l ;DaGwL sltko ljifox? If]qut P]g;Fu aflempsf] ;Gbe{df df}h'bf P]gnfO{ kl/dfh{g ug]{ k of]hgsf nflu e"ld Joj:yf, ;xsf/l tyf ul/al lgjf/0f dgqfnon] sfo{bn agfo{ yk u[xsfo{ ul//x]sf] 5. ul/al lgjf/0f / ;xsf/l ;xsf/l ;b:ox?sf] :j]lr5s cfkl;stf / ;xsfo{ xf]. ljkggx? cfkm\gf ;dfg cfjzostf / cfsfª\iff k"/f ug{ ;fdflhs cfly{s k lqmofdf cfj4 x'g rfxg5g\. lsgsl pglx?nfo{ g} cfly{s ;+u7g / ;fdflhs cfj4tfsf] a9l cfjzostf x'g5. ;dfg :jfldtj, kmfobf / hf]lvdsf sf/0f ;b:ox? ljzjf;sf] phf{df ultzln x'g5g\. ;fdflhs, cfly{s / dfgjlo tlg} k sf/sf] k"fhl lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ ;xsf/ln] ug{;sg] epsf]n] of] ul/al lgjf/0fsf] dfwod / cfly{s ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ xf]. cfly{s k ltkmn / ahf/sf] ;Lldttfsf sf/0f lghl If]q nufgl ug{ gupsf] jf grfx]sf] u fdl0f If]qdf ;xsf/l g} ;d'bfo:t/sf] ptkfbg ;+u7g / /f]huf/l l;h{gfsf] dfwod xf]. o;n] :yfglo ;+efjgf / u fdl0f ;d'bfosf] ;Lk Pjd\ ; ;fgf] k"fhlnfo{ ptkfbg 29

31 k lqmofdf nlu pkof]lutf l;h{gf ub{5. u fdl0f If]q k fotm s[lif tyf ag k}bfjf/df lgjf{x ug]{ If]q xf], cfw'lgs Joj;fo / snsf/vfgf u fdl0f If]qdf sdl x'g5. u fdl0f If]qdf s[lif ;xsf/lx?dfkm{t s[lif km;nsf] ptkfbg tyf ptkfbstj a9fpg], k zf]wg, ;~ro e08f/0f ug]{ / ahf/ls/0fsf dfwodaf6 cfo:t/ a9fpg ;lsg5. g]kfnsf] s[lif ptkfbg k ljlw k/dk/ut 5 / v]tl lgjf{xd'vl 5. ;Lldt s[lifof]uo e"ld v08ls/0f e}/x]sf] 5, s[lif ;fwgsf] kof{kttf 5}g. ptkflbt s[lif km;nsf] Jojl:yt ahf/ 5}g. ptkfbs / pkef]qmfalr ;DaGw :yflkt 5}g. ljrf}lnofn] ptkfbg pkef]qmf ;DaGwnfO{ cj/f]w u/l b'j}tkm{ 7lu/x]sf 5g\. ;xsf/ln] s[lifnfo{ lgjf{xsf] k]zfaf6 Joj;fosf] :t/df n}hfg ;S5. s[lifdf cfw'lgs k ljlw leq\ofpg, s[lif ptkfbgsf] ;~ro e08f/0f ug{, ahf/ Jojl:yt ug{, df}lns laplahg ;+/If0f ug{, s[lifsf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ / s[ifsnfo{ ;zqmls/0f ug{ ;Qm5. kfl/jfl/s Pjd\ v08ls[t k/dk/fut v]tlnfo{ ;fd"lxs, Jofj;flos / cfw'lgs v]tldf abng cleofg rnfpg ;Sb5. s]xl s[lif ;xsf/ln] o; If]qdf pnn]v sfd u/l k bz{g k efj klg kfl//x]sf 5g\. o;y{ u fdl0f s[lifleqsf] ul/al 36fpg ;xsf/l cfkm}df /0fgLlts cleofg agg ;S5. ;xsf/l k ToIf k/f]if?kdf gful/s ;zqmls/0fsf] ;zqm dfwod xf]. lj:tf/sf] r/0f k"/f u/l ;jnls/0fdf k'u]sf ;xsf/lx? ljifout Joj;fodf ;b:ox?nfo{ ;zqmls/0f u/l pkef]qmf ahf/df bl/nf] pkl:ylt b]vfpg ;Ifd x'g5g\. o'/f]k tyf Plzofsf s]xl d'n'sdf vfb j:t', lah'nl, pkf]uo j:t', aldf Pjd\ ljqlo ;]jfdf ;xsf/ln] ahf/sf] pnn]vo lx:;f lnpsf 5g\. cgt/f{li6«o ;xsf/l ;+3n] s]xlcl3 k sflzt k ltj]bg cg';f/ g]b/nof08df cfn' ptkfbgsf]!)) k ltzt, blif0f sf]l/ofdf s[lif ptkfbgsf] $) k ltzt, lkmgnof08df b}lgs ;]jfsf] ## k ltzt, cd]l/sfdf phf{ cfk"lt{sf]!# k ltzt lx:;f ;xsf/lsf] 5. To:t} ef/tdf s[lif ptkfbgsf] #& k ltzt, dfn6fdf df5f cfk"lt{df () k ltzt / xf]08'/;df aldf k ltzt ;xsf/ln] cf]u6]sf] 5. g]kfndf ljqlo ;]jfsf] sl/j!( k ltzt ;xsf/lsf] lx:;f 5. o;/l ljsl;t tyf ljsf;f]gd'v b'j} k s[ltsf d'n'sx?df ;xsf/ln] cfkm\gf] sfo{if]q lj:tf/ ub}{ upsf 5g\. ;xsf/l ;fdflhs ;zqmls/0f / g]t[tj ljsf;sf] klg dfwod xf]. ;xsf/ldf ;+nug ;b:ox? cfkm\gf ljifonfo{ ;d"x k lqmofdf n}hfg / cgttm lj:t[t sfo{;"rl lbg ;kmn 5g\. g]kfndf sl/j ^# nfv ;j{;fwf/0f ;xsf/ldf cfj4 eo{ b'o{nfvegbf a9l Joj:yfkg txdf k'u]sf 5g\. ;fdflhs d"no ;+:s[ltsf sf/0f dlxnfx? g]t[tj ljsf;df kl5 kb}{ cfpsf 5g\. xfn ;xsf/l ;+:yfdf dlxnf ;b:o %!=% k ltzt k'u]sf] 5. ;fy} dlxnf ;~rflnt ;xsf/l $@&# k'u]sf] 5. o;n] dlxnf ;zqmls/0f Pjd\ g]t[tj ljsf;df pnn]vo of]ubfg k' ofpsf] 5. ul/ad'vl cfly{s j[l4sf nflu ;xsf/l Pp6f ;zqm cleofg xf]. cfly{s j[l4sf nflu :jod ul/a kl/rfng / k fkt k ltkmnsf] ;dgoflos ljt/0f ;xsf/l lqmofsnfkdf b]vg ;lsg5. ptkfbgsf k lqmofx? zx/ s]lgb t, ;'ljwf s]lgb t / ahf/ s]lgb tdfq x'bf gllt sfo{qmd lgdfgjls[t x'g] ;+efjgf /xg5. of] bluf] ljsf; / cfly{s j[l4sf] e/kbf]{ dfwod klg xf]og. ;dfgtf / Gofosf] dfwod klg xf]og. To;f] x'g glbg ;xsf/l h:tf ;fd'bflos cleofg ;zqm x'g] ub{5. ;fy} lj:t[ttfdf cfwfl/t cfly{s j[l4 / ;dfj]zl cfly{s j[l4sf nflu ;xsf/l kl/rflnt x'g] ub{5. g]kfnsf] cfly{s j[l4 g ;dfj]zl 5 g lj:t[t g}. s]xl cfly{s If]q / zx/ahf/dfq l;+uf] cy{tgqsf] cfwf/ alg/x]sf] ;Gbe{df ufp3/df :yflkt ;xsf/lx?n] ptkfbg If]qsf] ljljwls/0f / lj:tf/ ul//x]sf 5g\. g]kfnl ;dfh k/dk/fut?kdf g} n}lus Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts?kdf ljeflht 5. hgd;fu} e"ldsf / lhdd]jf/l ;Ldfª\sLt x'fb} cfpsf 5g\. k':tf}b]lv x:tfgt/0f x'fb} cfpsf] o; k sf/sf] d"no ;:+s[ltnfo{ ;xsf/ln] ;dfj]zl agfpfb} nu]sf] 5. ;xsf/ldf dlxnf, k'?if, wgl u/la / cgo klxrfg geo{ s]jn ;b:osf] klxrfg dfq x'g5. o;n] ;fdflhs d"no k'g;+/rgf ul//x]sf] 5. o'jfx? ;xsf/l dfkm{t kl/rflnt eo{ :j/f]huf/ agg ;Sb5g\. g]kfndf ;ff3'/f] >d ahf/sf sf/0f cf}krfl/s If]qn] /f]huf/lsf kof{kt cj;/x? l;h{gf ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g. o'jfx? ;'/lift eljiosf nflu 30

32 ljb]lzg] qmd tla 5. hf]lvd / c;'/iffsf afjh'b klg j}b]lzs /f]huf/ldf hfg o'jfx? afwo 5g\. o; cj:yfdf pknaw cfly{s tyf ;fdlfhs ljk ]if0fsf] pkof]u ug{ / :yfglo tj/df g} >lds sfnlu9x? ;+ul7t eo{ :j/f]huf/lsf cj;x? l;h{gf ug{ ;xsf/l pko'qm dfwod x'g\. ;xsf/l n] o:tf ;xsf/lnfo{ /fho:t/af6 ;x'lnot lbg] s'/f ;d]t pnn]v 5. ;xsfo{ / ;xptkfbg /fho k'gjf]{wsf ;Gbe{df cfpsf] gjlg cjwf/0ff xf]. /fhosf tkm{af6 ljt/0f x'fb} cfpsf gful/s ;]jfx? k jfxdf /fhodfq Psn k bftf ge} ljlegg ;fd'bflos kfqx?;fu ;xsfo{ / ;]jfj:t' ptkfbgdf g} ;xsfo{ x'g yfn]sf] 5. ;xsf/l o;sf] ;lqmo kfq xf]. ;xsf/l ;+:yfx? :yfglo cfjzostfsf] ;]jf -lziff, :jf:yo, cfjf;, ljb't, ;~ro tyf e08f/0f, ljt/0f, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff cflb_ cfkm} ptkfbg ub{5g\, o:tf ;]jf j:t' ptkfbg / ljt/0fdf ;xsfo{ ub{5g\. o;af6 ;]jf ptkfbg tyf ljt/0f k lqmofdf nfut Go"gLs/0f x'g hfg5, u'0f:t/ a9\g hfg5, bluf] ;]jf Joj:yfkg ;Dej kfb{5 / cgttm ;]jf hjfkmb]lxtf ;d]t :yflkt x'g u} ;'zf;g ;+:yfut ;d]t x'ghfg5. k/dk/fut cfly{s ;+u7g k lqmofdf ptkfbgsf ;fwgx?sf] cljj]zln pkof]u u/l ptkfbg u/l cfly{s j[l4 ul/g5. o;nfo{ /]vlo cy{tgq -Linear Economy_ egg ;lsg5. t/ rqmlo cy{tgq To:tf] gof cjwf/0ff xf] h;n] jftfj/0flo ljljwtf / ; f]tnfo{ Iflt gu/l sd Iflt u/l dfgjlo cfjzostf k"/f ug]{ bluf] ;f]r /fvb5. rqmlo cy{tgqn] -s_ ;fdu Lsf] lg/gt/ pkof]u u/l prr d"no k fkt ug{ ;lsg5, -v_ ;a} phf{ ; f]tx? k'gk of]ho 5g\, -u_ h}ljs ljljwtfn] ;a} k sf/sf dfgjlo cfjzostf k"/f ug{ ;xof]u k' ofp5, -3_ dfgj ;dfh / ;+:s[ltsf] ;/Iff ug'{ kb{5, -ª_ dfgj / cgo k hfltsf] :jf:yo /Iff Pscsf{df cfjl4t 5g\, -r_ cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] dfkg cfly{s ;"rsegbf dfly /x]/ ug'{ kb{5 / -5_ cfly{s k 0ffnL jftfj/0f -h}ljs ljljwtf_ d}ql x'g'kb{5 egg] dfgotf /fvb5. ;xsf/l ;d'bfosf] nflu ;d'bfon] g} sfd ug]{ :jpq/bfol cleofg epsfn] o;n] ; f]t ;fwgsf] bluf] Joj:yfkg ug{df ;3fp k' ofp5. zx/ cj;/sf] s]gb xf], ufpf ;+efjgfsf] :yn. ufpfn] ptkfbg u/]sf j:t'x? zx/n] pkef]u ub{5. ;xsf/l dfkm{t ufpf zx/ cgt/;dagw dhj't agfpg ;lsg5. pbfx/0fsf nflu b'uw ;xsf/lnfo{ lng ;lsg5. ufpfdf ptkflbt b'w / b'uw kbfy{ ;xsf/ldfkm{t zx/ k'u5 eg] s[ifsx? cfkm\gf] ptkfbgsf] d"no kfpg ;Sb5g\. t/sf/l, df5f, df;', kmnkm"nsf If]qdf sfo{ug]{ ;xsf/lx? ufpf zx/ cfj4tfsf alnof ;'q x'g] ub{5\g\. d'n's ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf lqmofzln 5. ;+3Lo ;+/rgfnfo{ lqmofzln u/fpg] dfwod eg] :yfglo txdf :yfkgf e};ssf 5}gg\. cfly{s ;+/rgfx?sf] lqmofzlntfn] ufpf j:tl;dd ptkfbg ;DaGw :yfkgf ub{5, ljqlo dwo:ytf ub{5. :yfglo :t/;dd cfly{s ;+/rgf lj:tf/ u/l ;+3Lotfdf k f0f eg{ ;xsf/l Pp6f dfwod xf]. o;n] b'o{ k sf/n] :yfglo cfly{s ultljlw a9fp5 M klxnf] ; ;fgf] kl/df0fdf /x]sf] artnfo{ k"fhldf?kfgt/0f u/l pbdlsf] xftdf k' ofp5. bf]; f], pbdl Joj;foL tyf artstf{sf] hf]lvd 36fp5. zx/l :j?k epsf / ;'ljwfsf 3gfj:tLdf a}+s tyf ljqlo ;+:yfsf] pkl:ylt epklg ufpf / ljkgg :yfg ljqlo kx'fregbf lgs} 6f9f 5g\. a}+s tyf ljq ;+:yfx?sf] :jefj klg ahf/ ;+s]tdf bf}l8g] xf], t'ngftds k ltkmn lbg] If]qdf bf}l8g] xf]. ufpfj:tlsf ;xsf/lnfo{ :yfglo Joj;fo ljsf;, ;Lk ljsf; / ptkfbgdf Jofks pkof]u ug{ ;lsg5. ;xsf/lnfo{ e"ld a}+ssf] cjwf/0ffdf ljsf; u/l sfof{gjogdf Nofpg cfly{s k ltkmn / ahf/sf] ;Lldttfsf sf/0f lghl If]q nufgl ug{ gupsf] jf grfx]sf] u fdl0f If]qdf ;xsf/l g} ;d'bfo:t/sf] ptkfbg ;+u7g / /f]huf/l l;h{gfsf] dfwod xf]. o;n] :yfglo ;+efjgf / u fdl0f ;d'bfosf] ;Lk Pjd\ ; ;fgf] k" hlnfo{ ptkfbg k lqmofdf nlu pkof]lutf l;h{gf ub{5. 31

33 ;s] pkof]u gul/psf] hdlg lglzrt cfwf/df ptkfbgzln xftdf k' ofo{ lqkiflo kmfobf lng ;lsg5. :jlge{/ cy{tgqsf] cfwf/ lgdf{0fdf ;xsf/l ;xsf/l cy{tgq ljsf; epsf] d'n'sdf :jlge{/ cy{tgq lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ dhj't epsf] kfog5. :jlge{/sf] cy{ ;a} s'/f cfkm} ptkfbg ug]{ egg] xf]og, cfkm}df wflgg ;Sg] -Stands on its own feet_ egg] klg xf]og. o;sf] Jofjxfl/s cy{ pknaw k fs[lts ; f]t ;fwgsf] ljj]sk"0f{ pkof]u / :yfglo ;+efjgf -k"fhl k ljlw / >d;lk_ sf] ceof;dfkm{t j:t' ;]jfsf] ptkfbgdfkm{t hljg:t/ ;wf/ egg] xf]. cfkm\gf] ; f]t, ;fwg / ;fdyo{k ltsf] ljzjf;df plep/ Bottom up approach df ljzjf; /fvg] cfly{s ;+/rgf xf]. o:tf cy{tgq afxo cfly{s em8\sf / k efjaf6 w]/} k efljt x'fb}gg\. o:tf cy{tgq ;fdyo{sf] ;Ldfdf /xg5g\, :jod\ k lt/f]w zlqm cfh{g ub{5g\, ljj]szlntf cjndag ub{5g\, g}lts / cwofltds cfrf/0fdf hf]8 lbg5g\, alnof] hu agfp5g\ / ;a}egbf dxtjk"0f{ kif o;n] l;4fgt / bz{gegbf Jofjxfl/s kif / cfr/0fdf hf]8 lbg5. g]kfnsf] cy{tgq r/d ul/alsf] b'zrqmdf 5, Jofks a]/f]huf/l ->d ahf/df jflif{s % nfv ylkg5g\_ / ctof;nfubf] Jofkf/ 3f6f -?=! sf] lgof{tdf?!$?k}offsf] cfoft_ 5. cgf}krfl/s ljqlo dwo:ytf rfk -#&( :yfglo txdf a}+s 5}g_ klg ef]ub} cfpsf] 5. cg'tkfbs If]qdf nufgl / cjf:tljs cy{tgqsf] lgdf{0fsf] qmd /f]lspsf] 5}g. cy{tgqsf k d'v kfqalr xflb{s ;DaGwsf] cefj 5. ljsf; ;f+:s[ltsf] cefj 5. :jnufgl kl/rfng cefj sf] nio k"/f ug{ ttsflng d"nodf sl/j? (^)) ca{ /sd nufgl cfjzos, bluf] ljsf; nio k"/f ug{ jflif{s?=!*)) ca{ cfjzos_. nufgl ;LdfGt ptkfbg cg'kft M %=@ M! 5 / vfb c;'/iff -jflif{s $#@ s]hl k ltjolqm vfbfgg cfjzos_ 5. ;fj{hlgs / lghl If]q cy{tgqsf] ultzlntf lj:tf/ u/l :jlge{/ cfly{s hu :yfkgf ug{ kof{kt 5}gg\. t/ ;xsf/ldf /xg] ;fd"lxstf, hjfkmb]lxtf / ;zqmls/0f, Nff]stGq Pjd\ /0fgLlts g]t[tjn] :jlge{/ cy{tgq lgdf{0f ug{ dxtjk"0f{ kfq x'g ;Sb5g\. k d'vtm ol If]qdf ;xsf/ln] sfo{ ug]{ epsfn] :jlge{/tfsf] cfwf/ v8f ug{ ;Sb5g\. y 5l/P/ /x]sf] >d, ;Lk / k"fhl kl/rfng y :yfg ljz]if ;]jf y :j/f]huf/l / ul/al Go"gLs/0f y ;fdflhs cgt/3'ng / ;xsf/l ;+:s[lt ljsf; y ptkfbgzln /f]huf/l l;h{gf y ljqlo lziff / dwo:ytf y dlxnf ;zqmls/0f y ;fdflhs pbdzlntf ljsf; y s[lifsf] Jofj;foLs/0f dfkm{t vfb ;Dk e'tf / ;'/Iff y ågå ;+j]bgzln ljsf; y g]t[tj ljsf; g]kfn Ps cnkljsl;t d'n's epsf]n] u fdl0f If]q cf}krfl/s ljqlo ;]jfsf] z[ª\vnfdf cfj4 e};s]sf] 5}g. cgf}krfl/s?kdf ljqlo sf/f]jf/ ubf{ ljkgg dflg;x? emg} ljkgg x'g] hf]lvd 5. To;}n] ;;fgf] art kl/rfng dfkm{t k"fhl lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ ug{ ;lsg5. o;n] u fdl0f ;d'bfos} lxtdf phf{, x:tsnf, ko{6g, cfjf; Joj;fo ;]jf ;~rfng ug{;s5. ;xsf/ldf cfj4tf / ul/al lgjf/0f ;xsf/l >d, k"fhl ;Lk / ;do kl/rfngsf] dfwod xf]. To;}n] ;xsf/ldf cfj4 x'g' eg]sf] pbdzln agg' xf]. dfgjlo, ;fdflhs / cfly{s k"fhl lgdf{0f ug'{ xf]. JolQm :j]lr5s?kdf ;xsf/l pbddf ;+nug x'g] epsfn] p;sf] j[lq rog p;sf] Ifdtfsf] ;a}egbf ;+efjo If]q klg xf]. o; cj:yfdf cfk\mgf cfjzostf k"/f ug{ cfkm} kl/rfng x'g] k lqmof epsfn] ul/al 36fpg / :j/f]huf/l l;h{gf ug{ of] e/kbf]{ dfwod xf]. To;}n] s] ljsl;t af ljsf;zln ;a} d'n'sdf ;xsf/l hg:t/sf] cfly{s cleofg xf]. ljzjdf Ps nfv dflg; ;xeful eo{ #) nfv ;xsf/l ;+:yf vf]n]sf 5g\, s/f]8 dflg;nfo{ k ToIf /f]huf/l lbpsf] 5. cu k[i7 ;DaGwsf cfwf/df c? w]/}nfo{ /f]huf/l pknaw u/fpsf] 5. g]kfnsf] s'/f ubf{ ;xsf/ldf ;+nugtf / ul/al lgjf/0falr ;x;dagw b]lvpsf] 5. kl5nnf cwoog cg';f/ ;xsf/lsf ;b:o epsf JolQmx? sd ul/a 5g\. klxnf] cwoog ;xsf/l tyf ul/al lgjf/0f dgqfnon] lhnnfsf!@ xhf/ $!& kl/jf/df ul/al klxrfgsf nflu u/]sf] ;j]{if0fdf k ltlglw dfg ;"rs -Proxy Mean Test_ ljzn]if0f u/l lgsflnpsf] lgisif{df ;xsf/l ;b:o k ltzt ul/a / ;b:o gepsf #$=# k ltzt ul/a /x]sf] b]lvpsf] 5. pqm k ltj]bg cgt/f{li6«o ul/al lgjf/0f lbj; sf pkniodf cfof]lht sfo{qmddf ;fj{hlgs ul/psf] lyof]. ;xsf/ln] cfly{s ;DaGwnfO{ ultzln agfpg] epsfn] ul/al 36fpg of] Ps ;kmn dfwod xf]. art tyf C0f kl/rfng, Jofj;flos v]tl, ahf/ Joj:yf, e08f/0f tyf ;~ro nufotsf lqmofsnfkaf6 ;xsf/ln] cfo cfh{g / /f]huf/l l;h{gfsf sfd ub{5. ;xsf/ln] a}+sn] g;d]6]sf, ahf/ k lqmofdf cfj4 gepsf ;;fgf] >d tyf ;Lkdfkm{t ;fd"lxs lxtsf nflu pbzlntf k j4{g ub{5g\. To;}n] ul/a hxf 5, ToxL ;xsf/l k'u5. g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / cs;kmf]8{ dfgj ljsf; k of;af6 ul/psf] cwoogsf glthf ljzn]if0f ubf{ klg ;xsf/l ;+:yf epsf] :yfgdf ul/al ax';"rsf+ssf] :t/ /fd f] b]lvpsf] 5. :jf:yo, lziff / hljg:t/;fu ;DalGwt bz ;"rssf cfwf/df ljzn]if0f ul/psf] ul/al ax';"rsf+s ljlw cg';f/ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o cf};t PdkLcfO{ 32

34 xf]. sd ;xsf/l ;+:yf epsf] s0ff{nl k b]zsf] PdkLcfO{ :t/ %!=@@ xf], To;kl5 sd ;xsf/l epsf] k sf] PdkLcfO{ :t/ $&=*( xf], hjls w]/} ;xsf/l epsf k b]z # / k b]z $ sf] ;"rsf+s :t/ qmdzm!@=@$ /!$=!( 5. ;xsf/l bluf] ljsf;sf] cfwf/ xf]. ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3sf] kxndf ;Ddsf nflu ljsf;sf] cgt/f{li6«o dfu{lrqsf?kdf cfpsf] bluf] ljsf; niodf g]kfnn] klg k ltj4tf hgfp/!& j6} niodf ljlegg kffr ;do;ldfdf nio ;"rs ;lxtsf] sfo{of]hgf agfpsf] 5. ;a} k sf/sf] ul/al / alx:s/0f cgto -nio!_, ef]sd/l / s'kf]if0f cgto ;a}sf nflu ;xh :jf:yo ;]jf ;'ljwf -nio #_, u'0f:t/lo lziff / hljgkof{gtsf] ;Lk -nio $_, n}lu+s ;dfgtf / dlxnf tyf lszf]/l ;zqmls/0f -nio %_, ;a}sf nflu ;'/lift kfgl / ;/;kmfo{ -NfIo ^_, ;a}sf nflu cfw'lgs phf{ -nio &_ nufot ;a} nio sfof{gjog ug{ ;xsf/ln] dxtjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbg ;Sb5g\. ;/sf/ PSn}n] olt lj:t[t nio k"/f ug{ ;Sb}g. To;}n] bluf] ljsf;sf] sfof{gjog ;+ogq -Means of Implementation_ sf ;Gbe{df h;nfo{ nio!& df pnn]v 5, sf] Ps dxtjk"0f{ kfq ;xsf/l xf]. ;xsf/lh:tf ;fd'bflos cleofgn] bluf] ljsf;sf] nionfo{ ;fd'bfols/0f :yfglos/0f ug{ of]ubfg lbg;s5g\. ;xsf/l / ;dfhjfb g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;dfhjfb pgd'v, :jtgq / ;d[4 cy{tgq lgdf{0fú sf] nio k"/f ug{ ;xsf/lnfo{ Pp6f dxtjk"0f{ dfwodsf?kdf lnpsf] 5. s] slt sf/0f ;xsf/ltf ;dfhjfbsf] dfwod agg ;S5 < o;sf] pq/ klg g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] lbpsf] 5 ;fwg ; f]tsf] clwstd kl/rfngåf/f ;d[4 cy{tgqsf] lgdf{0fú / cfly{s ;fdflhs GofoÚ dfkm{t. ;+ljwfgn] ;/sf/l, lghl / ;xsf/l If]qnfO{ ;fwg, ; f]t / ;Defjgf pkof]u ug]{ dfwodsf?kdf lnpsf] 5. ;/sf/ :jfefljs?kdf cxdsf/l -sf]ol;{e_ x'g5, ;fwgsf] ljlgof]hg biftf b]vfpg / cfd;j{;fwf/0fnfo{ kl/rfng ug{ ;Sb}g. lghl If]q ;fwg kl/rfngdf s'zntf t b]vfp5 t/ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] lxt/iff / ;xh kx'fregbf nufglsf k ltkmnsf nflu P]lR5s?kdf bf}l8g5. nf]ssnof0fsfl/tf / ljt/0f Gofo p;sf] ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf]og. ;xsf/l kf/:kfl/s lxtsf nflu :jtkm"t{?kdf cfkm} kl/rflnt x'g] If]q xf]. :jkl/rfng, :jod\ Joj:yfkg, :jcg'zf;g, :jod\ pq/bflotj, cfkl;stf, P]Sj4tf / Gofoh:tf d"noaf6 ;xsf/l lqmofzln x'g5. To;}n] ;xsf/l ;j{;fwf/0fsf] cfkm\g} ;+:yf, cfkm\g} lqmofsnfk / cfkm\g} cfgbf]ng xf]. g]kfnl ;dfh ljkggtf, ul/al, k5f}6]kg / ;fdflhs kb;f]kfg epsf] cf]xf]bfd'vl ;dfh xf]. cf]xf]bfd'vl ;dfhdf w]/} ljkgg / yf]/};dkgg x'g5g\. ljlkggx? cfwf/e"t cfjzostfaf6 ;d]t al~rtldf x'g5g\. ljkggx? k/dk/fut ptkfbg ;+u7g ;+/rgf / k ljlwdf /xg5g\. cfly{s Joj;fosf ;+efjgfx? pglx?;fu g} x'g5, 7"nf] nufgl ;fdyo{ / ljsl;t k ljlw eg] x'b}g. cfk;l ljzjf; ;xsfo{af6 ;fdflhs k"fhl lgdf{0f ug{ pglx? ;+ul7t x'g;s5g\, x'g'kg]{ cfjzostf x'g5. o;af6 g} cfkl;stf, ;fdflhs ;xefj, hf]lvd Joj:yfkg, /f]huf/l l;h{gf, ;dfj]zl ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f ug{ / :yfglo ;+efjgfnfo{ pkof]u ug{ ;lsg5. To;}n] ;+ljwfgn] ;xsf/lnfo{ nf]stgqsf] ;fd'bflosls/0f ug]{ / cfly{s pbdzlntf hg:t/af6 p7fg ug]{ dfwodsf?kdf :jlsf/]sf] xf]. g]kfnsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / h}ljs ljljwtfo'qm ;+efjgfnfo{ pkof]u ug{ ;xsf/l e/kbf]{ dfwod xf]. ;+j}wflgs cfzo / ;fdflhs jf:tljstf klg oxl xf]. ;}4flGts?kdf klg cfly{s, ;dflhs / ;f+:s[lts?kfgt/0fsf] g]kfnsf] cy{tgq r/d ul/alsf] b'zrqmdf 5, Jofks a]/f]huf/l ->d ahf/df jflif{s % nfv ylkg5g\_ / ctof;nfubf] Jofkf/ 3f6f -?=! sf] lgof{tdf?=!$?k}of sf] cfoft_ 5. cgf}krfl/s ljqlo dwo:ytf rfk -#&( :yfglo txdf a}+s 5}g_ klg ef]ub} cfpsf] 5. cg'tkfbs If]qdf nufgl / cjf:tljs cy{tgqsf] lgdf{0fsf] qmd /f]lspsf] 5}g. cy{tgqsf k d'v kfqalr xflb{s ;DaGwsf] cefj 5. 33

35 dfwod ;xsf/ltf xf] eg] ;xsf/ltf k j4{gdfkm{t ;fdflhs cfly{s ljsf; / /fli6«o efjgfsf] pggog epsf] pbfxf/0f sltko ljsl;t d'n'sx?n] lbo;s]s 5g\. s]xl d'n's ;xsf/ldfkm{t s[lifsf] cfw'lgsls/0f ul//x]sf 5g\ t sltko d'n's ptkfbg / ;]jf ;xsf/ldfkm{t cfly{s ljsf;df cu ;/ 5g\. ;xsf/l sfo{if]qsf ljljw cfofd 5g\ / ;a} cfofdnfo{ ljzn]if0f ug]{ bfz{lgs ;f]r klg ljsf; e};s]sf] 5}g, ul/psf ljzn]if0fdf st} cfu x / st} pk]iff b]vg ;lsg5. xfd f] j:t'ut cj:yf s]lgb t ep/ ljzn]if0f ug]{ xf] eg] ;dfj]zl ljsf;, dlxnf ;zqmls/0f, o'jf :j/f]huf/, Jofj;flos Ifdtf ljsf;, Jofj;flos 9fFrfaf6 ul/al lgjf/0f, art tyf C0f kl/rfngdfkm{t ljqlo ;]jf, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / s[lif If]qdf ;zqmls/0fsf nflu ;xsf/ln] y'k } ug{;s5. s]xl sdhf]/l / ;'wf/sf If]qx? g]kfnsf] ;du ljsf;df ;xsf/ln] dxtjk"0f{ of]ufbg ub}{ cfpsf] ;fndf ;xsf/l P]g nfu" epkl5 ;xsf/lsf] lj:tf/sf] qmd XjfQ} a9]klg u'0ftds kifdf Wofg lbgkg]{ l:ylt b]lvpsf] 5. w]/}h;f] ;xsf/lx? ptkfbg lqmofsnfkdf ;+nug 5}gg\. #$%!@ k f/ldes ;xsf/ldwo]!#%!& -#(=#$ k ltzt_ art tyf C0f sf/f]jf/df ;+nug 5g\ eg] ax'p2]zolo nufot cgo ;xsf/lx? klg d'vo p2]zosf] sf/f]jf/df egbf art C0f kl/rfngdf g} ;+nug 5g\. s[lif, b'uw, pkef]qmf ;xsf/lx? -qmdzm!),(@!,!^%* /!$@#_ sf/f]jf/ TolQ pt;fxhgs 5}g. >lds tyf sflnu9 Joj;fosf ;xsf/l lqmofzln x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\. ;xsf/l ultljlwdf ;+nugtfsf] :t/ art tyf C0fdf clt prr, j:t' tyf cgo ;]jfdf clt Go"g b]lvg' ;xsf/l cleofgsf b[li6df ;'wf/sf] ;+efjgf k z:t 5 egg] ;+s]t xf]. ck]lift If]qdf ;xsf/lsf] km}nfj6sf cfwf/df klg pbf]udf clt Go"g, ljqlodf clt prr / phf{, oftfoft, v'b f ljsl, ptkfbgkl5sf ;]jfdf clt ;xsf/l ultljlwdf ;+nugtfsf] :t/ art tyf C0fdf clt prr, j:t' tyf cgo ;]jfdf clt Go"g b]lvg' ;xsf/l cleofgsf b[li6df ;'wf/ sf] ;+efjgf k z:t 5 egg] ;+s]t xf]. ck]lift If]qdf ;xsf/lsf] km}nfj6sf cfwf/df klg pbf]udf clt Go"g, ljqlodf clt prr / phf{, oftfoft, v'b f laqml, ptkfbgkl5sf ;]jfdf clt Go"g Go"g b]lvpsf] 5. Go"g Go"g b]lvpsf] 5. ;xsf/l sfo{sf] cfly{s ;fdflhs c;/sf ;"rs ljzn]if0f ubf{ ;fdflhs cfofddf pt;fxk"0f{ -dlxnf ;zqmls/0f clt prr, ;fdflhs ;dfj]lztf prr_ / cfly{s cfofd ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvg5. ;xsf/lsf] ef}uf]lns km}nfj6 zx/ / ;'ljwf:yndf a9l 5, cfjzostf u fdl0f / ljkgg If]qdf 5. ;xsf/lx? ljlzi6ls[t ;]jf lbg ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ eg] s]xl ;xsf/lx? ;d:ofu :t 5g\, h;af6 ;du ;xsf/l cfgbf]ngk lt g} ljzjf;sf] ;+s6 k}bf xf]nf ls egg] cfz+sf 5. ;+ljwfg / /fhosf of]hgfx?df ;xsf/lnfo{ w]/} dxtj lbopsf] 5 t/ pknawl ldl>t 5. ;xsf/lx? :jlgodgdf 5}gg\, lgodg ug]{ ;/sf/l ;+ogqsf] Ifdtf klg sdhf]/ 5. ;xsf/lleq cfgtl/s ;'zf;g klg ;+:yfut ug{'kg]{ b]lvpsf] 5 eg] ;xsf/lsf] a'emfodf Ps?ktf klg sfod ug{ cfjzos 5. ;xsf/lsf] k zf;g ;/sf/sf tlg} txdf epsfn] klg ;+qmd0fsf] df/ o; If]qn] ef]ug' kg]{ xf] ls egg] b]lvpsf] 5. ;xsf/lnfo{ dfwod agfp/ kmf]x/ wgnfo{ ;kmfo x'g glbg k"j{;fjwfgl / lziffsf] cfjzostf klg 5. pk;+xf/ ;xsf/l cfgbf]ng h:tf] ;Dk"0f{?kn] ;fdflhs p2]zosf] zlqmzfnl cf}hf/ c? s'g} 5}gÚ -OlGb/f ufgwl_, To;}n] o;n] ;fdflhs Gofo, ;f+:s[lts ;dfj]lztf, cfly{s ;d[l4, gful/s ;zqmls/0f, g]t[tj ljsf; nufot ;'zf;gsf ;a} If]qdf Ps;fy ;xof]u k' ofpb5. cfly{s?kdf sdhf]/ ju{sf dflg;x?sf nflu ;dfgtf / kf/:kfl/stfsf cfwf/df cfly{s pknawl lj:tf/ ug]{ epsfn] ;xsf/l ;b:osf] ;'vb'vsf] :yfol ;xsfo{ xf]. o;}sf] hudf /x]/ cfly{s ;d[l4 / ;fdflhs?kfgt/0f k fkt ug{ ;lsg5. ;xsf/ldf cfj4 ep/ ;b:ox? ;]jf j:t'sf] ptkfbg, nfut ;xeflutf / k zf]wgdf ;+nug x'g5g\, ;xefj lj:tf/ ub{5g\ / ;'b[9 ;d'bfosf] lgdf{0f ub{5g\. To;}n] of] /fli6«o efjgf dhj'tlsf] klg cleofg xf]. :jlge{/ cy{tgq lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ xf]. bluf] cfly{s ljsf;, ;fdflhs Gofo / nf]stgqsf] ;fd'bfols/0f ug]{ cfgbf]ng xf]. o;nfo{ hlt Jojl:yt?kdf k f]t;flxt ug{ ;lsg5, Tolt g} ljsf;nfo{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;lsg5. ;Gbe{! ;xsf/l ;DaGwL P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg / PsLs/0f ug{ ag]sf] # sfo{lj:t[tls/0fsf] k ltj]bg, dgqlkl/ifb tyf k wfgdgqlsf] $ g]kfn ;/sf/ sfo{ljefhg % ;xsf/ltf, ;xsf/l ljefu, ;xsf/l tyf ul/al lgjf/0f ^ ;xsf/l ;+:yf btf{ lbubz{g -:yfglo & :yfglo txsf] lgldq gd"gf ;xsf/l * :yfglo tx ;~rfng ( /fho ;~rfngsf cfwf/x? -kffrf] ;f]kfg dfl;s, ;xsf/l If]qsf] k j4{gdf :yfglo ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf, uf]klgfy -sfo{kq_!! ;xsf/l l;4fgt / k of]u, s]zj j8fn,!@ ;d[4 cy{tgqsf nflu ;xsf/l, s]zj ;xsf/l ;Gb]z, /fli6«o ;xsf/l dxf;+3 jif{,!$, c+s ;xsf/l ;Djfb, /fli6«o ;xsf/l ljsf; af]8{, 34

36 ;okql ;'gjn, gjnkf/f;l kmf]g g+= M (*$&)$^*@) Od]n M sayapatri.co@gmail.com >L ;xofql a'6jn ^,?kgb]xl kmf]g g+= M (*$&)$^*@) Od]n M sahayatrisaccos@gmail.com g]r'/n uf]s0f]{zj/ ^, hf]/kf6l, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $(!&!)(, $(!#^*@ Od]n M naturalcooperative@hotmail.com j]a;fo6 M >L /fdk'/ /fdk'/ $, kfnkf kmf]g g+= M )&% $)))%%, $))@@@ Od]n M rampursaving@gmail.com ;'k/ a3f{6, gjnk/f;l kmf]g g+= M )&* %*)^@* Od]n M suppersaccos067@gmail.com xft]dfnf] dsjfgk'/ kmf]g g+= M )%& %@^%@! Od]n M hatemalo2063@gmail.com 35

37 dlxnf O6x/L $, ;'g;/l, kmf]gm Od]n M info@mahilasaccos.org.np j]a;fo6 M kl/snkgf M ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t, bluf] k ljlwo'qm, ljqlo ;]jf k bfos pts[i6 ;xsf/l ;+:yf ;b:o ;+Vof M %^%) artsf k sf/ M!% ljqlo cj:yf M hddf ;DklQ?= #*,%%,%(,%)&=$% z]o/ k"fhl?= $,^*,^),@))=)) C0f nufgl?= #@,*#,)),$*%=$$ æz'enfe cfly{s ;kmntfsf nfluæ z'enfe O6x/L ^, ;'g;/l kmf]gm )@% %*&!)) Od]n M subhalabhasacos@yahoo.com j]a;fo6 M kl/snkgf M ;b:ox?df 5/LP/ /x]sf] ; f]t / ;fwgnfo{ PsLs[t u/l, cfyl{s,;fdfhls tyf ;f+:s[lts ljsf;sf] nflu Ps ;xsf/l ;b:o ;+Vof M #)( dlxnf / ^%% k'?if artsf k sf/ M sf/f]jf/, cfjlws, wgl;h{gf / clgjfo{ art ljqlo cj:yf M hddf ;DklQ?=!&,)%,$$,^($=&^ z]o/ k"fhl?= $,(&,)(,@)) art?= (,!@,^^,&@@=*& C0f nufgl?=!@,%&,$#,)#$=%& 36

38 n]v ;xsf/lsf] cfufdl uf]/]6f] s[i0fxl/ af:sf]6f k d'v ;"rgf cfo'qm /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]u jt{dfg g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] tlg vda] cy{gllt cjndag u/]sf] 5. h; cg';f/ d'n'ssf] cy{tgq lgdf{0fsf nflu /fho k 0ffnLn] k"jf{wf/df Jofks nufgl ug'{k5{. o;}u/l lghl If]qn] d'n'sleq nufglsf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f u/l b]znfo{ cf}bf]lusls/0fdf?kfgtl/t ug'{k5{. o; ;Gbe{df d'n'se/l 5l/P/ /x]sf ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?n] ptkfbstj j[l4sf nflu cfw'lgs s[lif k 0ffnL, ;Lkdf cfwfl/t :j/f]huf/ / lgsf;lhgo ;fdfu L ptkfbgdf ;xeful x'g h?/l 5. o; qmddf ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf] cfufdl kfo{nf uf]/]6f] ugtjosf ;Gbe{df s]xl /rgftds ;'emfj k :t't ug]{ Wo]on] of] cfn]v tof/ u/]sf] 5'.!= d'n'snfo{ cftdlge{/ t'nofpg] M Oltxf;df lnlr5jl sfnnfo{ :j0f{ o'u elgg5. ;f] ;dodf g]kfn cftd lge{/ dfq} lypg ef/t / rlgnfo{ k/lge{/ t'nofpg klg ;kmn lyof]. g]kfnsf] ptkfbg ;a}lt/ lgsf;l ep/ hfg] ub{yof]. dnn sfndf xfdl s]xl vl:sof}+. o;df b/af/l efo ef/bf/sf] ågå d'vo sf/0f lyof]. h:sf] sf/0f xfdl ltaat tkm{sf] Jofkf/df ;Lldt /Xof}+. tyflk g]kfn cftdlge{/ g} lyof]. zfxsfnkl5 hxfgloff /f0ff zf;g / PstflGqs k~rfotl zf;g ;/sf/n] ptkfbs ;xsf/l ls;fgnfo{ hldg, l; rfo{, dnvfb, ls6gfzs cf}iflw, k fljlwssf] ;]jf / ahf/ Joj:yf ul/lbg' k5{. of] ttsfn} ;Dej x'g] s'/f xf]. kzrft g]kfnsf] cy{tgq Wj:t eof]. xfn xfdl nueu k/fd'vl eo{ ;s]sf 5f}F. s'g} s'/fsf] ptkfbgdf klg g]kfnn] uj{ ug]{ :yfg 5}g. o; l:yltdf d'n'ssf] ;fdfgo egbf ;fdfgo :jfy{ /Iffsf vflt/ klg xfdl % s'/fdf cftdlge{/ x'g} k5{. h; cg';f/ vfbfgg, xl/of] t/sf/l, kmnkm"n, df5fdf;' / b'uwhgo kbfy{ x'g\. o:sf nflu ;zqm dfwod ;xsf/l g} x'g ;Qm5. o;df 7"n} /fli6«o ax; ug{ h?/l klg 5}g. lghl If]qn] ;xsf/l dfkm{t ptkfbgsf nflu nufgl ug'{k5{. ;/sf/n] ptkfbs ;xsf/l ls;fgnfo{ hldg, l;frfo{, dnvfb, ls6gfzs cf}iflw, k fljlwssf] ;]jf / ahf/ Joj:yf ul/lbg' k5{. of] ttsfn} ;Dej x'g] s'/f ctofjzos j:t'sf] cfk"lt{ ug]{ M g]kfn cf]6f j:t'nfo{ ctofjzos j:t'sf] ;"rldf /fv]sf] 5. ol ;a} j:t' ;'ky d"nodf laqml ljt/0fsf] k agw ug'{k5{. o:tf] ;'ky d"nosf] k;n ;xsf/l ;+:yfaf6 ;~rfng ug'{k5{. o:tf k;nn] dfu / cfk"lt{sf] ;'lglzrttf ug'{sf ;fy} v'nnf ahf/sf] d"nonfo{ klg lgogq0f ug{ d2t ug]{5. ;fy} cfd ;]jfu fxln] lglzrt u'0f:t/ / lglzrt tf}ndf ;fdfg kfpg] 5g\. o;y{ g"g, cf}iflw, arrfsf] b"w, k]6«f]lnod kbfy{, vfbfgg nufotsf] ;xh pknawtfsf nflu ;/sf/ / lghl If]qn] ;xsf/lnfo{ k j4{g ug'{k5{. #= k fljlws ;Lk, 1fg / Joj;fodf hf]8 lbg] M xfnsf] z}lifs ;+:yf a]/f]huf/ ptkfbg ug]{ sf/vfgf h:tf] epsf] 5. o;y{ k To]s prr dfwoflds ljbfnodf k fljlws ljifosf] Pg]S; v8f u/l ;xsf/låf/f k fljlws 1fg, ;Lk / :j/f]huf/ of]hgfsf] :sld ;~rfng 37

39 ul/g' kb{5. o:tf k fljlws Pg]S;df ljbfyl{nfo{ j:t' / ;]jfsf] k jfxdf cfjzos kg]{ u'0fsf ljifodf tflnd lbo{g] 5. s'g s'g If]qdf dfu / cfk"lt{sf] cj:yf s] 5 egl ;j]{if0f ug{ l;sfo{g5. PSn} / cfk;df ldn]/ ug{ ;lsg] sfdsf If]q klxrfg ul/g]5. ;]jf Joj;fo / cgo Joj;fo alrsf] km/s hfgsf/l lbo{g] 5. /fi6«;]jfsf nflu /fhglltdf hfg] ls, k zf;gdf up/ hflu/ vfg] ls, :jb]zd} nufgl u/]/ pbf]u Joj;fo ug]{ egg] Jojxfl/s 1fg cfd ljbfyl{nfo{ k bfg ul/g]5. o;/l /fi6«/ /fli6«otfsf] hu]gf{ ug]{ sfddf ;xsf/l ;+:yf ;lqmo x'g' kb{5. $= :j/f]huf/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ M cfd o'jfnfo{ ;xsf/lsf] dfwodåf/f :j/f]huf/sf] :sldx? klxrfg u/l sfof{gjogdf Nofpg' k5{. o:tf :slddf ;jf{lws cfjzos / gfkmfd"ns sfd lgdgfg';f/ x'g ;Sb5g\ M $=! skfn sf6\g] ;}n'g ;~rfng ug]{. o:sf nflu sl/j Ps dlxgfsf] tflnd lnp k'u5 / sl/j Ps nfv hltsf] nufgldf Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg5. $=@ Jo"l6l;og tflnd sl/j # dlxgfsf] lng' kg]{ x'g ;Qm5. o:tf] Joj;fo ug{ tlgb]lv kffr nfv nufgl ug'{k5{. xfnsf lbgdf Jo"6L kfn{/sf] ;]jf lgs} kmi6fpfb} upsf] 5. $=# o'jfx?n] 8sdL{sf] tflnd xfl;n ug{ ;Sb5g\. o:sf nflu lj1 8sdL{sf] Psb]lv tlg dlxgf ;xfos ep/ sfd u/]/ ;Lko'Qm eog5. o; Joj;fodf cltl/qm nufgl ug'{ kb}{g. b}lgs /f]huf/l pko'qm x'g5. $=$ l;sdl{ tflndsf nflu # b]lv ^ dlxgfsf] cjlw nfug ;S5. o;df b}lgs /f]huf/l vf]hg] jf kmlg{r/ nufotsf ;fdfu L ptkfbg u/l laqml ug]{ egg] 5gf}6 pknaw x'g]5. kmlg{r/ k;n vf]ng sl/j!) nfv nufgl ug'{kg]{ x'g ;S5. o;df klg /fd f] cfdbfgl x'g] u/]sf] 5. $=% KnDa/sf] tflnd lng sl/j ^ dlxgf nfug ;S5. o;df klg bif JolQm;Fu OG6g{ ug'{ k5{. of] ;]jf Joj;fo xf]. /f]huf/lsf] k z:t ;+efjgf 5. s'g} nufgl gu/l k ltkmn k fkt x'g5. $=^ On]lS6«l;ogsf] tflnd lng sl/j # dlxgf nfu5. of] tflnd lnpkl5 o; ;DaGwL ;]jf lbg k;n vf]ng klg ;lsg5. b}lgs /f]huf/l klg pknaw x'g5. $=& df]6/;fo{sn / ;fo{sn dd{tsf] tflnd lng ;lsg5. o;nfo{ sl/j Psb]lv # dlxgfsf] tflnd ep k'u5. o; cg';f/sf] ;]jf lbg vf]ng] Joj;fodf sl/j Ps b'o{ nfv nufgl u/] k'ug] b]lvg5. $=* /]l8of], l6el / df]afo{n dd{t ug]{ tflndsf nflu sl/j ^ dlxgf vlr{g' kg]{ x'g5. To;kl5 sl/j # nfv nufgl u/l dd{t s]gb :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg5. $=( kmf]6f]skl d]lzgsf] ;]jf lbg], 8«fO{lSng zk ;~rfng ug]{, kmf]6f]lvrg] k;n ;~rfng ug]{ nufotsf] sl/j Psb]lv ^ dlxgfsf] tflnd lnp/ sl/j b'o{b]lv % nfv nufgl u/l Joj;fo ug{ ;lsg5. $=!) s}of}f ;[hgzln Joj;fo klg ug{ ;lsg5. vfbfgg nufotsf] xf]d 8]lne/L ;]jf k jfx ug{ ;lsg5. ol ;a} sfddf ;xsf/ln] :s"ndf k fljlws 1fg / ;Lk lbg] Pg]S; v8f u/l k To]s o'jfnfo{ cfkm\g} v' fdf pleeo{g ;Ifd t'nofpg' k5{. %= sf]z]nl 3/ ;~rfng ug]{ M ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf] kxndf d'n's el/sf &%# cf]6f :yfglo txdf Ps Ps cf]6f sf]z]nl 3/ ;~rfng ug'{ kb{5. o:tf] sf]z]nl 3/df :yfglo s[lif ptkfbg laqml ug'{k5{. o; cltl/qm :yfglo pbf]uaf6 ptkflbt j:t'x?, :j/f]huf/af6 ptkflbt x:tsnfsf ;fdfg nufotsf j:t' sf]z]nl 3/df laqmldf /flvo{g' k5{. o:tf] sf]z]nl 3/nfO{ Ps k sf/n] j:t' ; f k f ug]{ jf j:t'nfo{ gubdf?kfgtl/t ug]{ s]gb sf]?kdf ljsf; ug'{k5{. pkof]u eo{ ;s]sf ;]s]08 Xof08Ú j:t' laqml ug]{ ;d]tsf] sfd ug'{k5{. d"n s'/f], :yfglo ;a} ptkfbgn] ahf/ kfpg] Wo]on] sf]z]nl 3/ ;~rfng ug'{ kb{5. ^= ;xsf/l v]tl k j4{g ug]{ M g]kfndf ;xsf/l / ;fd"lxs v]tlsf] rrf{ epsf] w]/} epklg o;af6 ck]lift nfe lng ;lspsf] 5}g. s[lif ljsf; sfof{nox?n] s]xl :yfgdf AnsÚ v]tl u/]sf 5g\. ;do ;dodf ;/sf/n] ;xsf/l v]tl k f]t;fxsf nflu l;frfo{, dnvfb, 9'jfgLsf] nflu ;8s, k fljws ;]jf k bfg ub{5' eg] klg o;df 7f];\ sfd epsf] kfogg. o;y{ ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?n] cfkm\gf ;b:ox?sf] ;fd"lxs e]nfåf/f ;xsf/l v]tldf k f]t;flxt ug'{k5{. o;df nfut sd k5{. ahf/ Jojf:yfkg ug{ ;xhtf k'u5. Ps} k sf/sf] v]tl epkl5 38

40 cgo ;]jf ;'ljwf / ;"rgf xfl;n ug{ klg ;xhtf k'u5. o;n] ptkfbstj j[l4 u5{. ol s'/fdf ;a} ;xsf/l ;+:yf lqmofzln x'g'k5{ / ;/sf/af6 ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ul/g' k5{. &= s[lifdf cfw'lgsls/0f / Joj;flos/0f leq\ofpg] M s[lifdf k/dk/fut k ljlw s} k of]u e}/x]sf] 5. of] si6kb / nfdf] ;do nfug] cyf{t a9l nfut nfug] k s[ltsf] 5. o;df ;'wf/ Nofpg] lh/f] l6n/, xfe]{i6/, ldgl 6«ofS6/, l/k/ nufotsf pks/0fsf] Jofks k of]u a9fpg' k5{. o;}u/l sd nfutdf a9l d'gfkmf x'g] s[lif / kz'kfngdf ls;fgnfo{ ptk ]l/t ug'{k5{. k To]s ls;fgsf] Pp6f uf]7, Pp6f kf]n6l kmfd{, Pp6f df5f kf]v/l, Pp6f a+u'/sf] vf]/, Pp6f v;l af]sfsf] vf]/, Pp6f df}/lsf] 3f/ nufot epdf ol ;DkGgtf tkm{ pgd'v x'g]5g\. o;df c;nl g]t[tj lng ;Sg] eg]sf] ;xsf/l ;+:yfn] g} xf]. *= nufgl cfslif{t ug]{ M g]kfnsf k To]s k b]z, lhnnf, :yfglo tx / 6f]n ufpf cg]s ;+efjgfn] o'qm 5g\. t/ ltgsf] ;+efjgf cwoog epsf] 5}g. s]xl u/f}f egg] dflg;sf] cefj 5, s]xl u/f}f egg]nfo{ klg plrt k f]t;flxt ug]{ sf]xl 5}g. o; l:yltdf s'g ufpf jf 6f]ndf s] ;+efjgf 5, ;f]sf] klxrfg u/l cfgtl/s jf jfxo nufglstf{ leq\ofpg ;xsf/l ;+:yfx? nflu kg'{k5{. o;sf nflu ;8s, ljb't ;]jf, dhb'/sf] pknawtf, ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] ;+ogq, srrf kbfy{sf] pknawtf, :yfglo ;fwg ; f]t / k ljlwsf ljifodf ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?n] nufgl stf{nfo{ JofVof ug{ ;Sg] x'g' kb{5. (= kmf]x/ Joj:yfkg ug]{ M xfn g]kfndf ;a} 6f]n, j:tl jf ufpfnfo{ kmf]xf]/sf] 8+u'/n] k'b}{ upsf] l:ylt 5. gu/kflnsf / ufpfkflnsf ;kmfo{df nfu]sf 5g\, t/ tl k"0f{?kdf ;Ifd 5}gg\. oyfy{df s'lxg] / gs'lxg] kmf]xf]/ 5'6\ofpg] k agw u/]kl5 s'lxg] kmf]xf]/af6 k fëfl/s dn agfpg ;lsg5. gs'lxg] kmf]xf]/af6 sfuh, kmnfdsf 6'qmf, l;;l, Knfli6s, sk8f nufot 5'6\ofO{ k'gmk zf]wg pbf]udf k' ofpg ;lsg5. o;}nfo{ kmf]xf]/af6 df]x/ agfpg ;lsg5 elgpsf] xf]. kmf]xf]/af6 s}of}f /rgftds sfd x'g ;Qm5g\. o;af6 k z:t /f]huf/lsf] cj;/ l;h{gf x'g5. o; s'/fdf d'n'se/l g} kl/jt{g Nofpg ;xsf/l ;+:yfn] kxn ug'{k5{.!)= ;fdflhs ;'wf/ / hfu/0fsf] cleofg ;~rfng ug]{ M g]kfndf sl/j #% xhf/sf] ;+Vofdf ;xsf/l ;+:yf 5g\. ltgsf sl/j &) nfv dflg; k ToIf ;+nug /x]sf] sf]z]nl 3/df :yfglo s[lif ptkfbg laqml ug'{ k5{. o; cltl/qm :yfglo pbf]uaf6 ptkflbt j:t'x?, :j/f]huf/af6 ptkflbt x:tsnfsf ;fdfg nufotsf j:t' sf]z]nl 3/df laqmldf /flvo{g' k5{. o:tf] sf]z]nl 3/nfO{ Ps k sf/n] j:t' ; f k f ug]{ jf j:t'nfo{ gubdf?kfgtl/t ug]{ s]gb sf]?kdf ljsf; ug'{k5{. cg'dfg 5. o;y{ ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf] dfwodåf/f ;dfh ;'wf/sf nflu lgdg cleofgftds sfd ug{ ;fj{hlgs cfxjfg ub{5' M!)=! d'n'snfo{ dlb/fd'qm 3f]if0ff ug]{. o;nfo{ dlb/f ;]jfdf Joltt ;do /fi6«lgdf{0fdf nufpg]. d'n'sdf zflgt ;'/Iff sfod ug]{. eb enfbdl cyf{t\ lzi6 gful/ssf] d'n'sdf g]kfnsf] klxrfg lgdf{0f ug]{.!)=@ lziff / :jf:yo If]qsf] Jofkf/ lgogq0f ug]{. o;df ;xsf/l ;fd'bflos :s"n / c:ktfnnfo{ ;a} gful/sn] plrt ;+/If0f / k fyldstf k bfg ug]{. gful/s cfkm" ;/sf/l :s"n / c:ktfndf ;]jf lng updf lghl If]qsf :s"n / c:ktfn s;}n] jgb ug'{ g} kb}{g. o;af6 d'n'sdf ljbdfg e i6«frf/ nufotsf] cgto x'g]5. gful/sdf eljiosf] ;'/Iff k lt ljzjf; hfu[t x'g]5.!)=# ;fdflhs kmh"n vr{ /f]sg]. ljjfx, j tagwdf w]/} dflg; af]nfpg], dlb/f ljt/0f ug]{, bfo{hf] lbg], nufotsf sfddf lgogq0f ug]{. afn ljjfx /f]sg]. ;do / kl/l:ylt x]/l pd]/ epsf ljb'/ / ljwjfsf] k'glj{jfxsf] jftfj/0f agfpg]. af]s;l nufotsf] s'k yf /f]sg].!)=$ Ps lhnnf Ps kmnkm"n jf Ps kflnsfsf] ag Ps kmnkm"n v]tlsf] cjwf/0ffdf hfg]. kmnkm"n g} ;Dej gep jgnfo{ km"nsf] ag agfpg] jf hl8j'6lsf] ag agfpg]. h] h;/l epklg agaf6 k ToIf cfdbfgl x'g] l:ylt l;h{gf ug]{. jgsf] ;+/If0f ug]{.!)=% ;fj{hlgs hldgsf] ;+/If0f ug]{. ;f] hldgdf tf/af/ nufpg]. o:tf hldgdf v]ns'b d}bfg, afn pbfg, j[4f>d tof/ ug]{. hldgsf] l:ylt x]/l lnhdf lbg]. h] h;/l epklg ;fj{hlgs hldgsf] ;+/If0f / plrt pkof]u ug]{. ;xsf/l Pp6f ptkfbg ug]{ cleofg xf]. of] ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] plrt dfwod xf]. gful/ssf alr Pstf / ldqtfsf] efjgf hufpg] ;zqm k'n xf]. o:tf] dxtjk"0f{ ;+hfnsf] ;a} g]kfnl ;b:o agg' k5{. ;a} g]kfnl ;a} ;xsf/lsdl{sf] gf/f ;lxt cufl8 a9l :jo+ ;]jfsf] efjåf/f ;xsf/lsf dfwodåf/f g]kfnnfo{ ;'zf;g / ;d[l4df?kfgtl/t ug{ Pstfj4 xf]cf}f egl ;fj{hlgs clkn ub{5'. à à à 39

41 >dhof]lt sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $@@(^*) Od]n M shramjyotic_2057@yahoo.com l;l6 len]h kfsf], Go"/f]8, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $@$^#)% Od]n M milan_darlami@yahoo.com dl0fu0f]z b'u+jxl, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $@$%!%!, )! $@$!#&* Od]n M mgsc66@gmail.com >L ;fo{ Sjfjxfn!&, 7d]n, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $@@&%(( Od]n M shrisaicooperative@gmail.com cfsfzjf0fl sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M (*%!)$&*(@, (*^)!*)@*@ >L Pkm O{ ;L ltnf]qdf gkf!@, d+unfk'/,?kgb]xl kmf]g g+= M )&! %^))!%, (*%&)!@*@! Od]n M fecsacos@gmail.com 40

42 n]v ;xsf/l cleofgsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfn /fi6«a}+s M ;b\efjk"0f{ ;xof]usf] ;Defjgf lrgtfdl0f lzjfsf]6l jl/i6 8]k'6L ueg{/ g]kfn /fi6«a}+s d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;df ;xsf/l If]qn] e"ldsf dxtjk"0f{ 5. vf;u/l u fdl0f e]udf pknaw ;fwg ; f]tsf] plrt pkof]usf] dfwodaf6 b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu ;xsf/l If]qn] dxtjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] x'g5. g]kfndf klg em08} #% xhf/sf] xf/fxf/ldf /x]sf ljlegg lsl;dsf ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?n] b]zsf && j6} lhnnfdf ;]jf k bfg ul//x]sf 5g\. h;af6 k ToIf?kdf sl/j! nfv dflg;nfo{ /f]huf/l k bfg epsf] b]lvg5 eg] ck ToIf?kdf sl/j!) nfvsf] xf/fxf/ldf ;fgf 7"nf /f]huf/l ;[hgf epsf] cg'dfg 5. s'n ljqlo ;fwg kl/rfngdf ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf] pnn]vo lx:;f /x]sf] 5. ;xsf/l If]qsf] s'n l:y/ k"fhl % va{sf] xf/fxf/ldf k'u]sf] 5 eg] /fli6«o cfo -s'n ufx{:yo ptkfbg_ df ;xsf/l If]qsf] of]ubfg $=% k ltzt k'u]sf] cg'dfg 5. To;}u/L ;du ljqlo sf/f]jf/df ;xsf/lsf] pnn]vo lx:;f /x]sf] 5. a}+lsë ;]jf k'ug g;s]sf b'/ b/fh;dd km}lnp/ ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?n] ljqlo kx'fr lj:tf/df ;xsf/l If]qsf] s'n l:y/ k" hl % va{sf] xf/fxf/ldf k'u]sf] 5 eg] /fli6«o cfo -s'n ufx{:yo ptkfbg_ df ;xsf/l If]qsf] of]ubfg $=% k ltzt k'u]sf] cg'dfg 5. To;}u/L ;du ljqlo sf/f]jf/df ;xsf/lsf] pnn]vo lx:;f /x]sf] 5. of]ubfg k' ofpsf 5g\. ;xsf/ltfsf] dfwodaf6 dflg;x?n] Joj;flos t/sf/l v]tl, gub] jfnl, kz'kfng, df}/lkfng, Joj;flos s[lif, v'b f Jofkf/, ;fgf tyf demf}nf pbf]u Joj;fo nufotsf ptkfbgzln sfo{df ;+nug x'g ljqlo ;]jf k fkt u/]sf 5g\. :yfglo :t/sf art ;+sng / shf{ ;fk6 k jfxsf dfkm{t u fdl0f If]qdf 5l/P/ /x]sf] ; f]t / ;fwgsf] kl/rfng, :yfglo >d / ;Lksf] pkof]u u/l ;xsf/ldf cfj4 u fdl0f hgtfsf] cfo a9fo{ /f]huf/l ;[hgf ug{ / cfly{s :t/ psf:g ;xsf/lsf] of]ubfg dxtjk"0f{ 5. g]kfn /fi6«a}+ssf] sfo{if]q eg]sf] g]kfn /fi6«a}+s -kl5nnf] n] lbpsf] clwsf/ If]q / a}+s tyf ljqlo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g sf] k fjwfgn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] If]q xf]. h; cg';f/ g]kfn /fi6«a}+sn] a}+s tyf ljqlo ;+:yfx? -æsæ ju{sf jfl0fho a}+s, ævæ ju{sf ljsf; a}+s, æuæ ju{sf n3'ljq ljqlo ;+:yf / æ3æ ju{sf n3'ljq ljqlo ;+:yfx?_ sf] k ToIf lgodg, ;'kl/j]if0f, lg/lif0f / cg'udgsf] sfo{ ub}{ cfo/x]sf] 5. ;xsf/l] ;+hfn g]kfn /fi6«a}+ssf] lgofdslo / ;'kl/j]ifslo sfo{if]qleq kb}{g. g]kfn /fi6«a}+ssf] bfo/f leq gkg]{ eptfklg o; If]qsf] Ifdtf clej[l4, 41

43 ;'zf;g tyf bluf]kgfsf nflu nflu 1fg cfbfg k bfg, k fljlws / cfjzos cgo ;/ ;xof]u ug]{ sfddf s]gb Lo a}+ssf] ;bf;otf /xfb} cfpsf] b]lvg5. cfufdl lbgx?df klg oxl ;b\efjsf ;fy cufl8 a9\g] g]kfn /fi6«a}+ssf] gllt, k ltj4tf tyf b[li6sf]0f /xg'kg]{ x'g5. ;xsf/lsf] ljsf;df /fhosf] e"ldsf klg dxtjk"0f{ x'g5. /fhosf] gllt, ;+ljwfg, P]g, sfg"g / Joj:yfx?n] ;xsf/lnfo{ s] s:tf] :yfg / dxtj lbg5g\ To;}df ;xsf/l cleofgsf] ljsf; lge{/ /xg5. g]kfnsf] n] b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu tlg vda] cy{gllt c+lusf/ u/]sf] 5. tlgj6f vdafx? eg]sf ;/sf/l, lghl / ;xsf/l If]q x'g\. o;df t k i6 g} 5. /fhon] ;xsf/lnfo{ dxtjk"0f{ If]qsf]?kdf lnpsf] s'/f ;+ljwfgdf /flvpsf] k fjwfgaf6 a'e\mg ;lsg5. ca yk o;df lgofdslo Ifdtf clej[l4, If]q lj:tf/, sfo{x?df kf/blz{tf, ; f]t ;fwgsf] pknawtfsf] ;'lglzrttf nufotdf ;/sf/n] 7f]; kxn ug'{kg]{ x'g5. xfnsf] l:yltdf h'g vfnsf] lgodg tyf ;'kl/j]if0f k4lt 5, Tof] ckof{kt 5. ;xsf/lx? nufd ljgfsf] 3f]8f x'g' x'gg. ;xl sfdsf nflu k f]t;fxg, cg'bfg, s/df 5'6 ;'ljwf nufotdf /fhon] Wofg lbg'k5{. u fdl0f pbdzlntfsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;xsf/lnfo{ goff cfofd ;lxt cufl8 a9fpg' k5{. h;sf] dfwodaf6 /fli6«o cfo j[l4df u fdl0f cy{tgqsf] of]ubfg pnn]vo?kdf a9\g] cfwf/ tof/ x'g5. cfufdl lbgdf cnksfn, dwosfn / bl3{sfnlg /0fgLlt lgdf{0f u/l nfu" ug'{kg]{ cfjzostf b]lvg5. o:tf] /0fgLltn] glltut, ;+/rgfut, lgofdslo / ;+:yfut ;' zf;gdf :ki6 dfu{bz{g lbg ;Sg'k5{. /fhosf] e"ldsf o; sfo{df ;xhshf{, ;dgjostf{ / cleefjssf]?kdf /xg'k5{. k"fhl lgdf{0fsf] ;zqm / bl/nf] dfwod epklg g]kfnsf] sfg"gl ;+/rgfn] ;xsf/lnfo{ s]gb Lo a}+ssf] k ToIf lgu/fgldf /fv]sf] 5}g. s]gb Lo a}+ssf] sfo{if]qleq ;xsf/l If]q gk/]sf] x'fbf o; ljifodf s]gb Lo a}+ssf] tyout ljzn]if0f / lj:t[t d"nofª\sg x'g] u/]sf] 5}g. t/ o;df ;du j:t'l:yltsf] ;dliff ubf{ ;xsf/ln] /f]huf/l l;h{gf ug]{ sfddf, art kl/rfngdf, ; f]t ;fwgnfo{ ptkfbgzln sfo{df nufpg] ljifodf dxtjk"0f{ of]ubfg ub}{ cfo/x]sf] b]lvg5. b]ze/df h] hlt klg ;xsf/l 5g\ ltgdf ;~rfns ;ldlt, sd{rf/l, z]o/ ;b:o / cfd nfeu fxlsf] /fd f] ;xeflutf b]lvg5. oblk o;df lgodg / ;' zf;gsf ljifodf a]nf a]nfdf k Zg gp7]sf] eg] x}g. xfd f] b]zsf] ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt, cf}bf]uls/0fsf] cj:yf / ;du cy{tgqsf] l:ylt x]bf{ ;fgf tyf demf}nf Pj+ u fdl0f e]udf ;~rfng x'g ;Sg] ;fgf tyf demf}nf pbf]ux?sf] of]ubfg pnn]vo /x]sf] 5. h;df ;xsf/l If]qn] k ToIf of]ubfg ul//x]sf] 5. o; cfwf/df b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu cfjzos k"fhl lgdf{0fdf ;xsf/l If]qsf] of]ubfg pnn]vo /x]sf] b]lvg5. ;xsf/l If]qdf s]xl r'gf}tlx? klg b]vf k/]sf 5g\. sdhf]/ ;+:yfut ;'zf;g, /sd hddf kf/]/ efug] k j[[lq, hddf u/]sf] /sd b'?kof]u ug]{, cfkmgt / gftfuf]tfdf sd;n vfnsf kl/of]hgfdf klg lwtf] ljgf jf ;~rfngsf] ;'lglzrttf geosg ;fk6 lbg] kl/kf6l, ;xsf/l l;4fgt cg';f/ cfr/0f gug]{ afgl, ;DklQ z'4ls/0fsf ljifox?df klg ;xl l/kf]l6{ª gug]{ / To;sf lgodx?sf] kl/kfngf gug]{ h:tf ljifox? oqtq ;'lgg5g\. ol udel/ ljifox?nfo{ a]n}df ;f]r]/ plrt sbd rflnpg eg] ;du cy{tgqdf g} gsf/ftds c;/ kg{;sg] x'g5. o; ljifodf g]kfn /fi6«a}+sn] udel/ ep/ ljzn]if0f ul//x]sf] 5. o;sf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu bf]; f] txsf] ;+:yf -Second Tire Institution_ sf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ 5' } lgofds lgsfo u7g ug]{ ;DaGwdf g]kfn /fi6«a}+sn] Pp6f P]gsf] d:of}bf agfp/ cy{ ;fndf g} a'emfpsf] lyof]. t/ Tof] d:of}bf cg'?ksf] P]g cem} cfpsf] 5}g. ca b]zdf goff klg cfpsf] / b]zsf] cfly{s ultljlwdf klg Jofks?kdf abnfj cfpsf] ;Gbe{df ljlzli6s[t lgofdslo kl/j]zsf nflu bf]; f] txsf] ;+:yf [Second Tire Institution (STI)] sf] cjwf/0ff emg} HjnGt ep/ cfpsf] h:tf] b]lvg5. To;sf/0f o;tkm{ cfufdl k of;x? s]lgb t x'g cfjzos 5. g]kfnsf] ljqlo If]qsf] lgodg / ;'kl/j]if0fdf g]kfn /fi6«a}+ssf] g]t[tj ;a}egbf dxtjk"0f{ x'g5. ljqlo ;xsf/lnfo{ g]kfn /fi6«a}+ssf] 42

44 cg'udgsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg' k5{ egg] cfu xx? a]nf a]nfdf ljlegg sf]0faf6 cfpg] u/]sf klg 5g\. g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg g]kfn /fi6«a}+s a}+s tyf ljqlo ;+:yf ;DaGwL nufotsf sfg"gl k fjwfg cg';f/ s]gb Lo a}+snfo{ k bq clwsf/ If]q leq /xl g]kfn /fi6«a}+sn] sfd ug'{kg]{ kl/j]zdf k ToIf?kdf ;xsf/lsf] lgodg tyf ;'kl/j]if0f ug]{ clwsf/ / lhdd]jf/l s]gb Lo a}+snfo{ lbg ;lsg] b]lvb}g. ljutdf g]kfn /fi6«a}+sn] ljlegg ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?nfo{ ;Lldt a}+lsë sf/f]jf/ ug{ cg'dlt eg] lbpsf] lyof]. z'?df #& j6f ;xsf/lnfo{ ;Lldt a}+lsë sf/f]jf/sf] cg'dlt k bfg ul/psf] eptf klg kl5nnf] ;do of] ;+Vof!% df ;Lldt epsf] lyof]. ut jif{sf] df}lb s gllt dfkm{t tl ;+:yfx?nfo{ xfdln] k"0f{?kdf g]kfn /fi6«a}+ssf] lgofdslo bfo/faf6 x6fpsf 5f}+. ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf] ;+Vof #% xhf/sf] xf/fxf/l /x]sf] tyf olt 7"nf] ;+hfnsf] lg/lif0f ;'kl/j]if0f ug{ g]kfn /fi6«a}+sdf ljbdfg sd{rf/l ;+ogqaf6 ;Dej gepsf], lgodg ;'kl/j]if0f ubf{ Psflt/ g]kfn /fi6«a}+ssf] lgb]{zg nfu' x'g] t/ csf]{tkm{ ltg} ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?nfo{ ;xsf/l dfkb08 klg nfu' x'g] x'fbf tl ;xsf/lx? :jo+ bf]xf]/f] dfkb08 kl/kfngf ug{ u/fpg s7lg epsf], sltko ;jfndf stf tkm{sf] lgb]{zg dfgg] egg] låljwf x'g] u/]sf] sf/0faf6 g]kfn /fi6«a}+ssf] tkm{af6 s]xl gugg] ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf] dfq k ToIf lgu/fgl tyf lgodg ul//xg' Tolt >]os/ gb]lvpsf] x'gfn] ltglx?sf] cg'dltkq /4 -De-licensing_ ul/psf] xf]. of] sfo{ ljz'4 g]kfn /fi6«a}+ssf] cfgtl/s Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ul/psf] xf]. tl ;xsf/l ;+:yfdf s'g} k sf/sf] sdl sdhf]/l ep/ jf cfu x k"jf{u xsf] sf/0faf6 g]kfn /fi6«a}+ssf] lgu/fglaf6 x6fopsf] eg] xf]og. ca s;/l g]kfn /fi6«a}+ssf] lgodg sfo{ tyf ;'kl/j]ifslo bfo/fleq ;xsf/lnfo{ Nofpg] xf] egg] ;jfndf ;xsf/lx? nufd ljgfsf] 3f]8f x'g' x'gg. ;xl sfdsf nflu k f]t;fxg, cg'bfg, s/df 5'6 ;'ljwf nufotdf /fhon] Wofg lbg'k5{. u fdl0f pbdzlntfsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;xsf/lnfo{ gof cfofd ;lxt cufl8 a9fpg' k5{. ljbdfg sfg"gl Joj:yfn] Tof] ug{ lbb}+g. t/, olb /fi6«a}+sn] ;xsf/lx?sf] lgodg ;'kl/j]if0f ug}{ kg]{ xf] eg] klxnf ;+ljwfg, g]kfn /fi6«a}+s P]g, a}+s tyf ljqlo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g nufotdf ;+;f]wg u/l g]kfn /fi6«a}+ssf] sfo{if]qleq Nofpg'kg]{ x'g5. To;} cg';f/sf] /fi6«a}+sn] ;/rgf agfo{ nfu" ug'{k5{. o;f] ug]{ xf] eg] b]lv # ;o hgfhlt goff hgzlqm egf{ u/]/ ;xsf/l lgodg tyf ;'kl/j]if0f ljefu u7g u/l sfd sf/jfxl Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsg5. of] ljifo cln sl7g ljifo klg xf]. xfns} cj:yfsf] s'/f ug'{kbf{ ljlegg k fljlws Pj+ ;Lk x:tfgt/0fsf dfwodaf6 ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf] lgodg tyf ;'kl/j]if0f ug]{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf lgsfo -;xsf/l af]8{ nufot_ nfo{ ;xof]u ug{ eg] ;lsg5. h;df s]lgb o a}+ssf] tkm{af6 s]xl hgzlqm s]xl ;do sfhdf k7fp/ ;xsf/lx?sf] lgodg ;'kl/j]if0fdf ;+nug x'g] ;xsf/l ljefusf] hgzlqmnfo{ lg/lif0f ;'kl/j]if0f sfo{ ug]{ tf}/ tl/sf l;sfpg], tflnd lbg], l6ddf ;+nug /xl lgodg ;'kl/j]if0f sfo{nfo{ Jojl:yt / yk k efjsf/l kfg]{ nufotsf sfd ug{ ;lsg5. To;sf nflu cfjzos 5nkmn, ;Demf}tf / cfk;l ;dembf/l eg] cfjzos /xg5. xfn;ddsf] l:yltdf sltko ;dodf g]kfn /fi6«a}+sn] cfk\mgf] vr{df a]nf a]nfdf ;xsf/lsf] hgzlqmnfo{ Ifdtf clej[l4sf tflndx? ;d]t cfof]hgf ug]{ u/]sf] 5. ;xsf/lsf] ljsf;sf nflu glltut, ;+/rgfut, k lqmofut / sfo{ut txdf :ki6 dfu{bz{g / df]8fln6l agfpg' k5{. glltut txdf sfg"gl :ki6tf kfg]{, Second Tire Institution sf] cjwf/0ffnfo{ d"t{?k lbg], ;DkQL z'l4s/0fsf d"no dfgotfsf] bfo/fdf ;xsf/l klg cfpg] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{, ;xsf/l If]qdf ;+:yfut ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0fnfo{ sl;nf] agfpg], ;xsf/l If]qdf ljbdfg cfly{s clgoldttf / lj;+ultsf h/f sf6\g b08 / ;hfofsf] glltnfo{ k efjsf/l?kdf nfu' ug]{ sfd ug'{ cfjzos 5. ;+/rgfsf] lx;fan] s'/f ubf{ /fli6«o ;xsf/l af]8{, ;xsf/l ljefu, ;xsf/l ;+3 / :jo+ ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf] k ToIf ;+nugtfdf kf/blz{tf, ;'zf;g / sfo{k lqmof Jojl:yt ug]{ ;+ogq agfpg' kg]{ x'g5. o;sf ;fy} ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?df ljj]szln lgodg (Prudential Norms) nfu" x'gkg]{, ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?df :jlgodsf] ceof; a;fpg], cfgtl/s lgogq0f k 0ffnLnfO{ k efjsf/l kfg]{, cgt/f{li6«o txdf epsf c;n ceof;x? cg';/0f ug'{kg]{ / ol ;a} sfdx?sf nflu k lqmofut / sfo{ut :ki6tf sfod ug'{kg]{ x'g5. à à à 43

45 laxfgl /fktl ufp+ kflnsf %, sfnfkfgl kmf]g g+= M )*@ $)@)#^ Od]n M bihanisaccos@gmail.com >LcGt' bds ^, emfkf kmf]g g+= M )@# %*%#@! Od]n M shreeantu11@gmail.com km]g;l e/tk'/!, gf/fo0fu9, lrtjg kmf]g g+= M )%^ %#@(*(, %#@(%* Od]n M fancysaccos@gmail.com k fod kf]v/f $, u}x fkf6g, kmf]= )^! %#$&&) a'9lahf/, kmf]= )^! $!!%)% kf]v/f!, au/, kmf]= )^! %#$!## Od]n M primemulticooperative659@gmail.com k[yjl b]jr'nl g=kf=!), k utlgu/, gjnk/f;l kmf]g g+= M )&* %&%!!* Od]n M prithvi.saccos1@gmail.com hgptyfg ltnf]qdf g=kf=!%, sf]l6xfjf,?kgb]xl kmf]g g+= M )&! %^@!)), (*$&)#@@## Od]n M janautthan@gmail.com j]a;fo6 M 44

46 gjk ltef gofa]nxfgl * cf?ëvf]nf kmf]g g+ )&* %%%@(%, )&* %%%#!@ Od]n M ramu_kafle@hotmail.com kl/snkgf M æ:jfjndal ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u ug]{æ Wo]o M k ltikwf{tds ljqlo tyf ;fdflhs ;]jf k bfg u/l u fld0f ;d'bfosf ljkgg ju{sf] hljg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg ;xof]u ug]{. art ;]jfx? M!$ k sf/ C0f ;]jfx? M ( k sf/ k'/:sf/ tyf ;Ddfg M ACCU df Credit Union Microfinance Innovation Performance Award k fkt. g]km\:s"gaf6 ;fndf n3'ljq If]qdf pts[i6 of]ubfg k' ofp jfkt k'/:s[t. ;b:o /fxt sfo{qmd s_ ;b:o /fxtsf]if v_ lrgtfd'st sfo{qmd u_ ;b:o b'3{6gf ladf ;Lk, Ifdtf tyf ;fdflhs ljsf; sfo{qmd s_ ljkgg;fu gjk ltef sfo{qmd v_ ;Lk ljsf;, g]t[tj ljsf; / Ifdtf clej[l4 sfo{qmd u_ cy{k"0f{ hljgsf nflu cfjf; lgdf{0f sfo{qmd 3_ o'jfdf n3'ljq sfo{qmd ª_ s[lif sfo{qmd r_ aftfj/0f ;'wf/ sfo{qmd i xflb{s awfo{ j g]km\:s"gn] g]kfn e/lsf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yf dwo] bf]nvf lhnnfdf /x]sf] xfd f] hgsnof0f art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yf ln= ;fnsf] ;jf]{ts[i6 ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf?kdf k'/:s[t ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/]sf]df bf]nvf lhnnfsf tkm{af6 xflb{s awfo{ tyf yk ;kmntfsf nflu z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}+. lhj;/fh v8\sf cwoif bf]nvf lhnnf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= eld]zj/ g=kf= ^, rl/sf]6, bf]nvf kmf]g g+= M )$( $@!^*$ Od]nM dolakhadu@gmail.com 45

47 cgtjf{tf{ g]km\:s"gn] ;fsf]; cleofgk lt b'/ufdl b[li6sf]0f /fvg'kb{5 s}nfz eqm k wfgfë g]kfnsf] art C0f ;xsf/l cleofgsf hljgt Oltxf; x'g'x'g5. lj=;+=!((^ c;f/!# ut] afa' rgb eqm k wfgfë / cfdf >j0fs'df/l k wfgfësf] sf]vaf6 emqmk'/ lhnnfsf] l7dl -k'/fgf] gub]z *_ df hgdg' epsf k wfgfësf] afnosfn / k f/ldes lziff l7dl kf7zfnaf6 z'? epsf] lyof]. ;fnb]lv sdo'lgi6 /fhglltdf k j]z ug'{epsf k wfgfësf] cf}krfl/s lziff ctogt} r'gf}tlk"0f{ /xg uof]. ;fndf k foe]6af6 k/liff lbp/ al=p= kf; ug'{epsf] lyof]. ;xsf/lsf] Oltxf; pxffsf] hljgdf pxff hlts} k'/fgf] 5. ;fndf u fd ljsf; s]gb af6 gub]zdf, ;xsf/l vf]ng] k of; eof] / To;df pxff ;lrj ep/ sfd ug'{eof] To;sf] cflwsf/ls ef}r/ sf] kfopsf] lyof]. ;fg} pd]/af6 /fhglltdf k j]z ug]{ / ;+3 ;+:yf vf]n]/ g]t[tj lng] k ]/0ff ldn]sf] pxff atfpg'x'g5. ;fndf o'jf Snj, ;fndf cfb{z o'jf Snj vf]nl xfn;dd To;sf] cwoif /xg' epsf] 5. ;fn cl3 l;l4u0f]z ax'p2]zolo ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf] )@# df eqmk'/ lhnnf ;xsf/l ;+3sf] ;fndf lhnnf ;+3sf] ;~rfns, /fli6«o ;xsf/l ;+3sf] k"j{ ;~rfns, /fli6«o ;xsf/l ljsf; af]8{sf] k"j{ ;~rfns eo{ sfo{ ug'{epsf] 5. ;fndf ;xof]ul art ;]jf ;xsf/l ;+:yf ln= vf]nl To;sf] xfn;dd cwoif kbdf x'g' x'g5. jif]{ n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldltsf] ;b:o eo{ ;fn;dd % k6s g]km\:s"gsf] cwoif kbdf sfd ug'{ eof]. g]km\:s"gsf] cwoif x'fbf!((* ;fndf O08f]g]l;ofdf x'g] eg]sf] ;fwf/0f;ef ToxfFsf] ågåsf sf/0fn] ;fwf/0f;ef g]kfndf ug{ ;kmn x'g' eof]. xfn klg ljlegg ;+3 ;+:yfdf ;xsf/lsf] sfo{qmddf k d'v cltly, cltly / k lzifssf] kdf sfo{ ub{} x'g'x'g5. g]kfnsf] art C0f ;xsf/l cleofgdf pxffsf] clj:d/0flo of]ubfg 5. pxff g]kfn ;/sf/ ;xsf/l tyf ul/al lgjf/0f dgqfnon] ut jif{b]lv k f/de u/]sf] Ps nfv /fzlsf] ut] ;Ddflgt x'g'epsf] lyof]. g]km\:s"gsf] jl/i7 ;Nnfxsf/sf]?kdf /x]/ clxn] klg pxffn] art C0f ;xsf/l cleofgsf nflu P]g, lgodfjnl lgdf{0fdf dxtjk"0f{ ;'emfj / ;Nnfx k bfg ub}{ cfpg'epsf] 5. pxff;fu g]km\:s"g sf nflu ;+3sf k zf;g tyf ;~rf/ clws[t -:dfl/sf ;x ;Dkfbs_ /fwf kf}8]nn] ug'{epsf] s'/fsfglsf] ;f/;+if]km 46

48 oxff nfdf] ;do g]km\:s"gsf] g]t[tjdf /x]/ sfd ug'{eof]. ;+3sf] ljut / jt{dfg ultnfo{ oxffn] s;/l lgofng'epsf] 5 < + ;fndf ttsflng ef]h/fh l3ld/] ;femf s]gb sf] cwoif x'g'x'gyof]. ef]h/fh hl ;femf s]gb df cwoif x'fbf PlzofnL C0f dxf;+3 / >L/fd >]i7sf] g]t[tjdf /x]sf] USC Sofg8f g]kfn egg] INGO lyof]. ol b'o{ ;+:yfsf] cu'jfo{df tftsflng ef]h/fh l3ld/]sf] ;fn >fj0f #@ ut] art ;d"x /fli6«o ;+3 tby{ ;ldlt u7g eof]. To; hgf dflg;x?sf] lni6 lyof]. To;df ;femf s]gb sf ljegg o'lg6df epsf JolQmx?nfO{ k ltlglwtj hgf k' ofopsf] lyof]. To;dWo] Pp6f a}7sdf Ps hgf h]6 axfb'/ /fo{ egg] dfg5] pnn]v epsf] kfpf, Tof] gfdsf] cgf}7f] 36gf 5, d}n] of] h]6 axfb'/ /fo{ egg] sf] dfg5] xf]nf eg]/ vf]hl u/] t/ sf]lx kqf nfu]g. dnfo{ nfuof] Tof] gfd t]haxfb'/ /fo{ x'g'k5{. -pxffn] xff:b} egg'eof]_ gfd n]vg] qmddf pn6f] k/]/ h]6 axfb'/ /fo{ x'g upsf] /x]5. ef]h/fh l3ld/]sf] cwoiftfdf u7g epsf] To; ;ldltsf] klxnf] dfogo"6df s;}sf] klg x:tfif/ ;fn >fj0f #@ ut] u7g epsf] art ;d"x /fli6«o ;+3 tby{ ;ldltsf] gfd ljlegg ;dodf kl/jt{g ub}{ art ;d"x /fli6«o ;+3 >fj0f #@ tby{ ;ldlt, d+l;/ c;f/ cflzjg efb kmfu'g ( art tyf C0f ;d"x /fli6«o ;+3 tby{ ;ldlt art tyf C0f /fli6«o ;+3 /fli6«o art tyf C0f ;+3 g]kfn art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+3 g]kfn art tyf C0f s]gb Lo ;xsf/l ;fn ut] g]kfn art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= -g]km\:s"g_ ;xsf/l ljefudf btf{ eof]. Toltj]nf ljefusf /lhi6«f/ z+s//fh hf]zl x'g'x'gyof]. btf{ epkl5 ;b:otf lj:tf/sf nflu xfdln] lhnnf lhnnfdf sfo{qmd uyof}{, aflx/af6 klg lj1x? klg cfpfy], To;df d ctogt} v6\y]+. ;+3 btf{ epsf] s]xl ;dokl5 lgjf{rg ug]{ qmd z'? eof]. To;sf nflu xfdl nflhdkf6df a}7s a:of}. a}7sdf lgs} rsf{rsl{ / emu8f klg k of]. cwoif ef]h/fh l3ld/]nfo{ lgndag u/]. emu8fn] 7"nf]?k lnof]. ldnfkqsf nflu cbfnt;dd k'uof}+. kl5 ldnfkq eof] ca r'gfjdf s;nfo{ s] ug]{ egg] ljifodf axz z'? ;fn ut] r'gfj eof]. Toltj]nf d pdd]bjf/ epf, d]/f] ljkifdf Pshgf zfgt/fh zdf{ egg] pdd]b\jf/ p7]sf lyp. ;a} kb lglj{/f]w eof], cwoif kb rfxl lglj{/f]w epg. d lgjf{lrt epf. ;Gt/fhnfO{ INGO x?n] ;kf]6 u/]/ cwoif kbdf p7fpsf lyp eg] ;femf s]gb sf JolQmx?sf] rfxgf INGO sf] xftdf kfg{ lbg' x'fb}g egg] lyof]. pdd]bjf/ x'g] dfg5] sf]xl gep/ ;femf s]gb sf dflg;x?n] w]/} s/ u/]kl5 d pdd]bjf/ epsf] lypf. lgjf{lrt eo{;s]kl5 d}n] z'?sf] tlg jif{ lgs} d]xgt u/]+. tlg jif{kl5 d 5f]8\g] kifdf lypf. t/ w]/} ;+:yfsf dfg5]x? tkfo{+n] 5f]8\g' x'fb}g eg]/ s/ ug{ yfn]kl5 d bf]; f] lgjf{rgdf klg ;xeful epf. 3/df ;do lbpg eg]/ >LdtLsf] af/daf/ srsr x'gyof]. t]; f] k6s lgjf{rgsf] dfxf]n glhs cfo{/x]sf] lyof]. lj/f6gu/af6 bz afx hgf ;+:yfsf dfg5]x? 3/df cfpsf lyp, jxffx?nfo{ 3/d} vfgf v'jfp/ 5nkmn eo{/x]sf] lyof]. ;a}hgf dnfo{ r'gfj tkfo{+n] n8\g'k5{ tkfo{+n] 5f]8\g' x'fb}g eg]/ egg'x'gyof]. To;} a]nf >LdtL;Fu klg lgs} 7"nf] emu8f k of]. d}n] ;DaGw ljr5]b u/]/ ca cf cfkm\g} tl/sfaf6 cufl8 a9f}+ eg]kl5 >LdtLn] af]ng 5fl8g\.!$ jif{ d g]km\:s"gdf cwoif ep/ /x]f. d}n] g]km\:s"gaf6 slxno} klg Ps k};f lno{g. klxnf]k6s ef]nf >]i7 n]vf clws[t kmfu'gb]lv c;f/;ddsf] $ % dlxgfsf] ldl6ª eqf lbpsf] lyof]. d}n] lngg eg] t/ PsfpG6]06n] dnfo{ ;d:of x'g5 d}n] vr{ n]lv;s]f, h;/l klg lng'k5{ egg yfnof]. d}n] Tof] k};f a'lemlnfp / To;df!) k ltzt yk]/ g]km\:s"gnfo{ rgbf lbfp. To;kl5 d}n] eqf slxno} lnog klg. d]/f] sfof{sfndf ;g\!((* df cfs"sf] ;fwf/0f;ef g]kfndf ;DkGg epsf] lyof]. ;fwf/0f;efsf] $ nfvsf] ljn ltg]{ ;dodf cs'sf] qm]l86 sf8{af6 k};f cfpg, g]km\:s"gsf ;fylx?n] klg ;fk6l lbg dfg]gg\ To;kl5 Tof] lan d cffkm}n] lt/]. kl5 cs'af6 k};f k7fof]. cs'sf] ;fwf/0f;efdf dnfo{ /l~htn] cs'sf] dxf;lrjsf nflu k :tfj u/]sf] lyof], d}n] eg] klxnf 47

49 g]km\:s"gsf] j[l4 / ljsf; tla ultdf eo{/x]sf] 5 tla ult ; u; u} g]km\:s"gsf nflu r'gf}tl klg Tolts} al9/x]sf 5g\. ;j{k yd t g]km\:s"gsf] b[li6sf]0f k i6 x'g'k5{. of] t art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf] s]gb Lo ;+3 xf]. g]km\:s"g /fd f];fu ;~rfng ug{ b]pm. cs'sf] dxf;lrj x'g] a]nf epsf] 5}g elg pqm kb :jlsf/ ul/g. ljb]z hffbf klg ;/sf/l ;/x TADA lbg] rng lyof] g]km\:s"gdf. d dn]lzof up/ kmls{bf vr{ epsf] egbf afx]s lng'x'fb}g eg]/ d} up/ kms]{kl5 Tof] ;a} /f]lslbpf. ;~rfns ;ldltdf lgjf{lrt ;~rfnsx?n] tna lng'x'fb}g egg] s'/f Credit Union Principles df l;4fgtt k i6 5. xfd f] o; ;+:yf -;xof]ul art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yf ln=_ jif{ eof]. d}n] lng] eg]sf] dlxgfsf] %))?k}off df]afo{n l/rfh{ sf8{ dfq xf]. ;xsf/l ;~rfng ubf{ ;xsf/l d"no dfgotf cg';f/ eof] ls epg. ;xsf/lsf] ;+Vof t w]/} eof] t/ d"no / dfgotf leq slt ;xsf/l 5g\ t < of] clxn]sf] HjnGt k Zg xf]. ;xsf/lnfo{ g]kfnsf] s]gb Lo a}+s -/fi6«a}+s_ n] x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f s:tf] kfpg'epsf] 5 < + jt{dfg ueg{/ lr/l~hjl g]kfnn] ;xsf/ln] cfly{s ;+s6 Nofpg ;S5 eg]/ clejolqm lbg'epsf] 5. ljz]if u/]/ pxffn] ;xsf/l a}+s / art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yfnfo{ kmf]s; ug'{epsf] 5. o; af/]df k ltjfb ug{ ;xsf/l a}+s / g]km\:s"g lsg k5fl8 xl6/x]sf] 5 < b]zsf] ueg{/n] o:tf] af]n]kl5 g]kfnsf] art C0f ;xsf/l cleofg k lt cgt/f{li6«o?kdf z+sf p7\g] 7fpF /xg5 sl /xfb}g < s]gb Lo txdf s'/f u/]/ ;d:of km'sfpg ;xsf/l dxf;+3, g]km\:s"g, ;xsf/l a}s lsg nflu/x]sf] 5}g. g]kfn /fi6«a}+ssf ueg{/n] af/daf/ ;xsf/ln] ;+s6 Nofpg ;Sg] egb} clejolqm lbp/ lx8\g], clg otf ;xsf/l dxf;+3, g]km\:s"g / ;xsf/l a}+s] 6'n'6'n' x]l//xg]. ;xsf/lsf] s]gb Lo txdf of]uo JolQm 5g\ t/ lsg jxffx?n] ;do cg';f/ of]uotf k bz{g ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ d To;df crrldt epsf] 5'. t/klg g]km\:s"gn] ;do cg';f/ ult lno{/x]sf] 5. ljzj C0f kl/ ifb (WOCCU) sf] ;b:otf k fkt epsf] 5. g]km\:s"gsf] j[l4 / ljsf; tla ultdf eo{/x]sf] 5 tla ult ;Fu;Fu} g]km\:s"gsf nflu r'gf}tl klg Tolts} al9/x]sf 5g\. ;a{k yd t g]km\:s"gsf] b[li6sf]0f k i6 x'g'k5{. of] t art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf] s]gb Lo ;+3 xf]. of] PlzofnL C0f dxf;+3 -cs'_ ;Fu hf]l8psf] 5. cs' PlzofnL qm]l86 o'lgogx?sf] km]8]/];g xf]. t/ clxn] cs'n] ;xsf/l a}+snfo{ ;b:otf lbo{/x]sf] cj:yf 5. of] s;/l x'g;s5, ef]ln Pp6f s[lif ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf] JolQm cs'sf] cwoif eof] eg] xfdln] p;nfo{ s] egg]. cs'n] a}+s tyf cgo ;DalGwt ;+:yfnfo{ Pzf]l;o6 ;b:otf ;Dd lbg ;S5. qm]l86 o'lgogdf gepsf] JolQmnfO{ s;/l qm]l86 o'lgogsf] ;b:otf lbg ldn5 < o; ljifodf g]km\:s"gn] cs'df s'/f /fvg'k5{. ;xsf/ldf /fhgllts/0f epsf] xf] < + ;xsf/l /fhgllts/0f eof] egg] ul/g5. clxn] g]km\:s"gdf klg ToxL dfxf]n cfo{/x]sf] 5. /fhgllts/0f eof] eof] eg]/ dfq} epg To;nfO{ r]sck ug]{ b[li6sf]0f /fvg'k5{. r]sck ug]{ Pp6f af6f] 5, proportional representation single vote transfer system, yf]d; xfo/ eg5. of] lj l6; kf]lnl6l;ogn] agfpsf] k 0ffnL xf]. of] ;aegbf klxnf g]b/nof08df nfu' epsf] l;:6d xf]. ;aegbf /fd f] k hftflgqs b]z g]b/nof08 xf]. g]b/nof08df of] klxnf] k6s nfu' eof], of] s'/f xfd f] g]kfndf k~rfot sfnsf] r'gfjdf klg nfu' eof]. oxff klg clxn] dflynnf] ;bg To;/L g} r'gfj e}/fv]sf] 5. Tof] u of] eg] oxff Kofgn jfo{h r'gfj ug}{ ;Sb}g. cwoifsf] ef]6 cwoifn] dfu5, pkfwoifsf] ef]6 cwoifn] dfu]/ lx8\b} lx8\b}g. To;n] ubf{ hlt;'s} ax'dt epklg ljklifsf] dfg5]n] klg lhtg] ;Defjgf x'g5 ToxfF. 48

50 ;xsf/l nfo{ oxffn] s;/l x]g'{epsf] 5 < sf] ;xsf/l P]g sf] P]gnfO{ t'ngftds?kdf x]g'k5{. P]g 7"nf] ep/ cfpsf] 5. o;n] # $ j6f s'/f /fd f] NofPsf] 5. ;a}egbf /fd f] s'/f ;+/Ifs k"fhlsf]ifnfo{ o;n] hf]8 lbpsf] 5. ;+/Ifs k"fhlsf]if egg] g} yfxf 5}g oxff sltnfo{. g]kfndf z'?b]lv ;+/lift k"fhlsf]if lkmtf{ ug]{ oxl ;xof]ul art tyf ;]jf s]gb ;xsf/l ;+:yfdfq 5. o; egbf c? s;}n] lbpsf] yfx} 5}g eg5. ;+/lift k"fhlsf]if lbpsf 5f} eg]/ oxff rf/j6f ;xsf/l ;+:yfx? cfof] t/ pglx?n] lbpsf] ldn]s} 5}g. of] z]o/, lgoldt art, Cl0f s;nfo{ lbg]. z]o/nfo{ t nfef+z lbps} 5 t xfdln]. nfef+z kfp/ klg ;+/lift k"fhlsf]if kfof] eg] t 8an eof] lg. ;+;f/df ;xsf/l cufl8 a9\g'df oxl ;+/lift k"fhlsf]ifsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf 5. h;n] C0f lnp/ ;dodf ;ffjf Aofh a'emfpf5 p;n] kf] ;+/lift k"fhlsf]if kfpg'k5{. of] af/]df dfg5]n] cwoog u/]sf] ;fnsf] ;xsf/l lgodfjnldf of] s'/f k i6 n]lvlbpsf] 5, h;n] C0f lnp/ Aofh lt/]sf] x'fg5, To;n] dfq ;+/lift k"fhlsf]if kfpg] Joj:yf 5. of] Toltj]n} k i6 epsf] s'/f kl5nnf P]gx?n] emg\ emg\ ljuf/]/ Nofof]. oxffsf] ljrf/df ca ;xsf/l lgodfjnl s:tf] cfpg'knf{ < + ;xsf/l lgodfjnl P]g cg';f/ x'g] xf]. o;df d}n] egb} cfo{/x]sf] 5', ;xsf/l lgodfjnldf ul/al lgjf/0f sf]if klg /xg'k of]. Tof] sf]if :yfkgf ug]{ a]nfdf lgodg lgsfo, dxf;+3, s]gb Lo ;+3 / ;xsf/l a}+sx? :ki6 x'g'k5{. lgodg lgsfon] s] eg5 eg] klxnf ^ j6f sf]if / hu]8f sf]if /fv]kl5 & j6f sf]if egbf a9l lsg /fv]sf] eg]/ ;f:tl u of]. oxlfsf] o'jf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yfn] dnfo{ egof] ljefun] dnfo{ ;fx } b'mv lbof]. tkfo{+n] af]lnlbg' k of]. o; ljifodf klxnf Ps 7fpFdf s'/f /fvbf dnfo{ l8lehg ;xsf/l sfof{non] tkfo{+n] o;sf] Snf; g} lno{lbg' k of] eg]sf] lyof]. d}n] eg] sf]ifsf] ptklq ;xsf/l l;g4fgtsf] # g+= df :ki6 eg]sf] 5. tkfo{+x?n] cfdbfgl epsf] klxn] hu]8f sf]if 5'6\ofpg';\, z]o/ nfef+z 5'6\ofpg';\, affsl epsf] /sdx? ;xsf/lsf] nflu p7fg ug{ / ;b:onfo{ lxt ug]{ ul/sg ;fwf/0f;ef lg0f{o u/]/ u/ eg]sf] xf]. ;+:yfn] cfjzostfsf] cfwf/df ;b:ox?sf] lxt x'g] lsl;daf6 cfjzos sf]ifx? ;fwf/0f;efdf lg0f{o u/]/ /fvg ;S5. cfjzos s'/fsf] nflu ;b:o, ;+:yf / ;d'bfonfo{ lxt x'g] s'/fdf sf]if /fvg kfpg'k5{ lgodg lgsfon] /fvg kfpfb}g egg kfpf5. ToxL :jzfl;t, :jfoqtf / :jtgqtfsf] cfwf/df xfdln] cfjzoslo sf]ifx? ;b:o, ;+:yf / ;d'bfosf] lxt x'g] u/l ug{ kfpf5f}+. P]gsf w]/} bkmfx?df tf]lsp adf]lhd x'g]5 eg]/ n]lvpsf] 5. ca of] ;a} lgodfjnldf tf]sg'kg]{ s'/fx? 5. ca ;/sf/l sd{rf/ltgq / s]gb Lo lgsfosf k ltlglwalr s'/f gldln/x]sf] d}n] kfpsf] 5'. o;df ;aegbf v/fa s'/f d}n] s] b]v]sf] 5' eg] ;xsf/l egf]sf] ;b:o s]lgb t ;+:yf xf]. Pp6f ;xsf/l ;+:yfdf ;b:o a;]kl5 csf]{ ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf] ;b:o agg gkfpg] eg]/ n]vof]. Pp6} k s[ltsf] ;+:yfdf gkfpg] egg] xf] t/ km/s k s[ltsf] ;+:yfdf ;b:o agg lsg gkfpg]. of] unt s'/f xf]. tkfo{nfo{ b}lgs hljg rnfpgsf] nflu slt s'/fsf] cfjzostf k5{ < ;f] k"lt{sf] nflu ;DalGwt ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf] ;b:o agg'k5{, h:t} vfg]kfglsf] nflu vfg]kfgl ;xsf/l ;+:yf / UofF;sf] nflu Uof; ;xsf/l ;+:yfdf ;b:o agg lsg /f]s nufpg] < g]kfnsf] ;xsf/l cleofgk lt oxff s] ;Gb]z lbg rfxg'x'g5 < + ;j{k yd t cleofgnfo{ k efjsf/l agfpgdf sd{rf/ltgqsf] dxtjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g5. d}n] s] b]v]sf] 5' eg] g]km\:s"gsf sd{rf/l ;Ifd 5g\, sd{rf/ln] u/]sf] of]ubfgsf] sb/ ug'{k5{. hgzlqm eg]sf] ;+:yfnfo{ alnof] agfpg] ;+ogq xf]. To;sf] nflu ;+3 kf/bzl{ x'g'k5{ / sd{rf/l ;Gt'i6LnfO{ klg Vofn ug'{k5{. csf]{s'/f g]km\:s"gn] cfkm"df cfpsf r'gf}tl;fu ;lx?kn] h'wg b'/b[i6l /fvg'k5{. dnfo{ Pp6f ljb]zln] cfp/ s] egof] eg] g]kfndf Pp6} dfq g]km\:s"g 5, d}n] g]km\:s"g h:tf] /fd f] ;+:yf cgt st} b]v]sf] 5}g. g]km\:s"gsf] lj:tf/ / ;b:o ;+:yf;fusf] ;~rf/ ctogt ldn]sf] 5, ;a}kifalr cfltdotf 5, o;df sxlf st}af6 sdl cfpg lbg'x'fb}g. dnfo{ Pp6f s'/f s] nflu/x]sf] 5 eg] /fli6«o ;xsf/l dfxf;+3df of] of] ;b:o agg;sg] eg]/ P]gsf] bkmf ## df :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. ToxfF sxlf st} ;xsf/l a}+ssf] gfd} 5}g t/ dxf;+3n] lsg ;xsf/l a}+snfo{ ;b:o lbo/fv]sf] 5. o; ljifodf g]km\:s"gn] s'/f /fvg'k5{. d of] x]l//fv]sf] 5' ls lsg dxf;+3 P]g ljkl/tsf] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 / g]km\:s"g klg To; ljifodf s]xl af]n]sf] 5}g. d g]km\:s"gaf6 afl// /x]/ klg d}n] g]km\:s"gsf nflu ;xof]u u/]sf] 5'. g]km\:s"gn] klg d]/f] ;b} prr ;Ddfg / sb/ u/]sf] 5. d]/f] OR5f eg]sf] Credit Union dfkm{t ul/al lgjf/0fdf ;xof]u k' ofpg] xf]. ef]h/fh l3ld/]sf] cwoiftfdf ul7t klxnf] ;ldltsf] a}7s 49

51 >L hljghof]tl bz/yrgb gu/kflnsf $, uf]7fnfkfgl j}t8l kmf]g g+= M )*$ ^()#^!, )(% %@)^@* rd]nl snof0fsf/l ;"o{ljgfos =g=kf!, la?jf, eqmk'/ kmf]g g+= M )! %!$#)!$ Od]n M chamelisaccos59@gmail.com j]a;fo6 M gjo'u b'ubs]bf/ ufkf &, b]pn]s, a}t8l kmf]g g+= M (*$*&!^))( Od]n M nawayugsaving@gmail.com k ult 7fs'/afaf g=kf= #, augfx, alb{of kmf]g g+= M (*%*)@^&^^ Od]n M saccospragati@gmail.com a fo6 afuahf/, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M $@)@(!, $@#(%*$ Od]n M brightsaccos@gmail.com ljlnog; Go"/f]8, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $@@!&&! Od]n M billions.saccos@gmail.com 50

52 n]v bluf] ljsf; nio / ;xsf/l dlg/fh sf8]n jl/i7 pkfwoif, /fli6«o ;xsf/l dxf;+3 ln= g]kfn Pj+ ;Nnfxsf/, g]km\:s"g ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3n] ;Dd cl3 ;f/]sf] * j6f nio ;lxtsf] ;x>fabl ljsf; nio -Millennium Development Goals_ sf] cjwl k"/f epkl5 To;sf] ;ldiff tyf d"nof+sg ;lxt!% df!(# /fi6«sf k ltlglwx?sf] x:tfif/ ;lxt ;DdnfO{ bluf] ljsf; nio -Sustainable Development Goal_ sf]?kdf ljsf;sf ;femf niox? cl3 ;f/]sf] 5. h;df g]kfnn] klg x:tfif/ u/]sf] 5. ol niox?!& j6f to ul/psf 5g\. h'g o; k sf/ 5g. nio g+=! ;a} k sf/sf ul/alnfo{ ;a} 7fpFaf6 cgto ug]{ nio ef]sd/l tyf s'kf]if0fsf] cgto ug]{ -vfb ;'/Iff, ;'wfl/psf] kf]if0f ttj tyf bluf] s[lifsf] ptkfbstj j[l4 ;lxt_ nio g+= # ;a}sf] :j:y, bl3{ tyf ;'vl hljg -afn d[to'b/ 36fpg], /f]usf] k sf]k lgogq0f, ;j{;'ne :jf:yo ;]jf_ nio g+= $ ;a}sf nflu ;dfj]zl tyf u'0f:t/lo lziff / cfhljg l;sfo -;dfj]zl, ;dtfd"ns, u'0f:t/lo, lgz'ns tyf ;e{z'ne lziff_ cgt/f{li6«o ;xsf/l dxf;+3 -ICA_ sf] df Sofg8fsf] So"j]sdf epsf] cgt/f{li6«o ;ld6df ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3sf lhdd]jf/ k ltlglwx?n] olb ;xsf/l If]qn] ;fy glbg] xf] eg] ol bluf] ljsf; niox? k"/f x'g ;Sb}gg\. nio g+= % n}ª\lus ;dfgtf / dlxnf tyf lszf]/l ;zqmls/0f -;a} k sf/sf e]befj / n}lës lx+;fsf] cgto_ nio g+= ^ ;a}sf nflu ;'/lift / bluf]?kdf ;kmf kfgl tyf ;/;kmfo ;'ljwf nio g+= & ;a}sf nflu pmhf{ -;xh, e/kbf]{, bluf] tyf cfw'lgs pmhf{df kx'fr_ nio g+= * ;a}sf nflu bluf] / ;dfj]zl cfly{s j[l4, ptkfbgzln / dof{lbt /f]huf/l k j4{g nio g+= ( alnof] / bluf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, ;dfj]zl cf}bf]lusls/0f / cgj]if0fsf] k j4{g ug]{ nio g+=!) b]zleq} / b]zx? dfem /x]sf] c;dfgtfnfo{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ nio g+=!! ;x/x? / dfgj cfjf;nfo{ ;dfj]zl, ;'/lift, ;an / bluf] agfpg] nio g+=!@ bluf] pkef]u tyf ptkfbg k 0ffnLnfO{ ;'lglzrt ug]{ nio g+=!# hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf o;sf k efjx?nfo{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ttsfn sf/afxl yfng] nio g+=!$ ;d'b L, dxf;fu/lo hljg / ;d'b L ; f]tx?sf] ;+/If0f tyf bluf] k of]u ug]{ 51

53 nio g+=!% w/ftlno jftfj/0f, h+un, hldg / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ nio g+=!^ zflgtk"0f{ / ;fdfj]zl ;dfhsf] ljsf;, Gofodf ;a}sf] kxf'r / ;dfj]zl ;+:yfx? dfkm{t bluf] ljsf; nio g+=!& bluf] ljsf;sf nflu cgt/f{li6«o ;fem]bf/lnfo{ ;an agfpg] ol dflysf niox? k"/f ug{ ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3n]!^( j6f Target -nio_ j6f indicators -;"rsf+sx?_ cl3 ;f/]sf] 5. ;"rsf+sx? cf cfkmgf] b]zsf] kl/j]z cg';f/ yk36 ug{ ;lsg] x'gfn] g]kfndf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] ;a} stakeholder x?;+u 5nkmn u/l $&( j6f indicators -;'rsf+sx?_ cl3 ;f/]sf] 5. cgt/f{li6«o ;xsf/l dxf;+3 -ICA_ sf] df Sofg8fsf] So"j]sdf epsf] cgt/f{li6«o ;ld6df ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3sf lhdd]jf/ k ltlglwx?n] olb ;xsf/l If]qn] ;fy glbg] xf] eg] ol bluf] ljsf; niox? k"/f x'g ;Sb}gg\ / cw'/} /xg5g\ egg] egfo{x? k :t't u/]kl5 cgt/f{li6«o ;xsf/l dxf;+3n] ;+;f/e/lsf ;xsf/lx?nfo{ ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3n] cl3 ;f/]sf bluf] ljsf; niox? k'/f ug{ cf cfkmgf] 7fpFaf6 ;Dk"0f{ zlqmsf ;fy of]hgfa4 9+un] nfugsf nflu cfx\jfg u/]sf] 5. ;f]xl s'/fnfo{ dwo]gh/ ub}{ g]kfndf /fli6«o ;xsf/l dxf;+3n] cl3nnf] jif{ / o; jif{ klg æbluf] ljsf; nio k lktsf nflu ;xsf/læ egg] Theme to ug'{sf ;fy} b]z JofkL?kdf ljljw?kdf sfo{qmdx? cl3 ;fg'{sf ;fy} ;a} ;+3 ;+:yfx?nfo{ cf cfkmgf] 7fpFdf h'6\g cfxjfg u/]sf] 5. olg} s"/fx/nfo{ dwo gh/ /fv]/ b]ze/sf ;Dk'0f{ ;xsf/l ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] cf cfkmgf] sfo{if]q leqsf] ef}uf]lns kl/j]z, ;d'bfo / ;b:ox?sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts cj:yf / To; If]q leqsf] jftfj/0flo cj:yfnfo{ ;"Id 9+u;Fu cwoog / ljzn]if0f u/l ;+:yf / ;b:ox?sf] ;an kifx?sf] cwf/df ol!& j6} niox?, To;sf pkniox? / ;"rsf+sx? k"/f ug{ cf cfkmgf] 7fpFaf6 s] s:tf e"ldsfx? lgjf{x ug{ ;lsg5, s] s:tf lqmofsnfkx? ug{ ;lsg5 / ug'{ kg]{ lqmofsnfkx?nfo{ ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf /0fgLlts of]hgf, Joj;flos of]hgf, ;+3 ;+:yfsf gllt sfo{qmd tyf ah]6df ;d]t ;dfj]z u/l cl3 a8\g ;fy} g]kfnl ;xsf/l cleofgn] cf cfkmgf] stjo{ / bflotj k"/f ug{ k ltj4tf hfx]/ ug'{ kb{5. 52

54 ;fgf ls;fg s[lif ;xsf/l ;+:yf ln= a/xyjf, ;nf{xl kmf]g g+= )$^ Od]n M sanakisan.barahathawa@gmail.com ;'la:tf yfxflx6l, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! ^(!#&%*, $@%)^^ Od]n M subistasaving@gmail.com j]a;fo6 M ;u'g 7fs'/afaf g=kf= %, zfxlk'/, alb{of kmf]g M )*$ ^()%)^ Od]n M sagunsaccos@gmail.com lzj zlqm xl/k'/ (, ;nf{xl kmf]g g+= M (*%$)#&&!( Od]n M swasti @gmail.com :jl:ts jonjf;, ;nf{xl kmf]g g+= M )$^ %&%!)#, )$^ %&%@)# Od]n M swastic2057sahakariltd@gmail.com xfd f] ;'gf}nf] l;gfd+un, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $!!)%$& Od]n M info@hamrosunaulo.com.np, 53

55 x]nnf] s~rgh+3f kfsf], Go"/f]8, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M $@^%*!! Od]n M hellokanchanjangha@gmail.com eb fjtl sf]6]zj/, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $!%$**@ Od]n M bhadrawatisahakari@yahoo.com hgk ]dl sf}zn6f/, eqmk'/ kmf]g g+= M )! ^^#))^& Od]n M janapremisaving@gmail.com cd/hof]tl blwsf]6, eqmk'/ kmf]g g+= M )! ^^#)#@# Od]n M amarjyoti.gamcha@gmail.com xfd f] d]nldnfk sff8f3f/l, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $((!)*& Od]n M hmelmilap@yahoo.com Hof]tLk"~h goff afg]zj/, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $$*)(*% Od]n M jyotipunja123@gmail.com 54

56 n]v art tyf C0f ;xsf/l P]gsf] cfjzostf Clif /fh l3ld/] lgjt{dfg cwoif Pjd\ ;Nnfxsf/ g]km\:s"g ;xsf/l ;DjGwL cleofgn] %) jif]{ k f}9fj:yf kf/ u/]tfklg ;xsf/l hljgsf] :j:ytfsf] k b]lv otfsf cjlwnfo{ lng' kg]{ x'g5. hgtfn], hgtfsf nflu / hgtfåf/f g} k jl4{t, ;+rflnt / lgolgqt ;+:yfsf?kdf ;xsf/l ;+3, ;+:yfx? ljsl;t x'b} ult lno{ /x]sf] oyf{y ;dfh ;fd' 5. clw/fhoe/ #$ xhf/ egbf a9l ;+Vofsf ljlegg ljifosf ;xsf/lx? / tl ;+:yfdf cfj4 sl/j &) nfv ;b:ox?sf] ;+Vofn] g]kfnsf] s"n hg;+vofsf] k ltzt hgtfx?n] #) jif{ s} cjlwdf ;xsf/ltfdf cf:yf hgfo{ ;s]sf] tyo ;fljt x'g5. of] ;+Vof Go"g b]lvp klg ;dosf] ult;fu o;n] km6\sf] dfg{ ;S5 egg] s'/fdf xfdl ;a} ljzj:t x'g' kb{5. To:t} ;xsf/l -goff cgtu{t btf{ epsf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+3, ;+:yfx? af/] rrf{ ug'{ kbf{ ol ;+:yfx? ;xsf/l ep/ klg C0f ;3+ ;~rfng ;DjGwL l;4fgt k5\ofpg] x'gfn] cem pknnf] ljrf/af6 clek ]l/t 5g\. o;f] egg'sf] tftko{ cgo ;xsf/l clw/fhoe/ #$ xhf/ egbf a9l ;+Vofsf ljlegg ljifosf ;xsf/lx? / tl ;+:yfdf cfj4 sl/j &) nfv ;b:ox?sf] ;+Vofn] g]kfnsf] s"n hg;+vofsf] k ltzt hgtfx?n] #) jif{ s} cjlwdf ;xsf/ltfdf cf:yf hgfo{ ;s]sf] tyo ;fljt x'g5. ;+:yf egbf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l dfq ;j{>]i7 xf] egg vf]lhpsf] x}g. ;xsf/l ;+3, ;+:yfdf of] kl/ksj / bluf] ljsf;sf] cfwf/ af]s]sf] ;+u7g eg] kss} xf]. rfx] ax'p2]zolo xf];\, rfx] b'uw ;xsf/l xf];\, of pkef]qmf ;xsf/l xf];\, lrof jf slkmsf] ;xsf/l xf];\ ol ;a} Joj;flos ;+:yf x'g\ eg] Joj;fosf] nflu ckl/xfo{ a:t' s] xf] < pq/ k i6 5 dfgj, >f]t / ;fwg. dfg5] t xfdl cglugtl 5f}, xfdl alr sdl 5 >f]t / ;fwg. Joj;fosf] nflu k"fhl ctofjzos j:t' xf]. pkef]qmf ;xsf/lnfo{ vfb ;fdfu L v/lb ug{ xf];\ of b'uw ;xsf/lsf ;b:onfo{ ufo{, e}+;l jf bfgf v/lb ug{ xf];\ k"fhl ge} sfo{ cf/de ug]{ snkgf klg ug{ ;lsgg. To;}n] k"fhl ;+sng ug]{ ;+ogqsf]?kdf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+3, ;+:yfx?nfo{ lng ;lsg5 / bluf] ljsf;df of] ;xfos l;4 klg 5. k"fhl ;+sng ug]{ sfo{df 7"nf 7"nf ljqlo ;+:yfx? h:t} jfl0fho a}+sx?, cf}bf]lus a}+sx? / cgo ljqlo ;+:yfx? 5Fbf 5Fb} art ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf] cfjzostf lsg k of] < egg] lh1fzf p7\g ;S5, :jefljs klg xf]. t/, a' g' kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] 7"nf 7"nf ljqlo ;+:yfx?, 7"n} pbf]u / Jofkf/ Joj;fosf nflu sfo{ ub{5g\ / pglx?sf] k"fhl lgdf{0fsf] 9+u klg 55

57 7"n} x'g5. cyf{t prr cfo epsf JolQmx?sf] Joj;flos ynf]sf]?kdf ol 7"nf ljqlo ;+:yfx? ljsl;t 5g\. t;y{, xfd k ltzt ul/al /]vf d'gl /x]sf hgtf / To;kl5 em08} #) k ltzt sd cfo epsf hgtfn] cf]u6]sf] las/fn ul/a d'n'ssf nflu 7"nf ljqlo ;+:yfx?n] dfq ljqlo Joj;fodf slt k ltzt wfgg ;Snfg\ < ^) k ltzt hg;+vofsf] kx'fr ol a}+s jf ljqlo ;+:yfx?df xf]nf < pbfx/0fsf] nflu /fd]5fk lhnnfsf] lxdfnl e]udf /x]sf] nfx5\of}/ uf=lj=;= sf hgtf jf tfkn]h'ªsf] lzv/ 5]psf] uf=lj=;= sf hgtf jf h'dnf x'dnfsf] ;b/d'sfdb]lv!% sf]; 6f9fsf] uf=lj=;= sf hgtf / ef/tlo l;df 5]psf sd cfo epsf hgtfsf nflu ;fd'bflos a}+ssf]?kdf ljqlo ;]jf lbg] ;xh ;+:yf s'g x'g ;S5 < s] jfl0fho a}+sx?n] zfvf vf]ln lbg ;S5g\ < / vf]lnlbp klg ;d'bfodf ckgtjsf] efjgf hfu[t ug{, u/fpg ;S5g xf]nf < ckgtjsf] efjgf ljsf;sf nflu pglx? g} dflns x'g] ;+:yfsf] cfjzos 5. o;sf] ;lhnf] pq/ 5 :yfglo txdf hgtfnfo{ Pslqt u/l art ug]{ jfgl a;fng' / ;+slnt k"fhl, cfo cfh{g x'g] vfnsf kl/of]hgfdf cfkl;?kdf ljt/0f ;'? ug'{ / o;sf] ;+rfngsf] lhddf pglx?nfo{ g} lbg'. art C0f ;+3df -qm]l86 o'lgog_ ;~rfngsf] k f/dedf g} art ug]{ jfgl j;fng] sfo{sf] yfngl x'g5 h;jf6 efjl ;GttLsf nflu ;'gf}nf] ;kgfsf] snkgfnfo{ oyfy{df kl/0ft ug]{ cfwf/ a'gg ;lsg5. To;}n] C0f ;+3 ;xsf/l egbf Ps sbd cufl8 5. ;fndf art tyf C0f ;xsf/lsf] s]gb Lo ;+3 :yfkgf e} ;+rfngdf cfpkl5 Sofg8fnL ;xsf/l dxf;+3, Pl;ofnL C0f dxf;+3 / sf]l/ofnl C0f dxf;+3n] y'k} k fljlws ;xof]ux?sf xft a9fp. artsf] s]gb Lo ;+3 g]kfn art tyf C0f s]gb Lo ;xsf/l ;fnb]lv tl cgt/f{li6«o lgsfo;fu ;'dw'/ ;DaGw sfod u/l b]zsf s}og :yfgdf art tyf C0fsf] ;+3, ;+:yf ;+rfngjf/] tfnld, uf]i7l ;+rfng ug{ yfnof]. o;sf] dd{nfo{ a'eml cgt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o:t/sf u}/ ;/sf/l ;+:yf / o"pg8lkl tyf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;d]t ljlegg gfddf art tyf C0fsf] st} ;d"x t st} ;+:yf vf]n]/ cf cfkm\gf] cl:ttj hf]ufpg ;kmn ep. pbfx/0fsf] nflu GIZ, kz';]jf ljefu, dlxnf ljsf; ljefu, ul/al lgjf/0f sf]if, ljegg /fli6«o cgt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/l ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] klg b]zsf ljlegg efudf cf cfkm\gf kl/of]hgf dfkm{t ;d'bfodf u/l /x]sf] art tyf C0fsf] sfo{nfo{ klg lng ;lsg5. lsg pglx? of] sfo{df nfnflot ep < lsgsl of] g} bluf] ljsf;sf] cfwf/ xf] egg] pglx?sf] 7DofO{ /Xof]. ;xsf/l P]g leq /x]/ art tyf C0f ;+:yfx? låljwfdf a;l /xg' egbf 5' } cl:ttj af]s]sf] ;+3sf]?kdf g]kfn leq klg o;nfo{ ljsl;t ub}{ nfg' kb{5. /fhlglts clei6tf nflu ljbfyl{, lzifs, hghftl, ls;fg, dlxnf cflbsf ;3+x? 5g\ eg] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s kl/jt{g ug]{ cleofgsf]?kdf C0f ;+3 k jl4{t / ;+rflnt x'g5. o;sf] s'g} /fhlglts p2]zo jf clek fo x'b}g. ;dfh jf ;d'bfo leq cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu cleofg Nofpg] ;+ogqsf?kdf C0f ;+3 nflu kb{5. art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf] axfjnfo{ x]bf{ o;sf] pb\ud lt/ k'ul lgofng' plrt x'g5. ;g\!($) sf] bzsdf hd{gldf k/]sf] las/fn v8]/ljf6 >[lht clgsfnsf] e"d/ldf km;]sf hgtfn] art u/l a;]sf] ep /fxt ldng] lyof] egg] :jm:km"t{ ljrf/af6 clek ]l/t e} art cleofg ;'? epsf] Oltxf; ;f5l 5. c;n wf/0ffjf6 p7]sf ljrf/nfo{ lbopsf] d"t{?kaf6 ;+;f/sf s'gf s'gfdf o;n] cfkm\gf] 5fk 5f8\g ;kmn epsf] 5. t;y{, xfdln] xfd f] C0f ;+3 P]g agfpg' cl3 hd{gl, blif0f sf]l/of, cd]l/sf cflb b]zsf C0f ;+3 P]gx?sf] cwoog u/l ToxfF epsf c;n ceof;x?nfo{ ;dfj]z u/l ultnf] P]g lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg5. cwoogg} gu/l sf]7fdf a;]/ tof/ ul/psf] n]v syf dfq x'g hfg5. ol ;a} sfo{ ug{sf] nflu g]kfn art tyf C0f s]gb Lo ;xsf/l ;+3 ln=, ;xsf/l ljefu, /fli6«o ;xsf/l ljsf; af]8{, /fli6«o ;xsf/l a}+s, /fli6«o ;xsf/l ;+3 / ;xsf/l d+qfnosf k ltlglw nufot o;sf ljz]if1x?nfo{ ;dfj]z u/fo{ ;do tflnsf agfo{ sfo{ lhddf lbog' kb{5 / oyflz3 C0f ;+3 ;+rfng ;DaGwL P]gaf/] rrf{, 5nkmn Pj+ åfb; u/l t'?gt o;sf] d:of}bf 56

58 ;/sf/nfo{ a'emfpg' kb{5 / ;xsf/l cleofgn] klg To:tf] P]g Nofpg ;/sf/ / ;+;bnfo{ bjfj lbg' kb{5, oxl cfhsf] 68\sf/f] dfu klg xf]. ;fsf]; P]g hf/l e} ;s]kl5 ljqlo sf/f]jf/df ;+nug ;a} ;xsf/l ;+:yfx? :jtm To; P]g leq?kfgtl/t x'g5g\ / To;kl5 C0f ;+3sf ;]jf / ;xsf/ltfsf] of]ubfg jf/] 5' f5' } d"nof+sg ug{ klg ;lhnf] kg{'sf] cltl/qm xfn ;xsf/l If]qdf /x]sf] låljwfsf] lgsf;df klg of] P]g ;xfos l;4 x'g]5. P]g lgdf{0f ubf{ b]zsf] ljifd ef}uf]lns If]qsf sf/0f e"uf]nnfo{ b[li6ut u/l ;+:yf btf{sf] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ u/l Jojxfl/s?kdf ;b:o ;+Vof ls6fg ug'{kg]{ x'g5. jt{dfg P]gdf of] ljifo cem} Jojxfl/s b]lvb}g. art C0f ;+3 P]gdf jt{dfgdf h:tf] tlg txsf] ;6\6f k f/ldes / s]gb Lo /fli6«o ;+3 dfqsf] Joj:yf x'g' kb{5 / ;a} k f/ldes ;+:yfx? Pp6} ;km\6j]c/df ;~hflns[t x'g klg h?/l 5 h;af6 cg'udgdf ;xhtf x'g]5. o:tf] Joj:yf kl5 x/]s lbg b]ze/sf] jf;nft k :t't ug{ ;lsg]5. o;sf cltl/qm ;+3sf] dftxtdf /xg] u/l k To]s lhnnfdf ;b:o ;+:yfx?sf] k ltlgwlx?af6 lhnnf ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;lsg]5. lhnnf ;ldltsf] u7g, sfd st{jo, clwsf/ / ;+3df k ltlglwtjsf] Joj:yf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l s]gb Lo /fli6«o ;+3sf] ljlgoddf tf]lsp adf]lhd x'g]5. /fli6«o art ;+3sf] e"ldsf / clwsf/ tyf pq/bflotj ls6fg ;d]t ul/g] x'fbf /fli6«o art ;+3sf clwsf/x? :jtm lhnnf ;ldltx?df k Tofof]hg x'g] epsf]n] ;+:yf btf{ nufot ;+:yfsf] cg'udg, ;'k/lj]if0f / lg/lif0f ug]{, ;+:yfx?sf] PsLs/0f, ljefhg / lj36gsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{ / sfo{if]q ;DaGwdf l;kmfl/; ug]{ ;d]t sfo{ s]gb Lo /fli6«o ;+3sf] k ltlglwsf] x}l;otn] lhnnf ;ldltx?n] sfof{gjog ug{ kfpg] lhdd]jf/l k bfg ug]{ u/l P]gdf Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ x'g5. ;Dk"0f{ art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?nfo{ PsLs[t?kdf Pp6} ;+hfndf uf]njgb ug]{u/l artsf] /fli6«o ;+3n] cfkm\gf ;b:o ;+:yfx?sf nflu lsnol/ë xfp;sf] Joj:yf nufot shf{ ;"rgf s]gb sf] :yfkgf u/l Ps ;+:yfsf] r]ssf] e'qmfgl csf]{ ;+:yfaf6 lng lbg ;lsg] sfo{ nufot C0fLx?sf jf/]df ;b:o ;+:yfx?nfo{ ;"rgf ;+k ]z0f ug]{ lhdd]jf/lsf] Joj:yf ;d]t P]gdf /flvg' cfjzos 5. ol afx]s cgo Joj:yfdf art tyf C0f ;xsf/lsf ;b:ox? / sd{rf/l alr ljlegg k sf/sf ;xsf/l n3' ladf ;+rfng ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ;d]t /x]df o;jf6 ljdfsf] k+x'r gepsf u fdl0f jl:tsf JolQmx? klg nfeflgjt x'g]5g\. pko'{qm Joj:yfsf cltl/qm hf]lvd ;DaGwL dfkb08sf] Joj:yf u/l ;b:o ;+:yfx?nfo{ ljqlo hf]lvddf 6]jf lbgsf nflu ;+3sf] ljlgloddf Joj:yf ep adf]lhdsf] k To]s ;b:o ;+:yfx?jf6 x/]s jif{ ;+:yfsf] s"n ;Dkltsf] tf]lspsf] k ltztsf b/n] x'g cfpg] /sd hddf ug{ nufpg] u/l cg'udg k of]hgsf nflu l:y/ls/0f sf]ifsf] Joj:yf P]gdf pnn]v x'g' cfjzos 5. jt{dfg ;xsf/l P]gdf epsf] of] Joj:yf cw'/f] 5. ctm art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?nfo{ PsLs[t?kdf ;+rfng u/l :jzfl;t, ;'zfl;t / cg'zfl;t ug]{ u/fpg] pkfox?d4] of] Ps pkfosf]?kdf g]kfn art tyf C0f s]gb Lo ;xsf/l ;+3n] cl3;f/l ;s]sf] x'+bf ljnda gu/l ;/sf/n] ;bgdf P]g k]z ug'{ h?/l 5. cgtodf, ;f Rr} cfhsf] ;/sf/ / /fhg}lts g]tfx? nf]stflgqs x'g\ eg] ;fsf]; (Credit Union) ;+rfng ug]{ lhddf hgtfnfo{ g} lbg' kb{5. To;f] ug{sf nflu sfg"gl cfwf/ klg cfjzos x'g] x' bf ;f] cfwf/ ;fsf]; P]g (SACCOS Act) afx]s jt{dfgdf csf]{ ljsnk 5}geGg] xfd f] 7DofO{ xf]. à à à ;Fsf]; P]g hf/l eo{ ;s]kl5 ljqlo sf/f]jf/df ;+nug ;a} ;xsf/l ;+:yfx? :jtm To; P]g leq?kfgtl/t x'g5g\ / To;kl5 C0f ;+3sf ;]jf / ;xsf/ltfsf] of]ubfg af/] 5' f5' } d"nof+sg ug{ klg ;lhnf] kg{'sf] cltl/qm xfn ;xsf/l If]qdf /x]sf] låljwfsf] lgsf;df klg of] P]g ;xfos l;4 x'g]5. 57

59 sf]6b]jl hl8a"6l, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! %!$(^%! Od]n M kotdevi@gmail.com goff g]kfn ljsf; afuahf/, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $@#!$^& Od]n M nayanepalcooperative@yahoo.com k ltef sf]6]zj/, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $^)@@%! Od]n M info@pratibhasahakari.com.np nidl u0f]z sf]6]zj/, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! %!))^() Od]n M laxmiganeshsaving@yahoo.com cf]d ;dfh afg]zj/, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $$^%&#* Od]n M samaj.sccop@gmail.com ;fnkfb]jl hl8a"6l, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! ^^#^%%^, (*$!@&@&&* Od]n M salpadevi100@gmail.com 58

60 n]v art tyf C0f ;xsf/ldf l:y/ls/0f sf]if lsg / s;/l < ;'bz{g k ;fb 9sfn k"j{ /lhi6«f/ ;xsf/l ljefu ljqlo ;xsf/l eggfn] To:tf] ljqlo ;+:yf xf] h;sf] :jfldtj / ;~rfng ;b:ox? :jo+n] ub{5g\. ;b:ox? art stf{ x'g. shf{ k jfx klg ltg} ;b:ox? alr dfq x'g ;Sb5. cyf{t ;a} sf/f]jf/ klg ;b:ox? alr s]lgb t x'g5. lghl If]qsf] ctolws gfkmfd"lv rl/q / ljqlo ;]jfdf kxf'r. ol ljqlo ;xsf/l :yfkgfsf sf/0fx? x'g\. cf}wf]lus qmfgtl / ljzjn] cfly{s dgbl jf ljqlo ;+s6sf] ;d:of em]ln/x]sf] j]nf ;xsf/lsf] dxtj cem a9l b]lvof]. ljqlo ;xsf/l ljzje/l e]l6g5. t/, :j?kdf eg] cg]stf e]l6g5. :j?k h:tf] eptf klg tl ;a} ;b:ox?sf] :jfldtj cgtu{t ljzjdf k rlnt ;xsf/lsf l;4fgt / d"nosf] clwgdf /xl ;~rfng ul/psf] x'g5. ljqlo ;xsf/lsf] :yfkgf ;/n / ;xh ljqlo ;]jfsf] kxf'r clej[l4 ug'{ xf]. xfd f] h:tf] s[lifdf cfl>t 7"nf] hg;+vof epsf] ul/a d'n'sx?df ;xsf/l ljqsf] dxtj ;a}egbf a9l 5. ljqlo ;xsf/l ljzje/l e]l6g5. t/, :j?kdf eg] cg]stf e]l6g5. :j?k h:tf] eptf klg tl ;a} ;b:ox?sf] :jfldtj cgtu{t ljzjdf k rlnt ;xsf/lsf l;4fgt / d"nosf] clwgdf /xl ;~rfng ul/psf] x'g5. ljqlo ;xsf/lsf] :yfkgf ;/n / ;xh ljqlo ;]jfsf] kx' r clej[l4 ug'{ xf]. cfw'lgs ljqlo ;xsf/lsf] ljsf; ;g\!*%) sf] bzsdf hd{glaf6 epsf] xf]. s[lif dgblsf] a]nf :yfglo d]o/ / ;dfh ;'wf/s k m]o8l/r ljnx]nd /fokmfoh]gn] ljktdf k/]sf gful/sx?nfo{ vfg] s'/f pknaw u/fp/ ;3fP. o;/l vfgf ;xof]u u/]/ dfq x'b}g, ol ls;fgx?nfo{ plgx?n] jxg ug{ ;Sg] ljqlo ;]jf pknaw u/fpg >]o:s/ x'g5 egg] ;f]r pgdf cfof]. jfoandf pnn]v epsf] If a man will not work, he shall not eat egg] jfsof+z pgsf] x bodf u8]sf] lyof]. o;} k[i7e"lddf pgn]!*^$ df klxnf] ljqlo ;xsf/l :yfkgf u/]. oxl ;dolt/ hd{gldf k mfgh xd{g z"nh 8]ln6hn] zx/l a]/f]huf/ / ul/a dhb'/nfo{ nlift u/l ;xsf/l a}+ssf] ljsf;df of]ubfg k' ofp. of] cleofg ;g\!()) kl5 Sofg8fdf cnkmf]g; 8];hfl8{G; / cd]l/sfdf P8jf8{ lkmn]gln] lj:tf/ u/]. jn8{ sfplg;n ckm qm]l86 o'lgogdf cfj4!)% b]zdf %& xhf/ qm]l86 o'lgogx? /x]sf] / s/f]8 &) nfvnfo{ ;]jf lbo{ /x]sf] df k sfzg epsf] 5. oxl jif{ b]zx?df $@ ;o ;xsf/l a}+s lqmofzln /x]sf] b]lvg5. ol a}+sx?n] k mfg;sf] ^) k ltzt, cli6«of, lkmgnof08, O6fnL / g]b/nof08sf] #% k ltzt / hd{gl / 59

61 k ltztegbf a9l art (Deposit) sf] ahf/ cf]u6]sf 5g\. g]b/nof08sf] /fjf] a}+sn] k ltzt egbf a9l a}+lsë sf/f]jf/ ug{ ;s]sf] 5. k mfg;sf] qm]l86 Plu sf]n ljzjsf] bzf} 7"nf] a}+s xf]. hfkfgsf] gf]l/gr'lsª ;QfO;f} 7"nf] a}+s xf]. hd{gldf ;g\!(%) sf] xhf/ ljqlo ;xsf/l lypf. hd{gsf ol ljqlo ;xsf/lx? clxn] (!# j6f ;xsf/l a}+sdf?kfgt/0f eo{ ;s]sf] 5. ol ;xsf/l a}+sx?sf] s"n ;DklQ sl/j ()) ca{ o"/f] k'u]sf] 5. PËnf] ;]S;g b]zx? -o"s], o"p;p, Sofg8f, Go"lhNof08, ci6«]lnof / cfo/nof08_ df eg] qm]l86 o"lgogsf] gfdaf6 ljqlo ;xsf/lx?n] Toxfsf] ahf/df * b]lv!) k ltzt lx:;f cf]u6]sf 5g\. Sofg8fsf] 8];hfl8{G; ;d"x ljqlo ;xsf/lsf] nflu ljzjd} gd"gf dflgg5. o;df %$ nfv ;b:otf /x]sf] 5. Pp6f k b]zdf a9l ;3gtf /x]sf] of] ;xsf/ldf To; k b]zsf ;a}h;f] gful/sx? o;af6 nfeflgjt epsf 5g\. df epsf] ljqlo ;+s6n] a}+s tyf ljqlo ;+:yfx?sf] nflu sf/f]fj/sf] dfkb08, lgoldt cg'udg, cfjzos k/]df x:tif]k / ;+:yfut lj36gnfo{ Jojl:yt ug{ ljsl;t b]zx?nfo{ afwo agfpsf] 5. of] ljqlo ;+s6sf j]nf 7"nf 7"nf a}+sx? lbjfnlof 3f]lift ul/p. ljsl;t ;a}h;f] d'n'sx?n] of] ;+s6nfo{ kf/ ug{ /fho sf]ifaf6 7"nf] wg/fzl vr{ ug'{ k of]. o2lk cd]l/sf, o"/f]k nufot hfkfg / sf]l/of h:tf ljsl;t d'n'sx?df ;xsf/l a}+s tyf ljqlo ;+:yfx? ljzj ljqlo ;+s6af6 sd k efljt epf. o;sf] k d'v sf/0fdf ol ;xsf/lx?df /x]sf] ;b:ox?sf] ljzjf;, hf]lvd /lxt sf/f]jf/ / nfdf] ;dodf l;h{gf epsf] ;+:yfut k"fhl g} cfwf/ /xg ;Sof]. ljqlo sf/f]jf/df hf]lvdsf kifx? x'g5g\. art ;+sng ;lhnf] sfo{ x'g ;S5. t/, shf{ nufgl hl6n ljifo xf]. ;'/lift / ;Gt'lnt nufglsf] ug{ ;lspg eg] ljqlo ;+:yfx? klg ;+s6df k5{. lghl If]qsf] a}+s tyf ljqlo ;+:yfx?nfo{ k"fhl j[l4, dh{/ / nufglsf ljz]if If]qx?df ;Ldf tf]sg] sf/0f oxl xf]. nufgldf x'g] hf]lvd a}+s tyf ljqlo ;+:yfsf] nflu klxnf] gda/sf] hf]lvd xf]. ahf/df cfpg] d"nosf] ptf/ r9fjsf sf/0f ;xsf/lsf] cfodf k lts"n c;/ kg{ ;Sb5. o;nfo{ ahf/ hf]lvd elgg5. ahf/ hf]lvd nufgl hf]lvd gepsf] cj:yfdf t/ntfsf] ;d:of cfof] eg] ;xsf/lnfo{ hf]ufpg] dfwod l:y/ls/0f sf]if xf]. of] sf]ifsf] kl/rfng ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf] ;b:otf /xg] s]gb Lo ljifout ;+3n] u/]sf] x'g5. g]kfndf of] ljifonfo{ g]km\:s"gn] p7fpb} cfpsf] 5. cgtu{t OSjL6L, Aofh / d'b fsf] ljlgdo b/x? kb{5g\. ahf/sf] ;'Id cwoog / ljzn]if0f u/]/ ol ljifox?df plrt lg0f{o cfjzos kb{5. ;a} vfnsf] hf]lvdsf] ;f]emf] ;DaGw t/ntf Joj:yfkg;Fu /x]sf] 5. t/ntf hf]lvd ljqlo ;xsf/l Joj:yfkgsf] ;a}egbf r'gf}tlsf] ljifo xf]. clws t/ntfn] ;+:yfnfo{ gf]s;fg ub{5 eg] t/ntfsf] cefjdf s'g} klg j]nf lbjflnof agg k'ub5. vfzu/l shf{ k jfxdf c;gt'ng x'fbf t/ntfsf] ;d:of cfpf5. shf{sf] efvf / ;ffjfsf] cfsf/n] klg t/ntfdf ulde/ ;d:of l;h{gf ul/lbg5. o2lk ol v/fa shf{ gx'g ;Sb5g\. To;}u/L cfo cfh{g gug]{ ;DklQsf] dfqf a9l x'fbf klg t/ntfsf] ;d:of cfpf5. nufgl hf]lvd gepsf] cj:yfdf t/ntfsf] ;d:of cfof] eg] ;xsf/lnfo{ hf]ufpg] dfwod l:y/ls/0f sf]if xf]. of] sf]ifsf] kl/rfng ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf] ;b:otf /xg] s]gb Lo ljifout ;+3n] u/]sf] x'g5. g]kfndf of] ljifonfo{ g]km\:s"gn] p7fpb} cfpsf] 5. o2lk o; af/]df glltut Joj:yfx? sdhf]/ /x]sf]n] sfof{gjogdf Nofpg ;lspsf] 5}g. lghl If]qsf a}+s tyf ljqlo ;+:yfsf] t/ntf Joj:yfkgnfO{ w]/} xb;dd loglx?sf] k"fhlsf] ljzfn ;+/rgfn] ;3fO{ /x]sf] x'g5. b]zsf] s]gb Lo a}+sn] glltut Joj:yfx? u/]/ a}+lsë If]qsf] t/ntfnfo{ ;Gt'ngdf /fvg] lg/gt/ k of; u/]s} x'g5. s]gb Lo a}+ssf] k efjsf/l cg'udg / lgoldt ljqlo k ltj]bg cwoog eog} /xg] epaf6 sf/f]jf/nfo{ Jojl:yt ug}{ kg]{ jfwotf lghl If]qsf a}+s tyf ljqlo ;+:yfx?sf] x'g5. o:tf] cj:yfdf klg of] If]qdf j]nf j]nfdf t/ntfsf] ;d:of b]vf k/]sf] ;dfrf/ cfpg] u/]sf] 5. csf]{lt/ ;xsf/lsf] k"fhlsf] ;+/rgf sdhf]/ x'g'sf ;fy} lgodg klg t'ngftds?kdf sdhf]/ x'g5. lgoldt cg'udg gx'g] / ljqlo sf/f]jf/sf] Joj:yfkgdf lj1tfsf] klg sld g} x'g5. w]/}h;f] ;xsf/ldf ;~rfns ;ldlt / Joj:yfkgn] nufgldf kof{kt ;Gt'ng /fvg g;sg] epsf]n] t/ntfsf] ;d:of ;fdfgo?kdf cfog} /xg5. l:y/ls/0f sf]ifsf] Joj:yf / Joj:yfkg ljlw of] sf]ifsf] Joj:yfkgsf] lhddf ljqlo ;xsf/lsf] ;'kl/j]if0f ug]{ lgsfon] lhddf lng] ceof; k efjsf/l 60

62 b]lvpsf] 5. g]kfnsf] xsdf of] sf]ifsf] ;lrjfno g]km\:s"gnfo{ agfpg ;lsg5. l:y/ls/0f sf]ifn] ljqlo ;+:yfnfo{ lj36gdf hfgaf6 arfpg] xf]. o;n] lj36g kl5sf] bflotjsf] lhddf lng] xf]og. lj36gkl5sf] bflotj e'qmfglsf] nflu art ;'/If0f sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ul/psf] x'g5. lj36g epsf] ljqlo ;xsf/lsf] nflu lnso"8]6/ lgo'qm ul/g5. ;Dk"0f{ bflotj e'qmfg ug]{ j]nfdf art stf{sf] /sd e'qmfg ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf klg l;h{gf x'g ;Sb5. o:tf] a]nfdf art ladf :sld jf art ;'/If0f sf]ifaf6 ;a} art stf{x?sf] tf]lsp adf]lhdsf] art /sd lkmtf{ ug{ of] sf]ifsf] pkof]u x'g5. o"/f]k]nl d'n'sx?df Ps nfv o"/f] / nfv %) xhf/ cd]l/sl 8n/sf] ;'/If0fsf] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. sltko b]zx?df c;lldt /sdsf] ;'/If0f x'g] Joj:yf ToxfFsf] ;/sf/n] u/]sf] 5. artsf] ;'/Iff /fhosf] ;a}egbf klxnf] bflotj xf]. l:y/ls/0f sf]ifn] ljqlo ;xsf/lnfo{ lj36g x'gaf6 hf]ufpf5. of] hf]ufpg] bflotj ljqlo ;xsf/lsf] s]gb Lo ;+3sf] xf]. To;}n] s]gb Lo ;+3n] l:y/ls/0f sf]ifsf] Joj:yfkgsf] lhddf lng cfjzos 5. o;sf nflu Association of Asian Confederation of Credit Unions n] k :tfj u/] adf]lhdsf] l:y/ls/0f sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg5. s'g} ;xsf/ln] bflotj e'qmfgl ug{ g;sg] cj:yfdf of] sf]ifaf6 ;xof]u pknaw u/fp/ ;xsf/lnfo{ lj36g x'gaf6 hf]ufpg] sfd ul/g5. sf]if Joj:yfkgsf] lhdd]jf/l jxg ug]{ ;+3n] ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ r':t agfpg a/f]a/ lgu/fgl /fvg cfjzos 5. of] sf]ifsf] ;'/Iffdf ;+3sf] lhdd]jf/l /xg5. ;xsf/lsf] hf]lvdk"0f{ nufglsf] kl/k"lt{ of] sf]ifaf6 ul/g] ge} s]xl ;dosf nflu sf]ifaf6 ;fk6l pknaw u/fo{ ;xof]u ug]{ sf]ifsf] p2]zo xf]. To;]n] o;nfo{ Central Liquidity Fund klg egg] ul/psf] 5. sltko b]zdf o;nfo{ Security Fund elgg5. :jlgodg ;xsf/lsf] clq cfjzos rl/q xf]. t/ntfsf] ;d:ofn] ;xsf/l ;+:yfdf cfkt\sflng cj:yf cfok5{. o:tf] j]nfdf ;/sf/l lgsfon] ;xof]u ug]{ egbf sf/jfxl ug]{lt/ ttsfn kfonf rfnb5. o;/l x/]s b[li6n] ;Ifd ;xsf/l ;+:yf ;fdfgo sf/0faf6 ljjfbdf k5{. sltko cj:yfdf t h]n ;hfo;ddsf] lk8fbfos cj:yf l;h{gf x'g5. ;/sf/sf] o:tf] sf/jfxl / ;Defljt x:tif]kaf6 hf]lug ;a} ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf] of]ubfgsf] cfwf/df of] sf]ifsf] k agw clgjfo{ g} 5. of] sf]ifdf slt /sd cfjzos kb{5 egg] s'g} j}1flgs lgod eg] 5}g. s;}n] ;DklQsf] )=# k ltzt jf s;}n] )=% k ltztsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvg5. xfdln] )=# k ltztsf] dfkb08 kfngf ubf{ /fd f] xf]nf. of] Ps k6s 7"nf] wg/fzl b]lvg ;Sb5. Ps jif{ of] /sd hddf u/]kl5 kl5nnf jif{x?df hlqn] ;DklQdf j[l4 x'g5, To:tf] /sdsf] )=% k ltzt dfq hddf u/] k'u5. pbfx/0fsf nflu kffr tf/f art tyf C0f ;xsf/lsf] s"n ;DklQ?=%) s/f]8 5 eg] of] ;xsf/ln]?=!% nfv hddf ug'{ kg]{ x'g5. csf]{ jif{ s/f]8n] j[l4 eof] eg] sf]ifdf?= ^) xhf/ hddf ug'{ kg]{ x'g5. o;/l k To]s ;xsf/ln] sf]ifdf of]ubfg k' ofpf5g\. 61

63 sf]if Joj:yfkgsf] lhdd]jf/l jxg ug]{ ;+3n] ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ r':t agfpg a/f]a/ lgu/fgl /fvg cfjzos 5. of] sf]ifsf] ;'/Iffdf ;+3sf] lhdd]jf/l /xg5. ;xsf/lsf] hf]lvdk"0f{ nufglsf] kl/k"lt{ of] sf]ifaf6 ul/g] geo{ s]xl ;dosf nflu sf]ifaf6 ;fk6l pknaw u/fo{ ;xof]u ug]{ sf]ifsf] p2]zo xf]. sf]ifdf of]ubfg ul/psf] /sd s/ k of]hgdf vr{ b]vfpg kfpg] Joj:yf cfjzos x'g5. To;}u/L sf]ifaf6 x'g] cfonfo{ of]ubfgsf cfwf/df ljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yfn] sf]ifk lt ckgtj l;h{ggf ub{5. of] cifo sf]ifsf]?kdf /xg] epsf]n] ;'/lift / t/n nufgl dfk{mt cfo cfh{g x'g] ;Defjgf /xg5. sf]ifaf6 ;xof]u jfkt pknaw u/fpg] /sddf s]xl hf]lvd klg cjzo 5. o:tf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ sf]ifdf cfj4 ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf] lgoldt :ynut ;'kl/j]if0f clgjfo{ x'g5. o;sf nflu s]gb Lo ;+3n] cfjzos hgzlqmsf] Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5. b]z}e/lsf ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf] ;'kl/j]if0f u/l lgodg ug]{ sfd vlr{nf] x'g] epsf]n] >f]tsf] cfjzostf kb{5. o;sfnflu ;xsf/lsf] ;+:yfsf] ;DklQsf] cg'kftdf?=!) xhf/b]lv?=@) xhf/;dd jflif{s ;'kl/j]if0f z'ns lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsg5. ;'kl/j]if0f z'nssf af/]df yk 5nkmn u/l lgisif{df k'ug ;lsg5. k b]z txdf klg ljqlo sf/f]jf/ ug]{ ;xsf/lsf] 5' } k fb]lzs ;+3sf] u7gnfo{ ;d]t Wofg lbp/ o; ;DaGwL P]g lgod / sfo{ljlwx?sf] Joj:yf ul/g' k5{. k fb]lzs ;+3 ;d]tsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 u/l lgoldt ;'kl/j]if0f ;Fu} of] sf]ifsf] cjwf/0ff k of]u Nofpg] tkm{ ljrf/ k' ofpg cfjzos 5. ;xsf/l sf] bkmf!)# n] l:y/ls/0f sf]if ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. of] bkmfn] sf]ifdf of]ubfg ug{ ;Sg] lgsfox?sf] pnn]v u/]sf] 5. sf]ifsf] pkof]u t/ntf Joj:yfkg nufot Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] vr{ Joxf]g{, ;d:ofu :t ;xsf/lsf] bflotj e'qmfg ug{ / l:y/ls/0f sf]if ;~rfns ;ldltsf] vr{ Joxf]g{ k of]u ul/g] elg Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. sf]ifdf of]ubfg ug]{ ;xsf/lsf] clgjfo{ ;'kl/j]if0f ug{ kg]{ Joj:yf klg ul/psf] 5}g. glltut cgof}n b]lvpsf] pnn]lvt k fjwfg kl/dfh{g ug{ cfjzos 5. sf]if ;~rfns ;ldltsf] u7g / sf]ifdf of]ubfg ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ yk k i6 / ;xh agfpg cfjzos 5. P]gsf] bkmf!)# sf] pkbkmf -$_ df epsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd of] sf]ifsf] ;~rfns ;ldltdf /fli6«o ;xsf/l a}+s, /fli6«o ;xsf/l ljsf; af]8{, /fli6«o ;xsf/l dxf;+3, g]kfn /fi6«a}+s, dgqfno, cy{ dgqfno / ;xsf/l ljefusf] k ltlglw /xg] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. ljz'4?kdf ;xsf/lsf] of]ubfg /xg] u/l of] sf]ifsf] ;~rfngdf klg ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf] Joj:yfkg :jfldtj /xg cfjzos 5. ;xsf/l P]gs} kl/k'/ssf?kdf ;xsf/l lgodfjnl cfpg] epsf]n] of] sf]ifsf] :j?k, sf]if ;~rfns ;ldlt, sf]ifdf of]ubfg, sf]if ;~rfng ljlw / k lqmofx?sf af/]df clxn] g} cg'dfg nufpg ;lsb}g. P]gdf epsf] Joj:yf ;+zf]wg epdf sf]ifsf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgsf] af/]df g]km\:s"g nufot ljqlo sf/f]jf/ ug]{ cgo s]gb Lo ;+3x?sf] ;xeflutf / e"ldsf klg o; leq c6fpg] ;Defjgf /xg5. cgoyf of] sf]if ;/sf/l sf]ifsf]?kdf cs}{ :j?kdf cfpg] b]lvg5. 62

64 >dal/ zflgtgu/, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $^@)*&% Od]n M shramveersaving@gmail.com s'df/l s'df/l ejg, s'df/l rf]s rfjlxn, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $$&*))^, $$^%!)@ )$ Od]n M info@kumarisaving.com.np j]a;fo6 M ;/;fk6 ;"8fn, eqmk'/ kmf]g g+= M )! ^@)!%)) Od]n M sarsapat2014@gmail.com ;"o{sf]6 sf]6]zj/, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! %!))@)( Od]n M suryakotsaving209@gmail.com h]i6 uf]+ua", sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $#**(%$, $#**&&! Od]n M connect2zest@gmail.com cljlr5gg ;jnaxfn, kmf]g g+= M )! $@%*@&(, $@!^%@# Od]n M asacos068@gmail.com 63

65 rgb flul/ rgb flu/l gkf &, yfgsf]6 dxfb]j:yfg, sf7df8f}f, kmf]g g+= M )! $#!#)%*, Od]n M info@chandragiri.coop.np j]a;fo6 M x;gf efl:tk'/ rgb flu/l g=kf=!@, anda',sf7df8f}f kmf]g g+= M )! $#!^!&# &$, $#!)(^) Od]n M hbsaccosho@gmail.com o'ujf0fl rgb flu/l g=kf= &, yfgsf]6, sf7df8f}f, kmf]g g+= )! $#!!%@( Od]n M yugbanisaving@gmail.com hogtl gfuf{h'g gkf ^, km:s'rf]s, sf7df8f}f kmf]g g+= )! $)#&*@& Od]n M rajukhanal2035@gmail.com dlxnf zlqm sf=d= g=kf=!$,anv', sf7df8f}f kmf]g g+= M )! $##)&%* Od]n M mahilashaktisahakari@gmail.com OGb ]0fL rgb flu/l g=kf= %, u'?h'wf/f, sf7df8f}f kmf]g g+= )! $#!%#$$ Od]n M indrenicoperative@gmail.com 64

66 n]v g]kfnsf] cy{/fhglltdf ljqlo ;xsf/lsf] sfo{lbzf kl/tf]if kf}8\ofn jl/i7 pkfwoif g]km\:s"g g]kfnsf] cy{/fhglltn] lghlif]q dfkm{t ljqlo ;dfj]zls/0f / ;xsf/l dfkm{t ;dgoflos ;zqmls/0f ub}{ ;d[l4sf] ofqf k'/f ug{ cfly{s j[l4 / cfly{s ljsf;sf ;Dk"0f{ cfofdnfo{ ;Daf]wg ug'{kb{5. /fhosf] ;+snk ;d[l4sf] ofqf k'/f ug{ cfodf c;dfgtfnfo{ Go"gLs/0f / wg l;h{gfsf] nflu gful/snfo{ ;Ifd agfpg' kb{5. æ;d[4 g]kfn / ;'vl g]kfnlæ sf] /fhgllts cfofdnfo{ k"0f{tf lbg ljqlo ;dfj]zls/0fdf cfwfl/t ljqlo ;xsf/lsf] sfo{lbzf lglzrt ug'{ g]kfnsf] cy{/fhgllts lrgtgsf] clgjfo{ / dxtjk"0f{ kif xf]. ljqlo ;dfj]zls/0fdf ;DnUg x'g] /fhosf cf}hf/sf]?kdf lghlif]q / ;xsf/lif]qnfo{ ;dfgfgt/ dxtjsf ;fy dfu{bz{g ug'{kb{5. g]kfnsf] cy{/fhglltn] lghlif]q dfkm{t ljqlo ;dfj]zls/0f / ;xsf/l dfkm{t ;dgoflos ;zqmls/0f ub}{ ;d[l4sf] ofqf k'/f ug{ cfly{s j[l4 / cfly{s ljsf;sf ;Dk"0f{ cfofdnfo{ ;Daf]wg ug'{kb{5. /fhosf] ;+snk ;d[l4sf] ofqf k'/f ug{ cfodf c;dfgtfnfo{ Go"gLs/0f / wg l;h{gfsf] nflu gful/snfo{ ;Ifd agfpg' kb{5. gful/snfo{ ;Ifd agfpg ljqlo dwo:tstf{sf]?kdf ljqlo If]qdf ;fdyo{, pknawtf / kx'frsf nflu lghl :jfldtjdf cfwfl/t a}+lsë k 0ffnLsf] ;'b[9ls/0f / ;xsf/l dfkm{t ;fy{s ljqlo ;dfj]zls/0f / ;dgoflos ;zqmls/0fdf cfwfl/t ljqlo ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf lglzrt ug'{ kb{5. ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfgtfsf] nflu ljqlo dwo:ystf{sf]?kdf ljqlo ;xsf/lsf] k efjsf/l e"ldsfsf] nflu k j4{g / k lzif0fnfo{ k efjsf/l agfpg' kb{5. ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;Dk"0f{ ljqlo ;dfwfg / JolQm s]lgb t ljqlo kx'frsf] nflu art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yf -;fsf];_ sf] ;Ifdtf lagf ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf cfwfl/t cy{/fhglltsf] :yflotj ;Dej 5}g. g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] kl/snkgf u/]sf] /fho, ;xs/l / lghl If]qdf cfwfl/t cy{/fhgllt / ;d[l4sf] ofqfnfo{ ;fsf/ :j?k lbgsf nflu ljqlo ;xsf/lsf] k j4{g clgjfo{ / dxtjk"0f{ zt{ xf]. ljqlo If]q hf]vldsf] If]q epsfn] tlg txsf ;/sf/n] ljqlo ;xsf/l ;~rfngsf] dfkb08df Ps?ktf sfod ug'{kb{5. u'0f:t/lo ;'zf;g, k ltikwf{df cfwfl/t ljq ahf/, ;Grfngdf k efjsfl/tf, ljqlo kx'fr / ;dfj]zls/0fsf] ;DaGwdf klzrd o"/f]k / cd]l/sfsf ceof;x? km/s km/s kfog5g\. dflg;sf] r]tgfsf] :t/, ;fdflhs kl/j]z, 65

67 ;~rfngsf] ljlwsf] lx;fan] b'o{j6f ceof;x? ljzjjofkl?kdf e]l6g5g\. Pp6f ceof;n] ;fk]liflt?kdf sdhf]/ ;~hfnls[t ljifonfo{ hf]8 lbgb} P]Soj4tf / :j]lr5s ;xeflutf cfwf/df ;Lldt ; f]t / ;fwgsf] ;femf aff8kmff8 ul/psf] x'g5 eg] csf]{ ceof;df ljqlo ;xsf/lsf] Ps ;~hfn lgdf{0f ug{, ljqlo l:y/tf sfod /fvg, ljqlo ;'zf;gnfo{ ;3g cg'udg ug{, j:t' tyf ;]jfx?df u'0f:t/ ;'lglzrttf sfod ug{ / prr k ljlwdf Ps?ktf sfo{ ug{ ;~hfnsf] ;DaGwnfO{ cljefho agfog5. ;'/lift / bluf] ;fsf]; ljsf;sf nflu lrgtgdf kl/j{tg, bluf]kgf ;xeflutf clej[l4 ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ / ;fsf];sf] u'0fftds ljsf; ug{ ;fsf];sf] :t/ls/0f tyf ;Dk"0f{ ljqlo ;dfwfg, ;Ifd ;+:yf / ljq ahf/df k ltikwf{tds :yfg sfod /fvg ;kmn k efjsf/l ;~rfng Pjd\ s'zn Joj:yfkgaf6 ljqlo ;xsf/l cleofg lgdf{0fnfo{ k f]t;flxt ug'{kb{5. cfj:os 7fpFdf PsLs/0fsf] cleofg ;'?jft ug{'kb{5. ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf] ;DaGw, ax; k}/jl / ;fj{hlgs ;DaGwnfO{ alnof] agfpg ;xsf/l alr P]Soj4tf / cfj4tfnfo{ clgjfo{ agfpg' kb{5. ;+:yfdf ;b:o ;'/Iff, u'0f:t/lo ;'zf;g, ljqlo ;'zf;g, ;fdflhs k"fhlsf] lgdf{0f / ;xsf/l l;4fgtsf] ;jf]{rrtfnfo{ cif'i0f /fvl klxrfg cgt/f{li6«o ;xsf/l ;DaGw(ICA) n] cgt/fli6«o ;xsf/l df 3f]if0ff u/]sf] ;xsf/lsf] /0fgLlts dfu{lrq ;+:yfsf] k efsf/l ;~rfng k 0ffnLnfO{ cgt/;dalgwt, :jtgq :jfwlg / clwsf/ ;DkGg agfpg' kb{5. o;/l ;xsf/l bz{gdf ljsf; epsf d'no, dfgotf / l;4fgtsf] hudf cleofgsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf] nflu ljzjdf k z:t k of;x? eo/x]sf 5g\. ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3n] b]lv ;Dd ljzjjofkl?kdf ;xsf/l bzs dgfpg] 3f]if0ff u of]{. oxl bzssf] nfo{ cgt/f{li6«o ;xsf/l jif{ ljzjjofkl?kdf dgfoof]. o;nfo{ k efjsf/l?kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;+o'qm cf}+ ;efn] ;g!(^* df lgdf{0f u/]sf] Committee for the Promotion and advancement sfg"gl ;+/rgf k"fhl lgdf{0f of cooperative (COPAC) ;ldltn] lhddf lnof]. :yfol?kdf /x]sf] of] ;ldltdf ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3, cgt/f{li6«o ;xsf/l dxf;+3, ljzj dhb'/ ;+u7g, vfb\o / s[lif ;+u7g / ljzj s[lif ;+u7g u/l % j6f ;+u7g /x]sf 5g\. of] ;ldltn] ;xsf/l bzs / cgt/f{li6«o ;xsf/l 3f]if0ff ub}{ ;xsf/l bzssf nflu ;xsf/lx?sf] j[l4 / ljsf;sf] /0fgLlts dfu{lrq k :t't u of]. y ;xeflutf clej[l4 M ; f]tsf aff8kmff8 / :t/ls/0fsf nflu ;b:ox?sf] ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug]{ / ;'zf;gsf] k j4{g ug]{, cleofgnfo{ ;~hflns[t ug]{, y bluf] ljsf; M ;d'bfonfo{ bluf] agfpg / ;xsf/lsf] :yfg lglzrt /fvg ljlw, gllt / k ljlwsf] ljsf; ug]{, ;+:yfsf] :yflotj / ;'/Iffsf] k Tofe"lt lbg], y klxrfg M ;xsf/ltfsf] nionfo{ cg'kfng ug{ -;'zf;g, u'0f:t/lo ;]jf, k ltikwf{tds ahf/ Joj:yfkg_ ;b:osf] ljzjf;, ;+:yf ;~rfnsx?sf] lglb{i6 cfr/0fsf] cfwf/df ljlzi6 5ljsf] lgdf{0f ug]{, y sfg"gl ;+/rgf M ;xsf/lsf] j[l4 / ljsf;sf nflu ;xsf/ld}ql sfg"gl sfo{9ffrfsf] lgdf{0f / sfof{gjog, / y k"fhl lgdf{0f M ;+:yfut / ;+/rgftu ljsf; u/l ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t Goflos ljt/0fnfo{ ;'lglzrt ug'{ ;fdflhs k"fhlsf] lgdf{0f. /fhosf] k'g;+{/rgf;fu} ljqlo ;+3Lotf Pp6f dxtjk"0f{ cfofd ag]sf] 5. ;+ljwfgsf] ;jf]{rrtf / s]gb Lo sfg"gsf] dftfxtdf k fb]lzs sfg"g / k fb]lzs sfg"gsf] dftfxtdf kflnsfsf] sfg"g /xg] j}wflgstf 5. ;+:yfnfo{ ;'zf;gdf /fvg, ;b:o s]lgb t / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t agfpg ;+:yf ;~rfngsf clgjfo{ zt{x? sfod x'g' kb{5. ljqlo kx'fr / ljqlo ;dfj]zls/0f lagf ljqlo ;+3Lotfn] k"0f{tf kfpfb}g. /fi6«a}+sn] cfufdl!# jif{sf] ljqlo /0fgLltdf ljqlo ;xsf/l ;+:yfnfo{ lglzrt dfkb08 -k f]a]zg / hf]lvddf cfwfl/t ;'kl/j]if0f_ df /fvg] ljifonfo{ ;+af]wg u/]sf] 5. ljqlo ;+3Lotfsf] dxtjk"0f{ cfodf eg]sf] ljqlo ;xsf/lx?sf] ;~hfnsf] ;Grfng / Joj:yfkg xf]. ;GhfnLs[t ljqlo ;xsf/ls} dfwodaf6 casf] ljqlo ;xsf/l cleofg lgb]{lzt x'g'kb{5. ;/sf/sf tlg txn] g} ljqlo ;xsf/lsf] ; f]ts]gb g]kfn art tyf C0f s]gb Lo ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= -g]km\:s"g_ ;Fu ;DaGw lj:tf/ / ;xof]u cfbfg k wfg ug'{ kb{5. g]km\:s"g oltj]n art tyf C0f cleofgsf] ljzjs} zlif{ ;+u7g World Council of Credit Unions (WOCCU) 66

68 ljzj C0f kl/ifb -WOCCU_ sf] lgoldt ;b:otf lnpsf] 5. cf]s'sf] h'nfo{!% b]lv!* df l;+ufk'/df epsf] dxf;dd]ngn] ;~rfng ;DaGwL ( l;4fgtdf ;Dzf]wg u/l!) j6f agfpsf] 5. pqm!) j6f l;4fgt dwo] cf7f}+ gda/df ;fsf];sf] ;~hflns[t Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;}4flGts?kdf yk u/]sf] 5. of] l;4fgtdf cfwfl/t ljlw, gllt / k ljlwsf] ceof;df ;Ghfn prrtd?kdf cljefho x'g5g\ hxff ; f]t / ;fwgsf] ;femf aff8kmff8, ;/f]sf/jfnf;fusf] ;DaGw, ax; k}/jl / ;fj{hlgs ;DaGw k efjsf/l x'g5g\. cg'udg ;+ogq, ;]jf / ptkfbgsf] u'0f:t/, k ltlglwtj / ;~rfng lqmof prrtxdf cgt/;dalgwt x'g5g\. prr:t/sf] ;xof]u, k otg / ;zqmls/0fsf] nflu k f/ldes ;+:yfx?sf] nf]stflgqs clwsf/sf] k of]u ul/g5. cfly{s k 0ffnLdf ;b:o s]lgb t ;dfwfg, ;3g?kdf k ltikwl{ / Ps}gf;sf] gjk jt{g x'g cfjzos x'g5. Jofj;flos ;]jfx? M k/fdif{, ljqlo nufgl, ladf, n]vfdfg, ;~hfnls[t ;+/rgf ljlzi6 / ;a{jofkl agfpfb} Joj;flos ;+:s[lt, ptkfbstj Ifdtf / kl/jlt{t Joj:yfkgdf of]ubfgsf] lgogq0f / dfkg x'g' cfjzos x'g5. ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ / /fhosf] ck]iff k'/fug{ g]km\:s"gn] ljqlo ;Ifdtf, cfgtl/s Joj;fodf k ltikwf{tds :yfg, kl/jt{gnfo{ ;+af]wg, Joj;flos nrstf, eljiosf] k ljlwdfly lgogq0f, k"fhl / ljqdf kx'fr, cwofjlws ljz]if1tf, hf]lvd ;'kl/j]if0fsf] cfwf/df ;zqm ljqlo k ljlw cljefho ;~hfnsf] g]t[tj, ;~rfng, Joj:yfkg / ljsf; ug'{ kb{5.!= cljefho ;~hfnsf] k efjsfl/tf M dflg;sf] hljg k4lt Go"g:t/af6 prr :t/df / ;/ntfaf6 hl6n tkm{ ljsl;t x'fb} hffbf ahf/ udg, l:y/tf, ljqlo k efjsf/ltf, ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ / nlift ;b:osf] kx'frsf] cfwf/df ;+:yfsf] sfo{;dkfbgsf] d"nof+sg ug'{ df ljzj C0f kl/ifb -WOCCU_ n] ;+zf]wg u/l hf/l u/]sf] ;~rfng ;DaGwL l;4fgt M s_ ;xsf/lsf] ;+/rgf y ;b:osf] :jldtj y ;b:osf] lgogq0f y nf]stflgqs lgogq0f v_ ;b:onfo{ ;]jf y ljqlo ;dfj]zls/0f y ljqlo ;Ifdtf y ;b:odf cfly{s ;Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 u_ ;fdflhs pq/bflotj y ljqlo lziff y ;Ghfnsf] alr ;xof]u y ;fdflhs bflotj y ljzjjofkl kl/snkgf kb{5. ljzjjofkl?kdf cgt/;dalgwt ;~hfnsf] dfwodaf6 cfkm\gf] ;]jfnfo{ k efjsf/l agfpsf] kfog5. Sofg8fsf] l8hfl8{g, lgb/nof08sf] /fjf] / sf]l/ofsf] s[lif ;xsf/l a}+s :j]lr5s k ltikwf{tds ;Ghfn atomizedcompetitive networks model qmlds?kdf cgt/;dalgwt ;Ghfn federated network model em'sfp /fv]sf] kfog5. cd]l/sfdf w]/} ljqlo ;xsf/lx?n] ;+o'qm ;]jfsf] /0fgLlt agfpsf 5g\. Sofg8fn] lhnnf txsf] ;+3x?sf] /fli6«o?kdf PsLs/0fsf] /fli6«o /0fgLlt agfpsf] 5. To:t} c:6«]lnofn] klg cgt/;dalgwt ;xsf/l ;~hfnsf] lgdf{0fdf pgd'v b]lvg5. k efjsf/l ljqlo lqmofsnfk / l:y/tfsf] nflu ;femf 5lj, ;femf gllt, ljlw / k ljlw, ;~rfngsf] :ki6 s8f lgod, ;femf P]Soj4tf, :jcg'zfl;t / x:tif]ksf] zlqmsf] dfwodaf6 cgt/;dagwnfo{ dha't agfpg' kb{5. k f/ldes txsf] ;+:yf / g]km\:s"gsf alrdf ; f]t, ;fwg / zlqmsf] ultzlntf g} cgt/;dagwsf] cfwf/ xf]. cleofgnfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ dfu{bz{g, gllt, ljlw / k ljlwsf] lgdf{0fdf s]gb Lotf / ;b:o ;'/Iff, ;'zf;g, ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgsf ljifox? M ptkfbg / ;]jfsf] d"no lgwf{/0f, j[l4, ;'/Iff, :jlgodg, sfo{biftf, /0fgLlt lgdf{0f / k flktdf k f/ldes ;+:yf clwsf/ ;DkGg / :jfoqtf /xg' kb{5. cljefho ;+3Lo ;~hfnsf l;4fgt / ;'rf+sx? M!= ; f]tsf] ;~rfngdf :t/ls/0f #= s/f/lo P]Soj4tf $= ;'zf;g k jb{gsf] /0fgLlt / cfgtl/s lgodsf] :yfkgf!= ; f]tsf] aff8kmff8 M ljqlo ;xsf/l cleofgnfo{ cgt/;dalgwt ;~hfndf Nofpg ; f]tsf ;a} kifnfo{ :jlsf/ ug'{ kb{5. cfutnfo{ ;d"xdf /fvg], ptkfbg / ;]jfdf :t/ls[t ;dfwfg lbg] / clgjfo{ ;]jfdf ;+o'qm cflh{t ;DklQsf] k of]u ug{ g]km\:s"gn] ;]jf / ptkfbgsf] s'zn Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ljj]slo ;dfwfg dfkm{t ;femf ;xof]ul ;]jf / u7agwgsf] nflu ptk ]/0ff lbg' kb{5. ljq k 0ffnLnfO{ cf}krfl/s agfpg ;"rgf / ;]jfnfo{ PsLs/0f u/l ;b:o ;"rgf ;]jfnfo{ k efjsf/l agfpg' kb{5. ; f]t JolQmx?sf] cfbfg k bfg, j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] k of]u, g]km\:s"g cgt/nufglsf] d"no lgwf{/0f, sd{rf/lsf] :t/ tyf ;'ljwf, g]km\:s"gåf/f ;~rflnt jf l;kmfl/; ul/psf ;]jfx?sf] pkof]u, ;fsf];x?sf] jul{s/0f, :t/ lgwf{/0fdf :j]lr5s?kdf ;xeful x'g]egbf klg ljqlo ;xsf/lx? ; f]tsf] aff8kmff8df clgjfo{?kdf ;xeful x'g g]km\:s"gdf cfj4 x'g' kb{5. clgjfo{ cfj4tfn] cgt/;dagwnfo{ k efjsf/l / /0fgLlts agfpf5. ljqlo ;xsf/l cleofgdf ; f]tsf] aff8kmff8n] k :t't tlg kifnfo{ ;Daf]wg ub{5.!=!= cfutnfo{ PsÝf /fvg] M ;+:yfsf cfutx?nfo{ PsÝf ug'{ klxnf] aff8kmff8 xf]. g]km\:s"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf gllt, ljlw / k ljlwnfo{ 67

69 g]km\:s"gsf] P]Soj4tf nf]uf] k of]u ubf{ PsLs[t ;fsf]; ;~hfn ljsf; sfo{qmddf ;dflji6 ;+:yfn] dfq k of]u ug{ kfpg] 5g\. dflg;sf] r]tgf, ljrf/, cg'e"lt / cjwf/0ffdf ljzj;glotf sfdo ug{ P]Soj4tf nf]uf]sf] k of]udf Ps?ktf ;DaGwL sldtdf tf]lsp adf]lhdsf ;~rfng ljlw k'/f u/]sf] x'g'kg]{5. k f/ldes ;+:yfn] cfgtl/sls/0f ug'{ kb{5. cfj4 ;+3, ;+:yfn] ceof; ug]{ k fljlws ;dfwfg, ptkfbg / ;]jf, ;Dk"0f{ ljqlo ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/nfo{ k efjsf/l agfpg g]km\:s"gsf] ;xof]ul ptkfbg / ;]jfdf :t/ls[t ;dfwfgnfo{ r':t agfpg' kb{5.!=@ :t/ls[t ;]jfdf kx'fr M g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;+j}wflgs?kd} /fho Joj:yf k 0ffnLsf] tlg txsf] pnn]v u/]sf cj:yfdf ;xsf/l cleofgdf klg ;dfgh:otf Nofpg' kb{5. ljqlo ;xsf/l ;+3 ;:yfnfo{ nf]stflgqs clwg:ttfdf cfwfl/t s]gb Lotf dfkm{t ;Ghflns[t ;fsf]; cleofg ;Grfng ug'{ kb{5. art tyf C0fsf] s]gb Lo ;+3n] dftfxtsf ;+3 / ;+:yfx?nfo{ Ps?ktfdf cfwfl/t :t/ls[t ;xof]ul ;]jfsf] bflotj lng' kb{5. s]gb Lo ;+3sf] clgjfo{ bflotj lng' kg]{ ljifo Ifltk"lt{, t/ntf Joj:yfkg, hf]lvd / d"no lgwf{/0f txut?kdf km/s ep klg tflnd, cg'udg, ljqlo ;dfwfg, dfu{bz{g, ;]jf / ptkfbgsf] ljsf; / cg'udgsf] lglzrttfnfo{ s]gb Lo ;+3sf] bflotjdf /xg5. ljb'tlo ljqlo ;]jf k To]s ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf ;b:onfo{ pknaw u/fpg 8]lj6 / qm]l86 sf8{, tnjl ljj/0f, ljq / d'b f k jfxsf] ;]jfnfo{ k efjsf/l agfpg' kb{5. ;xof]ul ;]jfsf] ;DaGwdf sd{rf/l / ;~rfnsx?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf] nflu lg/gt/ ;xeflutf hgfpg' kb{5. s]gb Lo ;+3n] pggt ;xsf/lsdl{ / k efjsf/l k ljlwsf] k of]unfo{ u'0fftds agfpg lzif0f / k lzif0fnfo{ k efjsf/l agfpg' kb{5.!=#= ;+o'qm :jfldtj M ljqlo ;xsf/lsf ptkfbg, ;]jf, ;dfwfg / sfg"gl ;+lxtfsf] kl/kfngfsf] ;+o'qm :jfldtj lng' ; f]t aff8kmff8sf clgjfo{ / cfwf/e"t ljifox? x'g. ahf/df k ltikwf{tds :yfg / ljqlo ;Ifdtfsf] nflu art tyf C0f cleofg ;GhfnLs[t / cljefho x'g'kb{5. l:y/ls/0f sf]if, art ;'/Iff sf]if, aldf, u'7l / nufgl k jb{g ;]jfsf ;DaGwdf klg ;+o'qm :jfldtjsf] ljifodf cleofg cljefho x'g' kb{5. ;a} ;+3 ;+:yf ldn]/ Ps ljlzi6ls[t ;+3sf] snkgf ;xsf/l n] klg u/]sf] ;Grfng k 0ffnLdf :t/ls/0f M cljeflht art tyf C0f cleofgsf] ;Grfng k 0ffnLsf] k efjsfl/tf, ;+:yfut 5ljdf lgdf{0f, Joj:yfkg / ljsf; Ps?ktf sfod ug{ s]gb Lotfdf clwg:ttfsf] cfwf/df ;+:yfx?nfo{ :t/ls[t ug'{ kb{5. :t/ls/0fsf] nflu k f/ldes ;+:yfdf k efjsf/l sfo{;dkfbg dfkm{t ;b:osf] ;Gt'li6nfO{ Wofg lbg' kb{5. ;Ghfnn] cgo ljqlo k bfossf] alrdf k ltikwf{tds :yfg sfod /fvg Ps?ktf k 0ffnL, ;femf j'emfo / lgofds dfkb08x?sf] lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5. k f/ldes ;+:yfsf] lgofds dfkb08sf] cfwf/df k 0ffnLdf :t/lotf sfod /fvl cleofgnfo{ prr :t/df nfg' kb{5. lgofds dfkb08df s7f]/ s]gb Lotf dfkm{t ljqlo ;xsf/lsf] ;Grfng ug'{ kb{5. :jtgq k ltikwl{ g]6js{df ;a} txsf ;+3 ;+:yfx? cfkm\g} 9+un] ;~rflnt x'g5g\. tl ;+:yfx?sf] 5lj lgdf{0f, k 0ffnL ;Def/, gllt / k ljlwdf Ps?ktf sfod x'g5. cljeflht ;fsf];df s]gb Lo ;Ghfndf cfj4 ;fsf];sf x/]s ;b:ox?n] ;a} ;fsf];df ckgtj / :jfldtjsf] cg'e"lt ub{5g\. km/s ahf/df klg cljeflht ;~hfn leq /x]sf ;fsf];sf ;a} ;]jf / ptkfbgdf, ljlw, gllt / k ljlwdf p:t} km];g, k efjsf/l ;~rfng / s'zn Joj:yfkdf p:t} sfo{ s'zntf alrdf k ltikwf{tds k b{zg ub{5g\. cljeflht cleofgsf ;fsf];sf :t/ls[t k 0ffnLsf] cfwf/e"t ;Grfng k 0ffnLdf Ps?ktf k 0ffnL ;~rfngsf] nflu cleofgsf ljqlo ;+:yfsf] sfof{nosf] a f08 /Ë, tyf gllt ljlw / k ljlwdf Ps?ktf sfod ug'{ kb{5. klxnf] k efj kfg]{ kif art tyf C0fsf ptkfbgx?n] g} xf]. o;n] n]vf k 0ffnL, sfo{ljlw, cfj]bg kmf/d, lgogq0f k 0ffnL / ;"rgf 68

70 Joj:yfkg k 0ffnL, xf8{j]/ / ;km\6j]/ k 0ffnL, ljq / dfgj ;+zfwg k 0ffnLdf Ps?ktf sfod u/l ;~rfng k 0ffnLdf ;d]t Ps?ktf Nofpg' ljlw, gllt / k ljlwdf Ps?ktf M ljqlo ;xsf/lnfo{ ;~rfng ug{ ljzj C0f kl/ifbn] ljlw cyf{t l;4fgtx? k ltkflbt u/]sf] 5. tl ljlwx?df M ;b:o ;'/Iff l;4fgt, ;'zf;gsf] l;4fgt, ;Grfngsf l;4fgt / ;'/Iff / ;b[9tfsf] l;4fgt 5g\ h;sf] cfwf/df ;+:yfx? lgb]{lzt x'g5g\ h;sf] cfwf/df /fhosf sfg"g / lgodfjnlx? agb5g\. ;+:yfsf] nio / p2]zo k fkt ug{ ol k :t't l;4fgtsf] dftfxtdf s]gb Lo ;+3n] :jls[t u/]sf cfwf/e"t glltx? ;+:yfn] ceof; ub{5g\. o:tf] cj:yfdf g]km\:s"g glltx? sfof{gjogsf] nflu pq/bfol x'g' kb{5. glltut s]gb Lotfsf] cfwf/df k To]s ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] s]gb Lo ;+3sf] ;fwf/0f ;efdfkm{t k ltlglwd"ns ;xeflutfdf glltx? lgdf{0f ub{5g\ kfl/t ul/psf glltnfo{ ;+3 ;+:yfn] clgjfo{?kdf cjndjg ub{5g\ / ;+3 ;+:yfx? o;nfo{ kfngf ug{ k ltj4 ptkfbg / ;]jfdf Ps?ktf M ptkfbg / ;]jfsf] :t/lotf cljefho cleofgsf] Ps k lqmof xf]. k f/ldes ;+:yfn] ahf/sf] cfjzostfsf] cfwf/df k ltikwf{tds :t/nfo{ sfod /fvg' kb{5. o;/l k ltikwf{tds :t/nfo{ sfdo /fvbf cljefhotfsf] cfwf/e"t dfgotfnfo{ cftd;ft ug'{ kb{5. cljefho ;~hfnsf ;b:on] ;a} ;fsf];af6 ;dfg :t/sf ;]jf / ptkfbg kfpg ;s"g egg] ljifodf s]gb Lo ;+3 ;hu x'g' kb{5. k f/ldes ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf ptkfbg / ;]jf ;b:osf] pkof]ul 5. ;f] ljifodf ptkfbg / ;]jfnfo{ ljsf; ug{ ;~hfnnfo{ ;"lrt ug'{ kb{5. cljefho ;~hfnn] ptkfbg / ;]jfnfo{ j}1flgs agfpg ;Gbe{ Aofhb/nfO{ cfwf/ agfpg' ;+:yfut 5ljdf Ps?ktf M 5lj lgdf{0f s'g} ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] k :6 / lj:tfl/t snkgf dfq} xf]og of] x/]s JolQmdf ;+:yf k ltsf] cjwf/0ff / cg'e"lt xf]. 5lj dflg;sf] r]tgfdf jf:tljstfsf] k ltlj+jsf] Tof] :j?k xf] h'g ;+u7gftds rl/qsf] dfwodn] k s6 x'g5. 5ljn] cfd gful/sdf ljzj;lgotf, cfr/0f, u'0f:t/lo ;]jfsf] k Tofe"ltsf] k :t'lt ub{5. cljefho ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf 5ljn] cfkm\gf] ;+u7gsf] ljlzi6 Jofg/ / /fli6«o ahf/ls/0fsf] /0fgLltnfO{ ;+jf]wg ub{5. cljefho ;+/rgfdf sfg"gl b[li6sf]0faf6 x/]s k f/ldes ;+:yf Pp6f x'g5 / ahf/sf] 5ljsf]?kdf Ps?ktf k 0ffnLnfO{ :jlsf/ u/]sf] x'g5. s]gb Lo ;+3 ;+:yfsf] 5lj sfod /fvg / gful/sx?df k efj kfg{ / wf/0ff agfpg dxtjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]nb5. g]km\:s"gsf] P]Soj4tf nf]uf] k of]u ubf{ PsLs[t ;fsf]; ;~hfn ljsf; sfo{qmddf ;dflji6 ;+:yfn] dfq k of]u ug{ kfpg] 5g\. dflg;sf] r]tgf, ljrf/, cg'e"lt / cjwf/0ffdf ljzj;glotf sfdo ug{ P]Soj4tf nf]uf]sf] k of]udf Ps?ktf ;DaGwL sldtdf tf]lsp adf]lhdsf ;~rfng ljlw k'/f u/]sf] x'g'kg]{5. s'g} ;+3 ;+:yfx?df k ltlglwtj ubf{ cyf{t ;b\efj e d0fdf hffbf of]uotf k'/f u/]sf] JolQmn] dfq ;xeful x'g kfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'kg]{5. ;d'bfo k lt rf;f] / jftfj/0f ;lxt sldtdf ;+:yfsf] jul{s/0f cg';f/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kg]{5. ;b:o snof0f sfo{qmd cgtu{t ;+:yfsf] jlu{s/0f cg';f/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kg]{5. a f08 Joj:yfkgdf Ps?ktf Nofpg sfof{no Joj:yfkg, /Ë/f]ug, ;fogaf]8{, z]o/ k df0f kq, kl/ro kq, n]6/ Kof8, sfuhft nufotsf ljifonfo{ Ps?ktf a f08df :t/lotf sfod ug'{kg]{5. #= s/f/lo P]Soj4tf M ;~hfndf ;+:yfsf] cljefhosf] dfkg k f/ldes ;+:yfn] a f08 Joj:yfkg / a f08 lgdf{0fdf e/ kb{5. s/f/lo P]Soj4tfdf s]gb Lo ;+3df cfj4 ;a} ;+:yfx?n] cf}krfl/s ;+emf}tf ug'{ kb{5. hj k 0ffnLn] d't{ :j?k lng5 cd't{?kdf o;n] 5lj lgdf{0f / klxrfgsf] lgdf{0f ub{5. Toltj]nf bz{ssf] nflu PsLs[t ljqlo ;+:yfsf] klxrfg k fkt x'g5. ljqlo kx'fr / ;dfj]zls/0fsf] nflu ;emf}tfd"ns P]Soj4tf, ;+:yfsf] cfsf/df ;Gt'ng, ;b:otf z'nsdf z'4tf, cfly{s k ltj]bg, clen]v Joj:yfkg, sfuhftsf] 9fFrfsf] :t/lotf / Ps?ktf, ;km\6]o/df Ps?ktf, ;fsf]; ;'/Iff k 0ffnLdf ;xeflutf, hf]lvd Joj:yfkg, efvf gf3]sf] C0f ljj/0f dfl;s?kdf k7fpg] Joj:yf, u'0f:t/ ;'lglzrttf sfo{qmddf clgjfo{ ;xeflutf / ljqlo ;xsf/ldf dfq cgt/nufgl sfo{qmd ;xefultfsf ljifodf ;GhfnaLr s/f/lo P]Soj4tf x'g' kb{5. #=! ;]jf s]gb vf]ng lgogq0f M ljqlokx'fr / ljqlo ;dfj]zls/0fnfo{ ;+jf]wg ug]{ u/l s]gb Lo ;+3n] ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf, ;~rfng / ljsf; ug'{ kb{5. o;/l ;~rfng ubf{ sl;nf] ahf/ dfkb08, ef}uf]lnstf / ;b:o ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df x/]s /fhgllts OsfO{nfO{ cfwf/ agfpg' kb{5. If]q lj:tf/ ubf{ k f/ldes ;+:yf / ;+3sf] alrdf cfk;l ef}uf]lns cltqmd0f x'g'x'fb}g. k f/ldes ;+:yfn] /fli6«o :t/sf] e"uf]nnfo{ sfo{if]q k fkt ug'{ c;dej k fo x'g5. #=@ k f/ldes ;+:yfsf] cfsf/df ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ M cfwf/e"t txsf] Joj;flos lgsfosf]?kdf k f/ldes ;+:yf /xg5g\. ;+3 ;+:yfn] ;b:ox?nfo{ ljqlo kx'fr / ljqlo ;dfj]zls/0fnfo{ cfwf/ dfgl lglzrt e"nf]udf hg;+vofsf] k ltlglwtj, k"fhlsf] cj:yf / gful/sx?sf] kx'frnfo{ cfwf/ agfpg' kb{5. ;+:yfsf] ;~hfndf 69

71 cfj4 ug{ ;+:yf PsLs/0f / sfo{if]q yk ubf{ s]gb Lo ;+3n] l;kmfl/;df lgofds lgsfon] :jls[lt lbg' kb{5. #=# ljqlo dwo:ttfsf] ;fwg M ljzj C0f kl/ifbn] to u/]sf] ;Ghfn Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fgt cg';f/ s]gb Lo ljqlo ;xsf/lsf] ljq k 0ffnLsf] cfkm\g} ;Ghfndf /xg'kb{5. s]gb Lo ;+3sf] clwg:t ;+3 ;+:yfn] ljqlo dwo:tstf{sf] s]gb Lo cgt/nufglnfo{ cfwf/ agfpg' kb{5. art :jlsf/ ug]{, ;+:yfnfo{ C0f k jfx ug]{, t/ntfsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{, l:y/ls/0fsf]ifsf] ;Grfng ug]{ / art ;'/Iffsf] cgo cf}hf/x?sf] k jgw ug{ s]gb Lo ;+3n] ljqlo dwo:tstf{sf] e"ldsfdf /xg' kb{5. cljefho ;+3Lo ;~hfnn] lgodfjnl agfo{ ;Lldt ;]jfz'ns / ;~rfns vr{ lno{ cf}krfl/s Joj:yfkgsf cgo ;fwgsf] k efjsf/l k of]u ug'{ kb{5. #=$ cfgtl/s ;'/If0fsf] pkfo M k f/ldes ;xsf/l ;+:yf / cljefho ;Ghfnn] s'g} klg ;+:yfsf] ;Defljt ;d:ofx?sf] k efjsf/l Joj:yfksLo ;dfwfg lbg' kb{5. ;+:yfsf] hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf] nflu cljefho ;~hfnn] hf]lvddf cfwfl/t ;'kl/j]if0f, l:y/ls/0f sf]if, cfsl:ds sf]if, ;b:o ;'/Iff sf]if, art ;'/If0f sf]if ;d]tsf] Joj:yfkg u/l sf]ifx?sf] lgogq0f s]gb Lo ;+3sf] g]t[tjdf ;Grfng ul/g' kb{5. #=% s]gb Lo Ph]G;L M cljefho ;~hfnn] sf]ifsf] jflxo ; f]tdf kx'frsf] Joj:yfkg ub{5. s]gb Lo cgt/nufgl sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng, sf]ifx?sf] Joj:yfkg, t/ntfsf] Jo:yfkg, k"fhl ahf/df wg h'6fpg] sfo{ g]km\:s"gn] ug'{ kb{5. s]gb Lo ;+3n] cgt/f{li6«o ljq ahf/sf] ;d]t dwo:ytf ub}{ ;~hfnleq ;b:osf] hf]lvdnfo{ ;femf ;d:of agfo{ of]ubfg ug'{ kb{5. /fli6«o?kdf Joj;flos k j4{g, ;b:o;fusf] ;DaGw / cgt/f{li6«o Jofkfl/s ;DaGwsf cfwf/df s]gb Lo ;+3n] cfkm\gf] cfgtl/s Joj;fo ub{5. k f/ldes ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] nio / p2]zo xfl;n ug{ :jfoq, :jfwlg / clwsf/ ;DkGg x'g5 t/ s]gb Lo ;+3n] tf]s]sf ;dfwfgx?sf] ;'?jft ug'{ / bflotj lng' k f/ldes ;+:yfsf] st{jo x'g5. $= ;'zf;g k jb{gsf] /0fgLlt / cfgtl/s lgodsf] :yfkgf cljefho ;Ghfnn] k ltlglwd"ns nf]stlgqs ;+/rgf / s]gb Ls[t clwsf/ ;'lglzrt ub{5. s]gb Lo ;+3sf] e"ldsf / pq/bflotjsf] s]gb Lotfdf cfwfl/t eo{ ;~hfnn] clwg:t ;+3 ;+:yfsf] cg'udg, cfj4tf / ;Ghfnaf6 lg:sfzg ug]{ ljifo cfgtl/s gllt, /0fgLlt / ;'zf;gsf] k Tofe"lt ug]{ sfo{ xf]. ;'zf;gn] k 0ffnL -d"no, bflotj, k yf Pjd\ k/dk/f / sfo{ljlw_ nfo{ kl/eflift u/l ;+u7g -;b:o, sd{rf/l, sfo{sf/l, ;Grfns_ k s[ltsf] cfwf/df g]6js{leqsf ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] lxtsf] ;'/Iff ul/g5. s]gb Lo gllt agfpfbf ;+3 ;+:yfsf k ltlglwsf] nf]stflgqs ;xeflutf / sfo{ut?kdf :jfoqtf sfof{gjog ug{ ljlw, gllt / k ljlwdf Ps?ktf sfdo u/l ;'zf;gsf] k Tofe"lt lbg'kb{5. $=! cljefho ;+3Lo ;~hfndf cfgtl/s /0fgLlt / sfg"gl ;+lxtfsf] dfwodaf6 ;'zf;gsf] k j4{g ug]{ cfofdx? M y nf]stflgqs lgogq0fdf cfwfl/t ;+/rgf / s]gb Ls[t clwsf/ y cwlg:tsf] l;4fgtnfo{ ;Ddfg y lgu/fgl / cg'udg y cfj4tf / lg:sf;g nf]stflgqs lgogq0fdf cfwfl/t ;+/rgf / s]gb Ls[t clwsf/ M ;xsf/l cleofgsf] cgt/f{li6«o l;4fgtnfo{ ;Ddfg ub}{ cljefho ;+3Lo k 0ffnLdf k f/ldes ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] lg0f{o k lqmofsf] :jfwlgtf cfkm};fu x'g] tyonfo{ dgg ub}{ lglzrt zlqm cfkm" cfj4 /x]sf] s]gb Lo ;+3nfO{ k Tofof]hg u/]sf x'g5g\. s]gb Lo ;+3n] Ps?ktf k 0ffnL sfof{gjog u/l pqm k 0ffnLdf cfj4 / lg:sfl;t x'g] clwsf/ k f/ldes ;+:yfnfo{ lbpsf] x'g5. cfj4 ;+:yfx?sf] k ltikwf{tds :yfgnfo{ sfdo /fvg s]gb Lo ;+3n] lglzrt u/]sf :t/ls/0fdf cfwfl/t dfkb08 sfof{gjog u/l k f/ldes ;+:yfx?nfo{ cljefho ;+/rgfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf cfwf/e"t ljz]if1tfsf] kx'frnfo{ ;'lglzrt ug'{ kb{5. k f/ldes ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] k ltikwf{tds 5lj / :t/ls/0fnfo{ sfod /fvg ljqlo ;IfdtfnfO{ ;'b[9 ug'{ kb{5. cljefho ;+3Lo ;~hfnn] cfkm\gf lg0f{o / em'sfjnfo{ lg/gt/ k df0fls/0f ug{ sfdx?nfo{ k/fdz{bfql ;+ogq / k efjsf/l nf]stgqnfo{ dwogh/ u/l s]gb Ls[t u/]sf] x'g5. $=@ cwlg:tsf] l;4fgtnfo{ ;Ddfg cwlg:tsf] l;4fgtnfo{ ;Ddfg ug{ s]gb Lo;+3sf] dftfxftdf :jfoqtfsf] cjwf/0ffnfo{ ;+3 ;+:yfn] :jlsf/ u/]sf x'g5g\. dftfxftdf /xg] dfkb08x? ;femf pq/bflotjsf]?kdf cljefho ;~hfnsf ;b:on] :jlsf/ ub{5g\. s]gb Lo ;+3n] ;~hfndf cfj4 k f/ldes ;+:yfsf] lqmofsnfknfo{ :t/ls/0f ug{ sfo{qmdx? lgwf{/0f ub{5g\. ;d'bfodf ;Dk"0f{ ljqlo ;dfwfg sfod /fvg cwlg:tsf] l;4fgtdf s]gb Lo ;+3sf] dftfxtdf k f/ldes ;+:yf /xg5g\. k f/ldes ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] nio / p2]zo xfl;n ug{ :jfoq, :jfwlg / clwsf/ ;DkGg x'g5 t/ s]gb Lo ;+3n] tf]s]sf ;dfwfgx?sf] ;'?jft ug'{ / bflotj lng' k f/ldes ;+:yfsf] st{jo x'g5. tlg tx epsf] cj:yfdf s]gb Lo ;+3sf] dftfxftdf ;+3 ;+:yf /xg' kb{5. 70

72 lg0f{o sfof{gjog ug{ lj/f]wfefif epdf s]gb Lo ;+3sf] lg0f{osf] k wfgtfdf dftfxtdf ;+3 ;+:yfn] lg0f{o lng' kb{5. ;a} ljqlo ;xsf/lx? s]gb Lo ;+3df clgjfo{ cfj4 x'g' kb{5. ;a} ;+3 ;+:yfx? k ltlglwd"ns?kdf /x]sf] s]gb Lo ;+3sf] ;fwf/0f ;efsf] dftfxtdf /xg5g\. s]gb Lo ;ldltsf] dftfxtfdf cfkm\gf ljifout ;+3 ;+:yf /xg' kb{5. s]gb Lo txsf] dftfxftdf tnnf txsf ;+3 ;+:yfsf] ;Grfng, Joj:yfkg, cg'udt / k j4{g g} cwlg:ttfsf] l;4fgtsf] cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ff xf]. dftfxftsf ;+3 ;+:yfsf] cfj:ostf / p2]zo k'/f ug{ s]gb Lo ;+3n] clgjfo{?kdf cg'dug, k/fdz{ / ;'emfj lbg' kb{5. Joj;flos s]gb Lotfsf] ;~rfngsf nflu s]gb Lo ;+3 / ;b:o ;+3 ;+:yfsf] :jldtj, nf]stflgqs lgogq0f k lqmofdf ;xeflutf / ; f]tsf] aff8kmff8af6 kmfobf k flktsf] xs s/f/sf] cfwf/df to ul/g' kb{5. s]gb Lo ;+3sf] lg0f{osf] sfof{gjogdf k f/ldes ;+:yfsf] bflotj /xg] epsfn] nf]stflgqs lgogq0fnfo{ dof{lbt agfpg / s]gb Lo ;+3sf] zf]if0faf6 ;+3 ;+:yfnfo{ d'qm /fvg of] l;4fgtn] ;fwf/0f ;efsf] ;jf{]rrtf, Ps JolQm Ps dt, cfjlws lgjf{rg / x/]s k ltlglwsf] r'gg] tyf r'lgg] :jtgqtf ;'/Iffsf] cfwf/df ;Gt'ng sfod ug'{ kb{5. of] l;4fgtn] ; f]tsf] k flktdf cg's"ntf / cltqmd0fnfo{ lgif]w u/]sf] x'g5. lgu/fgl / cg'udg cljefho ;~hfnn] ;+:yfsf] ;Ë7gfTds /rgfsf] cfgtl/s ;'kl/j]if0f ub{5. k Tofof]lht cyjf ;xfos sfo{sf] ljifodf ;~hfnsf ;b:o ;+:yfsf] ;+u7gsf] lgu/fgl cljefho ;~hfnsf] d'vo sfo{ xf]. cljefho ;~hfnn] /fhosf] cg'dltdf ;+:yfn] sfg"gl ;+lxtfsf] kfngf ug]{, s]gb Lo ;+3nfO{ sfg"gl?kdf k fkt cg'udgsf] clwsf/nfo{ ;+3x?;Fu ;xsfo{ ug'{ kb{5. cljefho ;~hfnn] s7f]/ ljj]sk"0f{ dfgotf, ;b:o ;"rgf k 0ffnL, cfkm\g} ;'/Iff sf]ifsf] :yfkgf, ck/flws / ;d:ofu :t epsf ;~hfnsf ;b:osf] lgu/fgl ;'kl/j]if0f, x:tif]k ug]{ / ;d:ofu :t epsf] 3f]if0ff ug]{ clwsf/ lbog5. cgt/f{li6«o s'zn ceof;nfo{ x]bf{ 8]hf/l8g Sofg8f, /fokmfo;g km]8]/];g hd{gl, gfs'kms sf]l/of nufotsf b]zx?df s]gb Lo ;+3sf] ;fwf/0f ;efk lt pq/bfol x'g] lgo'qm / a/vf:t ug]{ u/l jg]sf] :jtgq Jo"/f]n] lgofds lgsfosf] cg';f/ k Tofof]lht clwsf/sf] k of]u ub{5g\. $=# cfj4tf / lg:sf;g M ;~hfnn] cfj4tf / lg:sf;gsf] ljifo s8f?kdf kfngf u5{. of] cljefho ;~hfnsf] dxtjk"0f{ sfo{ xf]. cfj4tf / lg:sf;gsf] ljifo ;~hfnn] ;b:o;fu u/]sf] s/f/lo ;DaGwsf cfwf/df lge{/ ub{5. ;~hfnn] cfa4tfsf] nflu ;DalGwt ;+3;+:yfnfO{ s/f/lo :j]lr5stf lbpsf] x'g5. tlgvdj] cy{/fhgllt M g]kfndf tlg} txsf ;/sf/n] ;+j}wflgs?kdf :jlsf/ ul/psf] tlgvdj] cy{/fhglltdf 6]s]/ ;Dd prr cfo epsf] b]z agfpg] nio / p2]zo ;lxt gllt, sfo{qmd / ah]6 lgwf{/0f ug'{ kb{5. g]kfnl cy{/fhglltdf b]vfk/]sf] ljqlo PsqLs/0fn] wgl / ul/a alrsf] vf8n j9bf] 5. /fhon] k ultzln s/k 0ffnLsf] k j4{g, cfodf ;dfgtf Go"gLs/0f, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts Gofosf] k Tofe"lt, cfly{s If]qsf] nf]stflgqsls/0fsf] nflu /fhosf tlgj6} ;+/rgfn] /fhosf] cfcfkm\gf] sfo{if]qleq kg]{ cfly{s / df}lb s gllt, jfl0fho / Jofkf/ gllt, ptkfbg / ljt/0fftds Gofodf lglzrt /0fgLlt agfpfg' kb{5. /fhon] ;fdflhs Gofo, c;dfgtfsf] Go"gLs/0fsf / ;dgofols cfly{s k 0ffnL k j4{gsf nflu ljqlo k ljlwsf]?kdf cljefho ;xsf/l ;~hfnsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ kb{5 cleofgsf] dfu{bz{gsf] cfwf/df tlg} txsf ;/sf/sf] lgodg / k j4{gnfo{ k efjsf/l agfpg' kb{5. ;+:yfsf] lhdd]jf/l, st{jo, sfo{ / sfdsf] kl/efiff tf]s]/ cfufdl ;d'ggt g]kfnsf] sfo{lbzfdf ;xsf/lsf] :yfg lglzrt ug'{kb{5. 71

73 xf]lnsf affs] kmf]g g+= M )*! %@%@#% Od]n M Holicasaccos@gmail.com gd:t] affs] kmf]g g+= M )*! %@^*&$ Od]n M savingnamaste@yahoo.com dftf afu]zj/l affs] kmf]g g+= M )*! $!!)!! Od]n M m.b.s.c.c.npj@gmail.com /fdf/f]zg affs] kmf]g g+= M )*! $!!)@( Od]n M kadayatlalit@gmail.com l;sf] alb{of kmf]g g+= M )*$ ^()$## Od]n M srijana.coop@gmail.com xfd f] y}nl n=k'=d=g=kf= ^, nugv]n, nlntk'/ kmf]g g+= M )! %%%#$)*, %%#(%)* Od]n M hamrothaili@yahoo.com j]a;fo6 M hamrothaili.com.np 72

74 n]v g]kfnsf] ;xsf/l cleofgdf g]km\:s"gsf] of]ubfg rgb k ;fb 9sfn dxf;lrj g]km\:s"g ;xsf/l sf] Joj:yf adf]lhd ;xsf/l ;+3x? :yflkt ep tfklg ;+3x?df k f/ldes ;+:yfsf] cfj4tf tyf ;xeflutf c;fwo} Go"g /xof]. P]gn] ;xsf/l ;+3x? Joj;flos x'g'kg]{ kl/snkgf u/]sf] eptf klg To; lsl;dsf] ;f]r ljsl;t x'g sf] ;xsf/l P]g kzrft ;xsf/l ;+:yfx? v'ng] qmdn] lta tf kfof]. pqm P]gn] ljlegg ljifosf ;+:yfx? vf]ng ;Sg] k fjwfgnfo{ v'nf u/] klg ;xsf/l eg]sf] art / C0fsf] sf/f]jf/ ug]{ g} x'g\ egg] cfd a'emfo{ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] /Xof]. %) sf] bzssf] ;'?jft lt/} u fld0f If]qdf ;xsf/l ;+:yfx? v'ng] qmd ;'? eof]. ;x/l If]qdf ;xsf/l btf{ x'g] qmdn] lta tf kfof]. To; ;dodf ;'? epsf] ;z:q ljb f]xsf sf/0f u fld0f If]qdf ;xsf/lx?sf] ;+VofTds ljsf; vf;} x'g ;s]g eg] vf]lnpsf ;+:yfx? klg :jefljs?kn] lj:tf/ x'g ;s]gg\. To; ;dodf a}+sx?sf] pkl:ylt u fld0f If]qdf To;} klg kftnf] lyof] eg] ågåsf sf/0f a}+sx? u fld0f If]qaf6 s/la k"0f{?kn] g} lj:yflkt x'g k'u]sfn] :yfglo :t/df ljqlo ;]jf lbg] sfd ;xsf/l ;+:yfn] g} wfgg k'u]. ;xsf/l ;+:yfx? ljqlo ;]jfsf b[li6n] dfq geo{ u fld0f If]qsf hgtfsf] hljgsf ljlegg ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts kf6f];fu klg hf]l8g k'u]. To;} ;dodf ;x/l If]qdf eg] ;xsf/lsf] ;+VofTds ljsf;n] lta tf kfof]. ;+:yf ;+rfng ug]{ Joj:yfksLo 1fg / ;Lksf] cefjdf / k efjsf/l lgodg tyf cg'udg gx'fbf 5f]6f] ;dod} ;+:yfx? ;d:ofdf ;d]t kg{ up / sltko agb ;d]t ep. ;xsf/l sf] Joj:yf adf]lhd ;xsf/l ;+3x? :yflkt ep tfklg ;+3x?df k f/ldes ;+:yfsf] cfa4tf tyf ;xeflutf c;fwo} Go"g /Xof]. P]gn] ;xsf/l ;+3x? Joj;flos x'g'kg]{ kl/snkgf u/]sf] eptf klg To; lsl;dsf] ;f]r ljsl;t x'g ;s]g. P]gsf] k fjwfg cg'?ksf] Go'gQd ;+Vofdf ;+:yfx? hddf eo{ ;+3 vf]ng] / jiff}{+;dd ;b:otf lj:tf/ gu/l ;+s'lrt /fvg] qmd lhnnf :t/lo / s]gb Lo ;+3x?df b]lvof]. o;n] ubf{ ;+3x?sf] p2]zo s] xf] / k f/ldes ;+:yfx? lsg ;+3df cfa4 x'g] egg] k Zgx? plahp. To; ;dodf cfkm\gf] cf}lrto k'li6 ug{ ;Sg] ;+3x?df k f/ldes ;+:yfsf] cfsif{0f a9\b} uof] / cfj4tf klg :jefljs?kn] lj:tf/ x'fb} uof]. 73

75 @)^) sf] bzsdf ;xsf/lx? w]/} v'ln;s]sf / ;+:yfx? ;d:ofdf kg{ ;d]t yfn]sf] sf/0f ;x/l If]qdf s]xl ;do ;+:yf btf{ jgb ul/of]. s]xl jif{ kzrft ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf] btf{ v'nbf k'g tla?kdf ;+:yf btf{ x'g up / ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf] ;+Vof ;x/l If]qdf c:jfefljs?kdf a9\g uof]. of] cjlwdf ;+Vof dfq a9]g, ;xsf/l ;+:yfdf ljrng / ljs[ltx? klg k z:t} b]lvg yfn]. s]xl 7"nf ;+:yfx? cs:dft w/f;flo x'g k'u] / tl ;+:yfdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] c/af}f?lkoff hf]lvddf kof]{. /fho / ;xsf/l cleofgn] s]xl ;xdlt / s]xl ladltsf alrdf ;xsf/l If]qsf] tlg vda] cy{glltnfo{ /fhon] cjndag uof]{. ;/sf/l, lghl / ;xsf/l If]qnfO{ cy{tgqsf] d'n vdafsf]?kdf :jlsf/ u/l /fhon] To;} cg'?ksf] glltx? lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{sf] k /De sf] bzsdf cfok'ubf ;xsf/l cleofg / /fhosf alrdf ;xsf/l If]qsf] k j4{g, ljsf; / ;'zf;gsf ljifodf s]xl ;fd"lxs ;f]r ljsl;t x'g yfnof]. ;xsf/l cleofg, sd{rf/l j[t / Joj:yflksfdf nfdf] 5nkmn / ax; kzrft ;xsf/l ;+;baf6 kfl/t eo nfu' eof]. o; P]gn] ;xsf/l n] af]s]sf] ;xsf/l dfkm{t cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5. g]kfnsf] ;xsf/l cleofgdf ljutb]lv jt{dfg;dd art cleofg Pp6f Jofks / dxtjk"0f{ lx:;fsf]?kdf /lxcfpsf] 5. g]kfn art tyf C0f s]gb Lo ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= -g]km\:s"g_ ;xsf/l nfu' x'g' cl3 g} ;fndf :yflkt epsf] s]gb Lo ;+3 xf]. k f/ldes cj:yfdf g]kfnsf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?nfo{ ;+ul7t / ;zqmls/0f u/l art C0fdfkm{t k"fhl lgdf{0f / k"fhl kl/rfng u/l hgtfsf] hljg:t/ psf:g] p2]zo af]s]sf] o; s]gb Lo ;+3 pd]/ / cfj4tfsf] lx;fan] g]kfns} h]7f] :yflotj, ;'wf/ / ;'zf;gsf nflu k of; u/]. ;xsf/lsf] lgodg / cg'udg k"0f{?kdf /fhos} lhdd]jf/l leq lyof]. ;xsf/l ;+3x?n] /fho;fu cg'udg / lgodgsf] sfddf ;xsfo{ ug{ ;Sg] ;+s]t u/] tfklg /fho ;+ogq To;sf] nflu tof/ lypg / sfg"gl?kn] klg To; lsl;dsf] Joj:yf lypg. cg'udg / lgodgdf cleofg / /fhosf alrdf sfo{ut Pstf ;d]t x'g ;s]g. t/ klg To; ;dodf glltut ljifox?df /fho / cleofgsf] alrdf 5nkmn / ax;sf] eg] k f/de eof]. /fhgllts kf6l{x?n] ;xsf/lnfo{ cfkm\gf] d"n Ph]G8fdf ;dfj]z u/]. o;}sf] kl/0ffd :j?k ljkgg / lk5l8psf au{sf] ptyfg ub}{ pglx?nfo{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts kifdf ;zqmls/0f ug]{ d"n dd{nfo{ sfod /fvb} ;'/lift / ;'b[9 ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?dfkm{t /fli6«o cy{tgqdf ;xsf/l If]qsf] of]ubfg dxtjk"0f{ x'g] :jlsf/ u/]sf] 5. o; P]gn] ;xsf/lsf] k j4{g, ljsf; / lgodgsf nflu /fho / ;xsf/l cleofgsf] ;fd"lxs k of;sf] cjwf/0ff lng'sf ;fy} ;xsf/l cg'udgsf nflu ;+3x?nfO{ ;d]t lhdd]jf/ agfpsf] 5. d'n's ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf up;fu} ;xsf/lnfo{ /fhosf] tlg tx cyf{t s]gb, k b]z / :yfglo txn] x]g]{ u/l k zf;slo Joj:yf sfof{gjogsf] ;+3 xf]. ceof; / cg'ejaf6 vfl/fb} o; ;+3n] ;fsf]; ;+rfngsf ljlw / cf}hf/x? ljsl;t ug{'sf ;fy} art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yfx? -;fsf];_ df ax'cfoflds ;]jfx? lj:tf/ u/]sf] 5. qm]l86 o'lgogsf] cgt/ f{li6«o ;~hfn;fu hf]l8p/ o; ;+3n] ljzjdf eo{/x]sf c;n ceof;x?af6 l;sg] / g]kfnsf] kl/j]z cg's'nsf cf}hf/x? ljsl;t u/l k of]u ug]{ sfd ul//x]sf] 5. art C0f ;xsf/lsf] dxfb]lzo ;+hfndf PlzofnL C0f dxf;+3 -ACCU_ dfkm{t o; ;+3 hf]l8psf] 5 eg] xfn} dfq ljzj C0f kl/ifb -WOCCU_ sf] ;b:otf k fkt u/l ljzj ;+hfndf k ltiff hf]l8g 74

76 k'u]sf] 5. ljlegg b]zsf ;+:yfx?;fu cjnf]sg e d0f, tflnd tyf sfo{zfnfx? dfkm{t cg'ej cfbfgk bfg x'g] jftfj/0f ;+3n] tof/ u/]sf] 5. g]kfnsf] ;fsf]; cleofgnfo{ k f/ldes lbgdf Joj:yfksLo 1fg / ;Lk l;sg] cj;/ lypg. ;fsf]; ;~rfngsf] d'vo cfwf/ eg]s} lg/gt/ lziff xf] egg] cjwf/0ff g]km\:s"gn] ljsl;t uof]{. cfkm\g} ceof;af6 l;sg], c? b]zx?df eo{/x]sf ceof;x?af6 l;sg] / l;sfo{nfo{ ljlzli6s[t ug]{ sfd eof]. o;} qmddf ;xsf/l lziffdf ljljlws/0f ub}{ ;b:o lziff, Joj:yfkg tflnd, ;~rfnsx?sf] tflnd, n]vf ;'kl/j]if0fsf] tflnd nufotsf tflnd kf7\oqmdx? klg ljsl;t ep. cgt/f{li6«o ;DaGw ljsl;t x'fb} hffbf l;sfo{sf cj;/x? klg k z:t} l;h{gf ep. yf]/} ;+Vofdf ep klg o; :s"lnª leqsf ;+:yfx?sf ultljlwx? ;fsf];x?sf nflu ;:sf/sf]?kdf ljsl;t x'fb} uof]. g]km\:s"gn] cgt/f{li6«o ;DaGwx?dfkm{t ljlegg b]zdf ;xsf/ln] cjndag u/]sf ljlw / k2lt clg k/lif0f ul/psf k ljlwx?nfo{ ;fsf]; ;~rfngsf gljgtd cf}hf/sf]?kdf leq\ofof]. ljzjdf g} art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yfx? ;~rfng x'g] 5' } bz{g, ljlw / k lqmofx? 5g\ / ;+:yfsf] :yflotj, ljsf; / ;'zf;gsf] nflu Tof] cg'?k g} ;+:yf ;~rfng x'g'kg]{ /x]5 egg] s'/fsf] dgg eof]. qm]l86 o'lgogsf :yflkt k2ltx?nfo{ ;fsf];x?df cjndag ul/of]. ljwfosl, sfo{kflnslo / Joj:yfksLo If]qflwsf/x?sf] rrf{ rnof] / ;fwf/0f;ef, ;~rfns ;ldlt / Joj:yfkgn] ;lx?kdf o;sf] ceof; ug]{ tkm{ ;fsf]; cleofgnfo{ g]km\:s"gn] cu ;/ u/fof]. ;fsf]; :yfkgf epsf] s]xl jif{;dd ;~rfnsx?n] g} cf+lzs ;dodf To; leqsf] Joj:yfksLo sfdx? ug]{ k/dk/f lyof]. ;fgf] cfsf/ / ;fgf] sf/f]jf/ epsf ;+:yfx?df To;f] x'g' :jfefljs klg lyof]. t/ ;+:yfx? ;Ifd x'fb} hffbf o:tf cfgtl/s kifx?nfo{ ;'b[9 u/]/ hfg'k5{ egg] s'/fsf] kifkf]if0f g]km\:s"gn] u/l g} /Xof]. h'g a]nfdf u'0f:t/ ;'lglzrttfsf] sfo{qmd g]km\:s"gn] ;~rfng uof]{ Tof] a]nf dfq jf:tljs?kdf ;~rfns ;ldlt / Joj:yfkg alr s:tf] leggtf x'fbf] /x]5 / loglx? lsg cf cfkm\gf] If]qflwsf/ leq /x]/ sfd ug{'kbf]{ /x]5 eg]/ ;fsf]; cleofgn] a' g] cj;/ kfof]. g]km\:s"gn] PlzofnL C0f dxf;+3sf] PS;]; a flg8ª sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]kl5 o;df ;xeful x'g] ;+:yfn] cfkm"nfo{ cgt/f{li6«o ceof; cg'?k 9fNg yfn]. kn;{ cg'udg k4lt nufot ljlegg ;"rsf+ssf cfwf/df ;+:yfsf] ljqlo :jf:yo k/lif0f ug]{ k ljlwsf] k of]u x'g yfnof]. h'g ;+:yfx?n] ol k ljlwx?sf] k of]u ug{ yfn] :jefljs?kdf tl ;+:yf cgo ;+:yf egbf k[ys b]lvg yfn]. PS;]; a fg8 k fkt ;+:yfx?nfo{ gd"gf ;+:yf dfg]/ cwoog e d0fdf ljlegg ;+:yfx? hfg] / ToxfFaf6 l;sg] qmdsf] ;d]t ;'?jft eof]. o; qmddf ;+:yfx?n] thljhl clwsf/n] geo{ glltn] ;+:yfnfo{ alnof] agfpg] /x]5 egg] k ToIf cg'ej ug{ kfp. of] r/0f kf/ ul/;sbf ;fsf];x? Pp6} gllt, Pp6} ljlw / p:t} :j?kdf ;~rfng x'g'k5{ egg] dfgotf ljsl;t eof]. ;'/lift ;fsf];sf] nflu ;+hflns/0f Pp6f clgjfo{ zt{ xf] egg] ;TonfO{ g]km\:s"gn] dgg\ uof]{ / ;fsf];x?nfo{ klg of] ljifo a'emfpgsf nflu k otg eof]. ;xsf/l adf]lhd art tyf C0f ljifosf k f/ldes ;xsf/l ;+:yf / lhnnf :t/lo ;+3x? btf{ epsf lyp. pglx?sf] :jtgq cl:ttj 5 / :jfoq klg 5g\. t/ gllt / ljlw leq /x]/ ;+:yfx? ;~rfng x'g' k5{, Tof] gllt / ljlwdf Ps?ktf x'g'k5{ egg] ljifodf nfdf] ;do ax; eof] / To;} cg'?ksf] ceof; klg x'g yfnof]. oxl qmddf ;fsf];df Ps?ktf k 0ffnLsf] cjwf/0ff ljsl;t eof]. ;+:yfx? ;fgf] jf 7"nf] h:tf] cfsf/sf] ep klg ltlgx?df b[zodf Ps?ktf, cfgtl/s glltdf g]kfn art tyf C0f s]gb Lo ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= -g]km\:s"g_ ;xsf/l nfu' x'g' cl3 g} ;fndf :yflkt epsf] s]gb Lo ;+3 xf]. k f/ldes cj:yfdf g]kfnsf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?nfo{ ;+ul7t / ;zqmls/0f u/l art C0fdfkm{t k" hl lgdf{0f / k" hl kl/rfng u/l hgtfsf] hljg:t/ psf:g] p2]zo af]s]sf] o; s]gb Lo ;+3 pd]/ / cfj4tfsf] lx;fan] g]kfns} h]7f] ;+3 xf]. 75

77 Ps?ktf, Aofhb/df Ps?ktf x'g'k5{ egg] ljifonfo{ g]km\:s"gsf] :s"lnª leqsf ;+:yfx?n] :jlsf/ ul/;s]sf 5g\. u'0f:t/ ;'lglzrttfsf] Psdfq sfo{qmd PS;]; a fg8;dd k'ugsf nflu ;a} ;+:yfx? tof/ gepsf] cj:yfdf ;+:yfx? ;'kl/j]if0f egbf aflx/} /xg] ep. ;fgf] sf/f]jf/ / yf]/} ;b:o ;+Vof epsf] ;+:yfnfo{ klg g]km\:s"gsf] ;'kl/j]if0f leq Nofpgsf nflu Tof] egbf Ps tx d'lgsf] a fg8 cyf{t Úk f]a]zgú sf] ;'?jft eof]. o;df /fhosf] tkm{af6 klg ;dy{g k fkt eof] / ;xsf/l ljefu / g]km\:s"gaf6 k dfl0fs/0f x'g] u/l k f]a]zg a fg8 k bfg ug{ ;'?jft eof]. k f]a]zg k fkt ug{ klg ;+:yfx?n] s]xl jif{ cfgtl/s ;'wf/sf] k of; ug{'kg]{ cj:yf b]lvpkl5 hf]lvddf cfwfl/t ;fsf]; ;'kl/j]if0f sfo{qmddf ;fsf];x?nfo{ ;xeful u/fo{ ;+:yfx?nfo{ ljsf; / ;'zfifgsf] ceof; u/fpg] qmdsf] yfngl eof]. lhnnf art ;+3x? / g]km\:s"gsf] alrdf s]xl ;do cgt/lj/f]w b]lvp klg ;fsf]; cleofgnfo{ ;'wf/ ug]{ s'/fdf o;n] /rgftds e"ldsf g} /xg uof]. ;fsf];x? ;+hfn aflx/ /xg' x'fb}g egg] ljifodf ;a} art ;+3x? / g]km\:s"gsf] Pp6} cfjfh /Xof]. g]km\:s"gn] ljlegg lhnnfx?df lkmn8 sfof{no :yfkgf u/]/ ;b:ox?nfo{ ;]jf lbg] qmddf tl lkmn8 sfof{nox? ;~rfngdf art ;+3 e"ldsf dxtjk"0f{ x'g] dxz'; u/l lkmn8 sfof{no Joj:yfkg pk;ldltdf art ;+3x?nfO{ ;xeful u/foof]. xfn g]km\:s"gsf k b]z / lhnnf :t/sf sfo{qmdx?df ;DalGwt lhnnf art ;+3s} cu ;/tf /xg] cj:yf 5. o;df lhnnf art ;+3x?sf] e"ldsf c;fwo} k z+;lgo /x]sf] 5. d'n's tlg txsf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf uo{;s]sf] / lhnnfdf /fhosf] sf/l ;DaGwL k zf;slo lgsfo ;d]t g/xg] cj:yfdf lhnnf ;+3x?sf ljifodf ljlegg ax; / rrf{ grn]sf xf]ogg\. sfg"gl cfwf/df :yflkt :jfoq ;+:yfx? sfg"gs} cfwf/df g]km\:s"gn] ;xsf/l;dagwl gllt lgodx? lgdf{0fsf ljifodf lg/gt/?kdf /fho kif; u 5nkmn ug]{ / ;'emfj lbg] sfd ub}{ cfpsf] 5. ;xsf/l cg'udg / lgodg, l:y/ls/0f sf]if, s/;dagwl Joj:yf, ;DklQ z'l4s/0fsf ljifodf :ki6?kdf ;+:yfut ;'emfjx? /fvg'sf ;fy} cfjzos bjfj lbpsf] 5. cgo :j?kdf?kfgtl/t x'g' :jfefljs x'g;snf t/ ;xsf/l n] lhnnf :t/lo ;+3x?nfO{ oyfjt dfgotf k bfg u/]sf]n] o; ljifodf ttsfn} s'g} km/s ;f]rg'kg]{ cj:yf 5}g. xfn g]km\:s"gn] lnpsf] Úg]kfndf ;~hflns[t / bluf] art tyf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf] cjwf/0ffdf g]km\:s"gsf ;a} ;b:o ;+3;+:yfx? ;xdt 5g\ / g]km\:s"gsf sfo{qmdx?df cfcfkm\gf] 7fpFaf6 ;xof]u k' ofo{/x]sf 5g\. g]km\:s"gn] ;xsf/l;dagwl gllt lgodx? lgdf{0fsf ljifodf lg/gt/?kdf /fho kif;fu 5nkmn ug]{ / ;'emfj lbg] sfd ub}{ cfpsf] 5. ;xsf/l cg'udg / lgodgsf, l:y/ls/0f sf]if, s/;dagwl Joj:yf, ;DklQ z'l4s/0fsf ljifodf :ki6?kdf ;+:yfut ;'emfjx? /fvg'sf ;fy} cfjzos bjfj lbpsf] 5. ;xsf/l P]gdf l:y/ls/0f sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ul/ptf klg ;fsf]; cleofgnfo{ ;'/lift ug{sf nflu of] Joj:yf dfq kof{kt 5}g. o;df /fho;fu yk 5nkmn u/l lgsf; lgsfng h?/l 5 / ;f] cg'?k 5nkmnsf] k f/de ;d]t g]km\:s"gn] ul/;s]sf] 5. s]gb Lo ;+3n] cfj4 ;+:yfx?sf] cg'udg ug]{ egg] Joj:yf P]gdf g} epsf] 5. lgodg / cg'udgsf] lhdd]jf/l /fho / ;xsf/l cleofg b'j}sf] xf] egg] s'/f dxz'; ul/psf] 5 / o;nfo{ ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/ldf ul/g'k5{ egg] wf/0ff :ki6?kdf g]km\:s"gn] cufl8 ;f/sf] 5. k f]a]zg / sa{\; sfo{qmdx?dfkm{t ;+:yfx?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 / ;'kl/j]if0f tyf cg'udg Ps;fy x'g] epsf]n] ol sfo{qmdx?df /fhosf] ;xof]u cfjzos x'g] ts{ g]km\:s"gn] /fv]sf] 5. ;+3Lo, k b]z / :yfglo ltg} txsf ;/sf/;fu o;df ;xsfo{sf] k :tfj /fvg'sf ;fy} s]xl sfo{qmdx?df o;sf] sfof{gjog ;d]t x'g yfn]sf] 5. g]kfndf ;'/lift, bluf] / ljzj;lgo ;fsf];x? dfkm{t ;d'bfosf JolQmx?sf] hljg:t/ ;'wf/ ug]{ kl/snkgf g]km\:s"gn] lnpsf] 5. of] g]km\:s"gsf] dfq Ph]G8 geo{ ;Dk"0f{ ;fsf]; cleofgsf] ;f]r xf]. o; cg'?k g]km\:s"gn] lnpsf p2]zox? k fkt ug{sf nflu ;fsf]; cleofgdf Pp6f vfsf tof/ eo;s]sf] 5. o;df ;a} ;DalGwt kifx?sf] OdfGbf/ k of;sf] vffrf] 5. sfd ug]{ qmddf cfpsf ;}4flGts tyf sfo{ut ljdlt / ;d:ofx?sf] uff7f] km'sfpfb} cufl8 a9\g' kg]{ x'g5. casf] lbgdf g]kfnsf] art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?n] gljgtd k ljlwx?sf] k of]u u/l pts[i6 ljlqo ;]jf k bfg ug{' kg]{ cj:yf cfo{;s]sf] 5. casf] s]xl jif{ leq} ;~hfn leq gcfpsf ;+:yfx?nfo{ ;~hfn leq Nofpg], k ljlwsf] k of]u u/]/ g]kfnsf h'g;s's} ;fsf];sf ;b:ox?nfo{ hxff;'s} af6 ;xh ljlqo ;]jf pknaw x'g] cj:yf ;[hgf ug]{ / ljlqo ;]jfnfo{ k"0f{?kdf l8lh6nfoh8 ug{' cfjzos 5. To;sf nflu s;}sf] Psn k of;n] dfq k'ub}g. ;fsf]; cleofgsf ;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/afnfx?n] o;df ;fd"lxs ;f]r agfo{ cl3 a9\g' k5{. 76

78 k/f]ksf/ b]er'nl gu/kflnsf!#, bnbn] gjnk/f;l kmf]gm )&* %&%$)*, Od]n M paropakar.sacos1@gmail.com j]a;fo6 M kl/snkgf M ;b:osf] lxtdf ;d{lkt ;b:o ;+Vof M $$!( hgf ;Ddfg tyf df pts[i6 ;xsf/l Jofj;fo k'/:sf/ df k f]a]zg a f08 k df u08sl k b]zsf] pts[i6 ;fsf]; ljqlo cj:yf M z]o/ s'n art ;+sng?=!&,^@,@(,!#^=)! s'n C0f nufgl?=!(,$@,@@,^#( hddf sf]if hddf ;+:yfut sf]if?=!,%*,(%,%%(=^* sfo{if]q M b]jr'nl gu/kflnsf sf ;a} j8fx? gjk ult 7]ufgfM b]jr'nl gu/kflnsf!%, k ultgu/, gjnk/f;l -ab{3f6 ;':tf k"j{_ kmf]gm )&* %&%@%# Od]n M npsakos2054@gmail.com ;b:o ;+Vof M #^(# -@)&( dlxnf,!^!$ k'?if_ ljqlo cj:yf M s'n r'qmf z]o/ s'n art?=!*,(#,%&,%!$ s'n C0f hu]8f sf]if?=!,$^,$),*^# s'n sd{rf/l ;+Vof M!) hgf -dlxnf % / k'?if %_ sfo{if]q M b]jr'nl gu/kflnsf ;a} / sfjf;f]tl gu/ kflnsfsf] j8f g+=! b]lv ^ /!! b]lv!# 77

79 ci6dft[sf wf]jl3f6, nlntk'/ kmf]g g+= M )! %!**^#! Od]n M astamatrika2010@gmail.com sd{0ff ;ftbf]af6f], nlntk'/ kmf]g g+= M )! %!%!*)! Od]n M karmanasahakari@gmail.com Odf8f]n dxfnidl gkf!, Odf8f]n, nlntk'/ kmf]g g+= M )! %@)#!&( Od]n M imadolbachat@gmail.com rgb ;"o{ nugv]n, nlntk'/ kmf]g g+= M )! %%#($*) Od]n M saccos643@gmail.com lbkfjtl u'o6f]n, nlntk'/ kmf]g g+= M )! %%$##!& Od]n M deepawatisaccos055@gmail.com ;xsf/l C0f sf]if s'k08f]n, nlntk'/ kmf]g g+= M )! %%#)%*! Od]n M ccflcooperative@gmail.com 78

80 n]v Aofhb/ tyf km/stf b/ lgwf{/0f / ljzn]if0f s]zjk ;fb kf]v/]n sf]iffwoif g]km\:s"g!= e"ldsf cfh ;xsf/l ;+3 ;+:yfx?df ;aegbf d'vo r'gf}tl Aofhb/ lgwf{/0f ljlw / o;sf] sfof{gjog /x]sf] 5. ;xsf/lsf lgsfox? x'g jf ;xsf/l cleofgn] xf]; o; ljifodf s'g} j}1flgs ljlw jf sfo{ljlw af/] s'g} 5nkmn tyf ljifoj:t'sf] p7fg ;d]t u/]sf] kfob}g. h;n] ubf{ ;xsf/l If]qn] Aofhb/ ;DaGwdf ulde/ cleof]u v]lk/xg' k/]sf] 5. h;n] ubf{ dgk/l 9'ªu\af6 Aofhb/x? nufpg] / c:j:yo k ltikwf{ eo{/x]sf] 5. ;xsf/l sf] bkmf %! df ;Gbe{ Aofhb/ tf]sg elg /lhi6«f/sf] ;+of]hstjdf Ps ;ldlt agfo{ To; ;ldltn] ;xsf/l ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] k of]hgsf] nflu art tyf C0fsf] ;Gbe{ Aofhb/ tf]sg] elgpsf] 5. tf]lspsf] ;f] ;Gbe{ Aofhb/ ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf nflu lgb]{zs Aofhb/sf]?kdf /xg]5 elgpsf] 5. Aofhb/ egg] s'/f ljqlo ahf/sf] cj:yf, t/ntfsf] cj:yf / d'b fl:kmlt b/n] ;d]t k efljt ug]{ epsf]n] o; ;ldltn] cfkm\gf] e"ldsf sltsf] l56f]5l/tf] 9+uaf6 lgefpf5 To;df e/ kb{5. ljqlo ahf/ cg';f/ l56f] e"ldsf lgefpg' r'gf}tlk"0f{ 5. a? ;/sf/n] ;xsf/l ;+3 ;+:yfx?nfo{ Aofhb/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL sfo{ljlwsf] Joj:yf Aofhb/ egg] s'/f ljqlo ahf/sf] cj:yf, t/ntfsf] cj:yf / d'b fl:kmlt b/n] ;d]t k efljt ug]{ epsf]n] o; ;ldltn] cfkm\gf] e"ldsf sltsf] l56f]5l/tf] 9+uaf6 lgefp 5 To;df e/ kb{5. ug{ ;s] Tof] a9l Aojxfl/s x'g5. g]kfn /fi6«a}+sn] a}+sx?nfo{ sfo{ljlw lbpsf] 5. blif0f sf]l/ofdf ljqlo ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf] nflu ToxfFsf] s]gb Lo ;+3n] sfo{ljlw lbpsf] Aofhb/ lgwf{/0f tyf ljzn]if0f Aofhb/ lgwf{/0fsf ljlwx? ljlegg k sf/sf x'g ;S5g\ tl dwo] s]xl ljlwx? / ltgsf] ljzn]if0f oxff ul/psf] 5 M -s_ dfu tyf k"lt{sf] cfwf/df zf:qlo l;4fgt cg';f/ Aofhb/sf] lgwf{/0f k"fhlsf] dfu tyf k"lt{sf] cfwf/df lge{/ ub{5. k"fhlsf] dfu / Aofhb/ alr k ToIf t/ ljk/lt ;DaGw x'g5. Aofhb/ 36\of] eg] C0fsf] dfu a9\g] / Aofhb/ a9\of] eg] C0fsf] dfu 36\g] ub{5. To:t} ljqlo ahf/df t/ntf a9l epdf C0fsf] Aofhb/ 36\g] / t/ntf 3 L epsf] ;dodf C0fsf] Aofhb/ a9\g] ub{5. csf]{lt/ artsf] Aofhb/ a9l eof] eg] art klg a9l x'g] Aofhb/ sd epdf art klg sd x'g5. o;/l artsf] Aofhb/ / o;sf] k"lt{ alr ;'N6f] ;DaGw x'g5. To:t} ljqlo ahf/df t/ntf a9l epsf] a]nf artsf] Aofhb/ sd / ljqlo ahf/df t/ntfsf sd epsf] a]nf artsf] Aofhb/ a9l x'g5. zf:qlo l;4fgt cg';f/ Aofhb/ lgwf{/0f To; ljgb'df x'g5 h'g ljgb'df k"fhlsf] dfu / k"lt{sf] Ps cfk;df j/fj/ x'g5. -art tyf C0f? nfvdf_ 79

81 o; lrqaf6 s] :ki6 x'g5 eg] %Ü artsf] Aofhb/ nfv dfq art k fkt x'g5 h;n] ubf{ *) nfv C0fsf] dfu x'g5. To:t} dfu / k"lt{ j/fj/ x'g] ljgb' z epsf]n] To;a]nf C0fsf] cf};t!$ü / artsf] *Ü Aofh sfod x'g ;S5. o;a]nf art klg? %) nfv k fkt x'g] / C0f klg %) nfv k jfx x'g ;S5. o;/l h'g ljgb"df C0fsf] dfu / artsf] k"lt{ j/fj/ ToxL ljgb'df Aofhb/x? sfod x'g] ub{5. v_ cfwf/ b/af6 Aofhb/ lgwf{/0f M g]kfn /fi6«a}+sn] Aofhb/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf nflu æcfwf/ b/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL hf/l u/]sf] 5. Aofhb/df x'g] prf/r9fjn] nfut tyf k ltkmnsf] dfwodaf6 ljqlo If]qsf] :yflotjdf k ToIf k efj kg]{ x'g5. C0f nufglsf] Aofhb/ lgwf{/0f k lqmof kf/bzl{ epdf o;af6 ljqlo ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] sfo{s'zntf / k ltikwl{ Ifdtfdf ;sf/ftds k efj kb{5. C0fLx?df ;dfg?kn] nfu' x'g] tyf :ki6;fu klxrfg ug{ ;lsg] C0fsf] Aofhb/ lgwf{/0fsf ttjx? ;dfj]z ul/psf] b/ g} cfwf/ Aofhb/ xf]. of] Aofhb/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ cfwf/x? dfq xf]. of] cfwf/ b/ egbf sd Aofhb/ sfod ug'{ x'b}{g. a}+s tyf ljqlo ;+:yfx?n] C0fsf] Aofhb/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ cfwfb/nfo{ ;Gbe{b/ (Reference rate) dfgg' kb{5. ljqlo ;xsf/l ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] sf/f]jf/sf] cj:yf / o;sf] k of]hgsf cfwf/df cfwf/ b/ lgwf{/0fsf] cjndag ubf{ o:tf]?kdf kfpg ;lsg5.!= sf]if nfut b/ Ö art tyf afxo C0fsf] Aofh cf};t art tyf afx o C0f clgjfo{ df}hbft nfut b/ s_ clgjfo{ df}hbft cf};t /sd Ö cf};t artsf]!) Ü v_ j}wflgs t/ntfsf] cf};t /sd Ö cf};t artsf] sldtdf!% Ü u_ nufgl of]uo sf]ifsf] cf};t /sd Ö -artsf] cf};t /sd ± afxo C0fsf] cf};t /sd_ j}wflgs t/ntfsf] cf};t /sd clgjfo{ df}hbft cf};t /sd x sf]if nfut b/ clgjfo{ df}hbft nfut b/ Ö nufgl of]uo sf]ifsf] cf};t /sd #= j}wflgs t/ntf nfut b/ Ö s_ v'b j}wflgs t/ntfsf] cf};t /sd Ö j}wflgs t/ntfsf] cf};t /sd clgjfo{ df}hbftsf] cf};t /sd nufglaf6 k fkt cfdbfgl v_ nufgl cfdbfgl b/ Ö cf};t nufgl lx;fa x!)) j}wflgs t/ntf nfut b/ Ö v'b j}wflgs t/ntf /sd x -sf]if nfut b/ nufgl cfdbfgl b/_ nufgl of]uo sf]ifsf] cf};t /sd ;~rfng vr{ x *%Ü $_ ;~rfng nfut b/ Ö nufgl of]uo sf]ifsf] cf};t /sd ;~rfng vr{ cgtu{t!%ü /sd u }x sf]if ;~rfng vr{ cg'dfg ul/psf] 5 / ;f] sf] k"lt{ u}x sf]if cfdbfglaf6 x'g ;Sg] epsf]n] *%Ü ljgb' tf]lspsf] 5. %_ ;DklQdf k ltkmn Ö ;DklQdf k ltkmn jfkt )=&%Ü ljgb' tf]lspsf] 5. ^_ cfwf/ b/ Ö sf]if nfut b/ ± clgjfo{ df}hbft nfut b/ ± j}wflgs t/ntf nfut b/ ± ;~rfng nfut b/ ± ;DklQdf k ltkmn b/ &_ Go"gtd C0fsf] Aofhb/ Ö cfwf/ b/ ± hf]lvd b/ pbfx/0f jf;nft k"fhl tyf bflotj ;DklQ ljj/0f ut cf=j= o; cf=j= ljj/0f ut cf=j= o; cf=j=!= z]o/ #*))) %)))) gub #))) hu]8f a}+s %!))) ^)))) #= cgo nufgl %)))!%))) $= #$%))) C0f #)$))) #()))) %= afxo kf=k= #))) %))) ^= l:y/ &= cgo bflotj -C0f ;'/If0f_ #*)) %))) hddf #,*),))) %,)),))) hddf #,*),))) %,)),))) cfo ljj/0f k"fhl tyf bflotj ;DklQ ljj/0f ut cf=j= o; cf=j= ljj/0f ut cf=j= o; cf=j=!= cfdbfgl $*))) ^%)))!= ljqlo #)))) %)) art afxo C0f ;~rfng C0f ;'/If0f hddf ###)) $$))) hddf $*))) ^%))) hddf $*,))) ^%,))) 80

82 cfwf/ b/ ljzn]if0f!= sf]if nfut b/ M nufglaf6 k fkt cfdbfgl Ö cf};t nufgl lx;fa x!)) #),))) Ö x!)) ##^)%) Ö *=(@ clgjfo{ df}hbft (L2) nfut b/ s_ clgjfo{ df}hbft cf};t artsf]!)ü Ö #!$)% v_ j}wflgs t/ntfsf] cf};t /sd artsf] sldtdf!% Ü Ö $&!)* u_ v'b j}wflgs t/ntf /sd Ö j}wflgs t/ntf cf};t /sd clgjfo{ df}hbft cf};b /sd Ö $&!)* #!$)% Ö!%&)# 3_ nufgl of]uo sf]ifsf] cf};t /sd Ö cf};t art tyf afxo C0f j}wflgs t/ntfsf] cf};t /sd Ö ##^)%) $&!)* clgjfo{ df}hbft nfut k ltzt Ö Ö clgjfo{ df}hbftsf] cf};t /sd x sf]if nfut k ltzt nufgl of]uo sf]ifsf] cf};t /sd #!$)% x x!)) Ö )=(&Ü #= j}wflgs t/ntf nfut k ltzt s_ v'b j}wflgs t/ntf /sd Ö!%&)# v_ sf]if nfut k ltzt Ö *=(@Ü u_ cf};t nufgl lx;faaf6 k fkt cfdbfgl b/ nufglaf6 k fkt cfdbfgl Ö cf};t nfugl lx;fa x!)) %)) Ö!),))) x!)) Ö %Ü j}wflgs t/ntf nfut b/ Ö v'b j}wflgs t/ntf /sd x -sf]if nfut b/ nufgl cfdbfgl b/_ nufgl of]uo sf]ifsf] cf};b /sd!%&)# x -*=(@ %_ x #=(@ Ö )=@!Ü $= ;~rfng nfut k ltzt Ö ;~rfng vr{ x *% Ü nufgl of]uo sf]ifsf] cf};t /sd!@))) x *% Ö Ö #=%# %= ;DklQdf k ltkmn Ö )=&%Ü cfwf/ b/ Ö sf]if nfut b/ ± clgjfo{ df}hbft nfut b/+ j}wflgs t/ntf nfut b/+ ;~rfng nfut b/ ± ;DklQdf k ltkmn b/ Ö *=(@ ± )=(& ± )=@! ± #=%# ± )=&% Ö!$=#* ^= C0f hf]lvd vr{ b/ C0f ;'/If0f vr{ Ö x!)) nufgl of]uo Ö x!)) Ö &= C0fsf] Go"gtd Aofhb/ Ö cfwf/ b/ ± C0f hf]lvd vr{ b/ Ö!$=#* ± )=^( Ö!%=)& Ü o;/l of] ;xsf/l ;+:yfn] cf};b!%ü egbf sd s'g} klg C0fsf ptkfbg tyf ;]jfsf] Aofhb/ nufpg' x'fb}g. C0fsf] cf};t Aofhb/ / artsf] cf};t Aofhb/ alrsf] km/s cf};t ^ Ü egbf a9l / Pp6f j:t' tyf ;]jf / csf]{ j:t' tyf ;]jf alr # Ü egbf a9l ;txl b/ nufpg' x'fb}g. o; cj:yfnfo{ x]bf{ of] ;+:yfn] Go"gtd C0fsf] Aofhb/!%Ü / a9ldf!*ü ;Dd nufpg' k5{ eg] artsf] Aofhb/ (Ü b]lv!@ü ;Dd nufpg ;S5. C0fsf Aofhb/x? artsf Aofhb/x?!% (!%=% (=%!^!)!^=%!)=%!&!!!&=%!!=%!*!@ & [!!%=%]!^=% & [&#=%]!)=% km/stf b/ Ö!^=%!)=% Ö ^Ü #= km/stf b/ lazn]if0f ;xsf/l n] C0fsf] Aofhb/ / artsf] Aofhb/ alr ^Ü egbf a9l km/stf b/ sfod ug{ kfob}g eg]sf] 5. of] km/stf b/ ljzn]if0f ubf{ art tyf C0fsf] efl/t Aofhb/af6 lx;fa ug'{kb{5. C0fsf] Aofhb/ / artsf] Aofhb/ alrsf] km/stf b'o{ k sf/n] ljzn]if0f ul/g5. 81

83 s_ nfu' ul/psf] km/stf b/ ljzn]if0f ;+:yfn] art tyf C0fsf Aofhb/x? nufpfbf nfu' ul/psf] km/stf b/ ^Ü egbf a9l x'g' x'fb}g t/ sdfpsf] km/stf b/ ;f] egbf a9l x'g' kb{5 / dfq ;+:yfsf] sdfo{ a9l x'g5. art egbf z'4 C0f nufglsf] :t/ a9l epdf, ;+:yfut k"fhlnfo{ C0fdf ;f6\g ;s]df, z]o/ k"fhlnfo{ C0fdf ;f6\g ;s]df sdfpsf] km/stf b/ a9l x'g ;S5. nfu" ul/psf] km/stfb/ slt sfod ul/psf] 5 egg] s'/f art tyf C0f sf] efl/t Aofhb/af6 x]g'{ kg]{ x'g5. o;sf] nflu ptkfbg tyf ;]jf cg';f/sf] cg'dflgt /sd / Aofhb/ sfod u/l cg'dflgt Aofh cfdbfgl ;d]t pnn]v u/l ljzn]if0f ug'{kb{5. C0fsf] cg'df ut cf};t Aofh efl/t Aofh k sf/ lgt b/ Aofhb/ s[lif C0f (!@))!))%)) (^*%)!%!$%@* $=!( Jofkf/ (!@))!@$*))!)*)))!^!&@*) $=(* Joj;fo n3' pbd!%@)) #%(^!=)# xfo/kr]{h!%@)) $&$@!=#& 3/ 38]/L $%^)) %*%)) %@)%)!* ##^( )=(& 3/fo;L #&&$!=)( #***!=!@ hddf #,)$,))) #,(),))) #,$^,()) %!,!&&!$=&% C0fsf] cf};t Aofhb/ Ö C0faf6 k fkt Aofh x!)) cf};t C0f nufgl Ö %!!&& x!)) Ö!$=&%Ü #$^()) artsf] cg'df Aofh efl/t ut cf};t Aofh k sf/ lgt b/ Aofhb/ b}lgs #)))) %%))) $@%)) ( #*@%!=@* lgoldt *#!)) *)))) *^%%)!) P]lR5s ^%))) &%))) &@%)) (=% afn art!))))!%)))!@%))!)=%!#!# )=$$ v'q's] @%))) $)))) #@))) #&#* #$@)!=@^!=!% #)#!$!)=!* c;f}t artsf] Aofhb/ Ö Ö #)#!$ x!)) nfu" ul/psf] km/stf b/ Ö cf};t C0fsf] Aofhb/ cf};t art Aofhb/ Ö!$=&%!)=!* Ö $=%&Ü v_ sdfpsf] km/stf b/ ljzn]if0f ;+:yfsf] sf/f]jf/kl5 cf};t C0fsf] Aofhb/ / cf};t artsf] Aofhb/ slt slt sfod eof] eg]/ ljzn]if0f ug{ lgdg ;"qx?sf] k of]u ug'{k5{. C0faf6 k fkt Aofh!= C0fsf] Aofhb/ Ö cf};t s'n C0f nufgl x!)) artsf] Aofh artsf] Aofhb/ Ö Ö x!)) cf};t art sfod epsf] km/stf b/ Ö C0fsf] Aofhb/ artsf] Aofhb/ o;} ;'q cg';f/ cf};t s'n C0f nufglsf] ;f6f] z'4 C0f nufglaf6 C0fsf] Aofhb/ lgsfnbf C0fsf] Aofhb/ a9l sfod x'g5. o;af6 km/stf b/df epsf] Iflt lgsfng d4t ldnb5. km/stf b/sf] Iflt Ö z'4 km/stf b/ s'n km/stf b/ x'g cfpf5. o;/l ;xsf/l ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] Aofhb/, km/stfb/sf] l:ylt ;do ;dodf ljzn]if0f u/l /fvg' k5{. o;/l C0fsf ptkfbg tyf ;]jfsf] / artsf ptkfbg tyf ;]jfsf] Aofhb/ lgwf{/0f j}1flgs 9+un] x'g ;s]dfq ljqlo ahf/ cg';f/ Aofhb/ / km/stf b/ nufpg ;lsg5. Aofhb/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;+:yfnfo{ k efj kfg]{ ljqlo ;+3, ;+:yfsf] Aofhb/ ;+sng ug]{ / ljzn]if0f ug'{ k5{. q}dfl;s?kdf cfwf/b/ ljzn]if0f ubf{ ljqlo ljj/0f cg';f/ cg'dflgt art tyf C0f / AofhnfO{ q}dfl;s?kdf ljefhg u/l ljzn]if0f ug'{ k5{. Aofhb/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ ljqlo ahf/sf] t/ntfsf] l:ylt ljzn]if0f u/l ;f]xlsf] cfwf/df ptkfbg tyf ;]jfx?sf] Aofhb/ sfod ug{ ;lsg5. art tyf C0fsf] Aofhb/ nufpbf lgdg s'/fx?nfo{ ;d]t Wofg lbg' kb{5. C0fsf] Aofhb/ lgwf{/0fdf Wofg lbg'kg{] s'/f!= C0f nufgl ubf{ % jif{ egbf a9l ;dosf] nflu 5f]6f] ;dosf] C0fnfO{ sd / nfdf] ;dosf] C0fnfO{ a9l Aofhb/ sfod ug]{. #= 5f]6f] ls:tfsf] C0fnfO{ sd Aofhb/ / nfdf] ls:tfsf] C0fnfO{ a9l Aofhb/ sfod ug]{. $= ptkfbgd"ns C0fnfO{ sd Aofhb/ / cg'tkfbs C0fnfO{ a9l Aofhb/ sfod ug]{. %= ljkgg 3/ kl/jf/nfo{ nlift u/l sd Aofhb/ sfod ug]{. artsf] Aofhb/ lgwf{/0fdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/f!= art :jlsfbf{ # jif{ egbf a9l ;dosf] nflu Psd'i6?kdf :jlsf/ cnksflng lkmtf{ ul/g] artsf] sd Aofhb/ / lb3{sflng lkmtf{ ul/g] artsf] a9l Aofhb/ sfod ug]{. #= sd df}hbft x'g] artsf] sd Aofhb/ / a9l df}hbft x'g] artsf] a9l Aofhb/ sfod ug]{ $= lgoldt /fvb} hfg] t/ nfdf] ;dokl5 lkmtf{ x'g] artsf] dwod Aofhb/ sfod ug]{. %= Psd'i6 /fvg] t/ s'g} Ps lglzrt ;dodf lkmtf{ ug]{ artsf] a9l Aofhb/ sfod ug]{. h;/l C0fsf] Aofhb/ b}lgs u0fgf ljlwsf] cfwf/df ul/g5 To;}u/L artsf] Aofh u0fgf ubf{ b}lgs cf};t df}hbftsf] cfwf/df q}dfl;s?kdf ug'{ kb{5. C0fsf] AofhnfO{ gub k flktsf] cfwf/df cfdbfgl hgfpg' kb{5. p7\g g;s]sf] kfs]sf] AofhnfO{ kfpg' kg]{ Aofh lx;fadf vr{ n]lv Aofh d'ntjl lx;fadf ug'{ kb{5. 82

84 ;xf/f g]kfn rf/kfg], fkf kmf]g g+= M )@# %$!!(* Od]n M admin@saharanepal.coop.np j]a;fo6 M 83

85 gf/fo0fl Sni6/ bf]>f] -k f]a]zg_ hgr]tgf b]jr'nl g=kf=!&, kmf/d, gjnk/f;l kmf]g g+= M )&* %$%$@) Od]n M janachetana2053@gmail.com hgsnof0f a];l;x/ g=kf= &, ndh'ë kmf]g g+= M )^^ %@)%$* Od]n M janakalyancooperative@gmail.com leds'n led;]g yfkf uf=kf= &, uf]/vf kmf]g g+= M Od]n M bhimkul1@gmail.com ;Ktsf]zL cf?3f6 uf=kf=!), d+un6f/, uf]/vf kmf]g g+= M (*$(%^&##% Od]n M saptakoshisaccos1@gmail.com lxdr'nl uf]/vf g=kf= &, uf]/vf kmf]g g+= M )^$ $@)&@$ Od]n M himchulisaccos@gmail.com gd'gf dlxnf ljsf; a'6jn p=d=g=kf=!%, ;]dnf/,?kgb]xl kmf]g g+= M )%& %)$)^& Od]n M namunasakos@gmail.com dwo] t/fo{ Sni6/ k yd dlxnf cleofg eldkm]bl $, dsjfgk'/ kmf]g g+= M )%& ^($!$* Od]n M mahilaabhiyan2056@gmail.com dwo] t/fo{ Sni6/ k yd dlxnf Pstf dsjfgk'/ kmf]g g+= M (*^!&&%!^# Od]n M mahilaekat@gmail.com 84 dwo] t/fo{ Sni6/ k yd dlxnf hfu/0f dsjfgk'/u9l #, dsjfgk'/ kmf]g g+= M )%& ^@)^$$ Od]n M mahilajagaran55@gmail.com dwo] t/fo{ Sni6/ k yd dlxnf ldng kbdkf]v/l!#, dsjfgk'/ kmf]g g+= M )%& $!%)$! Od]n M mahilamilanco@gmail.com

86 n]v ;fsf];df ;'zf;g Joj:yfkg / n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldltsf] e"ldsf Good governance is perhaps the single most important factor in eradicating poverty and promoting development. Kofi Annan bfdf]b/ clwsf/l ;+of]hs n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt, g]km\:s"g ;'zf;g k fl1s jf bfz{lgs ljifo geo{ of] k fkt ug{ / cg'e"lt ug{ ;lsg] Pp6f cfbz{ zf;slo cj:yf xf]. ;+:yfut ;'zf;g Pp6f ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfkg lgogq0f tyf lgb]{zgsf] nflu lbog] ;"rgf ;+/rgf / k lqmof xf]. h;df ;+:yfsf ;+rfns ;ldltsf ;b:ox? tyf jl/i7 sd{rf/lx?nfo{ pglx?n] u/]sf sfdx? / unt sfo{ tyf k lqmofx?sf] yfngl / sfof{gjog k lt hjfxb]xl agfpg lgolgqt ug{] pkfox? ;dfj]z x'g5g\. ;fsf];df ;'zf;g Joj:yfkg ;fsf];sf] glltut Joj:yf tyf ;fsf];df ;+nug JolQmx?sf] g}lts Jojxf/ cfr/0f sfo{z}nl / k4lt ljrsf] tfnd]n xf]. ;fsf];sf] ;'zf;gsf] nflu k ltj4tf, cfkm\gf] sfd k ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtf, ;~rfns ;ldlt;dagwl Joj:yf, ;ldlt tyf sd{rf/lx?sf] sfo{ d"nofª\sg, afxo n]vf k/lifs, jflif{s k ltj]bg, ;b:otf tyf ;fwf/0f ;ef, cfrf/;+lxtfsf] :t/, glltsf] kf/bzl{tf, sfg"gl bflotj, cfrf/;+lxtf tyf glltx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg;fu hf]l8psf ljifox?sf] ;df]lrt kl/kfngf / sfof{gjosf] ;dli6ut?k ;'zf;g Joj:yfkg leq ;dfj]z epsf] x'g5. ;fsf]; ;+:yfut bluf] ljsf;sf] kl/snkgf M ;b:ox?sf] ;Dk"0f{ ljqlo ;dfwfg ;lxtsf] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t bluf] ljqlo ;+:yf xf]. art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yfx? ljqlo If]qdf sf/f]jf/ ug]{ ;+:yfx"g. ljqlo If]q :jefjt a9l hf]lvd x'g] ;Dj]bgzLn If]q xf]. ca xfd f] 3f]lift kl/snkgf ;fsf/ kfg{ ;fsf];x?n] cfkm'nfo{ s;/l cufl8 a9fpg' knf{ < of] cfhsf] cfjzostf xf]. d"no dfgotf cfrf/ / ljlw egbf aflx/ up/ ;b:o ;+Vof a9fpfb}df, k"fhlsf] cfsf/ 7"nf] kfb}{df, cf/fdbfol ef}lts ;+/rgf v8f ub}{df ;fsf]; bluf] x'g ;Sb}gg\ of] xfdln] a'em\g cfjzos5. ;b:o, k"fhl, eff}lts k"jf{wf/, ;+:Yffut Ifdtf, dfgjlo ;+zfwg ljsf;, g]t[tjsf] Ifdtf, ;dfg'kflts?kdf ljsf; ug{ ;lspg eg] bluf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf] ;kgf ;fsf/ ug{ ;lsb}g. ;+:yfut k"jf{wf/ ;b:osf] cfjzostfdf cfwfl/t x'g' kb{5. cem la;{g} gx'g] dxtjk"0f{ s'/f s] xf] eg] sltko s'/f xfdln] l;4fgtm :jlsf/ u/]sf 5f} t/ To;sf] Jojxfl/s kif ctogt sdhf]/ 5. hj ;}4flGts / Jojxf/ alr leggtf x'g5 ToxfF ;+:yfut ljsf; cj?4 x'g 85

87 hfg5, t;y{ ;fsf];sf] bluf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf nflu ;'zf;g Joj:yfkg clgjfo{ ;t{ xf]. :jfoqtf / :jtgqtf cftdcg'zf;gsf] cefjdf ljsnf+u x'g k'ub5. ;fsf]; ;~rfngdf ;DnUg ;+:yfkg / Joj:yfkg kif ;'zf;gsf] kl/kfngf / sfof{gjogdf o;sf ljlw / k lqmofdf k"0f{ ;l/s x'g h?/l 5. ;xsf/lsf] ;'zf;gsf cfofdx?nfo{ ljzn]if0f ug'{kbf{ o;sf rf/j6f cfofdx?df ljeqm ug{ ;lsg5 M -!_ cfgtl/s ;'zf;g / hjfkmb]lxtf M Pp6f ;xsf/l ;+::yfn] cfkm\gf] ;+:yf leq cfgtl/s ;'zf;g / hjfkmb]lxtf sfod ug{ s] s:tf ljlw ljwfg, k 0ffnL / ceof;x? ub}{ cfpsf 5g\ egg] s'/f dxtjk"0f{ x'g5. -@_ sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg M ;xsf/ln] cfkm\gf] cfgtl/s jf afxo ;xof]u kl/rfng u/l ljlegg sfo{qmd tyf kl/of]hgfx? ;+rfng ug]{ u/]sf 5g\. tl sfo{qmd jf kl/of]hgfsf] Joj:yfkg ubf{ s] slt dfqfdf ;'zf;gsf d"no dfgotfx? kfngf ug]{ u/]sf] 5. -#_ dfgj ;+zfwg Joj:yfkg M dfgj ;+zfwg Joj:yfkg s'g}klg ;+:yfsf] clegg sfo{ xf]. o;sf] Joj:yfkg ;'zf;gsf] k rlnt d"no dfgotf / ljlw;ddt 9+un] ug'{ ;+:yfsf] bflotj leq kg]{ s'/f xf]. -$_ ljqlo >f]t Joj:yfkg ;fsf];x? ljqlo ;+:yf epsfn] ljqlo >f]tsf] Joj:yfkg s] slt k efjsf/l 5. of] ;a} egbf ;+j]bgzln k Zg xf]. ljqlo >f]t ;fwgx?sf] Joj:yfkgsf] ;Gbe{df Tof] kf/bzl{, ldtjool, ptkfbgd"ns, p2]zod"ns x'g ;Sg' kb{5. cltl/qm lghl nfe /lxt jf s'g} klg vfn] ljqlo hf]lvdaf6 d'qm eo{ pknaw >f]t ;fwg pkof]u x'g ;Sbf dfq ;+:yf ;'zf;go'qm dfgg ;lsg5. ;fsf]; cyf{t ;xsf/l :jlgogsf/l ;+:yf x'g\. cfkm} lgod agfp5g\ cfkm} kfngf u5{g\. ;+:yfsf] ;f+u7lgs 9fFrfdf cfgtl/s lgog0f k 0ffnL 5, h;df n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldltn] cfgtl/s k/lif0fsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5. ;fsf];x? :jzfl;t ;+:yf x'g\. ;+:yfsf] sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ tl/sf, k4lt k lqmof / z}nldf ;'zf;g k ltljldjt x'g' kb{5. ;~rfns ;ldlt / Joj:yfkgsf] e"ldsf kl/eflift :ki6 x'g'kb{5. ;fsf]; cleogtfx?n] ;fsf];df ;'zf;g Joj:yfkgsf] ul/df nfo{ cftd;ft ug{ h?/l 5. ;fsf];df ;df];rt ;'zf;g Joj:yfkg k 0ffnLnfO{ o;/l klg k :t't ug{ ;lsg5, 86

88 d'nt kf/bzl{tf, ;xeflutf, hjfkmb]lxtf, ljlwsf] zf;g, pq/bfolkgf, k efjsfl/tf / sfo{s'zntf, cfd;xdtl, ;dtf, Gofo]lrttf / /0fg}lts b'/b[li6nfo{ ;'zf;gsf ttjsf?kdf lng] ul/psf 5g\ ol ttjx? dwo] kf/bzl{tf, ;xeflutf, hjfkmb]lxtf, ljzj;lgotf k lqmof;fu ;DalGwt 5g\ eg] k efjsfl/tf, sfo{s'zntf, Gofof]lrttf, ljzj;glotf / Gofosf] zf;g kl/0ffd;fu ;DalGwt 5g\. ol k lqmof / kl/0ffd;fu ;DalGwt ;a} ttjx? Ps csf{;fu cgt/ ;DalGwt 5g\. Ps csf{sf kl/k'/ssf]?kdf /x]sf 5g\. o;y{ ;fsf]; ;~rfngdf cfj4 ;a} kifn] o; dfu{lrqnfo{ cftd ;ft ug{k5{. ;'zf;gsf cfwf/e"t ttjx?sf] Jojxfl/s kl/kfngfaf6 dfq ;fsf];x?df ;'zf;g sfod u/l ;+:Yfut ljsf; ug{ ;lsg5. ;fsf];df ;'zf;g Joj:yfkgsf ljlwx?af/]df oxff rrf{ ug]{ hdsf]{ ul/psf] 5. ;fsf];df ;'zf;g Joj:yfkgsf cfwf/e"t ljlwx? ;fsf];x? s;sf] k ltlglwtj u5{g\ < s] sf nflu :yfkgf epsf ;+:yfx? x'g\ < ;fsf]; ;~rfngsf cgt/f{li6«o l;4fgt / ljlwx? kl/kfngf epsf 5g\ 5}gg\ < ol o:tf oif k Zgx? x'g\ h'g k fo p7\g] u5{g\. sltko ;fsf];x? leqsf] cjoj:yf / b'?kof]usf 36gfx? a]nfa]nfdf ;fj{hlgs x'g] s'/fn] ;xsf/l If]qsf] ljzj;glotf dfly z+sf ug]{ ul/psf] 5. ;fsf];x? cfkm\gf lg0f{ox? s;/l u5{g\ < k"fhlsf] kl/rfng ;flrrs} ;b:osf] cfly{s ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gsf ;Gbe{df pglx?n] ;dfhdf s] k efj kfl//x]sf 5g\ < egg] k Zgx? klg obfstf p7\g] u/]sf] 5. k foh;f] ;fsf];x? kf/bzl{ epg / pglx? kl/jf/jfb km;]sf] cfif]k nfug] u/]sf] 5 eg] eg] csf]{ tkm{ ;fsf];x? :jlgoddf g eo{ :jo{r5frf/l ep / ljlw ge} JolQmTj k wfgtf /xof] egg] ljifon] klg rrf{ kfpsf]5 eg] ;fsf];x? gllt ljlw / k ljlw dfkm{t ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg x'g' kb{5. ;fsf];x? ljlwsf] zf;gdf ljzjf; u5{g\ / sfg"gl /fho / ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{rrtfdf ljzjf; u5{g. ;+:yf ;~rfng JolQmsf] x}g / ljlwsf] k wfgtfdf x'g' kb{5 egg] ;xsf/lsf] dfgotf epsf] x' bf o;} dfgotfnfo{ ;fsf];x?n] cfkm\gf] ;+:yfut hljgdf klg k"0f{ kl/kfng ug'{ kb{5. ;'zf;gsf cfwf/e"t l;4fgtx? klg kl/kfng x'g g;ss]sf] u'gf;f] a9]sf] 5. oblk ;+VofTds?kdf o:tf kif gugo xf]nfg t/ ;xsf/l cleofgn] /fd f] dfq xfd f] egg ldnb}g ;du df ;+:yfut ;'zf;gsf] kf6f]nfo{ cem yk zzqmm agfpfb} ;b:ox?sf] hljgdf ;Dj[l4 xfl;n u/fpg k otgzln /xg' cfhsf] ckl/xfo{tf xf]. h;n] ;xsf/l k lt hgljzjf; clej[l4 ug{ / ;+:yfut ljsf;df ;d]t yk 6]jf lbg d4t ldng]5. j}wtf ;fsf];n] d'n'ssf] k rlnt P]g sfg"g adf]lhd btf{ u/l sfg"gl dfgotf k fkt ug'{ kb{5. ;dflhs d"no, dfgotfx? k lt ;+j]bgzln eo{ ;fdflhs?kfgt/ / ljsf; k lt sl6j4 /xg] / cfd ;d'bfox?sf] ljzjf; cfh{g ub}{ efjgftds dfgotf k fkt ug'{ g} ;fsf]; nflu j}wtf x'g ;S5. cfkm\gf] sfdaf6 cfkm\gf] cl:ttjnfo{ hljgt /fvg' / ;fdflhs cf}lrtotf k dfl0ft ug{' g} ;xsf/lsf] ;Gbe{df j}wtf x'g ;S5. nf]stflgqs d"no dfgotf / ljlw dfkm{t o;sf] u7g / k'gu7{gsf] ceof; ;xsf/l ;'zf;gsf] clgjfo{ zt{ xf]. ;+:yfsf] ;b:otf ljt/0f k 0ffnLnfO{ v'nf /fvg' kb{5 eg] cfj4 ;+3x?;Fusf] ;b:otf gljs/0f cwofjlws /flvg' kb{5. ;+:yfsf] lgoldt?kdf ;fwf/0f ;ef ul/g' kb{5 eg] clwj]zg dfkm{t nf]stflgqs ljlwaf6 g]t[tj rog ul/g] ceof; ckl/xfo{ 5. ;fwf/0f ;efdf ;b:ox?sf] lg0ff{os ;xeflutfnfo{ clej[l4 ug{ cfjzos 5. ljlwsf] zf;g ;fsf];x? gllt ljlw / k ljlw dfkm{t ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg x'g' kb{5. ;fsf];x? ljlwsf] zf;gdf ljzjf; u5{g\ / sfg"gl /fho / ;+j}wflgs ;af]{rrtfdf ljzjf; u5{g. ;+:yf ;~rfng JolQmsf] x}g / ljlwsf] k wfgtfdf x'g' kb{5 egg] ;xsf/lsf] dfgotf epsf] x'fbf o;} dfgotfnfo{ ;fsf];x?n] cfkm\gf] ;+:yfut hljgdf klg k"0f{ kl/kfng ug'{ kb{5. ;xsf/lx?n] ug]{ x/]s sfo{x? ljwfg ;Ddt x'g' kb{5 eg] ;+:yfnfo{ Jojl:yt / k 0ffnL;Fu ug{sf] nflu nf]stflgqs k lqmofaf6 cfjzos gllt, lgod, lgb]{lzsf / sfo{ljlwx?sf] ljsf; ug'{ kb{5. t/ tl gllt lgod eg] e]befj /lxt, nf]stflgqs / ;b:ox?sf] ;jf]{rrtfnfo{ ;DDfg ug]{ / ;xsf/l d"no dfgotf df cfwfl/t x'g' kb{ 5 eg] ltgx?sf] cif/; kfngf ug]{ ceof; ul/g' kb{5. 87

89 ;fsf];x? :jfjndagsf nflu :yflkt ;+:yf x'g\. ljqlo ;Ifdtf xfl;n geo{ ;fsf];x?sf] bluf] ljsf; ;Dej 5}g. ;+:yfsf] p2]zo d'tfljs clwstd ;b:ox?sf] cfjzostf kl/k"lt{ ug{'n] ;+:yfsf] ;Ifdtf / k efjsfl/tf k'li6 x'g5. e"ldsf / lhdd]jf/l k[ysls/0f ;xsf/l ;~rfnsf] cfkm\g} ;+u7gftds 9frf sfd st{jo / clwsf/ sfgg't kl/eflit ul/psf]5. ;+:yfnfo{ ;'Aojl:yt?kdf ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf ljlegg txdf e"ldsf, lhdd]jf/l / clwsf/df k[ysls/0f ug'{kg]{ x'g5. ;~rfns ;ldlt / Joj:yfkgsf] e"ldsf :ki6 kfl/g' kb{5. ;~rfnsx? k"0f{ :jo+;]jljfbdf ljzjf; /fvg] x'gk5{. sfo{sf/l ;~rfnsx?af6 lgjf{x x'g] bf]xf]/f] e"ldsfn] ;+:yfut ;'zf;gnfo{ k efljt kfg]{ s'/fdf ;hu /xg' ctofjzos 5. Gofof]lrt?kdf e"ldsf / clwsf/ k[ysls/0fnfo{ k of]udf NofpFbf ;+:yfdf x'g ;Sg] clgoldttf / Psflwsf/jfbn] :yfg kfpfb}g. o; cgtu{t ;~rfns ;ldlt leq kbflwsf/l / ;b:ox?sf] lhdd]jf/l aff8kmff8 / ;ldlt tyf Joj:yfkg ;d"x alrsf] e"ldsf / clwsf/sf] :ki6 kl/eflift ul/g' h?/l x'g5. ;+:yfsf s'g} kbflwsf/l jf ;b:o j}tlgs sd{rf/lsf]?kdf sfd ug]{ ceof; ul/g' x'gg. kf/bzl{tf ;xsf/lsf] lg0f{o, k lqmof, k4lt / >f]t ;fwgx?sf] cj:yf / pkof]lutf ;DaGwL ;"rgfx?af/] ;j{;fwf/0f tyf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo tyf JolQmx?nfO{ hfgsf/l u/fpg], tl ;"rgfx?df pglx?sf] ;xh kx'fr u/fpgsf] nflu ;+:yfn] cjndag ug]{ ljlw, k lqmof / ceof;x?g} ;xsf/lsf] nflu kf/bzl{tf xf]. ;b:ox?sf] ;"rgfx?df kx'fr pglx?sf] clwsf/ xf] t;y{ ;fsf];x? kf/bzl{ agg' kg]{ ;xsf/lsf] k d'v bflotj g} xf]. lgoldt ljqlo ljzn]if0f / glthfsf] ljzn]if0f cfgtl/s k/lif0f / cfjzos k ltj]bgx? ;DalGwt lgsfodf lgoldt k7fpg] / k[i7kf]if0f u x0f ug]{ kl/kf6laf6 ;+:yfsf] kf/bzl{tf :ki6 x'g5. ;bfrf/ lglzrt?kdf ;bfrf/df /xg' sl7g sfd xf] lsgsl of] g}ltstf / rl/q;fu ;DalGwt Jojxfl/s s'/f xf]. ;xsf/lsdl{x? JolQmut :jfy{af6 d'qm ep/ ;+:yfdf sfd ug'{ kb{5, s'g} klg vfn] e i6 cfr/0faf6 d'qm /xg' kb{5 eg] ;+:yf :jo+ ;bfrf/ o'qm /xg' kb{5. lghl kmfobfsf] nflu >f]t ;fwgx? lxgfldgf ug]{, 7uL ug]{, n'sfpg] cflb e i6 sfo{x? x'g. zlqm / clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u ug'{ gftfjfb, u'6ut lg0f{o klg e i6 cfr/0f epsf] x'fbf ;fsf];x?df ljz]ift cleogtfx?n] ;fj{hlgs JolQm ;fj{hlgs cfrf/0f k :t't u/l o:tf s'/fx?af6 k[ys /xg' kb{5. ;xeflutf ;xsf/l ;'zf;gsf] ;Gbe{df ;xeflutf eg]sf] k hftflgqs k4lt / ceof; xf]. ;xsf/lsf] ;Gb{df ;xeflutf s'/f ubf{ ;+:yfsf ;b:ox?sf] lg0f{o k lqmofdf ;xeflutf / ;b:ox?sf] cfly{s ;xeflut cyf{t k"fhlsf] l;h{gf / pkof]lutf ;b:ox?df s]lgb t x'g' kb{5. pkof]lutfdf cyf{t ;b:ox? ;+:yfsf] ;]jf / nfesf] k flktdf ;a}sf] ;dfg ;xeflutf dxtjk"0f{ x'g5. ;b:ox?nfo{ ;+:yfsf] x/]s lqmofsnfkdf cljl5gg ;xeflutf x'g] jftfj/0f / k Tofe"lt glltut?kdf ljsf; u/]/ cufl8 a9\g' a9fpg' kb{5. k ltlglwtj hft, hftl, wd{, k]zf, j0f{, If]q / lnësf] e]befj g/fvl Ifdtf, biftf / k ltj4tfsf cfwf/df :jm:km"t{?kdf ;+:yfdf k ltlglwtj x'g] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{ c;n ;+:yfsf] rl/q xf]. o;sf nflu k ltlglwx?nfo{ k f]t;flxt ug{ ceof; u/fpg] l;sfpg] jftfj/0f ;d]t x'g'kb{5. ;xsf/lnfo{ ;dfj]zl k s[ltsf] agfpg clwstd k otg ul/g' kb{5. o;n] cgttjutjf ;+:yfsf] bluf]kgfdf of]ubfg k' ofpfb5 eg] ;fdflhs ;befj sfod /fvg klg ;xof]u k' ofpfb5. ;xsf/l cfkm}df Ps ;fdflhs ;+:yf epsfn] of] ;dfhsf] Pstfsf] k ltssf]?kdf ljsf; ug'{ kb{5. ;d'bfosf 88

90 ;a} dflg;x?n] xfd f] ;+:yf egg] ckgtj ljsf; u/fpg ;+:yfsf x/]s lqmofsnfkdf ;a}sf] lgzkif ;xeflut x'g ;Sg] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5. ;Ifdtf ;fsf];x? :jfjndagsf nflu :yflkt ;+:yf x'g\. ljqlo ;Ifdtf xfl;n g eo{ ;fsf];x?sf] bluf] ljsf; ;Dej 5}g. ;+:yfsf] p2]zo d'tfljs clwstd ;b:ox?sf] cfjzostfx? kl/k"lt{ ug{'n] ;+:yfsf] ;Ifdtf / k efjsfl/tf k'li6 x'g5. ;Ifdtf ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf;Fu ;DalGwt x'g5 eg] pknaw >f]t ;fwg kl/rfng u/l nlift / cf;fltt kl/0ffdx? xfl;n ug{ ;Sg' k efjsfl/tf;fu ;DalGwt x'g5. ;Ifdtfsf] nflu ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] ;dliff ul/g' kb{5 eg] Ifdtf:t/df u'0fftds ;'wf/sf sfo{x? ul/g' kb{5. k efjsfl/tf k efjsf/l egg] kif ;+:yfsf sfo{, sfo{z}nl / dfgjlo Jojxf/af6 cg'e"t x'g] s'/f xf]. To;sf/0f ;fsf];df Joj:yfkg ul/g] dfgjlo ;+zfwg;fu ;]jfsf] k efjsf/ltf hf]l8psf] x'g5. ;Ifdtf dfgj ;+zfwgsf] Joj:yfkg kl/rfng / cfjzos >f]t ;fwgsf] pknawtf dxtjk"0f{ x'g5. dfgjlo >f]t ljsf; / kl/rfngsf gllt, lgb]{lzsf / sfo{qmdx? k i6 / kfngf x'g ;s]df ;Ifdtf / k efjsfl/tfsf] k'li6 x'g5. ;dtf ;xsf/lnfo{ c;dfgtf e]befj cj;/af6 jl~rt ju{, ;d'bfo tyf If]qnfO{ c? ;/x ;dfg:t/df Nofpgsf nflu k"nsf]?kdf kl/snkgf ul/psf] 5. ;dfhdf x'fbfvfg] / x'g] vfg] alrsf] vf8nnfo{ d]6fpg ;xsf/ltf cr's dfwo epsf]n] o;sf nflu ;+:yfdf ul/g] glltut Joj:yf / k4lt g} ;dtf xf]. of] ;fdflhs Gofo;Fu ;DalGwt 5. ;sf/ftds lje]bsf] gllt dfkm{t k5fl8 k/]sf / kfl/psf ju{, If]q, lnë / ;d'bfonfo{ Gofof]lrt :yfg lbg' / sfo{qmdx? nlift ul/g' kb{5. o;y{, ;xsf/l gllt, sfo{qmd / sfo{;dkfbgn] ;fdflhs GofonfO{ of]ubfg k' ofpg ;Sg' kb{5. ;fsf];x?n] ;d'bfosf ;a} dflg;x?sf] ;xh kx'frsf] ;'lglzrtf ug{ ;Sg' kb{5. ;xsf/l g]t[tjn] ;'zf;g lgdf{0fdf Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx? y 6Ldsf] lgdf{0f -Teaming_M ;femf p2]zosf] nflu ;b:ox?, af]8{, Joj:yfks / sd{rf/lx?n] k efjsf/l?kdf sfo{ ug]{, ;d"x ;+:s[lt -Group Culture_ sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ h;af6 lghx?sf] sfd / cfkm} pq/bfol x'g] ;+:sf/ ljsf; xf];\. y hjfkmb]xl d"ns ;zlsts/0f -Accountable Empowerment_M ;d'bfonfo{ ;zqmls/0f ug{sf] ;fy} ;'zf;g l;h{gf ug]{, cfbz{ cj:yf eg]sf] gllt ljlw / k ljlwdf ;~rfng xf];\. y /0fgLlts g]t[tj -Strategic Leadership_ M ;+u7gsf] b"/ ugtjo jf lbzf lgb]{z u/l jf lgdf{0f u/l ;+u7gnfo{ To; tkm{ 8f] ofpg], g]t[tjdf 1fg, ;"rgf / ljj]s x'g' cfjzos VMGOSA xf]. 89

91 y Nf]fstGq -Democracy ;rfns ;ldltn] ;xsf/lsf] k hftflgqs k s[ltsf] ceof;, ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g, / lg/gt/tf lbg' kb{5 / ;a} ;b:ox?nfo{ ;DklQ, nufgl, d"no / dfgotf jf ;+/If0fsf] afjh"b ;xsf/ldf ;xeful x'g] clwsf/ x'g' kb{5 ;'zf;g Joj:yfkgdf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldltsf] e"ldsf ;xsf/l ;+3 ;+:yfx? ;d'bfoåf/f :yflkt ;b:ox?åf/f Joj:yfkg / lgogq0f ul/g] ;+u7gx? x'g\. ;xsf/l ;+3 ;+:yfsf] ;+rfng tyf Joj:yfkgsf lgldq ;~rfns ;ldltsf] e"ldsf dxtjk"0f{ x'g5. ;~rfns jf Joj:yfkg kifåf/f ul/psf sfd sf/jfxlx?sf] cg'udg tyf lgodg ug]{ u/l ;xsf/ldf n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ul/psf] x'g5. n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldltn] ;+3 ;+:yfsf] cfgtl/s?kdf cg'udg, lgodg u/l ;+u7gnfo{ ;xl dfu{df 8f] ofpg] e"ldsf v]ng] sfo{ ub{5. o;}n] :jlgodgsf] kf6f]df ;xsf/lx?df ;a}egbf ;zqm e"ldsf lgefpg] lgsfo n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt xf]. ;b:ox?sf] art / ;]o/ nufot ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] ljifonfo{ cg'udg ug]{ / ;b:o tyf ;+:yfsf] lxt /Iff ug]{ ;xsf/lsf] dxtjk"0f{ cë n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt xf]. ;+3 ;+:yfsf] hljgttfsf lgldq o; ;ldltsf] e"ldsf ctogt dxtjk"0f{ /x]sfn] ;xsf/ldf n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt lagfsf] ;+u7gsf] kl/snkgf klg ug{ ;lsgg. ;xsf/l ;+3 ;+:yfdf /xg] ;~rfns ;ldlt / n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt b'j} ;+:yf ;+rfng, Joj:yfkg tyf cu ultsf dxtjk"0f{ lgsfox? x'g\. ;~rfns ;ldlt / Joj:yfkgn] u/]sf sfd, sf/jfxlx? sltsf] k efjsf/l 5g\. k rlnt, P]g, lgod, ljlgod, gllt, lgb]{lzsf adf]lhd rn]sf 5g\, 5}gg\ clwsf/sf] k of]u, lhdd]jf/lk ltsf] ;hutf s] s:tf] 5 egg] s'/fsf] hf r ug]{ n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt afx]s csf]{ lgsfo ;+:yfleq /x b}g. ;~rfns ;ldltn] ug]{ sfdx?sf] k/lif0f u/l Jojl:yt / lgod; t 9ª\un] cl3 a9fpg] cë n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt xf]. ;~rfns ;ldltn] u/]sf sfd s'/fsf] lg/lif0f u/l d"nofª\sg ug]{, cfjzos lgogq0f / ;Gt'ngsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ cë n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldltsf] ;qmlo e"ldsfdf dfq Jojl:yt?kn] ;xsf/lsf] dd{ cg';f/ ;+rfng x'g ;Sg] epsfn] ol b'j} Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s x'g\. ;fwf/0f ;efåf/f lgjf{lrt tyf pq/bflotj jxg ug]{ ;+3 ;+:yfsf lzv/ cë b'j} epsf], b'j}sf] x}l;ot j/fj/ epsfn] klg s'g}nfo{ sd jf j]zl dxtj lbg' jf cfs g' x'gg. n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt ;+3 ;+:yfsf] :j:ytfsf lgldq o;sf/0f ck/lxfo{ cësf?kdf /x]sf] b]lvg5. n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldltsf] e"ldsf ;xsf/l ;+3 ;+:yfsf] b}lgs sfo{;+rfng ug]{ cë ;~rfns ;ldlt xf]. ;~rfns ;ldltsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;+:yfsf] b}lgs sfd sf/jfxl Jojl:yt x'g5. t/ n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt eg] b}lgs sfo{ ;+rfng ug]{ lgsfo xf]og. of] ;ldlt t sfo{ ;+rfng s;/l epsf] 5. sdl sdhf]/lx? s] s:tf 5g\ < ltgnfo{ ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu ;~rfns ;ldlt / Joj:yfkgnfO{ lg/gt/ /fo, ;Nnfx ;'emfj lbg], ;~rfns ;ldltn] ;'wf/ gu/] oyfy{ l:ylt ;fwf/0f ;ef ;dif k :t't u/l ;+:yfnfo{ 7Ls ultdf n}hfg] ;ldlt xf]. o;}n] of] cfgtl/s ;'kl/j]if0f, lgogqs / n]vf k/lifs, dfu{bz{g ug]{ c xf]. o;sf] sfo{if]q ;DalGwt ;+3 ;+:yfsf] ;Dk"0f{ kf6f] xf]. oblk o;nfo{ ;"qa4 ubf{ n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldltsf] sfo{if]qnfo{ o;/l pnn]v ug{ ;lsg5. #=! ;'kl/j]ifssf?kdfm ;'kl/j]ifssf?kdf n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldltn] lgdg e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ k5{. y ;~rfns ;ldlt / Joj:yfkgn] ;+:yf s;/l ;+rfng u/l /x]sf 5g\ ;f] sf] ;'kl/j]if0f, y art, C0f, cfdbfgl, vr{ cflbsf] pkof]lutf, y ;+:yf pb\b]zo cg'?k cl3 a9] ga9]sf], y gllt lgdf{0fsf] l:ylt, y k rlnt P]g, lgod, ljlgodsf] kl/kfngf, y ;b:o k ltsf] Jojxf/, y ;+:yfsf] ;fv j[l4 ug]{ sfo{, y ;+:yfsf] ;+:yfut / bluf] ljsf;sf] sfo{, y ;b:osf] ;]jf, ;'ljwf / bflotj lgjf{x. y ;~rfns tyf n]vf ;ldltsf] cf cfkm\gf] bflotj jf]w y sd{rf/lx?sf] dgf]jn a9fpg] sfo{ #=@ cfgtl/s lgogqssf?kdfm y ;+3 ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/lx?sf] lhdd]jf/lsf] cj:yf, y a}7s / ;fwf/0f ;efsf lg0f{ox?sf] l:ylt, y P]g, lgod kl/kfngf ep gepsf] cj:yf y ;xsf/l ;+3 ;+:yfn] ;xsf/l l;4fgt, d"no / dfgotf cg';f/ ;+rfng k lqmof, y ;+3 ;+:yfsf sfd sf/jfxlx?sf] ljj/0fx?df ;b:ox?sf] kx' rtf, y ;xsf/l lziff, tflnd tyf ;"rgf ;DaGwL, y ;+:yfsf] ;DklQx?sf] pkof]u ;DaGwL, y efjl sfo{of]hgfsf] sfof{gjog ep gepsf], y gllt lgdf{0f ;DaGwL, y pq/bflotj / clwsf/sf] jf]w #=# cfgtl/s n]vf k/lif0f ug]{ cësf?kdfm y ;+3 ;+:yfsf] k"fhlsf] l:ylt, y artsf] dfqf / t/ntfsf] cj:yf, y k zf;lgs vr{ / ;f]sf] j[l4b/, y C0f nufgl tyf c;'nlsf] b/, y efvf gf3]sf] C0fsf] l:ylt, y sf/f]jf/nfo{ vftfdf k lji6l ug]{ Joj:yf, 90

92 y ;Gt'ng k/lif0f gfkmf gf]s;fg, ;DklQ clen]v / k of]usf] l:ylt, y vftf ;+rfng ;DaGwL ljj/0f, y gub tyf a}+s df}hbft ljj/0fx?, y gub / a}+s lx;fa ldnfg ;DaGwL k/lif0f, y C0fsf] ;'/If0f / ;f] sf] d"nofª\sg ljlw, y sf]if ;DaGwL Joj:yf, y C0f / art ;DaGwL Joj:yf, y bflotjsf] cj:yf, y vr{sf] cf}lrto, k efjsf/ltf, ldtjooltf, lgoldttf / sfo{biftf ;DaGwL k/lif0f, y n]vf k/lif0f Joj:yf. #=$ dfu{ bz{s cësf?kdf M n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldltsf] e"ldsf ;'kl/j]if0f ug]{, cfgtl/s lgogq0f ug]{ / cfgtl/s n]vf k/lif0f dfq ug]{ dfq gep/ ;+3 ;+:yfsf] ;+rfng, Joj:yfkg tyf ;d[l4sf lgldq dfu{bz{s cësf?kdf klg /xg' kb{5. ;~rfns ;ldlt ;+3 ;+:yf ;+rfng ug]{ d'vo cë x'bf x' b} klg n]vf ;'kl/j]if0fn] ;+:yfsf] ;d[låsf nflu cfjzos dfu{bz{s cësf?kdf /xl dfu{bz{g ug{ ;S5. tl ljifo lgdg x'g ;S5g\. y k"fhl j[l4sf nflu ;]o/ tyf art j[låsf gjlg sfo{of]hgf ;DaGwL /fo, ;'emfj, y C0fsf] efvf gf3]sf v/fa shf{sf] c;'nl, ldgfxf jf Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL /fo, ;'emfj, y ;b:o j[l4 ;DaGwL sfo{of]hgf, y sd{rf/l Joj:yfkg / sfdsf] biftfsf cfwf/df /fo, ;'emfjx?, y gllt, lgb]{lzsf lgdf{0f ;DaGwL, y ;DklQsf] Joj:yfkg / lx;fa/fkm;fkm ;DaGwL, y C0f nufglsf] If]q / ;b'kof]u, b'?kof]u ;DaGwL, y ;~rfnsx?sf] clwsf/, bflotj jf 8kmf 6 ;DaGwL, y ;~rfns tyf sd{rf/lx?sf alrsf] tfnd]n / ;DaGw ;DaGwL, y PEARLS sf ;"rfª\sn] b]vfpsf sdl sdhf]/lsf ;'wf/ftds pkfox?, y ;fwf/0f ;efsf] lg0f{ox? sfof{gjog ;DaGwL, y ah]6 kl/rfngsf] tl/sf / ;Ldf ;DaGwL cflb. y /fli6«o, cgt/f{li6«o:t/df 3f]lift ;xsf/lsf sfo{qmdx? sfof{gjog ;DaGwL. g]kfnsf] ;fsf]; cleofgnfo{ dof{lbt / ;'zfl;t agfpg a'b] dfu{bz{g ;d]t hf/l u/l cfkm\gf ;b:o ;+:yfx?nfo{ ;hu / z';/lrt ub]{ cfpsf]5. of] dfu{bz{gsf] kl/kfngf dfq ug{ ;fsf];x? k ltj4 x'g ;s] ;+:yfx?df hf]lvd Go'gLs/0f eo{ ;'zf;g sfod xg ;xh x'g5. ;+:yfut gd"gf glltx?sf] ljsf;, ;+Qrfns :jd"nofs+g k4lt, ;fsf]; ;Qrfngsf ;dfwfgx?sf ;fy} ;'zf;g ;DaGwL tflndx?sf dfwodaf6 ;fsf];x?df ;'zf;g k j4{g ug{ k of; ul/psf] 5 ;fsf]; Ps/ktf k 0ffnL dfkm{t s}gb sf glltut k wfgtf / ;fsf];x?df sfo{ut :fjqtfsf] dd{df cwf/ ep/ ca g]kfnsf] ;fsf[; cleofg Ps} /+u / Ps} 9+uaf6 cufl8 a9fpg] sfo{ ;"? epsf] 5. cyf{ ca ;fsf]; cleofg ;dfg gllt ljlw / k ljlwnfo{ cjndjg u/l z;fl;t dof{lbt hf]lvd /lxt?kaf6 cufl8 a9\g]5g\. ;fsf];x?df ;'zf;g sfod eo{ ;+:yfut ljs; x'g] ck]iff /x]sf] 5. ctm gllt ljlw / cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] lgdf{0faf6 ;+:yf ;~rfng u/l ;fsf];df ;'zf;gsf] sfo{9frfnfo{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;lsg5. o;af6 ;+:yfsf] Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ x'g], ljqlo ;Ifdtf j[l4 ug} ;3fp k'ug], ;+:yfsf] 5ljdf j[l4 / ljsf; x'g], ;+:yfsf ;b:ox?åf/f ;+:yfsf] a f08 k lt ckgtj ljsf; eo{ ;+:yfut ljsf;df 6]jf k'ub5. o;af6 cleofgsf] cleogtfx?sf] 5lj / ul/df klg prr agg hfg]5. n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt b}lgs sfo{ ;+rfng ug]{ lgsfo xf]og. of] ;ldlt t sfo{ ;+rfng s;/l epsf] 5 < sdl sdhf]/lx? s] s:tf 5g\ < ltgnfo{ ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu ;~rfns ;ldlt / Joj:yfkgnfO{ lg/gt/ /fo, ;Nnfx ;'emfj lbg], ;~rfns ;ldltn] ;'wf/ gu/] oyfy{ l:ylt ;fwf/0f ;ef ;dif k :t't u/l ;+:yfnfo{ 7Ls ultdf n}hfg] ;ldlt xf]. 91

93 92

94 n]v qm]l86 o'lgogsf] ljzj ;Dd]ng / ;dfa]zl g]t[tj ljsf;sf] ax; zflgt 9sfn clwsf/l ;+rfns, g]km\:s"g ;+of]hs, l;:6/ ;f];fo6l g]kfn g]km\:s"g RofK6/ ljzj C0f kl/ifbn] ljzj e/sf qm]l86 ;+3x? / cgo ljqlo ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf] ;d'lrt ljsf;nfo{ prr u'0f:t/ ;lxt ljqlo ;]jfx?df kx' r k' ofpg / ;b:onfo{ ;zqm agfpg k f]t;flxt ub{5. kl/ifbn] cgt/fl{i6«o ;+:yfx? / /fli6«o ;/sf/sf ;fy lgod, sfg"g / ljlgoddf ;'wf/ ug{ jsfnt ub{5. ljzj C0f kl/ifb qm]l86 o'lgogx?sf] ljzjjofkl ljsf;sf nflu cj;/ k bfg ug]{ ;femf Kn]6kmd{ xf]. ljzj C0f kl/ifbn] ljzje/sf qm]l86 ;+3x? / cgo ljqlo ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf] ;d'lrt ljsf;nfo{ prr u'0f:t/ ;lxt ljqlo ;]jfx?df kx'fr k' ofpg / ;b:onfo{ ;zqm agfpg k f]t;flxt ub{5. kl/ifbn] cgt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx? / /fli6«o ;/sf/sf ;fy lgod, sfg"g / ljlgoddf ;'wf/ ug{ jsfnt ub{5. o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0f xfn} dfq ljzj C0f kl/ifbaf6 g]kfndf & lbgsf] cg'udg e d0fsf qmddf g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljlegg ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo ;+usf] e]63f6n] klg b]vfp5 ljz]if ul/ ;+3x?nfO{ goff pks/0f, cf}hf/ / k ljlwx?sf] dfwodaf6 ljzjjofkl?kdf kx'fr j[l4 u/l ljqlo ;'zf;g sfod ug{ nfluk/]sf] 5. xfn ljzj C0f kl/ifbn] *( b]zx?df #)) Kn; k fljlws ;xof]usf sfo{qmdx? nfu" u/]sf] 5. ljzje/l!!& b]zx?df *(,)@^ qm]l86 s/f]8 dflg;x?nfo{ ljqlo ;]jf k bfg ub{5g\. $ df ljzj dlxnf g]t[tj ;+hfn Global Women Leadership Network, l;:6/ ;f];fo6l u7g ug{ cs'sf sfo{sf/l k d'v n]lgsf] ;xof]u k fkt eof]. g]km\:s"gaf6 k fkt ;xof]usf] pkof]u ub}{ dlxnfx?sf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ;zqmls/0fsf nflu /fli6«o e]nf sf7df8f}+df ;DkGg ul/psf] lyof] ;f] e]nfdf n]lgn] l;:6/ ;f];fo6l u7gsf] cfjzostf / cf}lrto clg ljzj C0f kl/ifbn] dlxnf / o'jfsf] ;dfj]zl g]t[tj ljsf;sf nflu u/]sf] kxn af/] k :t'lt k5l s]lx lhnnf / ;+:yfx?af6 :j :km't{ l;:6/ ;f];fo6l :yfkgf / cled'vls/0fsf nflu cg'/f]w cfpsf]n] % j6f l;:6/ ;f];fo6l yk ug]{ cj;/ g]km\:s"g dlxnf pk;ldlt ;+of]hs epsf]n] d}n] kfp. ljzj C0f kl/ifbn] l;+ufk'/df World Credit Union sf] h'nfo{!% b]lv!* ;Dd ug{ nfu]sf]df ;xeflutfsf] nflu Od]nx? cfptf klg 7'nf] vr{ u/]/ ;xeful x'g ;xh eg] kss} lypg t/ ljzj C0f kl/ifbn] pnn]vglo sfd afkt l;:6/ ;f];fo6lnfo{ jif]{gl lbg] 93

95 l;+ufk'/sf] 5f]6f] lrgf/l l;+ufk'/ Plzof dxfb]zsf] ^(& ju{ lsls If]qkmn / %,^&$,$&@ hg;+vof /x]sf] ;fgf] ;'Gb/, xl/ofnln] el/psf] ko{6gsf] cfsif{s ugtjo xf]. oxffsf] hg;+vof j[l4 b/!=*( k ltzt / cf};t afrg] pd]/ *$=^* jif{ /x]sf] 5. l;+ufk'/sf] cflwsfl/s efiff dg8fl/g, c+u ]hl / dno xf] eg] wd{df ljljwtf /x]sf] l;+ufk'/df ##=( k ltzt j'l4i6,!$=# k ltzt d'l:nd, %=$ k ltzt, lxgb' / cgo lqmlzrog /x]sf 5g\. oxff s'g} lxdfn / kxf8 5}g. bz lsnf] ld6/ egbf nfdf] gbl klg 5}g. dn]lzofsf] 6fk' afx]s glhsdf s'g} klg b]zx? 5}g. df5f, ulx/f] kfgl a+b/ufx h:tf k fs[lts ;+zfwg / cfls{8, t/sf/l, s'v'/f, c08f, df5f, ;hfj6l df5f h:tf s[lifhgo ptkfbg / On]S6«f] lgs;, /;fog, ljqlo ;]jf, t]n l8«ln+u pks/0f, k]6«f]lnod, hxfhsf] dd{t h:tf pbf]ux? /x]sf 5g\ eg] ;+;f/e/sf Jofkf/Lx? s'g} g s'g}?kdf l;+ufk'/;fu hf]l8psf] d}n] kfpf. u/]sf] 5fqj[lQsf -dlxnfnfo{_ nflu g]km\:s"gaf6 epsf] kxn :j?k sfo{qmddf k j]z z'ns gnfug] u/l klxnf]k6s g]km\:s"gsf] tkm{af6 ljzj C0f kl/ifbsf] sfo{qmddf ;xeful x'g] cj;/ ldnof]. of] 5fqj[lQ g]kfnaf6 d Pshgf / csf]{ ;l/tf e /fo{ -;+rfnsm /fli6«o ;xsf/l a}+s_ nfo{ k fkt epsf] lyof]. nfdf] ;dob]lv g]km\:s"g ljzj C0f kl/ifbsf] ;b:o x'g rfx]sf] lyof] t/ o;} jif{ dfq rrf{n] ;fy{stf kfof] / g]km\:s"gsf cwoif 8L=aL= a:g]t / sfo{sf/l k d'v lzjhl ;fksf]6f ;fwf/0f;efdf dfq efu lng l;+ufk'/ hfg'epsf] lyof]. pqm ;fwf/0f ;efsf] ;do! 306fsf] /flvpsf] lyof]. ;fwf/0f ;ef x]g]{ pt;'stfn] xfdl klg ;xeful eof}. lgwf{l/t sf nflu l:6eg :6fk -Steven Stapp_ sf] cwoiftfdf!$ ;b:olo ;~rfns ;ldlt -sf]iffwoif ;lxt # dlxnf_ rog u/l ;fwf/0f;ef ;DkGg eof]. qm]l86 o'lgogsf] ljzj ;Dd]ng x'fb} ubf{ sl/j %( b]zaf6 sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof]. ljzj C0f kl/ifbåf/f g]kfndf l;:6/ ;f];fo6lsf] u7g, j[l4 / ljzj ;+hfndf cfj4tfsf] v'n]/ k z+;f ul/psf] lyof]. ljzj dlxnf g]t[tj ;+hfnsf cwoif ;';g ld;]nåf/f k6s k6s g]kfndf l;:6/ ;f];fo6lsf] :yfkgfsf nflu wgojfb lbg'epsf] lyof]. o;n] cfkm'n] u/]sf] sfdsf] d'nof+sg x'fbf v'zl nfug' :jfefljs lyof]. pxffn] xfdlnfo{ w]/} dfof u/l x/]s yk sfo{qmddf ;xeful u/fpg ;xof]u ug{'epsf] lyof]. sfo{qmd :yn Suntec Convention Center ctogt ljzfn lyof] Ps} ;dodf krf;f} sfo{qmd ug{ ;lsg] xnx? lyp. d'vo xnsf] cufl8 ;f]n';g ;]G6/ gfd lbp/ qm]l86 o'lgogsf nflu pko'qm k ljlw ;km\6j]o/, df]afon PK;sf] j6f k bz{gl /flvpsf] lyof]. lkmg6]s, 6]d]g; h:tf ljzj ahf/df cfkm\gf] k ljlw a]lr/x]sf sdkglx?n] o; sfo{qmdnfo{ klg ;xof]u u/]sf] xfdln] kfof}+. ;donfo{ Psl5g klg v]/ hfg glbp/ vfgf vfhfsf] ;dodf ;d]t Leanch and Learn workshop gfd lbp/ k :t'lt ul/psf] lyof] h;df Current and Future Cyber Threats to Credit Unions. jif{kl5 qm]l86 o'lgogdf cfpg ;Sg] ;DefJo k flalws ;d:of nfufot w]/} ;];gx? epsf lyp. ;b:o ;]jf / x]/rfxsf] ;+:s[ltsf af/]df /f]g skm\dgsf] ptk ]/s k :t'ltn] /f}gstf NofPsf] lyof]. ljifout ;];gdf k Zg ;f]wgsf nflu df]afon PK;sf] k of]u ul/psf] lyof] k fyldstfsf cfwf/df ;f]lwpsf k Zgx?n] gda/ kfpfy] h'g k Zgdf w]/}sf] rf;f] 5 t]xl k Zg k :t'tstf{nfo{ ;xhstf{n] ;f]wb} hfgy] o;n] ;dosf] art, af]ng sl7gfo x'g]n] klg ;lhn} cfkm\gf] lh1f;f k'/f ug{ ;Sg] of] ljlw /fd f] nfuof]. sfo{qmddf ;fd'lxs / a ]s cfp6 ;];g egbf a9l k :t'ltdf ;d]t dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutf j/fj/l b]lvgyof]. k :t'tstf{, ;xhstf{, k]gfln:6sf]?kdf dlxnfx?s} ;+Vof clws lyof]. sfo{qmddf ljzj dlxnf g]t[tj ;+hfn l;:6/ ;f];fo6lsf] dxtj / ljifoj:t', ;fsf];df dlxnf ;zqmls/0f, ;dfj]lztfn] k z:t 7fpF kfpsf] lyof]. g]kfndf x'g] o:tf ;Dd]ngx?df dlxnfx?sf] k :t'tls/0f ;xeflutf gfd dfqsf] x'g] u/]sf] b]lvg5. dlxnf uf]i7l x'fbf dfq dlxnfsf] ;lqmo e"ldsf b]lvg] u/]sf] xf'bf o;tkm{ ulde/ x'g cfjzos 5. l;+ufk'/df ;DkGg qm]l86 o'lgog sgkm/]g;df GWLN sf cwoif ;';g 94

96 /dfonf] kif y uf8{g a] hffbf ToxfF l6s6 sf6]/ dfga lgld{t kxf8, em/gf, 5fFuf] x]g{ kfofbf] /x]5 xfdl rffxl cfkm\g} b]zdf dguo 5 eg]/ upgf}+. kfglsf kfokx? dfkm{t v;]sf em/gfx? lzzfsf] 8f]daf6 lrofp/ x]/]sf lyof}, pglx? s[ltd k s[lt lgdf{0f u/l nfvf} ko{6s leqfpg] ub{5g\. :yfglox? eg5g\ xfdl kfgl klg dn]l;of;fu lsg5f}. y l;+ufk'/df klans a;sf] ofqf ubf{ xfdl;fu v'b f k};f gx'fbf rfnsn] d':s'/fp/ ugtjodf 5fl8lbPsf], d]6«f] r9\g v'b f 8n/ gxf'bf ofq'n] cfkm}n] xfdlnfo{ sf8{ lslglbpsf] h:tf ld7f cg'ej ;ufn]sf lyof}. cfkm\gf] b]zdf cfpg] ko{6snfo{ ctogt ;Ddfg / ;b\efj b]vfpg k5l gkg]{ :jefj xfdlnfo{ lg v'a dg kof]{. y l;+ufk'/sf] ;fgtf]iff cfonof08 3'Dbf csf]{ /dfonf] kif /f]on cnaf6;{ -zfxl kflg hxfh_ h'g blif0fk'j{ Plzofd} cgt /x]g5, l8g/ ;lxtsf] hnofqf lgs} /dfonf] eof]. ld;]nsf] sf nflu k :t't /0fgLlts of]hgfdf xfnsf] pknlawsf] :t/ls/0f ug{, cfkm\gf] ;fsf]; ;d'bfo / b]zsf] d'vo ;d:of klxrfg ug{, k'?ifx?nfo{ klg cleofgdf ;xeful u/fpg, ;'zf;g / pkef]qmf lxtdf hfu/0f Nofpg, ljqlo ;]jfx?df dlxnfsf] kx'fr a9fpg, ;fsf]; :jo+;]jsx?df ljljwtf o'qm ;dfj]lztfdf hf]8 lbg, ;kmntd of]hgfdf dlxnf ;xeflutf j[l4 ug{ / g]t[tj ljsf; Pj+ Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ hf]8 lbopsf] 5. :yfkgfsfnb]lv ;Dddf ljzj dlxnf g]t[tj ;~hfndf &* ;b:o cfj4 epsf 5g. b]zsf $& hgfn] 5fqj[lQ kfpsf 5g\. s]gof / o'qm]gdf dlxnfx?n] GWLN sf] ;xof]udf Joj;flos kl/of]hgf ;+rfng ul//x]sf 5g\. ;dfhdf pnn]vglo sfo{ u/] afkt ljzje/laf6 & hgf ljz]if sfo{sf nflu ;Ddflgt klg epsf 5g\. xfn;dd!& egbf a9l b]zdf $( l;:6/ ;f];fo6l u7g epsf 5g\ l;:6/ ;f];fo6l u7gsf] qmd a9\bf]?kdf 5. pxffsf] egfo df ljzj yk l;:6/ ;f];fo6l u7g ug]{ of]hgf /x]sf] 5 eg] xfn;dd g]kfndf & j6f g]km\:s"g cfkm}n] j6f cgoaf6 u/l ( j6f l;:6/ ;f];fo6l /x]sf] 5 / cfufdl lbgdf g]km\:s"gåf/f ;ft} k b]zdf women enterprenureship development strategy agfo{ bluf] sfo{qmdsf nflu kxn ug]{ of]hgf /x]sf]n] yk ;xof]u k'ug]5. df ljzj C0f kl/ifb WOCCU n] ljzj dlxnf g]t[tj ;~hfn GWLN sf] z'?jft u/]sf] xf] df!) jif{ k'u]sf] :yfkgfsf] ofqfsf] ljljw sfo{qmd ;lxt dgfpg nflupsf] 5. l;+ufk'/df xfdln]!(*$ df :yfkgf epsf] Plzofs} gd'gf l;+ufk'/ k ]; xf]ln8+u (SPH) ;xsf/l x]g]{ df}sf kfpsf lyof} ldl8of ;+u ;DalGwt ;a} sfdx?, ljljw efiffx?df k sfzg / k zf/0f, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, kqklqsf k sfzg, 8f6f OG6«L, l8lh6n sf/f]jf/, tflnd, j[4j[4fsf nflu :ofxf/ u[x nufotsf sfo{x? ul/bf] /x]5. Ps} 7fpFaf6 ldl8of;fu ;DalGwt sfd x'fbf ;dgjo / ;xsfo{df ;xof]u k'u]sf] b]lvof]. cgtodf, ljzj C0f kl/ifbn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] $ lbgsf] sfo{qmd ctogt pknflawk"0f{ /Xof], ljz]if u/l k ljlwsf] k of]u, o'jf g]t[tjsf] ;anls/0f, ;dfj]zl g]t[tj ljsf;, g]t[tjdf ljljwtf / n}lus d'4fx? lsg cfjzos 5g\ egg] s'/fdf s]lgb t eo ;DkGg epsf] lyof]. o:fn] ;xsf/l cleofgdf phf{ ykg] sfd u/]sf] 5. 95

97 hf]lvddf cfwfl/t ;fsf]; ;'kl/j]if0f CREDIT UNION RISK BASED SUPERVISION (CURBS) k"0f{ tyf Joj;flos ;fsf]; ljsf; sfo{qmd hf]lvd h'g;'s} Joj;fodf labdfg /xg5. s'zn Joj;flos Joj:yfkg eg]sf] g} hf]lvdsf] ;xl Joj:yfkg ug'{ xf]. art C0f ;xsf/lx?n] hf]lvd ;3gtfsf] cfwf/df :jcg'udg tyf lgogq0f ub}{ ljqlo hf]lvdnfo{ Joj:yfkg ug{sf] nflu of] sfo{qmd nlift 5. art C0f ;xsf/lx?n] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu :j cg'udg ug{ ;~hfnsf] k of]u cfa:ostf eo ;s]sf] 5. art tyf C0f ;xsf/lx?sf] s]gb Lo ;+3sf?kdf /x]sf] g]km\:s"gdf cfj4 ;fsf];x?sf] bluf] ljsf;sf nflu hf]lvddf cfwf/lt ;'kl/j]if0f dfkm{t ;fsf]; Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u ug]{ tyf ;xsf/l adf]lhd ;fsf];sf] bluf] ljsf;sf nflu s]gb Lo ;+3x? dfkm{t lgoldt cg'udg u/l o; If]qdf /x]sf] ;b:ox?sf] artsf] ;+/If0f ug{ hf]lvddf cfwfl/t ;'kl/j]if]0f sfo{qmd ;+rfngdf cfpsf] xf]. ;'kl/j]if0fdf b]lvpsf s}lkmotx?sf] cfj:ostf cg';f/ sfg"gl tyf ljlegg k lzif0f sfo{qmdx? dfkm{t hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ug{ of] sfo{qmd cufl8 ;fl/psf] xf]. hf]lvd ljzn]if0fsf y'k } ljlwx? ljqlo If]qn] k of]u ul//x]sf] kfog5. ;b:ox?sf] art / ;+:yfut k"fhlsf] ;'/Iffsf] k Tofe"lt lbg ;Ifd x'g' art C0f ;xsf/lsf] clxn]sf] cfjzostf xf]. g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df hf]lvddf cfwf/lt ;'kl/j]if0f sfo{qmd nfu" ug{ cleofgn] cfj:ostf dx;'; u/l g]km\:s"gsf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] ljglod ;+zf]wg u/l :jmlgodg dfkm{t ;b:ox?s} nfut ;xeflutfdf lgoldt cg'udg tyf ;'kl/j]if0f u/l cfgtl/s ;'zf;g sfod ub}{ ;b:o ;+:yfx?nfo{ Joj:yfksLo?kdf ;Ifd jgfo ;d'bfodf cfwf/lt bluf] ;+:yfut ljsf; u/fpg hf]lvddf cfwfl/t ;fsf]; ;'kl/j]if0f (CURBS - Credit Union Risk Based Supervision) sf] cjwf/0ffsf] sfof{gjo ;"? ul/psf] 5. ;+3n] tof/ u/]sf] hf]lvddf cfwfl/t ;'kl/j]if0f sfo{qmdsf] d"nof+sg ubf{ ljqlo If]qsf] hf]lvdsf] txnfo{ dwogh/ u/l ljzn]if0f / cgj]if0f ul/g5. pk/f]qm ltgj6} sfo{qmdx? ;fsf];sf] Jofj;flos ;~rfng;fu ;DalGwt 5. ol ljlegg sfo{qmdx?nfo{ art C0f ;xsf/lx?sf] u'0f:t/ ;'lglzrttfsf nflu sfof{gjog ul/psf] 5. sfo{qmd sfof{gjogsf] nflu g]km\:s"gsf] k fljlws 6f]lnn] cfjlws?kdf :ynut tyf u}/ :ynut cgj]if0f / k/lif0f u/l cfjzos /0fgLltx? sfof{gjogsf] nflu ;+:yfx?nfo{ ;'emfj lbg] / cfjzos ;xlhs/0f ub{5. PS;]; sfo{qmdaf6 k fkt l;sfo{ / ;kmntfaf6 g]kfnn] cfkmgf] sfg"g / kl/j]z ;'xfpfbf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{'k5{ egg] dfgotfsf ;fy g]kfn ;/sf/, ;xsf/l ljefu;fusf] ;xsfo{df g]km\:s"gn] af6 k f]a]zg (PROBATION - Program for Building Absolute and Professionalization of SACCOS) sfo{qmd g]km\:s"gn] ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\. of] sfo{qmd d'nt ljqlo / Joj:yfkg u/l b'o{ kif;fu ;DalGwt 5. ljqlo kifdf kn;{ (PEARLS) cg'udg k 0ffnL / Joj:yfkg kifsf] cg'udgsf] nflu lxdfn (HIMAL) gfds cf}hf/sf] k of]u ul/g5. ljqlo ;xsf/lsf] ;du ljsf;, j[l4 / bluf]kgfsf] nflu of] sfo{qmd ;kmn epsf] 5. ;xsf/l ljefun] o; sfo{qmdsf] glltnfo{ c+lusf/ u/]sf] 5. k f]a]zg sfo{qmdn] ;Gt'i6 ;b:o, s'zn ;~rfns, Ifdtfjfg sd{rf/l / k ltikwl{ ;fsf];sf] cjwf/0ffnfo{ hf]8 lbpsf] 5. ;b:ox?;fu ;'dw'/ ;DaGw / ;'/lift ljqlo k 0ffnLnfO{ o; sfo{qmdn] hf]8 lbpsf] 5. art C0f ;xsf/lx?sf] bluf]kgfsf] nflu d'vo u/l cfjzos kg]{ ;+:yfut k"fhlsf] j[l4, ;'zf;g, v/fa C0f Joj:yfkg, bif Joj:yfkg ;d"x lgdf{0f h:tf kifx?df o; sfo{qmdn] Wofg lbg5. k f]a]zg sfo{qmddf cfj4 x'gsf nflu s]xl glltut k lqmofx? g]km\:s"gn] cufl8 ;f/]sf]

98 A-one Competitive Choice for Excellence in Service & Soundness pts[i6 ;]jf tyf ;'/Iffsf] nflu klxnf] 5gf}6 g]km\:s"gn] b]lv cfkm\gf ;b:o ;+:yfx?sf] nflu PlzofnL C0f dxf;+3sf] k fljlws ;xof]udf PS;]; (ACCESS - A1 Competitive Choice for Excellence in Service and Soundness) sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5. xfn}sf jif{x?df o; sfo{qmdaf6 PlzofnL C0f dxf;+3sf cgo ;b:o /fi6«x?sf] egbf g]kfnn] ;kmntf kfo{/x]sf] 5. PS;]; ;fsf];x?sf] Joj;flos biftf clej[l4 ug{ ;xof]u k' ofpg] Joj:yfkg cf}hf/ xf] h;df $ j6f d'vo b'li6sf]0f cgtu{t ;fsf]; ;~rfngdf cfwfl/t *^ j6f ;"rsx?sf] dfwodaf6 ;fsf];sf] Joj:yfkg cl86 ul/g5. h;df ljsf; ul/psf] x/]s ;"rsx?sf] nfdf] cjlwsf nflu ;fsf];sf] k ltikwl{ Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 ug]{ dfq geo{ ljq ahf/df ;fsf];sf] d"no :yflkt ug{ d2t ub{5. PS;];n] ;fsf]; ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgdf ;Dj4 ;fsf];sf lhdd]jf/ dflg;x?sf] Ifdtf / ljlzi6 1fgdf s]lgb t eo{ bl3{sfnlg /0fgLlts nio k fkt ug{ ;xof]u ub{5. o; sfo{qmd cgtu{t ;fsf];nfo{ ljqlo, ;b:o, cfgtl/s Jofj;flos k lqmof / l;sfo{ tyf j[l4 u/l $ j6f b[li6sf]0fsf cfwf/df cgj]if0f hffr ul/g5. xfj{8 ljzjljbfnosf k f]km];/ /j6{ sknfgn] tof/ kf/]sf] ljhg]; :sf]/sf8{;fu ;DalGwt /x]/ PS;];sf ;'rsx? tof/ kfl/psf x'g\. o; sfo{qmddf cfj4 x'gsf nflu g]km\:s"gsf ;b:o ;+:yfx?n] g]kfn:t/sf] k f]a]zg a f08 k flkt nufotsf zt{x? kfngf ug'{kg]{ gllt lnopsf] 5. 97

99 lzifslxt Tofun, nlntk'/ kmf]g g+= M )! %%$*!(% Od]n M shishkhitsaccos@gmail.com ci6nidl ky/lzlgzr/]!, df]/ª kmf]g g+= M )@! %%%%@* Od]n M astalaxmi062@gmail.com Hj]N;\ kmf]g g+= M )! %%$^*(% Od]n M jewels.saccoss@gmail.com :sf]k ;f}un *, nlntk'/ kmf]g g+= M )! %%$^@%# Od]n M scopesaccos@gmail.com ozf]w/ a'axfn!*, nlntk'/ kmf]g g+= M )! %%#*^@# Od]n M ysaccos@gmail.com snof0fsf/l dxfnidl gkf %, n'e', nlntk'/ kmf]g g+= M )! %%*)$^@ Od]n M skalyankari@yahoo.com 98

100 ljzj C0f kl/ifb dfkm{t ljzj ;~hfndf ljzjjofkl?kdf ;xsf/ltfsf] ;+u7gftds :yfkgf / ;~rfng eo{/xfbf ;d'bfosf JolQmx?sf] ;fgf] /sdnfo{ cfk;l art / C0f dfkm{t kl/rfn x'g yfnof] To;tfsf b]lv g} /sdsf] kl/rfng, clen]v Joj:yfkg, ax;, k}/jl, tflnd lziff, Ifdtf ljsf; / l;sfo{ x:tfgt/0fsf] ;femf ynf]sf]?kdf ;g\!(&! df ljzj C0f kl/ifbsf] :yfkgf ul/of]. s]gb Lo sfof{no cd]l/sfsf] d]l8zg\df /x]sf] ljzj C0f kl/ifb (WOCCU) sf] 5ftf ;+u7g leq!)( j6f b]zx?sf ^* xhf/ art tyf C0f ;xsf/lx? cfj4 5g\. art tyf C0f ;xsf/l -;fsf];_ ;~rfngsf Jofj;flos / ;'zf;gsf l;4fgtx?sf] k ltkfbg ug]{, ltglx?sf] sfof{gjogsf nflu pko'qm k ljlwx?sf] ljsf; ug]{ / art ;xsf/lsf] cjwf/0ffnfo{ ljzjjofkls/0f ug{ ljzj C0f kl/ifbn] cxd e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5. o; jif{ g]kfn art tyf C0f s]gb Lo ;xsf/l ;+3 ln -g]km\:s"g_ n] k ToIf ;b:otf lnpsf] 5. o;/l g]kfnl ;fsf]; cleofgnfo{ cem k efjsf/l / cu ufdl ult lbgsf] nflu hf]l8psf] ljzj ;~hfnn] u'0f:t/ ;'lglzrttf / hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ;lxtsf] g]kfnsf] kl5nnf] pknawld"ns r/0fnfo{ cem ;~hflns[t g]kfnsf] ;fsf]; cleofg / Ps?ktfsf] cleofgsf] kl/snkgfnfo{ k ljlw dfkm{t ;Dej agfpg sf];]9'ëf ;fljt x'g]5. g]kfn h:tf] d'n'sdf j[l4 / ljsf;sf] r/0faf6 dfly p7]sf ;fsf];x?sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu ljqlo ljzn]if0f, hf]lvd ljzn]if0f / lg/fs/0fsf pkfox?, k ljlwsf] ljsf; / pkof]u u/l k ltikwl{ ljqlo ahf/df ;fsf]; If]qnfO{ Ps bl/nf] k ltikwl{df?kdf peofpg ;+3n] cfjzos ;xsfo{ ug{ of] ;~hfn k of]u ug]{5. Plzofsf rf/j6f k ToIf ;b:ox? M sf]l/of, g]kfn, ckmuflg:tfg / l;+ufk'/ /x]sfdf ;fsf]; k 0ffnLsf] ;DklQ / ;b:otfsf] cfsf/sf cfwf/df sf]l/of k yd / g]kfn bf]>f] :yfgdf /xg' / ljzj C0f kl/ifbdf dtflwsf/sf lx;fan] klg Plzofsf] bf]>f] ;Ifd / ;jn ;b:osf]?kdf cfkm'nfo{ peofpg kfpg' g]kfnsf] ;du ;fsf]; cleofgsf] uj{sf] ljifo xf]. ;+3n] ljzj C0f kl/ifb dfkm{t g]kfnsf] ;fsf]; cleofgsf nflu prrtd k ljlwsf] ljsf;, u}/:ynut cg'udgsf] ;+ogq lgdf{0f, l:y/ls/0f sf]ifsf] sfof{gjog / dlxnf ;zqmls/0fdf ljz]if ;xsfo{ ug]{5. ttsfn} ljzj C0f kl/ifb, g]kfn ;/sf/ / ;fsf]; cleofgsf] lqkiflo ;xeflutfdf g]kfnsf ljqlo ;xsf/lx?sf] cg'udg / cgnfo{g k[i6kf]if0fsf] k ljlw ljsf;sf nflu ljz]if kxn u/l ljzj ;fd' ;zqm / ;~hflns[t ;fsf]; cleofgsf] csf]{ gd"gf g]kfnn] k]z ug]{ nio lnpsf] 5. 99

101 e]/l s0ff{nl Sni6/ k yd -k f]a]zg_ /fktl ljzjf;l t'n;lk'/ p=d=g=kf= ^, bfª kmf]g g+= M )%& %@)^!$ Od]n M raficol_saccos@yahoo.com ljzjfl;nf] 7fs'/afaf g=kf=, * alb{of kmf]g g+= M )*$ ^($^!# Od]n M cbisakos@yahoo.com xl/ofnl /fktl uf=kf= %, bfª kmf]g g+= M )*@ $)@)!% Od]n M hariyali062@yahoo.com hglxtsf/l lj/]gb gu/ g=kf= $, ;'v]{t kmf]g g+= M )*# %@#*&% Od]n M janahitkari2055@gmail.com >L l8u ] zfo{s'df/l d'l;sf]6 g=kf=!,?s'd kmf]g g+= M )** %#)!!@ Od]n M digresc@ymail.com ;xof]ul t'n;lk'/ p=d=g=kf= %, bfª kmf]g g+= M )*@ %@!&*# Od]n M sahayogi_saccos@yahoo.com >L dxfk e' /fktl bfª kmf]g g+= M )*@ %*)@^# Od]n M smahaparbhu@hotmail.com km'njf/l Ko"7fg g=kf=!, Ko"7fg kmf]g g+= M )! ^^()!(& Od]n M fulvarifscc@gmail.com hfu?s lj/f6gu/!%, df]/ª kmf]g g+= M )@! $#^@#^ Od]n M saccos.jagarukbrt514@gmail.com k ult 7fs'/afaf g=kf= #, alb{of kmf]g g+= M )*$ ^()#^! Od]n M saccospragati@gmail.com 100

102 n]v What Values are Needed to Realize Integration of SACCOS? Elenita V San Roque (Leni) Chief Executive Officer Association of Asian Confederation of Credit Unions (ACCU) In the last 10 years, ACCU has focused on helping member organizations to build safe and sound credit unions by offering platforms from learning, technical assistance and development credit union business solutions. Out of the 24 credit union business solutions developed by ACCU, at least 18 of them are directly meant to promote safety and soundness of primary credit unions. Since the implementation is not compulsory, an insignificant number of credit unions have been reached. Further, members also requested for assistance on the implementation and monitoring. Enabling regulatory environment remains an issue in the credit union system in Asia. Except Korea, all Asian credit unions are not externally supervised. It is prevalent that many credit unions do not observe prudential disciplines and operational standards. This made the credit union system in Asia very fragmented and unsustainable. Since 2014, ACCU members have recognized the need for higher level integration of the credit union networks to allow competitive financial services offerings that improve lives of people. After unveiling the Asian Credit Union Strategic Direction at the forum in Bali, Indonesia in September 2014, NEFSCUN was the first federation to request ACCU to assist in developing the blueprint for integration of SACCOS in Nepal. Uniform visual identity (logo, signages, staff uniform), risk-based supervision, and network management policy are some of the significant milestones of NEFSCUN. Study visits to Desjardins Group, Quebec, Canada and the Korean Credit Union movement were organized. The two networks are classical examples of highly integrated networks from which the Asian credit unions can learn from. It has provided opportunity for select CEOs of member organizations, including NEFSCUN s CEO to learn the Korean credit union movement. Everyone was very much inspired and impressed of the achievements of the Korean credit union network more than 6 million members and movement assets of over USD 60 billion. NACUFOK is the only integrated credit union network in Asia. The federation has among others shared technology platform, supervision, mutual aid, standardize operation, fit and proper certification for positions of trust, corporate marketing, and liquidity pooling. The Desjardins Monitoring group, Central Liquidity, HR Services, and Security Fund proved that the credit unions working together can create an enormous power for cooperatives to become relevant to their members and competitive in the market. Despite sophistication and bigness, Desjardins' people demonstrate high level of cooperation- working together for the good of all. After unveiling the Asian Credit Union Strategic Direction at 101

103 the forum in Bali, Indonesia in September 2014, NEFSCUN was the first federation to request ACCU to assist in developing the blueprint for integration of SACCOS in Nepal. Uniform visual identity (logo, signages, staff uniform), risk-based supervision, and network management policy are some of the significant milestones of NEFSCUN. According to Desjardins Group model, an integrated network has the following components: 1. Pooling or sharing resources y Grouping of services (sharing of expertise, purchasing) y Access to support services (liquidity management, exchange rates, payroll, training, staffing) y Collective ownership (insurance company, ATMs) 2. Standardization of operations y Standardization of operating systems: accounting, information technology, control, MIS y Standardization of policies and standards: credit, financial. y Standardization of products: rates, term, collateral, fees y Institutional image: logo, advertising, representation 3. Contractual solidarity y Control of the opening of points of service y Balancing the size of the first-tier MFIs y Fair membership fees paid to the network y System of interconnecting vessels y In-house security mechanisms: insurance, contingency funds y Central Liquidity Facility: external funds, risk sharing 4. Governance and self-discipline y Structure of democratic representation and centralization of power y Principle of subsidiarity: 2rd tier substitution of the MFI y Supervision, sanctions y Affiliation and disaffiliation mechanisms The above can be achieved if the SACCOS movement have transformational leaders to support the long-term vision of the Credit Union movement - Sustainable and Integrated Credit Union Network. The shared vision defined by ACCU members in 2014 requires leaders who can transform vision to reality. The leaders need first to believe and demonstrate passion of the credit union principles of people helping people. They set direction, build an inspiring vision, create something new and challenge the status quo. Leadership is about mapping out where you need to go to "win" as a team or an organization; and it is dynamic, exciting, and inspiring. Credit unions can only provide exceptional leadership if it is led and staffed by people with exceptional ideologies, beliefs and understanding of themselves and others. Skills and competence are important, but it is very critical that people leading the credit unions have their purpose and values in life aligned to that of the credit unions. Behind each credit union hides founders and founding members with strong idea of self-help and mutual help. ACCU recognizes that the strong idea may dissipate as the credit unions grow and achieve financial sustainability. The not for profit, but for service intent of credit unions may be endangered because of the changes in people s values as influence with the fastchanging market environment. Integration is needed for the relevance and existence of SACCOS. We trust integration is placing credit unions to the best position in the current market ecosystem. It is a matter of alleviating the stress of duplicate functions, pushing strong points forward to support the network, sharing resources, promoting disciplines to raise professionalism and market image, and together harnessing the most advanced technology as engine to deliver quality and fast services to members. The above is only possible if the leaders have the right values and mindset on integration. For about five years pushing for integration, below are only some my reflections on the values we need to embrace to advance our integration: Care for People: The purpose of integration is to build our credit union movement, and to embody our mutual care and concern for people we serve. This is the underlying basis which should be alive in everyone involved. Respect: Integration works well when we respect each other s different opinions and circumstances. Understand that there are many ways of being in cohesion and consequently come up with a solution that is best for members, not to individual credit union or oneself. Integration does not work when we attempt to dictate, dishonor or inflict guilt upon each other. In the process, leaders need to step back and look at members from afar. They are just longing to better their lives. Mutual and Equal Interdependency: The common life initially rests on the need for human beings to be 102

104 combined to form a community of similar which is also a community of destiny, out of which, as Aristotle wrote it, no man could exist humanly, nor simply to survive. We, in the credit unions are privileged to have an organization introduced to us by our forefather F.W. Raiffeisen to chart the destiny of people in need. Integration makes sense because it enables credit union networks maximize its limited resources and take advantage of economy of scale to serve the members. Leaders are accountable to protect the identity of credit unions and continue the legacy Raiffeisen by ensuring credit unions are managed to fulfill individual member s life aspirations. Compromise: When integration requires us to follow our network s rules, we should be standing in solidarity with others. Solidarity often grounds reasons to follow even the rules are not what you are expecting them to be. What is important is that the rules are promoting the shared vision. Communication: The will to communicate and understand each other, in spite of differences is the way to implement integration it is possible! We just have to look for what actually brings us together. We have tendencies to forget if our motivation is swayed in different direction profit orientation. The reason why we are gathered is for our members, and not for the profit we can generate from them. I remember DID s Serge Gosselin saying you have to talk the reason why integration is needed over and over again. I believe that is how we can become wealthy in our minds. Finally, integration is much more than agreements of our desired end result, it is helping and developing each other understand the benefits and what it takes to progress that s the real process of growing together. There are many values that interplay in our desire to integrate the credit union networks, however, for now I could only think of what I enumerated. The technical skills, systems and infrastructure required to achieve integration is secondary to the mindset alignment of credit union leaders and managers. ACCU has developed the Credit Union Business Solution No. 24 on building transformational leadership aims to focus on the key leadership attributes required by leaders to support the long-term vision of the Credit Union movement in Asia Sustainable and Integrated Credit Union Network. Owing to the fact that leadership can be manifested in every individual, the program is designed for volunteers (Board and Committee members) as well as employees of the national federations and credit unions. Focus on emotional intelligence, deepened relationships, social cohesion and strong values-culture are some of the anticipated long-term impacts of the program. 103

105 d]rl sf]zl Sni6/ k yd -k f]a]zg_ hgpstf sfg]kf]v/l uf=kf ^, df]/ª kmf]g g+= M )@! %*%))@ Od]n M : janaekatasaccos@gmail.com k ult ah'{ uf=kf %, cdfxl a]nxf, ;'g;/l kmf]g g+= M (*$!^)&^@@ Od]n M pragati.saccoab2@gmail.com hgsnof0f b'xal %, ;'g;/l kmf]g g+= M )@% %$!$^%, %$)(@@ Od]n M Janakalyan6@gmail.com s~rgh+3f /t'jfdfo{ g=kf (, ef}8fxf, df]/ª kmf]g g+= M )@! $!@)@) Od]n M kanchanjunghasaccos@yahoo.com km8fgl n]6fª df]/ª kmf]g g+= M )@! %^)%$^, (*^@@(@$)% Od]n M phadanisaccos@yahoo.com hgrfxgf n]6fª a'waf/], df]/ª kmf]g g+= M )@! %^)^)&, (*$@@$!)&@ Od]n M : janachahana@gmail.com ;'Gb/k'/ ;'Gb/x/}rf g=kf ^, df]/ª kmf]g g+= M )@! $#!)&^,(*^@#^)@#! Od]n M sundarpursaccos6@gmail.com ;+;]jg n]6fª g=kf $, df]/ª kmf]g g+= M )@! %^)@$$ Od]n M samsewan.saccos@gmail.com n]6fª n]6fª g=kf $, df]/ª kmf]g g+= M )@! %^)!^$, )@! %^)@^$ Od]n M letangsaccos2050@gmail.com ul5of ;'Gb/x/}+rf &, ul5of, df]/ª kmf]g g+= M )@! $#))^^, (*)@&(&%!! Od]n M gachhiyasacos@gmail.com 104

106 n]v ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf cfgtl/s ;'zf;gsf ljifo / r'gf}tlx ljlkg zdf{ ;b:o, n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt g]km\:s"g s'g} klg ;+:yfsf] ;kmntfsf nflu ;'zf;g Ps clgjfo{ zt{ xf]. ;'zf;gsf] cefjdf ;+:yfn] k fkt u/]sf pknawlx? bluf] / ;+:yfut x'g ;Sb}gg\. o;sf ;fy} ;'zf;g ljgf ;+:yf d"n p2]zoaf6 ljd'v x'g hfg5. art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yfx? ;dfg x}l;ot epsf ;b:ox?åf/f :yflkt eo{ ;b:ox?s} cfly{s ;xeflutfdf ;~rfng x'g] ;+:yf x'g\. art C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf] p2]zo g} ;b:osf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs hljg:t/ psf:g' / pglx?sf] ;f+:s[lts?kfgt/0f ug{' xf]. nufgl ul/psf] k"fhlsf] cfwf/df geo{ ;xeflutfsf cfwf/df JolQmsf] clwsf/ ;'lglzrt x'g] epsf]n] ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?n] cgo ;+:yfx?sf] t'ngfdf a9l nf]stflgqs ceof; ul//x]sf x'g5g\. nf]stlgqs k 0ffnLsf ;Dk"0f{ cjojx? sfg"g / ljlwdf rng h?/l x'g5. kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf lagf nf]stflgqs k 0ffnLn] :j:y?kdf sfd ug{ ;Sb}g. nf]stflgqs k 0ffnLdf clwsf/sf] k of]u ug]{ JolQmx? lhdd]jf/, kf/bzl{ / hjfkmb]xl x'g'k5{. tf]lspsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ g]t[tjstf{nfo{ lglzrt clwsf/ lbopsf] x'g5. o;/l k fkt clwsf/dfkm{t clwsf/ k bfg ug]{ JolQmx?nfO{ g} zf;g ug{ ;Sg] u/l g]t[tjstf{nfo{ g]t[tjstf{n] hxf zqmlsf] k of]uaf6 tf]lspsf] sfo{afx]ssf sfo{ u5{ jf tf]lspsf] sfo{k lt pbfl;g /xg5 Toxf ;'zf;gsf] pnn+3g epsf] dflgg5. ;'zf;g Pp6f lg/gt/ / lhjgt k lqmof klg xf]. zlqmzfnl agfpsf] x'g5. g]t[tjstf{n] Tof] zlqmsf] ljj]sk"0f{ k of]u u/l lgwf{l/t sfo{;dkgg ug{' kg]{ x'g5. o;/l k fkt zlqmnfo{ tf]lspsf] p2]zo egbf k[ys 9+un] pkof]u ug{' g} zlqmsf] b'?kof]u xf]. g]t[tjstf{n] hxff zqmlsf] k of]uaf6 tf]lspsf] sfo{afx]ssf sfo{ u5{ jf tf]lspsf] sfo{k lt pbfl;g /xg5 ToxfF ;'zf;gsf] pnn+3g epsf] dflgg5. ;'zf;g Pp6f lg/gt/ / lhjgt k lqmof klg xf]. nf]stflgqs k 0ffnLdf zlqm ;Gt'ng dfkm{t o;sf] ;'lglzrttf sfod ug]{ k of; epsf] x'g5. t/ s'g} g s'g} 7fpFaf6 zlqmsf] unt k of]usf] k of; klg eo/x]sf] x'g;s5. o;sf] ;Gt'ng olx k 0ffnL leq}af6 vf]lhg' k5{ egg] dfgotf /x]sf] x'g5. ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf] ;a}egbf dflynnf] lgsfo eg]sf] ;fwf/0f;ef xf] / of] ;dfg x}l;otsf ;b:ox?sf] ;femf lgsfo xf]. ;+:yfsf] ljwflosl clwsf/ ;fwf/0f;efdf lglxt x'g5. o;}n] ;+:yf ;~rfng k 0ffnLsf ljlegg c+ux?sf ;fy} ;+:yf ;~rfng ug]{ ljlw / gllt lgodsf] lgdf{0f u5{. ;~rfns ;ldlt / n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt ;xsf/lsf b'o{ dxtjk"0f{ zlqms]gb x'g\. ;fwf/0f;efaf6 ;~rfns ;ldltnfo{ sfo{sf/l clwsf/ k fkt x'g5 eg] n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldltnfo{ lgogq0fsf/l clwsf/ k fkt epsf] x'g5. lo b'j} ;ldltn] cfkm\gf] clwsf/nfo{ ;+:yfsf] p2]zok flktsf nflu cfbz{td pkof]u u/]sf] cj:yfnfo{ ;+:yf k"0f{?kdf ;'zf;gdf /x]sf] cj:yf dflgg5. g]kfnsf] art C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yf -;fsf];_ df ;'zf;g Pp6f d'vo r'gf}tlsf]?kdf b]lvpsf] 5. ;xsf/l ;+:yfdf b]lvpsf ;d:ofx?sf] sf/s 105

107 d'votm ;'zf;gsf] cefj g} xf]. ;fsf];sf] ;'zf;gsf r'gf}tlx?sf s]xl kif af/] rrf{ u/f}+m!= cf}krfl/s /0fgLlts of]hgf / Joj:yfkg k lqmofsf] cefj s'g} klg ;+:yfdf s] ug]{, lsg ug]{, slxn] ug]{, s;n] ug]{ / s;/l ug]{ egg] s'/f :ki6 x'g' k5{. o;sf] cefjdf ;+:yfsf] ;ldlt, pk;ldlt / Joj:yfkgdf /x]/ sfd ug]{ JolQmx?n] ;+:yfsf nflu cfkm"n] ug{'kg]{ sfd pko'qm df}sfdf ug{ g;sbf ;+:yfnfo{ Iflt x'g hfg5. To;}u/L h;n] ug{' kg]{ xf] p;n] gu/]/ c? s;}n] Tof] sfd ug{' eg]sf] Ps hgfaf6 kblo lglzqmotf / csf]{ hgfaf6 If]qflwsf/ pnn+3g x'ghfg5. h'g s'/f ;'zf;gsf] nflu r'gf}tl xf]. cfjlws?kdf /0fgLlts of]hgf th{'df ul/psf] 5}g / sfo{;dkfbgsf nflu sfo{ljlw nfu' ul/psf] 5}g eg] ToxfF lglzrt?kdf ;'zf;gsf] k Zg ;ldlt / ;ldltsf ;b:ox?sf] ;fd"lxs ;f]r / k ltj4tf tyf hjfkmb]lxtfsf] cefj ;+:yfsf] ;~rfns ;ldlt cfkm}fdf Pp6f sfo{sf/l lgsfo xf]. To;}u/L n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt cfgtl/s lgodgsf/l lgsfo xf]. lo b'j} ;ldltx?sf] ;+:yf ;~rfngsf ;jfndf cfcfkm\gf] sfo{, lhdd]jf/l, hjfkmb]lxtf / bflotj af/] :ki6tf x'g h?/l 5. ;ldlt cfkm}fdf JolQmx?sf] ;d"x eptf klg of] Pp6f lgsfosf?kdf /xg] epsf]n] ;ldltsf] cflwsfl/s wf/0ff egbf legg wf/0ff ;ldlt leqsf] s'g} JolQmsf] b]lvg updf To;n] ;+:yfsf] ;'zf;gdf c;/ kf5{. 5nkmn, ax; / kifkf]if0f kzrft ul/psf] lg0f{onfo{ kif ljkif geosg ;Dk"0f{?kdf To; lgsfosf] lg0f{osf]?kdf l:jsfl/g' k5{. To;} u/l ;ldlt leqsf JolQmx?sf] ;ldlt k lt / JolQmut?kdf ;+:yf k ltsf] lhdd]jf/l / hjfkmb]lxtf klg ;'zf;gsf nflu dxtjk"0f{ /xg5. slxn]sfxlf ax'dtn] ug]{ lg0f{o olb ;+:yfsf] clxt x'g] lsl;dsf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ ;dy{g u/]/ hffbf ;+:yfnfo{ xfgl x'g hfg5. To:tf] cj:yfdf Pp6f JolQm jf ;b:osf?kdf ljj]szln lg0f{o lno{ ;+:yfnfo{ 7"nf] Iflt x'gaf6 hf]ufpg' kg]{ klg x'g;s5. #= kblo lhdd]jf/l lgjf{x ug{ cfjzos Ifdtfsf] cefj ;+:yfsf] s'g} klg kbdf /xgsf nflu cfjzos kg]{ Ifdtf jf of]uotfsf] cefj epsf] JolQm Tof] kbdf a:bf ;+:yfsf] ;'zf;gdf ulde/ c;/ kg{ hfg5. h:tf] s'g} ;+:yfsf] n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldltdf /x]sf] JolQmn] ;+:yfsf] jf;nft a' g] Ifdtf /fvb}g eg] To:tf] JolQmn] pqm kbnfo{ Gofo ug{ ljqlo ;xsf/l ;+:yf ;~rfng ug]{ JolQmx?nfO{ ljqlo If]qsf] ;fdfgo 1fg x'g} kb{5. ljqlo If]qsf] 1fg gx' bf pko'qm ;dodf ;xl lg0f{o lng ;Sg] cj:yf x' b}g. of] ljifo JolQmut cfr/0f / Jojxf/; u klg hf]l8g hfg5. ;Sb}g. cfkm"nfo{ hfgsf/l gepsf] ljifodf ljz]if1sf] ;'emfjsf] cfwf/df lg0f{o lng ;lsg] cj:yf x'g;s5 t/ To;sf] nflu klg ;'emfjsf cfwf/df ljj]szln lg0f{o lng ;Sg] Ifdtf x'g'k5{. $= ljqlo If]qsf] 1fgsf] cefj ljqlo ;xsf/l ;+:yf ;~rfng ug]{ JolQmx?nfO{ ljqlo If]qsf] ;fdfgo 1fg x'g} kb{5. ljqlo If]qsf] 1fg gx'fbf pko'qm ;dodf ;xl lg0f{o lng ;Sg] cj:yf x'fb}g. of] ljifo JolQmut cfr/0f / Jojxf/;Fu klg hf]l8g hfg5. ljqlo If]qdf s'g} klg kbdf /x]/ sfd ug]{ JolQmn] s] ug{ x'g5 / s] ug{ x'fb}g egg] ljifodf cfkm" k i6 x'g'k5{. k};fsf] sf/f]af/ x'g] 7fpmF c;fwo} hf]lvd o'qm x'g] epsf]n] slxn]sflxf efjfj]zdf cfp/ ul/g] sfo{ jf lg0f{on] ;'zf;gsf ;jfndf ulde/ q'l6 ;[hgf ug{ ;S5. %= lg0f{o lngsf nflu kof{kt / k"0f{ ;"rgfsf] cefj lg0f{o k lqmofsf nlu ;"rgf c;fwo} dxtjk"0f{ kif xf]. kof{kt ;"rgfsf] cefjdf ul/g] lg0f{o ;xl gx'g] ;Defjgf a9l x'g5. To;} u/l ;"rgf k"0f{ klg x'g'k5{. ck"0f{ ;"rgfsf cfwf/df ul/psf] lg0f{o unt epdf To;sf] lhdd]jf/ :jo+ lg0f{ostf{ g} x'g hfg5. h:t} tkfo{+nfo{ s;}n] tkfo{sf] 3/df Zofd cfpsf] lyof].ú egof] < tkfo{nfo{ Zofd;Fu e]6\g h?/l lyof]. tkfo{+n] Tolt egfo{s} cfwf/df ttsfn c? sfd 5f8]/ 3/df hfg] lg0f{o lng'eof] eg] b':v kfpg ;Sg'x'G5 olb tkfo{+n] of] ;"rgfsf] csf]{ kf6f] cyf{t, Úp s]xl ;do tkfo{+nfo{ s'/]/ uo{;sof].ú egg] s'/f ;'Gg' epg eg]. ^= a}7s k"j{ cfjzos tof/l gx'g' g]kfnsf clwsf+z ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?df a}7s k"j{ a}7ssf] Ph]G8faf/] hfgsf/l lng]lbg] ;+:sf/ ljsl;t eo;s]sf] 5}g. a}7ssf] Ph]G8fsf] k"j{ hfgsf/l / tl Ph]G8f;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgfx?sf] cwoog u/]/ k"j{ tof/lsf ;fy a}7sdf pkl:yt epdf dfq cfkm\gf] kblo lhdd]jf/l k"/f ug{ ;lsg5. o;f] ug{ g;s]sf] v08df s;}sf] JolQmut Ph]G8fsf] ;fifl dfq agg] ;Defjgf klg /xg5. &= hl6n ljifox?df ckof{kt 5nkmn xfdlsxff w]/} h;f] sd dxtjsf ljifodf w]/} rrf{ ug]{ / a9l dxtjsf ljifodf ;tlx?kdf 5nkmn u/l lg0f{o lng] k4lt 5. a}7sdf xf];\ jf s'g} ljifodf JolQmut?kdf lnog] lg0f{o g} lsg gxf];\ o;sf] uxgtfnfo{ x]/]/ kof{kt?kdf 5nkmn ug]{ / ;/f]sf/jfnf tyf ljifo lj1x?;fusf] cgt/+u 5nkmn kzrft lg0f{o lng' pko'qm x'g5. xfdl;fu 106

108 lg0f{o lngsf nflu t s]xl ;do x'g5 t/ slxn]sflxf kof{kt 5nkmn lagf lnopsf lg0f{ox?nfo{ ;Rofpg] ;do sltklg gldng ;S5. *= ljrf/ / wf/0ffx?sf] cfbfgk bfg gx'g' ;+:yf leq ljrf/ / wf/0ffx?df cgt/lj/f]w / ;dfgtf b'j} x'g;s5g\. ;+:yfsf] sfdsf lznlznfdf ;DalGwt JolQmx?sf] ljrf/ / wf/0ffsf] cfbfgk bfg x'g ;Sof] eg] dfq ul/psf] sfd k efjsf/l x'g ;S5. o;/l ljrf/sf] cfbfgk bfgn] c;xdt ljrf/nfo{ klg ;Ddfg ug]{ kl/kf6l ljsl;t x'g5. o;n] ;+:yf leqsf] ;Defljt ågånfo{ Go"gLs/0f jf Joj:yfkg u5{. (= ;~rfns tyf Joj:yfkgsf] e"ldsf / lhdd]jf/l :ki6 gx'g' ;xsf/l ;+:yfdf ;~rfns ;ldlt / Joj:yfkgsf] cfcfkm\g} lsl;dsf lhdd]jf/l x'g5g\. ;'zf;gsf] c;n ceof;sf nflu ;~rfns ;ldlt cfkm}fn] sfd gu/]/ Joj:yfkg dfkm{t b}lgs cfly{s, k zf;lgs tyf Jofj;flos sfdx? u/fpg' 7Ls x'g5. ;+:yfsf] ;~rfns ;ldltn] ;+:yfsf] cfgtl/s glltdf tf]lspsf lhdd]jf/l cg'?ksf sfd ;DalGwt sd{rf/laf6 u/fpg], To;sf] lgogq0f ug]{ k 0ffnLnfO{ lg/gt/ cg'udg ug]{ / glltdf gepsf s'/f lg0f{o u/l ;f] cg'?k Joj:yfkgnfO{ sfd ug{ lgb]{zg lbg' kb{5. Joj:yfkgn] klg s'g} klg sfd cfkm\gf] If]qflwsf/ egbf aflx/ up/ ug{ x'fb}g. ;+:yfsf] glltdf gn]lvpsf] sfd ug{' kof]{ eg] ;ldlt jf ;ldltn] clvtof/l k bfg u/]sf] lgsfo jf JolQmsf] lg0f{osf cfwf/df dfq To:tf] sfd ug{'kg]{ x'g5. ;+:yfsf] ;~rfns ;ldlt, n]vf ;ldlt / Joj:yfkg cfkm\g' sfd st{jo / clwsf/af/] k i6 x'g' ;'zf;gsf nflu ctogt} dxtjk"0f{ x'g5.!)= Jofj;flos 1fg / gljgtd ceof;x?sf] 1fg gx'g' kblo lhdd]jf/ldf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{ ;+:yfsf] Joj;fo;Fu ;DalGwt 1fg x'g h?/l 5. o:tf] 1fgsf] cefjdf lnog] lg0f{ox? unt x'g hfg5g\. o;sf ;fy} ;DalGwt Joj;fodf k of]u eo/x]sf gljgtd ceof;x? k of]u ug{'kg]{ x'g5. o;f] gul/psf] v08df ;+:yfn] tf]lspsf] nio xfl;n gug{ ;S5 / ul/psf sltko sfdx? klg c;fgble{s x'g ;S5g\.!!= kblo lhdd]jf/l k"/f ug{ kof{kt ;do glbg' ;+3;+:yfx?sf] g]t[tjdf hfg] sltko JolQmx? lhdd]jf/l k"/f ug]{ rfxgf egbf klg kb k ltsf] cfsif{0fn] a9l k efljt epsf] b]lvg5. tyfslyt kb wf/0f ug]{ / To;sf] cfly{s -;fdflhs x}l;ot af6 nfeflgjt x'g] t/ ;f] kbdf /xg k"/f ug{'kg]{ lhdd]jf/l k"/f gug]{ kl/kf6ln] ;+:yfsf] cfgtl/s ;'zf;gdf ;d]t ulde/ Iflt k' ofpf5.!@= hf]lvd Joj:yfkg / n]vf k/lif0fdf kof{kt Wofg glbg' elgg5 afrg' g} hljg knkndf vt/fdf kg{' xf]. xfdln] ;~rfng u/]sf ;+:yf k"0f{?kdf hf]lvdd'qm x'g} ;Sb}gg\. hf]lvdsf] k s[lt x]l/ s]xl hf]lvdnfo{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ / s]xlnfo{ Joj:yfkg ug{'kg]{ x'g5. ;+:yfdf cfgtl/s ;'zf;g sfod /fvg o:tf hf]lvdx? Go"gLs/0f / Joj:yfkgsf k efjsf/l cf}hf/x? k of]u ug{'kb{5. To;} u/l ;+:yfsf] n]vf k/lif0f k ltj]bg ;+:yfsf] cfly{s ultljlwsf] P]gf xf]. of] P]gf hlt ;kmf eof] ;+:yfsf] sf/f]jf/sf] Tolt :ki6 tl:j/ o;df b]vg ;lsg5. t;y{ n]vf k/lif0f ;lx 9+un] epsf] 5 egg] ;'lglzrttf x'g h?/l 5. n]vf k/lif0f cfgtl/s ;'zf;gsf nflu dxtjk"0f{ epsf] sf/0fn] g} clgtd jf afxo n]vf k/lifsnfo{ ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf] ;jf]{rr lgsfo cyf{t ;fwf/0f;efn] lgo'qml ug]{ / ;fwf/0f;efk lt g} hjfkmb]xl agfopsf] x'g5. ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf / cfjzostf x]/]/ cfgtl/s n]vf k/lif0f ;d]t u/fpg ;lsg5. o;n] ubf{ ;+:yfsf] cfly{s ultljlwsf] cfjlws ;dliff ;d]t x'g] ub{5. cfgtl/s n]vf k/lif0f n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt / -jf_ cfgtl/s n]vf k/lifs dfkm{t u/fpg ;lsg5. lgzsif{ ;'zf;g k"0f{?kdf k 0ffnL leqsf] cfgtl/s kif xf]. of] Ps;fy ;fd"lxs k ltj4tf / JolQmut hjfkmb]lxtf klg xf]. ;xsf/l ;+:yfnfo{ :j:y?kdf ;~rfng u/l ;b:osf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts?kfgt/0fsf nflu sfd ug]{ kljq p2]zonfo{ k"/f ug]{ x]t' ;+:yf leqsf ;Dk"0f{ kifn] ;'zf;gnfo{ clgjfo{ zt{sf]?kdf :jlsf/ u/l ;xsf/ldf ljlwsf] zf;g ;'lglzrt ug]{ tkm{ cu ;/ epsf] v08df ;'zf;g c;dej 5}g. of] lg/gt/sf] k lqmof epsf]n] o;nfo{ sfod ug{ ;w}f k of;/t eg] /lx/xg' kb{5. 107

109 /fhwfgl Sni6/ k yd -k f]a]zg_ xf]:6] x}+;] sf=d=g=kf=!$, s+nsl, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $^&#)% Od]n M hostayhainsaysacos@gmail.com nidl dlxnf kgf}tl %, sfe ] kmf]g g+= M )!! ^^@^@* Od]n M laxmisaccos@hotmail.com Hof]lt ldld{/] ;fd"lxs kgf}tl ^, sfe ] kmf]g g+= M )!! $$)^(@ Od]n M info@jmssaccos.coop.np j]a;fo6 M df]8]n jg]kf &, sfe ] kmf]g g+= M )!! ^^)*^^ Od]n M modelsaccosbanepa@gmail.com /fw]s[i0f sf=d=g=kf=!^, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $**!@)) Od]n M rksccl@gmail.com >LdfO ah af/fxl uf]bfj/l g=kf=!!, rfkfufpf, nlntk'/ kmf]g g+= M )! %%&$%)# Od]n M shreemaibajrabarahi@hotmail.com c}rf] k}rf] sf=d=g=kf=!#, sflndf6l, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $^&#!$^ Od]n M ainpin16@gmail.com Pstf sf=d=g=kf= #!, zflgtgu/, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $^@)%^) Od]n M ekatabachatktm@gmail.com gjo'jf nlntk'/ levfmaxfn, nlntk'/ kmf]g g+= M )! %%%$$%* Od]n M navayuwa @gmail.com kb\dfjtl nlntk'/ gamaxfn, nlntk'/ kmf]g g+= M )! %))%)%@ Od]n M padmavatisaccos@gmail.com 108

110 n]v ;xsf/lx?sf] Ifdtf / :yfglo ljsf;df ;xeflutf lzjhl ;fksf]6f k d'v sfo{sf/l clws[t g]km\:s"g xfd f] h:tf] d'n'sdf lj ;fndf cf}krfl/s ;xsf/lsf] k f?k b]vf kg'{, ;fndf nf]stgqsf] pbo x'g', hgtfx? ;+ul7t x'g] / cfk;l cfly{s Pjd\ ;fdflhs lqmofsnfk ug]{ PsLs[t ynf]sf]?kdf ;xsf/lnfo{ ljbdfg gof P]g dfkm{t /fhon] cl3 Nofpg'n] ;xsf/l If]qnfO{ s]xl xb;dd hgd}ql agfpsf] 5. / fi6«sf] cfly{s ljsf;sf tlg vdafx? dwo]sf] Ps vdafsf]?kdf :jlsf/l ;s]sf] cj:yf / b]zsf ljlegg ;d'bfodf ;xsf/ltf dfkm{t ul/ al Go"gLs/0fsf] pkfosf]?kdf ;fljt o; dxfg cleofgnfo{ ;a} tx / tksfsf JolQmx?af6 cftd;fy ul/psf] ljifo ;xsf/l xf]. xfd f] h:tf] d'n'sdf of] Ps ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t kf/:kl/s d]nldnfk / ;fdflhs Pstf sfod /fvg] ynf]sf]?kdf ;xsf/ln] v]n]sf] dxtjk"0f{ of]ubfgnfo{ xfdln] e'ng' x'fb}g, of] :jefljs?kdf u}//fhgllts ynf] xf] hxff u'6ut /fhgllt / 5nsk6 6f9f / Pstf Pjd\ eforf/f glhs /xg5. ToxfF nf]stflgqs ceof; x'g5 / Pssf nflu ;a} / ;a}sf nflu Ps x'g5g\. To;}n] o;sf] ljlw ;'ulgwt 5 cfh ljzjdf. cfh ;Ddsf] cf+s8f x]bf{ #% xhf/ ;xsf/lx?df ^@ nfv ;b:ox? cfj4 eo{ sl/j # ca{ art kl/rfng eo{ sl/j ^& xhf/ hgfnfo{ k ToIf /f]huf/l / sl/j # nfvnfo{ :jod\;]jl?kdf cleofg ;~rfngsf] lhdd]jf/l lnpsf] of] If]q jf:tjdf ;xsf/ln] :yfglo k"fhl Pslqt u/l kl/rfng ug]{ sfo{n] r/0fj4 hfu/0f, ;zqmls/0f, ljsf; / Jofj;flostf tkm{ pgd'v epsf] xf] egg ;lsg5. xfd f] h:tf] d'n'sdf lj ;fndf cf}krfl/s ;xsf/lsf] k f?k b]vf kg'{, lj ;fndf nf]stgqsf] pbo x'g', hgtfx? ;+ul7t x'g] / cfk;l cfly{s Pjd\ ;fdflhs lqmofsnfk ug]{ PsLs[t ynf]sf]?kdf ;xsf/lnfo{ ljbdfg goff P]g dfkm{t /fhon] cl3 Nofpg'n] ;xsf/l If]qnfO{ s]xl xb ;Dd hgd}ql agfpsf] 5. ;xsf/ldf ul/g] lgoldt art / C0f nufgln] ;+:yfut?kdf :yflotj kfpg' / ;xsf/l dfkm{t cfhsf] cfly{s, ;dflhs / ;f+:s[lts kl/jt{gnfo{ pknawlsf]?kdf lng ;lsg5. ;xsf/l dfkm{t b]zsf] cy{tgqdf qmflgt NofPsf j]nfot, hd{gl, Sofg8f, yfonof08, sf]l/of, Oh/fon, aënfb]z nufotsf ljlegg d'n'sx?df ;xsf/lsf] Pp6f df]8n :yflkt eo;s]sf] 5. ol ljlegg d'n'sx?df ;xsf/ln] cfkm\gf] 5jL sfod ul/;s]sf5g\ / ;xsf/ldf cfj4tf 109

111 lagf JolQmsf] snkgf ug{ d'l:sn eo;s]sf] xfdl kfpf5f}+. jf:tjdf dflg;sf] hljg k4ltsf]?kdf :yflkt of] ljlw Psh'6 x'g] dfgotfdf cfwfl/t 5. o;/l ;xsf/ln] ljzjsf] s'g}klg s'gfdf a;f]af; ug]{ dfgj hljgdf k' ofpsf] of]ubfg ct'nglo /x]sf] xfdl kfpf5f}+. g]kfndf lj sf] ;xsf/l P]gdf epsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ ;b:osf] art lgif]k :jlsf/ ug]{ / C0f nufgl ug]{ clwsf/ ;lxtsf] of] P]g t'ngftds?kdf w]/} g} nf]stflgqs / ;dfj]zl /x]sf] 5. To;tfsf of] P]g tof/ ubf{ ;xsf/ldf cfhsf] ljsf;sf] snkgf ;Dej lypg tyflk of] jif{ latfo ;s]sf]5. b]zdf ljlegg kl/jt{gx? cfo;s], cgt/f{li6«o hutdf klg 7"nf 7"nf cfly{s kl/jt{gx? eo;s], ;do jnjfg jif{ cl3 btf{ dfq u/]/!))?k}of dlxgfsf] b/n] lan sf6\g] ;+:yfx?sf] ;DklQ cfh sl/j ca{ gfl3 ;s]sf]5. ljqlo?kdf ;Ifd, k fljlws?kdf cu ufdl, /0fgLlts?kdf b'/blz{ ol ;xsf/lx? ca ;d'bfosf] x/]s r'gf}tlsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] ep. ;d'bfosf JolQmx?nfO{ artsf] dxtj a'emfpfb} l;sfpfb} ;Fu;Fu} lnp/ lxl8psf] hfu/0fsf] r/0f, /sddfq p7fp/ xf]og o;sf] bflotj Joj:yfkgdf gllt / s'zn k agwsf] cfjzostfsf] jsfnt / ceof;nfo{ cl3 ;f/]sf] ljsf;sf] r/0f, ;d'bfosf ;a} dflg;nfo{ cfly{s lqmofnfkdf ;+nug u/fpg' k5{, kx'frsf] cj;/ lbg'kb{5 egg] dfgotfn] Jofj;flostf ljsf;sf] r/0f, pknaw u/fopsf ;]jfx? ;b:on]?rfopsf] x'g'k5{, ;do ;dodf Tof] k/lif0f eo{ ;b:os]lgb t ;]jf pknaw u/fpg] u'0f:t/lo ;]jf lgdf{0fsf] r/0f / ca ;xsf/lx? y/l y/l xf]o{g Ps} y/l Pp6} af6f]af6 lx8\g'kg]{ / ;f]xl Pslqt epsf] k"fhln] /fi6«lgdf{0fdf ;xsfo{ ug{ ;Sg] txdf hfg ;~hfn dfkm{t ;~rfng ;Dd cfok'u]sf] 5. cfh ;du ;xsf/ldf u/l tlg nfv egbf a9l JolQmx?n] :jod;]jl e"ldsf lgjf{x u/l ;d'bfodf ;xsf/lnfo{ :yflkt ul/;s]sf5g\. ;'zf;gsf] ceof; cif/; kfngf u/l cfly{s cg'zf;g, ;xsfo{d'vl ;f]r / kf/:kl/s eforf/fnfo{ sfod u/]sf5g\. /fhosf] ablnfbf] ;~rfng ;+/rgfdf :yfglo, k fb]lzs / ;+3Lo txn] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf lqmofsnfknfo{ :yfglos/0f ul/;s]sf] 5. g]kfndf ;xsf/l If]q Ps To:tf] ;+u7g xf] hxff k"0f{ :jod;]jlx?sf] dfu{lgb]{zdf cfly{s ljsf;sf] lqmofsnfkdf cgj/t k ultkydf nlds/x]sf] 5. g]kfnn] ca :yfglo ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] sfo{if]q leqsf] :yfglo ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfo{df ;xsf/l ;Fu ;xsfo{ u/l To;df ;+nug :jod;]jl ;+/rgfnfo{ pkof]u ug]{ cjwf/0ff Nofpg'kb{5. ;fdfgo?kdf o;nfo{ ;xsf/låf/f Jojl:yt, ;d'bflos ljsf; cjwf/0ff (Cooperative Managed Community Development Approach - CMCDA) elgg5. pkef]qmf ;ldltx? u7g ug'{ / ;'zf;gsf] ljljw ;+ogq lgdf{0f ug'{ egbf ;d'bfosf] k fyldstf cg'?ksf af6f]3f6f], k'nk'n];f, ;fd'bflos ejg, k':tsfno, k ljlw s]gb, 7"nf ;+/rgf, lah'nl k ;f/, pbfg, :jf:yo, vfg]kfgl ljljw ljifox?sf] lhdd]jf/l lglzrt ;Ifd ;xsf/lx?nfo{ pknaw u/fpg] ljlwsf] to ug'{ k5{. tl :jod;]jlx? ;d'bfosf] af/]df hfgsf/ 5g\, ttk/ x'g5g\. cfkm\gf] If]qsf] ljsf; cfkm\g} ;xsf/l dfkm{t egg] gf/fnfo{ ;fy{s agfpg Tof] lhdd]jf/l ;xsf/lnfo{ x:tfgt/0f ug'{k5{. /fhosf ;a} lsl;dsf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x? Jojl:yt ug{ ;Ifd ;xsf/lx? eo;s]. dfq /fhon] ljzjf; ul/lbg' k of], >f]t olg} ;Fu 5g\, s'zn Joj:yfkg olg};fu 5, lg:jfyl{ :jod;]jl oxl 5g\. 110

112 cy{ sjr ;'gwf/f, tfxfunl, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $@^^^@^, $@@!!%@ Od]n M arthakawach.saving@gmail.com ;b:o ;+Vof M!!)! -@&% dlxnf / *@^ k'?if_ artsf k sf/ M!% k sf/ ljqlo cj:yf M hddf z]o/ art?=!&,!(,$#,$!# C0f nufgl?=!%,*),!*,$*^ z'qmky ax'p2]zolo ;xsf/l ;+:yf ln= k wfg sfof{no Go"/f]8, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $@$%@&*, $@$%@*@ Od]n M sukrapath@gmail.com j]a;fo6 M ;b:o ;]jf s]gb sflndf6l!#, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! %!^%)#@, %!^%)$@ rfjlxn &, u0f]z:yfg, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $$*%@(&, $$*@!@* sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $#()*@#, $#**!^! ltgs'g], sf]6]zj/ #@, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $!!&((# 111

113 hgptyfg n]va];l g=kf= $, ;'v]{t kmf]g g+= M (*^*#!(()! Od]n M bkgyanwali@gmail.com lkknaf]6 lj/]gb ;'v]{t kmf]g g+= M )*# %@#&$@ Od]n M pipalbotsaccos.059@gmail.com gd'gf u'ef{sf]6 gu/kflnsf!, d]x]ns'gf, ;'v]{t kmf]g g+= M )*# $!))%% Od]n M namunasaccos55@gmail.com hghfu/0f u'ef{sf]6 gu/kflnsf!@, u'ef{sf]6, ;'v]{t kmf]g g+= M (*%*)%@**@ Od]n M janajagaran054@gmail.com s[ifs k ]/0ff j'ef{sf]6!#, lzjgu/, ;'v]{t kmf]g g+= M (&$*)!^%*# Od]n M sahakariprerana@gmail.com lj/]gb gu/ lj/]gb gu/ ^, ;'v]{t kmf]g g+= M )*# %@@#!&, %@##!& Od]n M birendranagar.saccos@gmail.com j]a;fo6 M hnsgof b'wkf]v/l uf=kf=, ^, uf}+8f, ndh'ª cwoifm n]v axfb'/ u'?ª kmf]gm (*$^#^(&## rqmlty{ /fogf; gu/kflnsf $, ndh'ª g}g ljqmd g]kfnl, sfo{qmd ;+of]hs wg'iff lhnnf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= hgsk'/wfd, wg'iff Ondkf]v/L b'wkf]v/l uf=kf= $, ndh'ª ;lrjm /0f axfb'/ u'?ª kmf]gm (*%^)$%%)* 112

114 g]km\:s"gåf/f k'/:s[t Joj:yfkgsx?sf] ljrf/ ;xsf/l Joj:yfkgdf g]k\m:s"gsf] e"ldsf /g axfb'/ yfkf Joj:yfks hgptyfg ;fsf]; ;xsf/l Joj:yfkg eg]sf] ;xsf/lsf] kl/snkgf, Wo]o, nio / p2]zo k flktsf] nflu ;+:yfnfo{ gllt lgod cg';f/ pknaw ;fwg >f]tx?nfo{ Jojl:yt tl/sfn] k of]u / kl/rfg ug'{ xf]. w]/} ;xsf/l ;+:yfx? plrt Joj:yfkg ug{ g;sgfsf] sf/0f ctolws hf]lvddf 5g\ eg]/ elgg5. g]k\m:s"gn] o;} ;xsf/l Joj:yfkgdf epsf ljlegg hf]lvdx? Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu ljlegg sfo{qmdx? sj{;, k f]a]zg, PS;]; ;+rfng ub}{ cfo/x]sf] 5. h;n] xfdl ;a} ;xsf/l ;+rfng stf{x?nfo{ tkl;nsf s'/fx?sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ g]k\m:s"gn] dxfef/t o'4df s[i0fsf] e"ldsf h:t} ;xlhs/0fsf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5.!= ;xsf/lnfo{ JolQmsf] af]ln jf ;+rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{on] rnfpg] xf]og gllt lgodn] rnfpg' k5{ eg]/ ;xsf/l ;+rfngsf] nflu cfjzos 8«fkm\6 gllt tyf sfo{ ljlwx?sf] ljsf; ;xsf/lsf] ;+rfns tyf n]vf ;ldltsf] a}7sdf s] s] k :tfjx? af/]df 5nkmn ug]{, ;+rfnsx?sf] e"ldsf s] xf] / s;/l k efjsf/l e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;lsg5 egg] h:tf ljljw ljifox?df ;+rfnsx?sf] ;xsf/l ;~rfng Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{. #= klxnf hu]8f sf]if arfpb} nfg' k5{ egg] s'/fsf] 1fg gepsf]n] ;+:yfnfo{ lhljt /fvg] of] sf]ifsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ /x]sf] cj:yfdf hu]8f sf]ifsf] dxtjaf/] ;r]t u/fpfb} sf]ifsf] cj:yf ;'wf/ ug{ / ljljw sf]ifx?sf] kl/rfng ug{. $= ljlegg tflndx? dfkm{t kn;{ ;"rssf] k of]u u/l ;'/If0f, k efjsf/l ljqlo ;+/rgf, u'0f:t/lo ;DklQ, k ltkmn tyf nfut b/, t/ntf / j[l4sf] ;+s]t h:tf ;"rsx?df ;xsf/lsf] ljqlo cj:yf :j:y /fvg ;+rfns / Joj:yfkgnfO{ hfu?s agfpg. %= ;xsf/ldf t/ntf sld eo{ ;b:ox?sf] art lkmtf{ ug{ g;sg] cj:yf cfpdf ;xsf/lx?nfo{ b'3{6\gf x'gaf6 arfpg C0f ;xof]u ug{. ^= ;xsf/lsf ;b:ox? ;+:yfsf] dflns x'g / ;a} sf/f]jf/ cfkm\g} ;+:yfaf6 ug{, eljiodf b'v ;'vsf] nflu yf]/} yf]/} epklg lg/gt/ art ug ;b:ox?nfo{ ;xsf/l lziff dfkm{t hlt ;Sbf] lziff lbg'k5{ egg] s'/fdf ;r]t u/fpg / cfjzos ljqlo ;fif/tf sfo{qmdx? rnfpg. &= ;xsf/ldf ;b:ox?sf] art / z]o/ ;'/Iffsf] nflu ljlegg ;"rsx? lg/gt/ j[l4 x'g' k5{ j[l4 ug{ g;sg] ;+:yfx? ls t PsLs/0fdf hfg' k5{ ls t jgb ug'{ k5{ eg]/ xfdlnfo{ ;hu u/fo{ ;'t]sf ;xsf/lx?nfo{ PsLs/0fsf] nflu ;xof]u ug{. *= efsf gf3]sf C0fx?sf] ;'/lift Joj:yfkg ug{ C0f lbg] a]nfd} % ;L ljzn]if0f u/l e/kbf]{ ;b:osf] ltg{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df / Psf3/ kl/jf/sf] dgh'l/gfdf lnp/ ;fy} cfjzos ;a} k lqmof k' ofp/ dfq C0f lbg ;Sg] ;Ifd ;fsf]; agfpg. (= w]/} ;xsf/l tyf ljqlo ;d"xdf a:g] Pp6faf6 C0f lng] csf]{df ltg]{ rngn] ;b:ox? lbg k ltlbg ul/al j[l4s/0f e}/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/sf] Ps ;b:o Ps ;xsf/l cleofgnfo{ hf]8 ub}{ sldtdf ;xsf/lsf ;+rfns tyf Psf3/ kl/jf/sf] ;b:ox? cgo p:t} k s[ltsf] ;xsf/lsf] z]o/ ;b:o x'g' x'fb}g egg] cleofgnfo{ ;b:o ;fsf];;dd k' ofpg.!)= sldtdf jif{sf] Ps k6s ;b:o ;j]{if0f u/l ;b:osf] ;Gt'i6L, u'gf;f], ;'emfj ;+sng u/l To;nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ / To;} cg';f/ ;b:onfo{ ;Gt'li6 x'g] vfnsf] ptkfbg tyf ;b:o ;]jf sfo{qmdx? Nofpg.!!= ;b:ox?nfo{ lbog] ljlegg lsl;dsf ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] af/]df hfgsf/l u/fpg ljlegg lnkmn]6, a ';/, k ltj]bg agfp/ ;b:ox?nfo{ ljt/0f u/l ;+:yfsf] sfo{qmddf Jofks ;xeflutf u/fpg.!@= ;xsf/lx?sf] cfkm\gf] 5'6\6} klxrfg agfpg' k5{ eg]/ ;a} ;xsf/lx?df Ps?ktf k 0ffnL nfu" ug{ ;a} ;b:o ;fsf];x?nfo{ Jofks k rf/ k ;f/ u/l sldtdf Aofg/, nf]uf], ;fog af]8{df Ps?ktf Nofpg.!#= ;b:ox?nfo{ C0f dfq ljt/0f ug]{ xf]og C0f nufgl ug]{ / efjl 113

115 of]hgfsf] nflu clxn}af6 yf]/} yf]/} art ug{ l;sfpg ;+:yfsf] jflif{s sfo{qmddf ;xsf/l lziffsf] nflu ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{.!$= klxnf ;b:osf] dfq kmf]6f] / gful/stfsf] cfwf/df art tyf C0f sf/f]jf/ ug]{ rngnfo{ ;'wf/ ub}{ ;b:ox?sf] lj:t[t ;b:o klxrfg kmf/d e/l ;b:ox?sf] af/]df k"0f{ hfgsf/l lng / ;b:ox?sf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/sf] ;'Id cg';gwfg u/]/ dfq C0f nufgl ug{ ;Ifd agfpg.!%= ;xsf/lsf] C0f nufgl tyf art ;'/Iffdf cfpg ;Sg] ljljw hf]lvdx?sf] Go"gLs/0f s;/l ug]{ egg] af/]df Ps cfk;df cg'ejx? z]o/sf] dfwodaf6 cfbfg k bfg ug]{ Kn]6 kmd{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{.!^ ;/sf/n] ;xsf/l btf{ dfq ug]{ / btf{ u/]sf ;a} ;xsf/l ;Dd To;sf] /]vb]v / lgoldt cg'udgsf] If]qdf kx'fr gk'lu/x]sf] cj:yfdf s]xl xb ;Dd ep klg ;b:o ;fsf];x?df clgjfo{?kdf ;xsf/l P]g tyf sfg"gl bflotjx? k"0f{?kdf kfngf u/fpg. art tyf C0f ;xsf/ldf k ltagw nfug ;SYof] /fh]gb b'd? Joj:yfks l;l4 u0f]z ;fsf]; g]km\:s"g / ;fsf]; cleofg kof{ojfrl epsf] 5. ;fsf]; cleofg eg]/ xfdln] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t art tyf C0f ;xsf/l cleofgnfo{ a'em]sf 5f}+. o; cleofgsf] g]t[tj ljifout s]gb Lo ;+3sf] gftfn] g]km\:s"gn] ub{} cfpsf] 5. ;+Vof / k efj b'j} sf/0fn] g]kfnsf] ;xsf/l cleofgdf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l xfjl 5. lgoldt artsf] dfwodaf6 ;+u7lt ep/ ;+slnt cfk;l art sf]if /sd ;d"xsf ;b:ox?nfo{ plrt Aofhb/df z'ne C0f k bfg ug{] / ;b:ox?n] ljlegg cfo cfh{g x'g] If]qdf nufgl u/l ;d'bfonfo{ ;]jf k bfg ug{] ;fsf]; df]8fln6l epsf]n] xfd f] ;dfhdf cgo ;xsf/lsf] egbf o;sf] nf]slk otf a9]sf] b]lvg5. o; cleofgsf] k efjsfl/tf a9fpg u/]sf] of]ubfgx?sf cfwf/df o;sf] >]o lg;+b]x g]km\:s"gnfo{ hfg5. t/ o;sf] k fljlws ;xof]ul Pl;ofnL C0f dxf;+3 -cfs'_ nfo{ klg e'ng' x'fb}g. g]kfnsf] ;xsf/l cleofg cf}krfl/s?kdf yfn]sf] ^ bzs egbf a9l epsf] 5. z'?sf # bzsdf ;xsf/lsf] ;+Vof / k efj gugo dfq lyof] egbf b'o{ dt ;fn >fj0f #@ ut] :yfkgf x'fb} ;fljs ;xsf/l nfu' ;fn ( ut] k'gm btf{ epsf] g]km\:s"gn] art C0f ;xsfo{sf] cled"vls/0f ;fn b]lv ;xsf/lnfo{ ;+:yfut?kdf ljsf; ug{ ljqlo Ifdtf j[l4, gllt lgod tyf kl/dfh{g, ;+:yfut ljsf; tyf j[l4sf] ljzn]if0f nufotsf If]qdf ;+:yfx?nfo{ k fljlws ;xof]u k bfg ub{} cfpsf] 5. cfs'sf] INDECUA(Insttutional Development of Credit Union in Asia) kl/of]hgfdf g]kfnsf!% j6f ;+:yfx?nfo{ ;xeful u/fp/ g]km\:s"gn] o; cleofgdf sf];]9'ëf :yfkgf u of]. art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf] ljqlo ljzn]if0f k 0ffnL kn;{sf] ceof; oxlaf6 z'? epsf] xf]. of] hu :yfkgf epkl5 Professionalism, ACCESS, PROBATION b]lv ;fsf]; Ps?ktf k 0ffnL;Ddsf] ofqfdf g]km\:s"gn] ;+:yfx?nfo{ k fljlws?kdf g]t[tj ub{} cfpsf] 5. #$ xhf/ % ;o egbf a9l ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?df!# xhf/ % ;o art tyf C0f ;xsf/lx? dwo] g]km\:s"gdf #@$) ;+:yfx? k ToIf?kdf cfj4 epsf] b]lvp tfklg * xhf/ egbf a9l ;fsf]; cleofgdf cfj4 /x]sf] tyofª\s /x]sf] 5. ;fsf]; df]8fln6l ;xl cy{df cjndag ug{] / g]km\:s"gsf] k ToIf ;'kl/j]if0fdf /x]sf ;+:yfx?n] PS;];, k f]a]zg h:tf u'0f:t/lotf lrgx dfq kfpsf 5}gg\, cf cfkm\gf] ;d'bfodf alnof] pkl:yltsf;fy gd"gf ;+:yfsf?kdf /xg ;kmn klg epsf] 5. g]km\:gs'gsf] g]t[tj / ;fsf]; cleofgsf] cfhsf] prfo gepsf] ep xfd f] b]zdf u}x ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx?sf] ljuljul rnyof]. cf]/]06n h:tf 36gfx? y'k } x'gyof] / ljqlo :yfoltj sfod ug{ art tyf C0f ;xsf/lx?df k ltagw ;Dd nfug ;SYof]. ;fsf]; cleofgsf] Joj:yfkg dfkm{t b]zsf] l;ëf] art tyf C0f ;xsf/l cleofg / cgo ljifout ;xsf/l cleofgnfo{ ;d]t k bfg u/]sf] dfu{bz{gsf nflu g]km\:s"g k z+;f of]uo

116 ;xsf/l cleofgdf hgzlqmsf] r'gf}tl dbg a:g]t Joj:yfks ;fd'bflos ;fsf]; g]kfndf ;xsf/l cleofg avfg ax'pb]zolo ;xsf/laf6 z'?eo{ kl5nnf] ;do sf] alrdf ;xsf/lx?sf] :yfkgf ljsf; tyf k ljlwsf] b' t ultdf ljsf; epsf] ljlegg tyof+sx?n] b]vfp5. w]/} ;xsf/l ;+:yfx? v'n] ;xsf/ln] ubf{ hgtfsf cfjzostf tyf /xg ;xgdf w]/} kl/jt{gx? klg cfp. g]km\:s"g, /fli6«o ;xsf/l dxf;+3, ;xsf/l a}+s, lhnnf :t/sf ;+3x?n] ;xsf/l If]qdf goff goff ;Lkx?sf] ljsf; ub}{ ;xsf/l ;+:yfnfo{ bluf] ljsf; u/l ;jn / ;Ifd agfpg w]/} kl/>d tyf sfo{qmdx? u/]sf 5g\. cem art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?df g]km\:s"g dfkm{t ;~rflnt Probation / ACCESS h:tf sfo{qmdn] ;/sf/ tyf ;d'bfosf] ;xsf/lnfo{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f g} km]/lpsf] 5. 98\8faf6 z'? ul/psf] ;xsf/l clxn] k ljlwsf] ljsf;;fu} sdko"6/foh8 ;km\6j]o/ xf'b} Snfp8 a]:8 l;:6d / P=6L=Pd= ;~rfng;dd ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf] kx'fr k'u]sf] 5. ;xsf/lsf] of] r/d ljsf; ;+;Fu} w]/} r'gf}tlx? klg b]lvpsf] 5 h;dwo] dfgj ;+zfwg ljsf; tyf dfgj ;+zfwg lgdf{0f clxn]sf] ;dosf] k d'v r'gf}tlsf]?kdf b]lvpsf] 5. clxn] g]kfndf ;~rflnt w]/} h;f] art tyf C0f ;xsf/l hgf sd{rf/l eg]sf] ;fdfgo e};s]sf] 5 eg] s'g} ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?df %)) egbf a9l sd{rf/lx? sfo{/t /x]sf klg 5g\. xfd f] h:tf] ;xsf/l ;+:yfdf cfjzos kbf{ hgzlqm Joj:yfkg ug{ jf:tjd} ;xh 5}g. b]zsf ;Defljt hgzlqmsf] jlu{s/0f ubf{ caan vfnsf o'/f]k cd]l/sf knfog x'g], dwod vfnsf vf8l d'n'sx?df knfog x'g] / affsl hgzlqmn] ;xsf/l tyf cgo lgsfox?df sfo{ ug]{ o:tf] cj:yfdf xfdl nufot slqsf] ;Ifd / e/kbf]{ hgzlqm o; If]qdf lqmofzln 5f} t < cfkm}+nfo{ k Zg u/f}+. o;df klg w]/} h;f] JolQmx? ;fgf] sfd ug{ grfxg] 7"nf] sfd ug]{ Ifdtf gk'ug] To; dfly sfd ug]{ egbf s'/f sf6\g] w]/} x'fbf ;+:yfsf] zfvdf klg cif/ kg]{ l:ylt 5. ;xsf/l ;+:yfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/lx? dwo] w]/}h;f] kfls{ª jf 6«flGh6sf]?kdf ;xsf/ldf sfo{ ug]{, -ljb]zsf] leiff gnfu'gh]n, cgo a}+s tyf ljqlo ;+:yfx?df sfd gldn'gh]n_ clxn] cfp/ s]xl ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf sf/0f ;xsf/l ;+:yfdf hgzlqmsf] cfsif{0f t a9]sf] 5 t/ dwod vfnsf] kb jf l6k 6k ep/ w]/} nfnr / ;'v;onsf ;fy sfdug]{ kbx?df cfsif{0f 5, k]zfut?kdf ljsf; ug{sf nflu xfdl ;a}n] kxn ug'{ h?/l 5. o:tf] cj:yfnfo{ dwogh/ ub}{ xfdl ;a} ;xsf/l sdl{x?n] hgzlqm ljsf; tyf lgdf{0fnfo{ dxtjk"0f{?kdf lno{ cfkm\gf] ;+:yfnfo{ jflif{s?kdf cfjzos kg]{ hgzlqmx?sf] of]hgf agfo{ ;Ifd hgzlqm lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ tyf cfkm\gf] If]qdf hgzlqm ljsf;nfo{ cleofgsf]?kdf ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5. o:t} rnb} hfg] xf] eg] ;xsf/l If]qdf dfgj ;+zfwgsf] cj:yf x]bf{ ;Ifd hgzlqmsf] cefj v8\lsg] lglzrt b]lvg5. o;n] ;du ;xsf/l If]qdf ulde/ c;/ kfg]{5 To;}n] a]n}df o;df ljrf/ k' ofpg h?/l 5. ;xsf/l Joj:yfkgdf g]km\:s"gsf] e"ldsf lja]s /fh 7s'/L Joj:yfks a'8f]n ;fd'bflos ;fsf]; lxhf]sf] z'?cftl lbgx?df xfdln] ;xsf/l cleofgdf sfd ul//xfbf xfdlnfo{ xft ;dfp/ 8f]xf] ofg] cj:yfdf /fho lypg. l;sfo{sf] nflu kof{kt jftfj/0f lypg. epsf ;xsf/lx? alrdf ;xof]usf] cfbfg k bfg x'g ;Sg] cj:yf lypg. kmn:j?k ;d'bfosf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ljsf;sf] nflu e"ldsf v]ng :yflkt ;xsf/lsf ;+rfns / Joj:yfksx??dlNng' k/]sf] cj:yf lyof]. c;n ;f]r lnp/ /fd f] sfd ug]{ O{R5f x'fbfx'fb} klg cghfgd} sof} untlx? eo{/x]sf lyp. a'8f]n ;fd'bflos art tyf 115

117 C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yf ln= klg ltg} ;xsf/lx?dwo]sf] Ps lyof]. ;fndf g]kfn art tyf C0f s]gb Lo ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= -g]km\:s"g_ PlzofnL C0f dxf;+3sf] k fljlws ;xof]udf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf] Joj;foLs/0f sfo{qmd (Professionalization) lnp/ ;xeflutfsf] nflu cfjxfg ub}{ cfo{k'uof]. ta dfq ;xsf/l ;+rfngsf] ;xl k4lt l;sg] cj;/ k fkt eof]. pqm sfo{qmd kzrft a'8f]n ;fd'bflos ;fsf];;fu} ;xeful cgo ( ;+:yfx?nfo{ klg Joj;flos?kdf cufl8 a9\g k] l/t u of]. ;fndf g]km\:s"gn] z'? u/]sf] PS;]; a fl08ë sfo{qmdn] ;+:yfnfo{ ;jn / lbuf] ;+:yfsf]?kdf :yflkt u/fof]. PS;]; a f08 k flkt;fu} ;+:yfn] /fli6«o tyf cgt/f{li6«o?kdf klxrfg agfpg ;kmn eof] / cfh a'8f]n ;fd'bflos ;fsf]; g]kfnsf] ;kmn ;xsf/lx?dwo]sf] Ps ;xsf/l epsf] 5. o;sf] ;Dk"0f{ >]o g]km\:s"gnfo{ g} hfg5 / of] g} g]km\:s"gn] ;xsf/l Joj:yfkgdf v]n]sf] e"ldsfsf] ultnf] pbfx/0f xf]. ljutdf INDECUWA, Professionalization h:tf sfo{qmd / jt{dfg cj:yfdf ACCESS, PROBATION, CURBS h:tf :t/lo sfo{qmdx?dfkm{t k fljlws ;xof]u pknaw u/fo{ ;fsf];x?nfo{ lbuf], ;'zfl;t / ;'/lift agfpfb} ;xsf/l cleofgnfo{ /fhosf] cy{tgqsf] dxtjk"0f{ vdafsf]?kdf ljsf; ug{ g]km\:s"gn] dxtjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]nb} cfpsf] 5. o;sf ;fy} ;+3;+:yfx?nfO{ cfjzostf adf]lhdsf cgt/nufgl sfo{qmd, tflnd tyf lziffsf sfo{qmd, n]vf ;km\6j]o/, :6]zg/L ;]jfx? nufotsf dxtjk"0f{ ;]jfx? ;d]t pknaw u/fpfb} cfpsf] 5. cem dxtjk"0f{ s'/f t ;Dk"0f{ ;fsf]; cleofgsf] tkm{af6 /fhonfo{ ;xsf/ld}ql gllt lgod agfo{ sfof{gjog ug{ kxn ub}{ cfpsf] 5 / w]/} xb;dd ;kmntf ;d]t k fkt u/]sf] 5. g]kfndf /x]sf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+3;+:yfnfO{ ;+ul7t u/l Pp6} 5ftfd"lg P]Soj4 u/fpg :yflkt ;fsf];x?sf] Psdfq 5ftf ;+u7g g]kfn art tyf C0f s]gb Lo ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= cyf{t g]km\:s"g, :yfkgfsf] #) jif{df #@)) egbf a9l ;+3;+:yfnfO{ cfj4 u/fo{ g]kfnsf] ;fsf]; cleofgsf] nflu Pp6f :ki6 dfu{lrq sf]g{ ;Sg' g} o;n] ;xsf/l cleofgsf] ljsf;df kfpsf] dxtjk"0f{ ;kmntf xf]. ef]lnsf] lbgdf g]kfnsf] ;xsf/l cleofgnfo{ cem} alnof] agfpg, cleofgdf epsf, b]lvpsf ljs[ltx?nfo{ cgto ub}{ ;'zfl;t cleofg lgdf{0f ug{ cem} k efjsf/l e"ldsf v]ng cf}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efsf] cj;/df xflb{s d+undo z'esfdgf. N ;fsf]; ufg N xftdf xft ldnfcf}+, ;fydf ;fy ldnfcf}+ oxl xf] xfd f] 5xf/L======== ho ho art, ho ;xsf/l ;fgf] ;fgf] artn] efuo xfd f] v'ng]5 P]n] ;fgf] sf]lknf t ef]ln km"n km'ng]5. sdfoaf6 art u/f}+, klxn] vr{ gu/f}+ cfkm\gf] nflu cfkm}+ u/f}+, c?sf] e/ gk/f}+.. xftdf xft================== 7"nf] ;fgf] art ug{ ;fsf];d} hfcf}+ C0f lno{ ;Lkaf6 cfdbfgl a9fcf}+. s[lif Jofkf/ pbf]u u/l cftdlge{/ aggnfo{ lziff :jf:yo ;Gtltsf /x/ k"/f ug{nfo{.. xftdf xft======================== ;fd'bflos lxtsf nflu ;xsf/l rflxg5 ufx f] ;fx f] kbf{ v]/l uhf]{ 6fg{ kfo{g5. ;b:osf] ljqlo ;dfwfg ug{nfo{ ;fdflhs ljs[lt / lj;ëlt lrg{nfo{.. xftdf xft================ hft 5}g wd{ 5}g, wgl ul/a j/fj/ k/:k/ pggltdf lbg5 ;dfg cj;/. ;fg}b]lv art ug]{ afgl /fd f] kfg{nfo{ eljiosf] ;'/Iff / cfkt ljkt 6fg{nfO{.. xftdf xft=========================== ;w}+e/l ;b:onfo{ lbg5 o;n] 1fg 5ftf xfd f] ag]sf] 5 Kof/f] g]km\:s"g. dfu{ xfd f] w]/} hl6n ofqf clt s7lg 5 /f]sg] 5}gf}+ sbd xfd f] cleofg dxfg\ 5.. xftdf xft=============g]km\:s"gn] art tyf C0f g]km\:s"gn] art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] P]Soa4tfsf nflu tof/ cf}+ ;fwf/0f ;efdf ljdf]rg ul/psf] ;fsf]; ufg. 116

118 s}nfz ljsf; a}+s ln= Go"Knfhf, k'tnl;8s, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M $$#)#$, $$#@!#( j]a;fo6 M 6f]n lk m g+= M!^^))!!!&&& ;'g;/l lhnnf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= ;'g;/l, O{6x/L )$ kmf]g g+= M )@% %*$%@! Od]n M dsccusunsari@gmail.com Dff]/Ë n]6fë $, df]/ë kmf]g g+= M )@! %^)@)& %^)#)& Od]n M niraj_shakya2001@yahoo.com j]a;fo6 M morangsaccos.org.np /dfonf] sfg]kf]v/l uf pkflnsf, /dfonf], df]/ª kmf]g g+= M )@! %*%)*%,(*$@)#$@%) Od]n M ramailosaccos@ yahoo.com ramailosaccos27@gmail.com ;]jf O6x/L *, ;'g;/l kmf]g g+= M )@% %*&)() Od]n M jb-ith@wlink.com.np ls;fg snof0f O6x/L!^, ;'g;/l kmf]g g+= M )@% %*&!^) Od]n M info@kishankalyan.org.np j]a;fo6 M 117

119 >L u+ufdfnf :jfjndag ljsf; l5gr', ;'v]{t kmf]gm )*# %$))!&, Od]n M gangamala2055@gmail.com kl/snkgf M bluf] ;xsf/l ;+:yfdfkm{t :jfjndal ;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{. ;b:o ;+Vof M ^()$ -dlxnf ^$)% / k'?if $(( hgf_ artsf k sf/ M dfl;s art, P]lR5s art, cfjlws art, b}lgs art, v'q's] art, afn art, z}lifs afn art, k]g;g art, ;~rosf]if art, ;d"xsnof0fsf]if art, kj{ art, a[4 art, ladf art, clu daofh e'qmfgl art, cfktsflns art cfk;l ;xof]u art ljqlo cj:yf M hddf ;DklQ?= #),!$,&^,%!(=#! z]o/ k"fhl?= $,^*,^),@))=)) art?=!%,$*,^!,^##=#& C0f 5fofFgfy 5fofFGffy /f/f udu9l, d'u' kmf]gm )*& $^)!@$, $^)!!! Od]n M chhayanath.coop@gmail.com kl/snkgf M ;xsf/lsf] d"no dfgotfsf] cjndag u/l ul/a, ljkgg tyf lk5l8psf] ju{x?sf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s ljsf;sf dfwodaf6 hljg:t/df ;'wf/ NofO{ :jfandal ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ub}{ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t bluf], ;an Pa+ ;zqm ljqlo ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf]?kdf :yflkt x'g]. ;b:o ;+Vof M $^*) dlxnf /!&&& k'?if artsf k sf/ M afn art, z}lifs art, cjlw art, gf/l art, ;d"x art, JolQmut art, b}lgs art, ;fwf/0f art ljqlo cj:yf M hddf ;DklQ?=!@,!!,@&,@^(=)) z]o/ k"fhl?= ^!,((,#%)=)) art?= (,)@!,)!*#=)) C0f nufgl?= (,!*,&^,$)!=)) 118

120 n]v ;xsf/l, Joj;flostf / cfufdl sfo{lbzf 8f= vu/fh zdf{ ;x k fwofks /fdd0fl j= SofDk;, ltnf]qdf %,?kgb]xl ;a} ju{, lnë, If]q, wd{ cflbsf dflg;x?nfo{ Pssf nflu ;a} / ;a}sf nflu Ps egg] cfbz{ jfsof+zsf] k of]un] ;xsf/ltfnfo{ Ps nf]slk o Jofj;flos OsfO{sf?kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 t/ o;sf] d"n dd{ / efjgfnfo{ /fd /L a'em]/ k of]udf Nofpg g;sg' jt{dfgdf ;d:ofsf?kdf b]lvpsf] 5. ;xsf/l ;+:yfnfo{ o;sf d"no / l;4fgt cg'?k cufl8 j9fpg] s'/f g} jt{dfgsf] k d'v r'gf}tl xf]. o:tf ;d:of / r'gf}tlsf] plrt Joj:yfkg u/l cfd ;b:o / hg;d'bfo ;d]tdf ;sf/ftds ;Gb]z lbfb} cfly{s pgglt / ;d[l4df of]ubfg k' ofpg] u/l nfug' n] g} ;xsf/lsf] Jofj;flostf, Jofj;flos Ifdtf / s'zntfnfo{ k i6\ofpf5. ;xsf/ltfsf] k f/de g} j]/f]huf/l, zf]if0f, ljkggtf, bl/b tf, k fs[lts ljklq h:tf ;d:ofx?nfo{ ;fd"lxs?kaf6 ;dfwfg ug]{ p2]zon] epsf] xf]. h;n] ubf{ o;sf d"no / l;4fgtnfo{ k5\ofpb} cufl8 j9\g ;Sg' g} cfhsf] cfjzostf xf]. ;xsf/l If]qn] cfly{s ljsf;df k' ofpsf] of]ubfg, cfly{s ;zqmls/0fsf nflu ;xsf/l If]qsf] ;xeflutf, ;xsf/lsf] bluf]kgsf nflu cfjzos P]g, lgodfjnl tyf glltsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ h:tf cfly{s, ;fdflhs If]qsf] jt{dfg pknawl ljzn]if0f ubf{ ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] Jofks lj:tf/, ;+rf/ dfwodsf] kx' rdf j[l4, lziff, :jf:yo h:tf cfwf/e"t If]qsf] lj:tf/ x' bf x' b} klg cfly{s ;d[l4 / ljsf;df cfzf nfubf cj:yfx? b]lvg ;s]gg\. p2]zox? k"/f ug]{ ljzjf;sf ;fy ;d[4 ljzj lgdf{0fsf nflu ;xsf/l Joj;fo egg] gf/f cufl8 ;fb}{ ;DdnfO{ ;xsf/l bzs Pj+ nfo{ cgt/f{li6«o ;xsf/l jif{sf?kdf ljzje/ dgfpg] lg0f{o ;d]t ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efn] u/]sf] lyof]. ;xsf/l jif{sf?kdf nfo{ hlt pt;fxsf ;fy dgfo{of] Tolt ;xsf/l bzssf nflu ;do / sfo{qmd gepsf] cg'e"lt e}/x]sf] b]lvg5 tyflk jif{ egbf w]/} ;do affsl g} 5 yk pt;fxsf ;fy cfjzos sfo{qmdx? cfpg] g} 5g\. j]nfot, hd{gl, hfkfg, cd]l/sf, Sofg8f, ef/t, rlg, j+unfb]z, Oh/fon, blif0f sf]l/of, >Ln+sf nufot ljzjsf ljlegg /fi6«x?df ;xsf/l cleofgn] lnpsf] ultnfo{ ljzn]if0f cf}+ ztfljbsf kl5nnf bzs cf}+ ztfljbdf ljzjsf] cy{tgqdf clwsf+z ;xsf/ls/0f x'g] k fom lglzrt b]lvg5. h;nfo{ g]kfnn] klg ;+ljwfg txm cftd;fy u/l ;s]sf] 5 ca s]jn Jojxf/df ptfg{ jffsl5. g]kfnsf] jt{dfg M ;j{q e i6tf / s' zf;gsf] rqmeo"df k/]sf] d'n'ssf] cy{tgq /fhosf clwsf+z lgsfodf epsf] s'zf;gsf sf/0f gful/sx?df lg/fzf JofKt 5. cfly{s, ;fdflhs If]qsf] jt{dfg pknawl ljzn]if0f ubf{ ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] Jofks lj:tf/, ;+rf/ dfwodsf] kx'frdf j[l4, lziff, :jf:yo h:tf cfwf/e"t If]qsf] lj:tf/ x'fbf x'fb} klg cfly{s ;d[l4 / ljsf;df cfzf nfubf cj:yfx? b]lvg ;s]gg\. xfd f] cj:yf tyof af6 x]bf{ klg cem} Go'gtd pkef]uo j:t' tyf ;]jf k fkt ug{af6 k ltzt gful/s 119

121 ul/alsf] /]vf d'gl /x]sf] l:ytl 5. To;}u/L g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / cs;kmf]8{ ljzj ljbfnosf] ax' cfoflds ul/al If]qdf cg';gwfg ul//x]sf] ;+:yf OPHI = (Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative) sf] ;xsfo{df df tof/ kfl/psf] Ps k ltj]bg cg';f/ cem} k ltzt g]kfnlx? ax' cfoflds?kaf6 ul/alsf] /]vf d'gl /x]sf] cj:yf 5. h; cg'?k ;ft j6f k b]zsf] cj:yf x]bf{ k b]z g+=! Dff!(=^& k ltzt, k b]z Dff $&=*( k ltzt, k b]z g+= # Dff!@=@$ k ltzt, u08sl k b]zdff!$=!( k ltzt, k b]z g+= % k ltzt, s0ff{nl k b]zdff %!=@@ k ltzt / k b]z g+= & Dff ##=%^ k ltzt dflg;x? ax' cfoflds ul/alsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] tyof+s xfdl dfem ;fj{hlgs epsf] 5 eg] g]kfnsf] jt{dfg cfly{s j[l4b/ cf};t $=# k ltztaf6 dfyl hfg ;s]sf] sf] k lt JolSt cfo x]bf{ o'=o; 8n/!))$ /xg] cg'dfg /x]sf] b]lvg5. d'b f l:kmtl b/ ^ & k ltztsf] cf};t egbf sd x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. cy{tfgq k/dk/fut s[lifdf g} lge{/ 5. s'n hg;+vofdf b'o{ ltxfo{ s[lif If]qdf cfl>t k ltzt s'n ufx{:yo ptkfbg -lh=8l=kl=_ df o; If]qn] of]ubfg lbpsf] epklg e"\ld PsLs/0f x'g g;sg', ptkfbgdf Joj;flos/0fsf] cefj, l;rfo{, ;8s, dn, lap, s[lif, cf}hf/ h:tf k"jf{wf/sf] ck ofkttf, ptkfbg ;+sng s]gb Pj+ k zf]wg cefj h:tf ;d:ofaf6 u :t s[lif If]q cfkm}df k"0f{ /f]huf/l lbg] l:ytldf b]lvb}g. cw{ /f]huf/laf6 hljg lgjf{x ug{ kl//x]sf] l:ytl g} of] If]qsf] vfz ljz]iftf xf]. cf}bf]lus If]q To;}u/L ynf k/]sf] cj:yfdf 5. Psftkm{ ;g\!(() sf] bzs kl5 g]kfndf cftd;fy ul/psf] pbfl/s/0f / lghls/0fsf] k efjsf sf/0f clwsf+z ;/sf/l :jfdltjsf 7"nf pbf]u lghl If]qdf x:tft/0f ul/of]. ;/sf/l pbf]ux? r/d /fhgllts x:tif]ksf] ;+s6df k/] eg] csf{ tkm{ phf{ ;+s6, >d czflgt, jgb, x8tfn, c;'/iff / ;/sf/l ;]jfdf /x]sf] e i6frf/sf sf/0f lghl If]qn] klg pbf]u ;+rfng u/]/ 3f6fdf hfg' egbf a? ;+rfng gu/lsg a:bf pko'st x'g] cj:yf b]lv clwsf+z pbf]u jgb ep/ hfg] cj:yf l;h{gf eof]. eg] cfsf]{tkm{ g]kfndf pbf]u ;+rfng x'fbf h8fg u/lpsf ;+ogqx? k"0f{ Ifdtfdf ;+rfngdf cfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\. cf};t $) %) k ltzsf] xf/fxf/ldf dfq ;+rfngdf cfp eg] o; If]qn] lh=l8=kl=df u/]sf] of]ubfg x]bf{ lg/gt/ 36\bf] b]lvg5. ljutdf!% k ltzt k'u]sf] cf}bf]lus If]qsf] of]ubfg cf=j= )^$ )^% df &=#$ k ltzt lyof] eg] jt{dfgdf cfo{k'ubf] lh=8l=kl=df %=$ k ltzt / /fli6«o /f]huf/ldf ^=^ k ltzt dfq of]ubfg /x]sf] b]lvg5. xfdl lg/gt/ Jofkf/ 3f6fdf rln /x\of}. )&% sf] k yd cf7 dlxgf;ddsf] Jofkf/ cj:yf x]bf{?= %# ca{ $@ s/f]8sf] lgof{t b]lvg5 eg]?= &^& ca{ #^ s/f]8sf] cfoft epsf]5. h;af6 s'n Jofkf/ *@) ca{ &* s/f]8 egbf a9l 5 eg] Jofkf/ 3f6f &!# ca{ ($ s/f]8 /x]sf] b]lvg5. o;/l 3f6f a9]/ hfg'df xfd f ptkfbgsf] k ltikwl{ Ifdtf gx'g' 120

122 g} k d'v sf/0f xf]. xfdl ;+VofTds?kaf6 x]bf{ sl/j *(& j:t' lgof{t ub{5f} eg] $,)^^ egbf a9l j:t' cfoft ug{] ul/g5. Psftkm{ jflif{s % nfv o'jfx? >d ahf/df cfpg] u/]sf] /fd f] cj;/ b]zsf nflu h'6]sf] 5 eg] csf{ tkm{ >d zlqm b]zdf pkof]u ug{ g;ls sl/j % nfv egbf a9l s} ;+Vofdf jflif{s j}b]lzs /f]huf/ldf hfg'kg{] jfwoftds / b'mvb cj:yf xfdl ljrdf /x]sf] b]lvg5. d'n'sdf /x]sf] olt 7"nf] Jofkf/ 3f6f x'g'sf k5f8l s[lif tyf u}/ s[lif b'j} If]qdf j:t'sf] 7"nf] /fzl cfoft x'g' g} xf]. xfdl s[lifsf] k wfgtf /x]sf] d'n'ssf gfu/lsx? s[lif hgo j:t'x?, vfbfgg, t/sf/l, df;' / b'uw hgo j:t'sf] cfoftdf g} jif{]gl v/af}?k}off vlr{g' k/]sf] lttf] oyfy{tf xfdldf /x]sf] b]lvg5. o:tf] cy{tgqsf] cj:yfsf ljrdf ;Dd g]kfnnfo{ ljsf;zln /fi6«sf] ju{df k' ofo{ k ltjolqm cfodf sl/j # u'0ff j[l4 o"=o;= 8n/ k' ofpg] nio lno{psf] 5. h;sf lgldq jflif{s!@=% vj{ egbf a9l nufgl u/l jflif{s cf};t & k ltztsf] j[l4 b/ xfl;n ug'{kg{] x'g5. sf] hg;+vof j[l4nfo{ cfwf/ dfgbf!=# k ltztsf b/n] ;Dddf g]kfnsf] hg;+vof # s/f]8 #^ nfv k'ug] cg'dfg /x]sf] 5. o; lsl;dsf ;dli6ut cj:yfx?nfo{ ljzn]if0f u/l cfly{s ;d[l4sf nflu /fi6«;fu epsf cj;/nfo{ cftd;fy ub{} b]lvpsf r'gf}tl / ;d:ofnfo{ 7Ls lsl;daf6 ljzn]if0f ub}{ ;dfwfg vf]lhpdf cfly{s ;d[l4 cj:o+efjl 5. of] ;d[l4 k lktdf ;xsf/l If]qsf] 7'nf] e"ldsf /xg5. h;sf lgldq o;df Joj;flostf cfj:os 5 h'g s'/faf6 ge} sfdaf6 x'g'kb{5. ;xsf/ldf Jofj;flostfM dfgj hljgdf s'g} g s'g} lqmofsnfkdf ;+nugtf /x]sf] x'g5. o:tf ;+nug lqmofsnfkx? dwo] cfdbfgl jf gfkmf cfh{g ug]{ p2]zosf ;fy j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ptkfbg k zf]wg jf j]rljvg h:tf sfo{df ;+nug x'g'n] Jofj;flostfnfO{ j'emfpfb5. o;/l ul/g] Jofj;flos sfo{nfo{ g} k]zfsf] ;+1f klg xfdl lbg] ub{5f}+ t/ ;a} k]zfx? gub cfdbfgl jf gfkmf cfh{g ug]{ :t/sf x'g5g\ egg ldnb}g. ;fdfgotof u fxs jf bf]; f] kifnfo{ ;Gt'li6 k bfg u/l cfkm'n] s]xl g s]xl cltl/qm cfo cfh{g ug{ cf}bf]lus jf Jofj;flos sfo{df ;+nug /xg'n] g} Jofj;flos sfo{nfo{ j'emfpfb5. t/ jt{dfgdf s'g} klg sfo{ jf lhdd]jf/lnfo{ s'zntfk"j{s lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg'nfO{ g} p;sf] pqm sfo{ k ltsf] Jofj;flostfsf?kdf lng] ul/g5. o;/l x]bf{ >d u/]/ kfl/>lds k fkt ug]{ sfo{ jf k otg, kfl/>lds k fkt gu/l ;fdflhs?kaf6 kmfobf k fkt ug{ ldng] sfo{df ;d]t Jofj;flostf k/lif0f ug{ ;lsg5. t;y{ xfn Jofj;flostfnfO{ km/flsnf] lsl;daf6 kl/eflift ug]{ ul/psf] 5 eg] ;xsf/ldf Jofj;flostf s] xf] t < :ki6 x'g' cfjzos b]lvg5. ptkfbgsf ;fwgx? >d, e"ld / k"fhlnfo{ ;fd"lxs?kaf6 Joj:yfkg u/l ;xsf/ltfsf] dfwodaf6 ptkfbg jf ahf/ls/0f ;DaGwL sfo{ ;+rfng ug'{ g} ;xsf/l Joj;fo xf]. h;n] :yfglo cfjzostfnfo{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'sf ;fy} :yfglo txs} ;fwg ; f]tnfo{ Jofj;flos sfo{df ;+nug /xg ;3fpFb5. ;xsf/l Joj;fo ;w} cfkm\gf ;b:ox? k lt hjfkmb]xl /xg] x'fbf ptkfbgsf] u'0f:t/lotf / plrt dfqf -7Ls tf}n_ pknaw u/fpg lg/gt/ lqmofzln /x]sf] x'g5. o; dfkm{t ;b:osf ptkfbgsf] laqml k jgw ldnfpg], goff goff jhf/sf] vf]hl ug]{, pkef]qmfx?sf kl/jlt{t ;do cg'?ksf cfjzostfx?sf] klxrfg u/l cfkm\gf ;b:ox?nfo{ ptkfbgdf ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g ug{ ;'emfj lbg] h:tf sfo{x?df ;d]t ;xsf/lsf] ;+nugtf /xg5. ptkfbgsf ;fwgx? >d, e"ld / k" hlnfo{ ;fd"lxs?kaf6 Joj:yfkg u/l ;xsf/ltfsf] dfwodaf6 ptkfbg jf ahf/ls/0f ;DaGwL sfo{ ;+rfng ug'{ g} ;xsf/l Joj;fo xf]. h;n] :yfglo cfjzostfnfo{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'sf ;fy} :yfglo txs} ;fwg ; f]tnfo{ Jofj;flos sfo{df ;+nug /xg ;3fp b5. 121

123 ;xsf/l Joj;fosf] ;f/ s'/f ;b:ox?sf] lxt egg] j'lemg5. s] s:tf pkfoåf/f cfkm\gf ;b:onfo{ kmfobf lbg ;lsg5 eg]/ lg/gt/ cwoog cg';gwfgdf nflu/xg5 / p;n] ;sf/ftds kl/0ffd klg xfl;n ub{5 eg] Tof] g} ;xsf/lsf] Jofj;flostf xf]. Pp6f ;xsf/l Jofj;flos x'g To;sf ;+rfnsx?, z]o/ ;b:ox?, sd{rf/lx? cyjf ;du ;+:yfsf] lhdd]jf/ kifn] lgdg s'/fx?df ljz]if Wofg lbg h?/l x'g5. y ;fd"lxs / ;+:yfut efjgfaf6 k ]l/t ;b:ox?sf] hd36 x'g'k5{, y ;+:yf cfjzostfsf cfwf/df :yfkgf u/l ;+:yfdf cfkm'n] s]xl u?f / ;+:yfaf6 klg s]xl k fkt u?f egg] efjgf ;b:odf epsf] x'g'kg]{, y Pp6f JolQm ;xsf/ldf ;b:o lsg epsf] xf] < s] cfjzostf k'/f x'g] xf] < ;b:osf x}l;otaf6 k'/f ug'{kg]{ st{jo / lhdd]jf/l s] s] x'g\ < yfxf epsf] x'g'kg]{, y ;+:yfsf cu'jfx?nfo{ ;xsf/l P]g, lgod tyf ;xsf/lsf d"no / l;4fgtsf ;DaGwdf :ki6tf x'g'kg]{ / kfngf klg ug'{kg]{, y lg/gt/ vf]h, cwoog, cg';gwfg dfkm{t goff goff Joj;flos kl/of]hgfsf] tof/l Pj+ ltgnfo{ Jojxf/df ptfg]{ ;DaGwdf lg/gt/ 5nkmn / cgt/lqmof ul//x]sf] x'g'kg]{, y :yfglo cfjzostf, ;fwg ; f]t / >dzlqmsf] plrt ;+of]hg ug{;sg] Ifdtf /fvg'kg]{, y cfkm\gf] ;+:yfn] ;xsf/lsf l;4fgt / d"nox?nfo{ cftd;ft u/]/ cufl8 a9] gj9]sf] ;DaGwdf ;+rfns Pj+ n]vf ;ldltdf /fd f] x]ssf x'g'kg]{, y ptkfbg sfo{sf] plrt u'0f:t/ k/lif0f, e08f/0f / ahf/ls/0f Joj:yfkg h:tf sfo{sf nflu ;Ifdtf cfjzos x'g], y ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf] ;w} cgo ;+3 tyf ;+:yfx?;fu 7f8f] / t];f]{ ;DaGw /x]sf] x'g'kg]{, y st{jojf]w ug]{ z]o/ ;b:ox?, lgi7fjfg, ;Ifd / lhdd]jf/ ;+rfnsx?, OdfGbf/ / bif sd{rf/lx? ;+:yfsf ;DklQsf?kdf ;+:yfdf /x]sf] x'g'kg]{. log} dxtjk"0f{ kifx?nfo{ cftd;ft u/l cufl8 a9\g ;s]df lglzrt?kaf6 ;xsf/l ;+:yfdf Jofj;flostf b]lvg5. t/ klg jt{dfgdf ;xsf/l ahf/ls/0fsf lgldq ;xsf/l dxtjk"0f{ dfwod xf]. s[ifssf ptkfbgx? Tff]lsPsf] s]gb df hddf u/l ahf/;dd n}hfg ;lsg5. ahf/df Jojl:yt?kdf laqml ug]{ ;+:yf ;xsf/l g} x'g'kb{5. ;fgf / yf]/} ;b:o epsf ;xsf/l xf]o{g. 7"nf / nfvf}+ JolQmnfO{ ;b:o agfpsf ;xsf/l cjsf lbgdf ahf/ls/0fsf nflu tof/ x'g'kb{5. If]qn] s] s:tf] sfo{lbzf lnp/ cufl8 j9\g] egg] ljifo klg rrf{ ug'{ TolQ s} dxtjk"0f{ x'g5. cfufdl sfo{lbzf M g]kfnsf] ;xsf/l cleofgn] ^ bzssf] ofqf kf/ ul/;s] kl5sf] jt{dfg cj:yf;dd cfo{ k'ubf ljlegg ;do cjlwdf u/l $ j6f ;xsf/l P]gx? k fkt ug{ ;kmn epsf] 5. klxnf] ;/sf/sf] sfo{sf/l cfb]zdf ul7t ;xsf/lx?sf] Joj:yfkg ug'{sf ;fy} g]kfnsf] ;xsf/ltfnfo{ ;+:yfut ug{ Pj+ o; cleofgnfo{ l;+uf] /fhon] :jfldtj lngsf lgldq klg dxtjk"0f{ /Xof]. ;femf ;+:yf tftsflng k+rfotl ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf of]hgf / sfo{qmdnfo{ hg;dif k' ofpg] dfwod agfo{ ;s]sf] ;femf sfo{qmdnfo{ ;+:yfut ug{sf nflu a9l pkof]ul b]lvof]. To;}u/L ;xsf/l sf] kl/jt{g kl5sf] ck]iff ;d]tnfo{ k'/f ug{] u/l g]kfnsf] ;xsf/l cleofgsf] goff km8\sf]sf?kdf b]vf k of]. ;xsf/l If]qnfO{ b]z JofkL lj:tf/ ug{, cfd dflg;x?df hfu/0f Nofpg, art / nufglsf] lj:tf/df of]ubfg lbg tyf ;xsf/lsf] ;+hflns/0f dfkm{t :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf cleofgsf] Jofkstf agfpg ;d]t o; P]gn] dxtjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u of]. To:t} rfn' Joj;flostfsf] j[l4, 7"nf] :t/sf] nufgl / ptkfbg Pj+ ahf/ls/0fdf s]lgb t /xg] u/l cfpsf]5 o;sf] k efj / k ltkmn x]g{ eg] affsl g} 5. jf:tjdf ca s] ug]{ egg] rrf{ ug{' k"j{ s] s] cfjzos xf] egg] ;d]t rrf{ ug{' ;fgble{s x'g]5. xfdl cl:y/ /fhgllts cj:yfaf6 l:y/ /fhgllts cj:yfdf cfpsf 5f}. s]lgb s[t zf;g k 0ffnLaf6 ljs]lgb t zf;g k 0ffnLdf 5f}. hxff # txdf g} cf cfkm\gf kl/eflift lhdd]jf/l ;lxt sfd ug{sf lgldq ;/sf/x? :yfkgf epsf 5g\. :yfglo, k b]z / ;+3 u/l &^! j6f ;/sf/x? clxn] d'n'sdf lqmofzln 5g\. Psftkm{ o:tf] cj:yf 5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ o'jfx? ljb]lzg], s[lifhgo ptkfbgsf] cfoftdf v/af} /sd vlr{g' kg]{, ljiffbl o'st ptkfbgsf] pkef]u ug{'kg]{, cf}bf]lus ptkfbgsf] pkef]udf 7lug' kg]{, u'0f:t/ lxg / dx+uf cf}ifwlsf] pkef]usf sf/0f la/fdl ;~rf] x'g' egbf cem ynf kg]{ cj:yf lt/ hfg], s[lifof]uo hldgdf ptkfbstj x f; x'fb}hfg' tyf s[ifsx? s[lif If]qaf6 laslif{t x'fb} hfg' cflb y'k } ;d:of / oyfy{tf xfd f ;fd' b]lvg5. olt dfq xf]o{g 122

124 ul/al Go"gLs/0fsf gfddf s/f]8f} /sd vlr{g' t/ k ltkmn ;Gtf]ifhgs x'g g;sg', ;'zf;gsf] gf/fdf dfq} ;Lldt x'g' gful/sn] clxn] klg k zf;lgs sfddf xf];\ jf Gofo k fkt ug]{ sfddf xf];\ 3'; jf eg;'g lagf s]xl sfd cufl8 a9\g a9fpg g;sg' cflb y'k } ;d:ofsf alrdf xfdl 5f}+. of] ;a} s'/fsf] d'n h8 cftdlge{/tf / Jojxfl/s lziffdf epsf] sldsf sf/0f xf]. ;fd"lxstf egbf klg JolQmjfbL ;f]r / lrgtg a9]sf sf/0fn] xf]. ca xfdl ol ;a} cj:yfsf] ;dfwfg vf]hg rfxfg5f} h'g s'/fn] ge} sfd}n] ug{ rfxfg5f} h;sf] Ps dxtjk"0f{ / pko'st lasnk ;xsf/ltf g} xf]. h;nfo{ lglxt :jfy{ / v/fj ;f]raf6 k ]l/t ge} lgi7fjfg lsl;daf6 ;+rfng ul/g' kb{5. ta dfq} xfdl lglzrt?kaf6 cufl8 a9\g ;S5f}. /fhon] to u/]sf] ;d[l4sf] ofqf ;xh} kf/ ug{ ;Sb5f}. To;f] ep ca s] ug]{ t < csf]{ dxtjk"0f{ ;jfn xfdl;fu 5. lglzrt?kdf xfdl ;xsf/lsf ;b:o epsf 5f}+. xfdln] cfj4 epsf] ;+:yfn] xfd f cfjzostf k'/f u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g Vofn u/f}. obl cfjzostf k"/f ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g eg] tl cfjzostf k"/f ug]{ agfpg s] s] ug{'kb{5 ;f]rf}. ;f]r]/ of]hgf agfp/ nfu" ug]{ k of; u/f} jf cfjzos ;'emfj lbcf}+. Tolt ubf{ klg x'fb}g eg] cfkm\gf] p2]zo k'/f ug{ ;Ifd csf]{ ;x/sf/lsf] ;b:o agf}+. jt{dfgdf o; If]qnfO{ cem kl/0ffd d'vl agfpg /fho / ;xsf/l If]qaf6 tklznsf s]xl dxtjk"0f{ sfo{df s]lgb t /xg'kg]{ b]lvg5. ptkfbg If]q M ptkfbg If]q egg] ljlqs} s[lif If]q, cf}+bf]lus If]q, ;]jfut If]q cflbnfo{ g} ;ldemg' kb{5. ;xsf/l If]qn] pko'{st # j6} cfofdsf ptkfbgdf s]lgb t x'g h?/l 5. ljif]z u/l s[lif If]qsf] ptkfbg tkm{sf] s'/f ubf{ o;} If]qsf] k wfgtf /x]sf] d'n'sdf k ydtxm s[lif ptkfbgsf] cfw'lgsls/0f / Joj;flos/0fdf hf]8 lbg' cfzos 5. h;sf lgldq lglzrt e"uf]nsf] ptkfbgzln hldgnfo{ ;xsf/ls/0f ug]{, hldgsf] :jfldtj huuf wglsf] g} /xg] t/ ptkfbg ;xsf/lsf] Joj:yfkgdf cfw'lgs ogq pks/0fsf] ;d]t k of]u u/]/ ug{'kb{5. k fljlws / k ljlwsf] ;xof]udf ptkfbg ljljlws/0f ug]{, sfd ug]{nfo{ kfl/>lds, hldgsf] z]o/sf cfwf/df k ltkmn lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5. ;xsf/ls/0f ul/psf] hldgnfo{ huuf wlgsf] cfj:ostfg'zf/ a}+s tyf ljqlo ;+:yfdf lwtf] /fvg, laqml ug{ jf lsqfsf6 u/l c+zj08f ug{ ;lsg5 t/ pst hldg h] k of]hgsf nflu ;xsf/ls/0f ul/psf] xf] ;f] egbf cgo sfddf ;fdfgotof k of]u gul/of];\ egg] u/l glltut Joj:yf ug'{sf ;fy} pst hldgsf] lglzrt jif{sf nflu ;xsf/lsf] tkm{ af6 huuf wlg;fu s/f/ ;d]t ug'{ kb{5. pst hldgdf cgg, kmnkm'n, t/sf/l, df5f, df;' tyf c08fhgo, b'uwhgo nufot ljlegg lsl;dsf ptkfbgx? ;xsf/lsf] Joj:yfkgdf ug{ ;lsg5. ;fy} cf}bf]lus If]qsf nflu cfjzos kg]{ cgo srrf kbfy{x?sf] ;d]t ptkfbg ug{ ;lsg5. To;}u/L s[lif ptkfbgsf] k zf]wg ;d]t ug]{ u/l s[lifhgo ptkfbgnfo{ srrf kbfy{sf?kdf k of]u u/l ljlegg pbf]ux? ;+rfng ug{ ;lsg5. h;af6 /f]huf/lsf cj;/sf] l;h{gf / clej[l4, ptkfbgsf] d"no >[ª\vnfdf clej[l4 cflb ug{ ;lsg5 eg] pkef]qmfnfo{ z'ne d'nodf u'0f:t/lo j:t' ;d]t pknaw u/fpg ;lsg5. o;/l pbf]u wgbfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ dfkm{t /f]huf/ldf j[l4sf cnfjf cfjzos cf}+bf]lus j:t'sf] ptkfbg dfkm{t cfoft k lt:yfkg / lgof{t k j4{g ug{ ;d]t ;Dej 5. To:t} c:ktfn, ljbfno, k/fdz{ ;]jf, OlGhlgol/Ë cflb h:tf ;]jfx?sf] ;d]t ;xsf/lsf] dfwodaf6 ;+rfng u/l ;b:ox?nfo{ ;]jfsf cnfjf d'n'ssf] ;d[l4df of]ubfg k'of{pg ;lsg5. ahf/ls/0f M b]zsf ljlegg efudf ul/psf s[lif Pj+ u}/ s[lif hgo ptkfbgx?sf] ahf/ls/0f Tolts} dxtjk"0f{ dflgg5. Psftkm{ ptkfbg ahf/;dd plrt d"nodf k'ug g;sg] csf{ tkm{ pkef]qmfn] u'0f:t/lo j:t' pkef]u ug{ gkfpg] h:tf ;d:of xfdln] lbgxf' ef]ug' kl//x]sf] 5. h;sf] ;dfwfgsf] ljsnk klg ;xsf/l g} xf]. ;xsf/l ljlwaf6 u/lg] ahf/ls/0fn] ;a{k yd ;xsf/lsf ;b:ox? nfeflgjt x'g5g\ eg] ;xsf/l k;ndf pkef]u ug]{ u}x ;b:o klg nfeflgjt x'g ;Sb5g\. hxff j:t' u'0f:t/lo x'g5, plrt tf}nsf] x'g5 tyf d"no klg clws ge} z'ne x'g5. 123

125 ;xsf/l ljlwaf6 of] ;a} s;/l ug]{ < s;n] ug]{ < / sxff ug]{ < egg] ljifo klg ca 5nkmndf cfpg h?/l b]lvg5. lglzrt?kdf ahf/ls/0fsf lgldq ;xsf/l dxtjk"0f{ dfwod xf]. s[ifssf ptkfbgx? Tff]lsPsf] s]gb df hddf u/l ahf/;dd n}hfg ;lsg5. ahf/df Jojl:yt?kdf laqml ug]{ ;+:yf ;xsf/l g} x'g'kb{5. ;fgf / yf]/} ;b:o epsf ;xsf/l xf]og. 7"nf / nfvf}+ JolQmnfO{ ;b:o agfpsf ;xsf/l cjsf lbgdf ahf/ls/0fsf nflu tof/ x'g'kb{5. h'g sfo{ pkef]qmf ;xsf/l jf ax'p2]zolo ;xsf/l dfkm{t x'g ;S5 cyjf ;xsf/l sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ ljlzi6s[t ;xsf/l ;+3 lgdf{0f u/l pqm ;+3sf] ;+hfn dfkm{t bh{gf} :yfgdf 7"nf 7"nf ;lkë sdkn]s;x? :yfkgf u/]/ klg j:t'x?sf] ahf/ls/0f ug{ ;lsg5. ol / o:tf tdfd tl/sfx? /x]sf 5g\ h'g ahf/ls/0fsf nflu pko'qm 5g\. ;+/rgfut lhdd]jf/l tyf ;'wf/ M ;xsf/l If]qs} Think Tank sf?kdf /x]sf] ;xsf/l ljsf; af]8{nfo{ ;a} ;xsf/l If]q / d'n'ss} ;xsf/l ljsf;sf] pkof]ul ;+:yfsf?kdf ljsf; ug'{kb{5. ljsf; af]8{ h;n] ;xsf/lsf] ljsf;sf lgldq jfws ag]sf b]zsf hlt klg P]g sfg"gx? ljbdfg cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ ltgsf] cwoog u/l s'g P]g s] sfdsf lgldq sxff jfws 5 < km]xl/:t tof/ u/l cleofg ;d]tsf] ;xof]udf ljlegg dgqfno / ljifo;fu ;Dj4 P]g sfg"gx? ;+zf]wgsf lgldq kxnsbdl lng'kb{5. Tolt dfq xf]o{g labfno tx b]lv ljzjljbfno tx ;Dd ;xsf/l ljifosf] cwoog cwofkgsf nflu jftfj/0f agfpg] ljifodf ;/f]sf/ /fvg] lgsfox?;fu kxnsbdl lng] sfddf ;d]t af]8{n] g} dxtjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ b]lvg5. To;} u/l :jb]z tyf ljb]zsf cg'ej Pj+ g]kfndf pknaw ;fwg ; f]tnfo{ pkof]u u/l cwoog cg';gwfgsf cfwf/df ;fgf, demf}nf Pj+ 7'nf :t/sf cf}bf]lus Pj+ Joj;flos kl/of]hgf tof/ u/]/ ;xsf/lx?nfo{ ;+rfng ug{sf lgldq k ]l/t ug]{ sfd ;d]t ;xsf/l ljsf; af]8{af6 g} x'g ;s]df l;+uf] ;xsf/l cleofg nfeflgjt x'g ;Sb5. To:t} b]z Joflk?kdf ;xsf/l cjwf/0ffsf] k lzif0fsf dfwodaf6 lj:tf/ ug]{, ljbfnob]lv ljzjljbfno tx ;Dd cfjzos kg]{ kf7\oqmd tof/ ug{df ;xlhs/0f ug]{ tyf kf7\o;fdfu L tof/ ug]{, goff goff vf]h, cwoog cg';gwfg u/l g]kfnsf] ;xsf/ltfnfo{ ljzj ;d'bfo ;dif pts[i6 agfpg] sfo{df nflu/xg] sfd ug{] u/l ;xsf/l k lzif0f s]gb sf] Ifdtf ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{'kg]{ x'g5. ;femf :jf:yo, ;femf oftfoft, ;femf e08f/, ;femf k sfzg h:tf ;+:yfx?nfo{ jf:tjd} ;xsf/ls/0f ub}{ ;Ifd / 7"nf Joj;flos s]gb sf?kdf ljsf; ug{'kg]{ 5. ;+3, k b]z / :yfglo ;/sf/ cgtu{t /x]sf dgqfno b]lv sfof{no;dd ;xsf/l a'em]sf jf a'em\g] rfxgf epsf JolStn] lhdd]jf/l lng'kb{5. cleofgsf] g]t[tjstf{x?n] u0f]z elstaf6 cj;/ lng] t/ kl/eflift sfd eg] ub}{ gug]{ cj:yfsf] cgto ub}{ ;do Joj:yfkg, ;xsf/l ;DaGwL 1fg, st{jo jf]w / hjfkmb]lxtf epsf JolStn] dfq} g]t[tjsf nflu cj;/ lng], lbg] / kfpg] kl/l:ylt lgdf{0f ul/g' kb{5. lgisif{ M ul/al lgjf/0f, Joj;flos/0f, /f]huf/lsf] l;h{gf, ;fdflhs PsLs/0f / cfosf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0fsf lgldq cjjn jgb} uo{/x]sf] ;xsf/l ljlw jf:tjd} g]kfnsf] ;d[l4sf nflu j/bfg ;fljt x'g ;Sb5. t/ /fhlglt1 Pj+ gllt lgdf{tfx?, ;/sf/sf sd{rf/lx?, ;+rf/ hut, cfd ;xsf/l If]qsf ;+rfns Pj+ ;b:ox?n] /fd /L ;xsf/l efjgf, sfo{ ;+rfng k4lt, d"no / l;4fgtx? a'em\g' cfjzos x'g5. h'g s'/fx? k efjsf/l?kaf6 ga'lemsg xfflspsf] ;xsf/l ofqfn] k efjsf/l k ltkmn lbg g;sg] lglzrt x'g5. g]kfnsf] ;xsf/l cfgbf]ng ;sf/ftds ultd} rln/x]sf] b]lvg5. s]xl cgo If]q / lgsfosf JolQmdf /x]sf] a'emfosf] sldsf sf/0fn] gllh If]q / ;xsf/l If]q Pscsf{sf k ltålg4 x'g\ < ;xsf/l gllh If]qs} c+u xf] egg] h:tf km/s km/s / lj/f]wfjf; s'/f u/]sf] klg ;'lgg5 t/ jf:tjdf ol b'o{ Ps cfsf{sf kl/k'/s / k ltikwl{ x'g ;S5g\ t/ k ltålg4 eg] x'g} ;Sb}gg\. km]/l jt{dfgdf ;xsf/lnfo{ gllh If]qsf] xffufsf?kdf klg lng ;lsb}g lsgsl ;/sf/l, ;xsf/l / gllh u/l # j6} If]q Ps cfsf{sf kl/k"/s / ;xof]ulsf?kdf /xl cf cfkm\gf kl/eflift lhdd]jf/l / If]qx?df sfd ug{ ;Sb5g\. h'g s'/f g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] ;d]t :ki6 ul/;s]sf]5. Ps cfsf{nfo{ ;xof]u u/l cy{tgqsf # j6} vdjf jlnof agfpg ;s] b]zsf] rf}tkml{ ljsf; ;Dej 5. log} ljlegg ljrf/ / sfo{lbzfsf ;fy cufl8 a9\g ;s] ;xsf/l If]qdf Joj;flostfsf] l;h{gf / clej[l4 x'g ;S5. h;af6 s[lifdf lge{/ g]kfnsf] cy{tgqsf] ljsf; dfkm{t ptkfbgdf j[l4, /f]huf/lsf] l;h{gf / u'0f:t/lo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{ ;Dej x'g u} ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu ;xsf/l If]qsf] sfd j/bfg ;fljt x'g] lglzrt b]lvg5. ;Gbe{ ;fdu L cy{ dgqfno -@)&%_, cfly{s ;j]{if0f &%, sf7df8f}+ M cy{ dgqfno. ;xsf/l tyf ul/al lgjf/0f dgqfno -@)&$_, ;xsf/l sf7df8f}+ M ;xsf/l tyf ul/al lgjf/0f dgqfno, ;xsf/l ljefu. /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u -@)&#_, rf}wf} of]hgf -@)&# )&^_, sf7df+8f}m /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u. a8fn, s]zj -@)^^_, e"ld / s[lifsf] cy{ /fhgllt, sf7df8f}+ M ;fd"lxs cftdlge{/tf ;]jf s]gb. zdf{, vu/fh -@)&!_, ul/al lgjf/0fsf nflu ;xsf/l,?kgb]xl M lhnnf ;xsf/l ;+3. NPC / OPHI -2018_, Nepal Multidimensional Poverty Index: Analysis Towards Action Kathmandu: National Planning Comission / Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative. 124

126 lzv/ e]/lu+uf g=kf=!!, ;'v]{t kmf]g g+= M (*$*)&^%(( Od]n M shikharsaccos057@gmail.com :jfjndal lj/]gb gu/, ;'v]{t kmf]g g+= M )*# %@@#$^ Od]n M s.saccos.skt@gmail.com h'dnf lhnnf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= h'dnf kmf]g g+= M )*& %@)#$( z'elrgts l;dsf]6 ufpkflnsf ^, x'dnf kmf]gm )*& ^*))%(, (*%*#@!)@) Od]n M shuvachintak15@gmail.com kl/snkgf M bluf], ;b:ox?nfo{ cfkm'n] cfh{g u/]sf] cfooaf6 lgoldt?kn] art ug]{ afgl a;fng ptk ]l/t u/l ;+sng epsf] art /sdaf6 cfjzos epsf ;b:ox?nfo{ ;Lkd'ns cfo cfh{g sfo{qmd nufot cfly{s ;+s6 6fg{ plrt Aofhb/df C0f nufgl u/l ;b:ox?sf] cfly{s ;fdflhs cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug]{. ;b:o ;+Vof M!#& dlxnf k'?if ljqlo cj:yf M hddf ;DklQ z]o/ k"fhl art @,^),)#,@^)=)) 125

127 u08sl Sni6/ k yd -k f]a]zg_ n]sfnl :jfjndag /];'Ëf g=kf=!, tfd3f;, u'ndl kmf]g g+= M )&( $@)(*^, %@!!@^ Od]n M lekali806@gmail.com >L cgwsf/ d'lqm /fdk'/ &, kfnkf kmf]g g+= M )&% $)#)#!, $)!)#! Od]n M andhakarmukti5@gmail.com cf:yf kf]v/f!, ahf/ kmf]g g+= M )^! %#%!!& Od]n M asthasaving_ccsl@yahoo.com kf]v/f /f]on ;xsf/l ;+:yf ln= kf]v/f!), a'4rf]s kmf]g g+= M )^! %#**## Od]n M info@royalcooperative.com hg;]jf kf]v/f!(, k'?grf}/ kmf]g g+= M )^! %#*^$! Od]n M janasewacasos1087@gmail.com b'wkf]v/l kf]v/f!%, sf:sl kmf]g g+= M )^! %@%)^^ Od]n M dpsco12@gmail.com lxt};l cd{nf kmf]g g+= M )^! $$!!)( Od]n M htc.armala@gmail.com ;+ud kf]v/f!%, /fdahf/ kmf]g g+= M )^! $#@!## Od]n M sangamsaving@gmail.com uf}/lz+s/ x]dhf kmf]g g+= M )^! $)))#) Od]n M gssccl@yahoo.com xft]dfnf] a]lz;x/ g=kf= *, ndh'ª kmf]g g+= M)^^ %@)(!%, )^^ %@)(@% Od]n M hatemalo.saccos01@gmail.com 126

128 n]v ;xsf/ldf /fhglltsf] ljifo k'?iff]qd bfxfn dfgfy{ cwoif ;"rgf rf}tf/l ;~rf/ ;xsf/l ;+:yf ln= g] kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;xsf/l cfgbf]ng jf cleofg clgjfo{ /fli6«o lx:;f agg k'u]sf] 5. ;fn otfsf] sl/j ;f8] ^ bzssf] cjlwdf of] cfgbf]ngn] g]kfnlx?;fu cfkm"nfo{ clegg agfpg' lgzro klg ;sf/ftds xf]. cg]s cf/f]x cj/f]x kf/ub}{ ;ft bzssf] kf]ofdf k'ug nfu]sf] ;xsf/l cfgbf]ng jf cleofg ca of}6f zx/ jf s]gb df dfq ;Lldt /x]g. g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df of] cleofg &%# :yfglo tx;dd lj:tfl/t epsf] 5. c;fwo wglb]lv ctogt ljkgg kl/jf/ ;d]t s'g} g s'g}?kdf ;xsf/l;fu cfa4 epsf 5g\. Psk sf/n] ;a} ju{, hft, wd{ ln+u / j0f{nfo{ ;dfg ynf]df hf]8\g] Ifdtf ;xsf/ldf dfq 5. ;xsf/ldf x'g] / gx'g]sf] s'g} e]befj x'fb}g. PSsfO;f}+ ztfjbl ca ;' dfs/n] eg] h:tf] æ:dn Oh Jo'l6km'nÆ sf] cj:yf jf 7"nf pbf]ux?sf] jr{:jn] dfq cl8g] cj:yfdf 5}g. ;dfhj}1flgsx?n] ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf ljifodf cg]s lrgtg k :t't u/]sf 5g\, cg]s ljdz{ u/]sf 5g\, cg';gwfgsf cg]s 7]nLx? tof/ epsf 5g\. cy{zf:ql / ;dfhzf:qlx?n] cfly{s ;fdflhs ;xsf/ldf x'g] / gx'g]sf] s'g} e]befj x' b}g. PSsfO;f}+ ztfjbl ca ;' dfs/n] eg] h:tf] æ:dn Oh Jo'l6km'nÆ sf] cj:yf jf 7"nf pbf]ux?sf] jr{:jn] dfq cl8g] cj:yfdf 5}g.?kdf dflg;x?sf] ju{ ljzn]if0f ubf{ x'g] / gx'g] clg clncln x'g] tlg ju{df aff8]sf] lxhf]sf] lbgdf xf]. t/ clxn] Toltn] dfq gk'ug] epsf] 5. cyf{t prr ju{, dwod ju{ / ljkgg ju{ egg] ljefhgn] dfq k'ub}g. casf lbgdf prr cfly{s ju{, dwod cfly{s ju{, lgdg dwod cfly{s ju{ / ljkgg ju{ eg]/ ljefhg ug}{ kg]{x'g5. lxhf]sf lbgdf tlg cy{ ju{sf] ljefhgsf cfwf/df cwoog cwofkg ul//x]sfx? ;fob o;df ;xdt x'b}gg\ xf]nf. t/ ljsl;t zx/l ;Eotf, ;"rgf k ljlwn] NofPsf] ce"tk"j{ kl/jt{g / pkef]qmfjfbl ;+:s[ltsf] df}nfpfbf]?k tyf dflg;x?df cfpsf] dgf]j}1flgs ;f]r tyf lgikmn ;fljt x'fb} upsf k/dk/fut /fhgllts bz{gx?sf sf/0f ;dfhdf gjlg d"nowf/ :yflkt x'fb} upsf] b]lvg5. o;df qmdzm ljsf; epsf] jftfj/0flo k efj / kof{j/0fdf cfpsf] kl/jt{gn] ;d]t dflg;x?sf ;f]r tyf cfr/0fdf kl/jt{g x'fb} upsf] 5. dflg;x?sf dfux?, lxhf] egbf cfh km/s epsf 5g\. lxhf]sf lbgdf xftdf affwg] ;fgf] 38L jf 3/sf] sf]7fdf ahg] ;fgf] /]l8of]nfo{ nshl/o; ;fdfgsf?kdf cg'ej ul/gyof]. lj:tf/} Tof] ;+:s[lt kl/jlt{t ep/ cjsf lbgdf s'g} klg pkef]uo ;fdfgx? nshl/o; x'g 5f8]sf 5g\. ptkflbt ;a} ;fdfg ;s];dd dflg;x?sf nflu x'g\ egg] l;4fgtn] k'/fgf ;a} dfgotfx?nfo{ lj:yflkt ul//x]sf 5g\. t/ cfly{s ju{sf 127

129 alrdf /x]sf] e]b hlt dflg; Tolt g} a9\b} upsf] cj:yf 5. ptkflbt ;fdu Lx? ;a}sf nflu dflgp klg gx'g]x?n] To; c;dej O{R5fnfO{ k"/f ug{ ;Sb}gg\. t/ lxhf]sf lbgdf egbf cfhsf] Go"gtd cfjzostf cgt/af]w pglx?df kof{kt ljsl;t 5. kxf8sf, t/fosf, vf]rsf ul/a ls;fg ufpfn]x?sf xftdf b]lvpsf] df]afon, pglx?sf nflu ;xh epsf] ljh'nl, kfgl / af6f], v]tl ls;fgldf cfpsf] kl/jt{gn] Go"gtd cfjzostfsf] kl/lwnfo{ v'drofpg] xf]og, lj:tf/ ul//x]sf] :ki6 5. ef/l af]sb} kxf8 r9\g nfu]sf] xftdf xf];\ ls 3fF; sf6\g h+un lx8]sfx?sf xftdf xf];\, cyjf xnf] hf]tb} u/]sf] ls;fgsf xftdf clxn] df]afon Go"gtd cfjzostf x'g k'u]sf] 5. /xg;xg, njfo{ vjfo{ ;a}df Jofks kl/jt{g x'b} 5. To;df lzlift jf clzlift ;a}sf] rfxgf ;dfg 5. of] rfxgfsf] lj:tf/ / ;dosf] dfu;fu} ;xsf/l cfgbf]ngsf] dxqf klg lj:tfl/t x'b}5. lziff, :jf:yo, ;+rf/, zf/ll/s pkef]uo ;fdu L / s[lif ptkfbgdf hlt gljgtd lgto k of]ux? x'g5g\ Tolt g} ;xsf/l cfgbf]ng hghgdf k'ug] x'g5. ;fdflhs?kdf dflg;x?sf] cl:ttj / x}l;ot ;dfg x'fb} upsf] 5. lxhf]sf] h:tf] c5't / 5't h:tf lggbglo Jojxf/x? lgs} 36\b} upsf 5g\. /+ue]bsf] ;d]t cgto epsf] 5. dfgj clwsf/sf ljzjjofkl l;4fgtx?n] wd{, j0f{, ln+u, hft, /+u s'g}df klg lje]bnfo{ lgif]w u/]sf] cj:yf 5. o:tf] lje]b dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fw jf dfgj clwsf/ lj/f]wl eg]/ kl/lrt eo;s]sf] 5. ;xsf/l ;xl cy{df dfgj clwsf/sf l;4fgtx?nfo{ w/ftndf ptfg]{ / ;dfgtfsf] l;4fgtnfo{ Jojxf/df nfu" ug]{ cleofg / cfgbf]ng xf] / cfkm"nfo{ Jojxf/df g} o; cfgbf]ngn] ;dfgtfnfo{ k dfl0ft u/]sf] 5. ;dfgtf, :jtgqtf, cfgbf]ng, cleofgx? ;a};fu /fhgllt hf]l8ps} x'g5. /fhglltsf] j}rfl/s lziff, :jf:yo, ;+rf/, zf/ll/s pkef]uo ;fdu L / s[lif ptkfbgdf hlt gljgtd lgto k of]ux? x'g5g\ Tolt g} ;xsf/l cfgbf]ng hghgdf k'ug] x'g5. ;fdflhs?kdf dflg;x?sf] cl:ttj / x}l;ot ;dfg x' b} upsf] 5. lxhf]sf] h:tf] c5't / 5't h:tf lggbglo Jojxf/x? lgs} 36\b} upsf 5g\. If]qdf ol ljifox?sf] pkl:ylt clgjfo{ x'g5. ;xsf/l ;dfgtfsf] l;4fgt xf], :jtgqtf o;sf] :kgbg xf], cfgbf]ng jf cleofgn] o;sf] rnfodfg rl/qnfo{ :ki6 u/]sf] x'g5. ;+:yf cfkm} rnfodfg x'b}g. ljrf/;+u hf]l8psf] JolQmn] g} o;nfo{ ult lbg] xf]. ca k Zg p7\5 M ;xsf/ldf /fhglltsf] ljifo s'g?kdf s'g ;Ldf;Dd /xg5 / /xg kfpg' kb{5 < ;dfgtfsf] l;4fgt jf :jtgqtfsf] l;4fgt h] eg] klg /fhgllt;fu k ToIf x'g5g\. /fhgllt;fu /fhosf ;a} cjoj / cleofg hf]l8psf x'g5g\, hf]l8g} kb{5. ;xsf/lnfo{ klg /fhgllt egbf k[ys /fv]/ x]g{ ;lsb}g. /fhgllt ;sf/ftds epg eg] ;xsf/l cfgbf]ng cfkm} cl3 a9\g c;dej x'g5. hxf+ b'o{ jf To; egbf a9l dflg;x?sf] ;xeflutf x'g5 ToxfF ;+u7g x'g5, ;xsfo{sf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; x'g5, l;4fgtx?sf] cfljisf/ x'g5, k of]usf cg]s kifx? :yflkt x'g5g\, ljlw / lgodx?sf] JofVof x'g nfu5. ;xsf/lsf] klg cfkm\g} lgod l;4fgt bz{g h] eg] klg to epsf] cj:yf 5. t/ /fhglltsf] s'g?kdf kx'fr x'g], o;n] ;xsf/ltfdf x:tif]k ug]{ jf gug]{ < u/]df s'g xb;dd o;sf] cf}lrto x'g5 < ol k Zg ;fdfgotm ;/n 5g\. t/ Jojxf/df lgs} s7lg x'g5g\. g]kfndf /fhglltsf] s'/f p7\gf;fy ljrf/sf] egbf /fhgllts bnsf] ljifo cufl8 cfpg] ub{5. t/ /fhgllt / /fhgllts bndf cfsfz hdlgsf] leggtf 5. /fhgllt ljrf/ xf], /fhgllts bnx? ljrf/sf ;+jfxs ;+ogqx? dfq x'g\. ;xsf/ln] cfkm"nfo{ v'nf ljrf/sf] ;xof]ul l;4 ul//x]sf] 5. bnlo lgogq0f / k efjsf cfwf/df x]g]{ xf] eg] km/s t:jl/ ;fndf ttsflng ljkl sf]o/fnf g]t[tjsf] ;/sf/n] ;xsf/lnfo{ ljz]if cleofgsf?kdf cl3 a9fpg vf]h] klg ;/sf/sf] lj36g / ;+ljwfgsf] lj:yfkg;+u} Tof] cleofg 5fofFdf k/]sf] lyof]. lgb{nlo k~rfotsfndf ;xsf/lnfo{ cy{glltsf] Ps :tde gdflgpsf] xf]og. vf;u/l ldl>t cy{ k 0ffnLsf] rrf{ ubf{ ;xsf/lsf] ljifo hlxn] klg p7\g] u/]sf] lyof]. t/ s]xl ;xsf/l ;femf ;+:yfx? jfx]s cfd gful/sdf of] ljifo gf}nf] g} sf] kl/jt{gn] cy{k 0ffnLdf Jofks kl/jt{g Nofpg k'uof]. oblk e"d08nls/0f / v'nf pbf/ cy{tgqsf] ljifon] lghls/0fsf] jf6f] c+ufn] kl5 ljjfb eg] cfh;dd rln/x]sf] 5. g]kfndf kl/jt{g x'g' klxn] ;fdojfbl g]t[tjsf] ;f]leot ;+3df /fi6«klt ldvfon 128

130 uf]ef{rf]en] kl/eflift u/]sf] k]/]:qf]osf / Unf:gf]:t egg] gf/fn] ;+;f/df goff /fhgllts cfly{s w 'jls/0f l;h{gf ul/;s]sf] lyof]. g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg sl/j To;} ;dodf cfpsf] v'nf / e"d08nls[t cy{ glltsf] k efj k/]sf] h:tf] b]lvgyof]. To;sf] Ps ;sf/ftds kf6f] xf] ;xsf/l cleofgsf] Jofks lj:tf/. cf/dedf j}rfl/s?kdf o;nfo{ lj:tf/ ug{df nf]stgqdf ljzjf; ug]{ /fhgllts bnx?sf cleogtfx? cu ;/ ep klg sfnfgt/df of] cleofgsf] g]t[tj clxn] ;fdojfbdf ljzjf; ug]{x?sf] afx'notf 8f]l/O /x]sf] 5. t/ ljrf/sf lx;fjn] o:tf] b]lvp klg ;+u7gsf?kdf s]xl ljefhgsf] /]vf /x] klg ;xsf/l cfgbf]ngdf bnlo lrgtgn] 7fpF kfpsf] 5}g. ;dfgtfsf cfwf/df of] cfgbf]ng rln/x]sf] 5. ;+:yfx?df s'g xb;dd /fhgllts ljrf/sf] k of]u x'g] cyjf s'g xb;dd /fhgllts bnx?sf] lgogq0f jf x:tif]k x'g] < of] k Zg cfhsf] zlif{s;fu hf]l8psf] 5. klxn] g} elgof] /fhgllts ljrf/ hxff klg x'g5. ljrf/ ljgfsf] s'g} klg ;+:yf x'b}gg\. g]kfn h:tf] ;j{q /fhgllts bn jfx]s c? s]xl gepsf] b]zdf /fhgllt jflx/ s'g} ;+:yfx? /xg5g\ / /xg' k5{ egg' lg/y{s x'g5. Pstfsf g]kfndf s] elggyof] eg] sf]xl klg g]kfndf dflg;x? db}{gg\. ls sf+u ]; d5{, ls Pdfn] d5{ ls t dfcf]jfbl d5{, cyjf /fli6«o k hftgq kf6l{ d5{ egg];dd epsf] lyof]. clxn] qmdzm of] Jojxf/df kl/jt{g x'fb} 5. g]kfndf dflg;x? a:b}gg\ ls sf+u ];, ls Pdfn], ls dfcf]jfbl jf /fk kfx? dfq 5g\ egg] Jojxf/af6 p7]/ clxn] ;f]rdf s]xl jbnfj x'g' ;sf/ftds xf]. dflg;x? g} gj:g] b]zsf ;+:yfx? klg dflg;x?af6 gep/ sf+u ];, sdo'lgi6 jf o:t} bnx?sf] ;~rfngdf 5g\ egg] ;f]r lsg cfh klg 5 < j:t'tm ;+:yfx?df /fhgllts gep/ bnlo k of]u epsf sf/0f o:tf] ;f]r b]lvpsf] xf]. ;xsf/lsf ;+u7gx?df klg bnlos/0f clt g} 5. t/ s] ;xsf/lsf] l;4fgt ;'xfpfbf] xf] t o:tf] bnlos/0f < ;xsf/ldf ;/sf/sf] gsf/ftdstf, ;/sf/df a:g]x?sf] gsf/ftds ;f]r, ;xsf/l cd}ql sfg"g, 7"nf Jofkfl/s 3/fgf jf 7"nf a}+sx?sf] :jfy{;fu aflempsf] k of]u cg]s o:tf kifx? 5g\ h;sf] ;fdgf jf ;dfwfg ug{ s'g} klg Ps bnsf] ljrf/af6 dfq ;Dej x'b}g. To;df klg ;xsf/l eg]sf] x'g] / gx'g] cyjf gx'g] / x'g] alrdf cjl:yt clncln x'g] cfly{s ju{sf] ;dgjo ;]t' xf]. o;}sf/0f ;xsf/l cleofgsf] Joks cy{ / kl/efiff h:t} u/l of] cfgbf]ng bnlos/0faf6 To:tf] ;f]raf6 d'qm x'g} kb{5. oblk clxn]sf] g]kfnl ;dfh /fhgllts bn;+u olt r'n'{dd cgt/3'lnt 5 ls o;nfo{ 5'6\ofpg s7lg x'g5. Gofo lbg] :yfgdf sf+u ];, sdo'lgi6, dw]; jf c? bnx?sf eft[ ;+u7gx? 5g\, lgikif lgjf{rg u/fpg] ;+:yf klg bnjfbaf6 legg 5}gg\. /fi6«;]js sd{rf/lx?df klg eft[ ;+:yfx? 5g\, lzifs, k fwofks, kqsf/, sfg"g Joj;foL, Jofkf/L, hft ;d'bfo ;a}df bnlo ;+u7gx?sf] dxfhfnf] b]lvg5. ;/sf/sf] lhddf lng]x? x/]s ;dodf cfkm\gf] bnsf] dflg; afx]s c? of]uox?k lt lg/k]if b]lvg5g\. lhdd]bf/l t h'g;'s} ljrf/sfn] klg of]uotfsf cfwf/df kfpg' kg]{ dfgotfsf] 3f]/ pnn+3g g]kfndf eo/x]sf] 5. To;/L s'g} /fhgllts bnsf cfwf/df lhdd]bf/l kfpg]x? klg bnx?s} :jfy{ k a4{gdf nfu]sf] b]lvg5. o;}sf/0f bnlo x:tif]ksf] cfsf/ a9\b} upsf] xf] / ljrf/ z"gotfn] 3/ ub}{ upsf] xf]. o;}sf/0f ;xsf/ldf dfq o:tf] hfnf] x'g'xf'b}g egg] 5}g\. t/ ;xsf/lsf] cgto{ cfbz{ / c? ;+3;+:yfx?df cfsfz hdlgsf] cgt/ 5. ol ;+u7gx?n] ;dfg p2]zosf ;fy ;xsf/l ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\. ;xsf/ldf ;b:otf lnfbf, art ug]{ ;dodf jf C0f lnfbf, cyjf s[lif jf Joj;fo;Fu cfj4 xf'bf st} klg ljrf/ jf bn b]lvb}g. /fhglltaf6 d'qm If]q egg'sf] cy{ bnjfbsf] 5fofFaf6 d'lqm xf]. hlt bnlotfsf] dxfhfnf]af6 ;xsf/l cfgbf]ng d'qm x'g5 Tolt g} o;n] cfd gful/snfo{ ;xsf/l ;"qdf hf]8\b} pglx?sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs hljgdf k ult u/fpg] ;fdyo{ /fvb5. cfhsf] d"nk Zg xf] /fhgllts ljrf/df xf]og ;xsf/ltfdf bnjfb lglif4 x'g'k5{ egg] xf]. s] ;xsf/l ;~rfng ug]{ / ;xsf/l;fu hf]l8psf ;+u7gx? o;df u+el/ x'g ;S5g\ < cfhsf] /fhglltdf ;xsf/ltf ;Gbe{df clgjfo{ pq/fk]ifl k Zg xf] of]. 129

131 130

132 n]v ;xsf/lsf] k j4{g / ljsf;df :yfglo txsf] e"ldsf ;Ltf 9'+ufgf pkfwoif uh'/l ufpfkflnsf ;fnsf] hgcfgbf]ng kzrft ha b]zdf /fhgllts kl/jt{g eof], ta /fhoåf/f b]zdf cfly{s kl/jt{gsf] cfjzoqmfsf] dx;'; x'gyfnof]. d'n'sdf cfly{s kl/jt{gsf nflu ljlegg cfofdx? vf]lhg yflnof] o;} qmddf ;xsf/l dfwodnfo{ ljkggd'vl tyf lgdg cfo:t/ epsf gful/ssf] cfly{s cj:yf kl/jt{gsf] nflu Pp6f e/kbf]{ ljsnksf]?kdf lng ;lsg] s'/fsf] cftd;fy eof]. o;} cg'?k ;xsf/l cfof]. ;xsf/l lj:tf/ / ljsf;df qmdz yk ;'wf/sf k of;x? x'g yfn]. kl5 o;nfo{ cgtl/d / g]kfnsf] n] klg prr k fyldstfsf ;fy pnn]v u/]sf] 5. ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %) sf] pkwf/f # df æ;fj{hlgs, lghl / ;xsf/l If]qsf] ;xeflutf tyf ljsf; dfkm{t pknaw ;fwg / ; f]tsf] clwstd kl/rfngåf/f tla cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ub}{ bluf] cfly{s ljsf; ug]{, k fkt pknawlx?sf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f u/l cfly{s c;dfgtfsf] cgto ub}{ zf]if0f /lxt ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{ /fli6«o cy{tgqnfo{ cftdlge{/, :jtgq tyf pggtzln agfpfb} ;dfhjfb pgd'v :jtgq / ;d[4 cy{tgqsf] ljsf; ug]{ /fhosf] cfly{s p2]zo x'g]5æ elgpsf] 5 To:t} ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %! sf] 3-!_ df ;fj{hlgs lghl / ;xsf/l If]qsf] ;xeflutf / :jtgq ljsf; dfkm{t /fl6«o cy{tgq ;'b[9 ug]{ / wf/f %! 3-#_ df ;xsf/l If]qnfO{ k j4{g ub}{ /fli6«o ljsf;df ctolws kl/rfng ug]{ u/l /fhosf] pbf]u tyf jfl0fho ;DaGwL glltdf ;xsf/lnfo{ cu :yfgdf /fv]sf] 5. o;/l x]bf{ b]zn] clxn] lnpsf] ;d[4 /fli6«o cy{tgqsf] nio k'/f ug{ ;xsf/l Ps e/kbf]{ dfwod x'g ;Sg] 7x/ ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] b]lvg5. o;} ;+ljwfg -g]kfnsf] n] kl/snkgf u/]sf] ;+3Lotfsf] ceof; clxn] d'n'sdf eo{/x]sf] 5. d'n'sdf ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cg'?k tlg txsf] ;/sf/ -;+3Lo, k b]z / :yfglo_ u7g eo{;s]sf] / ol ltg} txsf] ;/sf/x? cf cfkm\gf Psn tyf ;femf clwsf/ sfof{gjogsf] r/0fdf 5g\. nfdf] ;+3if{ / hgtfsf alnbfgl kzrft lgdf{0f epsf] ;+3Lo nf]stflgqs u0ftgq ;lxtsf] ;+ljwfg sfof{gjogsf] ;'qkft :yfglo txsf] lgjf{rgaf6 eof]. d'n'sdf ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cg'?k tlg txsf] ;/sf/ -;+3Lo, k b]z / :yfglo_ u7g eo{;s]sf] / ol tlg} txsf] ;/sf/x? cf cfkm\gf Psn tyf ;femf clwsf/ sfof{gjogsf] r/0fdf 5g\. nfdf] ;+3if{ / hgtfsf alnbfgl kzrft lgdf{0f epsf] ;+3Lo nf]stflgqs u0ftgq ;lxtsf] ;+ljwfg sfof{gjogsf] ;'qkft :yfglo txsf] lgjf{rgaf6 eof]. 131

133 ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{gjog / hgk ltlglw lalxg :yfglo txnfo{ k"0f{tf lbfb} ;+3Lo ;/sf/ / k b]z ;/sf/df h:t} u/l :yfglo txdf klg ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf] ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rl * j6f Psn clwsf/sf] ceof; x'fb} cfo{/x]sf] 5. pqm cg';"rl * cf]6f :yfglo txsf] clwsf/sf] ;"rldf /x]sf dwo] ;xsf/l ;+:yf ;DaGwL clwsf/ bf]; f] gda/df /x]sf] 5 eg] cg';"rl ( sf] ;+3 k b]z / :yfglo txsf] ;femf ;"rldf /x]sf clwsf/x? dwo] ;xsf/l klxnf] gda/df /x]sf] 5. o;y{ :yfglo txdf ;xsf/l btf{, ;~rfng, Joj:yfkg tyf k j4{g ;+ljwfgt klxnf] k fyldstfdf /x]sf] / ;xsf/l If]q :yfglo txsf] Ps clegg c+usf]?kdf /x]sf] s'/f k i6 x'g cfp5. o; clwsf/sf] k of]u :yfglo txn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %& -!_ cg';f/ ;+ljwfg / uffp jf gu/ ;efn] agfpsf] sfg"g adf]lhd ug]{ elgpsf] 5. ljutsf] :yfglo lgsfo /fho k'g;{+/rgf kzrft :yfglo txsf]?kdf ul7t 5 cyf{t :yfglo ;/sf/sf lgjf{lrt hgk ltlwlx? sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf / Gofokflnsfsf] kl/efiflt If]qflwsf/ leq /x]/ sfo{ ug]{ lhdd]jf/ldf 5g\. o;/l x]bf{ xfn ul7t :yfglo tx clwsf/ ;DkGg / w]/} s'/fx?df :jfoq klg 5. o;sf/0f tlg txsf] ;/sf/ dwo] hgtfsf] k ToIf ;/f]sf/ af]s]sf] hgtfsf] b}nf]df /x]sf] :yfglo ;xsf/;fu hgtfsf] a9l ck]iff /x]sf] 5. :yfglo txnfo{ ;an / ;d[4 agfpg cfkm' cg's'n sfg"g agfp/ nfu" ug{ ;Sg] u/l :yfglo ;/sf/nfo{ ;+ljwfgn] zlqmzfnl clwsf/ k bfg u/]sf] 5. o;} cg'?k :yfglo txn] ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rl * cf]6f clwsf/sf] ljifodf cfkm}n] sfg"g agfp/ ceof; ug{ ;Sg] s'/f t ;+ljwfgn] lglb{i6 ul/;s]sf] 5, cgo If]qdf h:t} ;xsf/lsf] If]qdf klg o;sf] k j4{g / ljsf;sf] nflu cgo yk gllt tyf dfkb08 agfp/ :yfglo txdf lgdg tyf dwod cfo:t/ epsf gful/ssf] cfly{s :t/ j[l4sf] nflu ;xsf/lsdl{x?nfo{ :yfglo ;/sf/sf ;fem]bf/sf]?kdf lno{ :yfglo txn] sfo{ ug{ ;Sg]5. /fhon] lnpsf] tlg vda] cy{gllt cg';f/ klg gjul7t :yfglo txn] ug]{ sfo{ tyf lnpsf glltx?nfo{ :yfglo ;/sf/, :yfglo txdf /x]sf lghl If]q / pqm If]q leq /x]sf ;xsf/lx?nfo{ Ps cfk; ;dgjo u/fo{ sfof{gjog ubf{ /fhosf]if / :yfglo dfgjzlqmsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u x'g]5. g]kfn Ps ef}uf]lns tyf h}ljs ljljwtfo'qm b]z xf], &%# cf]6f :yfglo txnfo{ x]bf{ ptkfbg, ljt/0f / pkof]lutfsf] lx;fan] cf cfkm\g} km/s ljz]iftfdf kfpg ;lsg5. To;}n] :yfglo txn] cfkm'n] agfpg] sfg"g, gllt tyf dfkb08 cfkm\gf] e'uf]n, TofxfFsf] cfjzoqmf, ptkfbgsf] ;DefJotf, ahf/ cg's'ntf / hgzlqm Joj:yfkgsf] cfwf/ Pj+ Ifdtfsf] cg's'ngdf agfo{ sfo{ ug{ ;Sb5. :yfglo txn] agfpg] sfg"g / sfof{gjog sfo{ljwl dfly pnn]lvt 9fFrfdf agg] xf] ;/f]sf/jfnfnfo{ sfd ug{ klg plqs} ;lhnf] x'g5 eg] of] dfwodaf6 k To]s gful/ssf] hljgz}nl / ljsf;;fu k ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fvg] :yfglo ;/sf/n] ltg} :yfglo gful/snfo{ ;xsf/ldf cfj4 u/fo{ :jr5 k ltikwf{sf] cfwf/df ;xsf/l If]qnfO{ cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf;df kl/rfng ug{ ;Sb5. :yfglo ;x/sf/sf] of] e"ldsfaf6 ;xsf/l If]qsf] k j4{g / ljsfzsf] /]vf klg qmdzm nldab} hfg5. o;/l ;xsf/ltfsf] dfwodaf6 ;/sf/n] :yfglo hgtfsf] cfsf+iff k'/f ug{ hgtf :jo+nfo{ kl/rflnt u/l pglx?nfo{ :jlgoldt / k fkt pknlawsf] ;dfg xsbf/ agfpg ;Sbf :yfglo tx / ;xsf/lsf] ;u}f ljsf; x'g] b]lvg5. xfn g]kfndf /x]sf ljifout If]q;Fu ;DalGwt #$,%!@ cf]6f ;xsf/lx? ;xsf/l l8lehg, ;xsf/l ljefu tyf ;xsf/l af]8{åf/f btf{, gljs/0f, lgodg, lgl/if0f, k f]t;fxg / vf/]hl x'g] ub{yof] eg] :yfglo ;/sf/ ;~rfng n] u/]sf] Joj:yf r}q kzrft ;xsf/lsf] nflu o; cl3 lqmofzln lgsfox? o; cl3sf] pnn]lvt lhdd]jf/laf6 lgzs[o /lx Ps :yfglo tx leq sfo{if]q epsf ;xsf/lx? :yfglo txsf] dftxtdf x'g] u/l / b'o{ jf b'o{ egbf a9l :yfglo txdf sfo{if]q /x]sf ;a} ;xsf/lx? k b]z ;/sf/sf] dftxtdf x'g] u/l clen]v x:tfgt/0f eo{ ;s]sf] 5. o;/l k b]z ;/sf/sf] dftxtdf /xg] ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf] klg lgodg lgsfo eg] :yfglo 132

134 ;/sf/ g} x'g] / x/]s :yfglo txdf ;~rflnt ;a} ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf] k j4{g tyf ljsf; :yfglo ;/sf/af6 g} ;Dej 5. o; cl3 #,*#@ cf]6f -sf7df8f}+ hlnnfdf /x]sf]_ ;Dd ;xsf/l Pp6} lgsfosf] dftxtdf /x]sf] / Pp6} ;xsf/l l8lehg sfof{no dfkm{t oltsf w]/} ;+:yfx?sf] lgodg, lgl/if0f tyf k j4{g sfo{ x'g] ub{yof] pqm ultljlwx? t]lta]nf Ps} lgsfoaf6 hlt ;Dej lyof] ca o;nfo{ hlnnfsf] cf cfkm\gf] sfo{if]q /x]sf] Ps egbf a9l :yfglo txsf] dftxtdf NofO;s]kl5sf] ;xsf/l If]qsf] k j4{g, ljsf; Pj+ Joj:yfkg k efjsf/l / lgoldt x'g] s'/fdf ;a} kifx? lglzrgt 5g\. x'gt ;a}egbf sd!( cf]6f ;xsf/l ;+:yf epsf] dgfª hlnnfdf klg ;xsf/ltfsf] Jofks ceof; / Joj:yfkg eg] x'g ;s]sf] xf]og. o;sf] Pp6} sf/0f eg]s} plrt sfg"gsf] cefj lyof] casf] lbgdf :yfglo txn] ljut b]lvg} ljbdfg /x]sf] To:tf sfg"gl Jojwfgx? km'sfp/ ;xsf/l If]qsf] plrt Joj:yfkg tyf ljsf; ug{ ;Sg] lbgsf] pbo epsf] 5. :yfglo ;/sf/ ;~rfng bkmf!!-v_! df ;xsf/l ;+:yf ;DaGwL clwsf/sf] pnn]v epsf] 5 h; cg';f/!= :yfglo ;/sf/n] ;xsf/l ;+:yf ;DaGwL gllt, sfg"g, dfkb08sf] lgdf{0f, sfof{gjog / lgodg ug{ ;DalGwt ufpfkflnsf tyf gu/kflnsfsf] ef}uf]lns If]qleq ;~rfng x'g] ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf] btf{, cg'dtl vf/]hl / lj36gsf] clwsf/ :yfglo txdf cfpsf] 5. #= ;xsf/l art tyf C0f kl/rfng ;DaGwL :yfglo dfkb08 lgwf{/0f / lgodg :yfglo ;/sf/åf/f ug{ ;lsg] x'gfn] sltko ;xsf/lx?df x'g] u/]sf] art tyf C0f;Fu ;DalGwt c:j:y ultljlw cgto u/l ;xsf/lnfo{ :j:5 k ltikwf{df Nofpg ;lsg]5. $= ;xsf/l ;DaGwL /fli6«o, s]gb Lo, ljifout, k fb]lzs / :yfglo ;+3 ;+:yf;fu ;dgjo / ;xsfo{ u/l ;xsf/l If]qsf] k j4{g / ljsf;df :yfglo txn] sfo{ ug{ ;Sb5. %= ;xsf/l ;DaGwL :yfglo tyofª\s ;+sng Joj:yfkg tyf cwoog cg';gwfg u/l ;xsf/l ljsf;sf] yk ;DefJotf vf]hg ;Sb5. ^= :yfglo ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf] sfd :yfglo ;/sf/ dfkm{t x'g]5. &= :yfglo ;xsf/l If]qsf] k j4{g, kl/rfng / ljsf;sf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ ;d]t :yfglo ;/sf/ ;~rfng n] :yfglo txnfo{ k bfg u/]sf] 5. :yfglo txsf] ;xsf/l If]qsf] k j4{g / ljsf;sf] nflu :yfglo txdf 5l/P/ /x]sf] ;;fgf k"fhlx?nfo{ Pslqt u/l ;fd"lxs lxtsf] nflu Ps csf{df ;xsfo{ ug]{ sfo{ :yfglo txdf x'g;sg] ;xsf/ltfsf] ceof; xf]. lxhf]sf] lbgdf ;d'bfodf ;xsf/ln] h] hlt ug{ ;SbYof] Tof] lgsfgt ;xsf/l ;+:yf -;xsf/lsdl{_ x? dfqsf] k otgdf epsf] lyof] t/ cfh b]z ;+3Lotfdf uo{;s]sf] cj:yfdf /fhosf] tlg vda] cy{glltno{ cjndag ug]{ xf] eg] :yfglo txdf ;xsf/l;fu ;/sf/ / ;/sf/;fu ;xsf/l ;fy} lghl If]q ;d]tsf] ;fem]bf/l ;xh x'g] b]lvg5. ;xsf/l dfkm{t g} gful/sx?nfo{ ;d'bfo k ltsf] rf;f]df cjo:t u/fpg ;lsg5 ;fy} pglx? alrsf] cfk;l Pj+ ;fd"lxs lxtsf] nflu ;/sf/n] dfu{ bz{ssf] e"ldsfdf ;d]t sfo{ ug{ ;Sb5. x/]s gful/sx?nfo{ ;xsf/ldf cfj4 u/fpg] ;fy} pglx?s} cfk;l ;xsfo{tf / ;/sf/sf] s]xl cfly{s ;xfotf ;d]t 7fpF / j:t' cg';f/sf] ;fd"lxs lxtsf] nflu kl/rfng ug]{ xf] eg] To;af6 k fkt x'g] k ltkmn ;/sf/ PSn}n] ug]{ sfdsf] k ltkmn jf ;xsf/l cyf{t lghl If]qn] PSn}n] ug]{ sfdsf] k ltkmn egbf w]/} a9l x'g cfpg] s'/f lglzrt 5. ;xsf/ln] ptkfbg / ljt/0fsf] If]qdf ug]{ ultljlwdf o'jfzlqmsf] kl/rfng ;d]t x'g] x'bff b]zdf /x]sf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/;fusf] k/lge{/tfdf klg sdl Nofpg ;lsg5. clxn] b]zsf %) nfv egbf a9l o'jfx? ljb]zl e"lddf :yfglo txnfo{ ;an / ;d[4 agfpg cfkm' cg's'n sfg"g agfp/ nfu" ug{ ;Sg] u/l :yfglo ;/sf/nfo{ ;+ljwfgn] zlqmzfnl clwsf/ k bfg u/]sf] 5. o;} cg'?k :yfglo txn] ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rl * cf]6f clwsf/sf] ljifodf cfkm}n] sfg"g agfp/ ceof; ug{ ;Sg] s'/f t ;+ljwfgn] lglb{i6 ul/;s]sf] 5, cgo If]qdf h:t} ;xsf/lsf] If]qdf klg o;sf] k j4{g / ljsf;sf] nflu cgo yk gllt tyf dfkb08 agfp/ :yfglo txdf lgdg tyf dwod cfo:t/ epsf gful/ssf] cfly{s :t/ j[l4sf] nflu ;xsf/lsdl{x?nfo{ :yfglo ;/sf/sf ;fem]bf/sf]?kdf lno{ :yfglo txn] sfo{ ug{ ;Sg]5. 133

135 ;xsf/lsf] jf:tljs dd{, efjgf Pj+ dfkb08 cg';f/ ;~rflnt ;xsf/ln] ;d'bfonfo{ ;+ul7t, :jrflnt / :jlgoldt ug]{ sfo{ ub{5. ljz]if u/l :yfglo txdf s[lif If]qsf] lgjf{xd'vl ptkfbgnfo{ Joj;flos agfpg, cfw'lgs s[lif k 0ffnLsf] cjwf/0ffsf] lj:tf/ ug{, ptkflbt j:t'sf] ljt/0f Pj+ ahf/ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xsf/ln] cxd\ e"ldsf v]ng ;Sb5. :yfglo Jofkf/, cfofltt j:t'sf] dfu, cfk"lt{ tyf lgsf;lsf] k If]k0f Pj+ To:tf j:t'sf] d"no ;Gt'ng ug]{df ;d]t :yfglo ;/sf/n] ;xsf/lnfo{ hldd]jf/ agfpg ;Sb5. 5g\. o'jf zlqm;fu} nufglsf cj;/ gkfp/ sltko k"fhl ;d]t aflxl/g] qmddf 5. ljz]if u/l /f]huf/lsf] nflu j}b]lzs >d ahf/df k'ug] o'jfx? cfkm";fu epsf] hldg jf cgo rn ;DkQL laqml u/l ljb]lzg5g\ / ljb]zdf sdfpsf] /sdn] lj:tf/} 3/ vr{, afnaflnsfsf] k9gkf7g, :jf:yo pkrf/ nufotsf] lzif{sdf vr{ u/l ar]sf] k};f k'gm 3/ huuf hf]8\g] h:tf cg'tkfbs sfddf nufpg] t/ s'g} klg ptkfbgzln 7fpFdf nufgl gx'g] u/]sf] kfo{g5, pqm j}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 lelqg] k"fhl, ;xsfo{tfdf nufpg ;lsg] ;fd"bflos ;+u7g / :yfglo hgtfsf] IfdtfnO{ :yfglo tx ljsf;sf] lqmofsnfkdf k ToIf jf ck ToIf?kdf hf]8l ;d'bfosf] ljqlo ;zqmls/0fnfo{ phfu/ u/fpg ;lsg5. :yfglo txsf] ljsf; egg' g} :yfglo hgtfsf] hljg:t/df kl/jt{g tyf pglx?sf] k ltjolqm cfodf j[l4 x'g' xf] / ;xsf/lsf] k j4{g egg' klg ;xsf/ldf cfj4 x/]s ;b:osf] cfly{s x}l;ot dfly p7\g' g} xf] o;/l x]bf{ ;xsf/l If]qsf] ljsf;;fu :yfglo txsf] ;Dj[l4 hf]l8psf] 5 egg ;lsg5. To;}n] :yfglo ;/sf/n] cfkm"n] ca agfpg] glltdf ul/ad'vl cfly{s j[l4nfo{ Wofgdf /fvl lgdg cfo:t/ epsf gful/ssf] :f;fgf] k"fhl / pglx?sf] k/dk/fut IfdtfnfO{ cfw'lgsl/0f ub}{ ;xsf/l dfkm{t log} s'/fsf] kl/rfng ug]{ s'/fnfo{ cleofgsf]?kdf lng] u/l sfg"g agfpg h?/t 5. pqm cleofgaf6 k fkt k ltkmnsf] ;dgoflos ljt/0f ;xsf/l lqmofsnfkaf6 dfq ;Dej /xg5. art tyf C0fsf] kl/rfng ug]{ sfd dfq ;xsf/lsf] sfd xf] egg] sltko a'emfo{x? ;d'bfodf sfod} /x]sf] sf/0f To:tf ;d'bfonfo{ :yfglo ;/sf/n] s]xl ;do vr]{/ cf}krfl/s jf cgf}krfl/s siff Pj+ uf]li7x? dfkm{t ;xsf/l lziff tyf tflnd ;d]t lbg' kg]{5. o;sf] cnjf ;/sf/n] :yfglo :t/df ug]{ ljsf;sf] xsbf/ :yfglo hgtf s;/l agg] egg] ;d]t :yfglo :t/df a'emfo{;s]kl5 ;/sf/n] ug]{ ljsf;sf ultljlwdf ;d]t hgtfsf] rf;f] / ckgtj a9fpg ;lsg5. o; cl3 ;/sf/n] ug]{ h'g;'s} sfdx? klg cg'bfg k 0ffnLaf6 ul/g] / ;/sf/n] u/]sf] nufgldf To;sf] k ltkmn vf]hg] k/dk/f gepsf sf/0f k fkt pknlawx? klg lgoldt / ;+:yfut x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\. JolQmut Joj;fo tyf k'hlfafbl sdkgl lj:tf/af6 l;dlt JolQmsf] hljg:t/ psf:g' ; f bnfn k'hlfafbl l;4fgbaf6 k/ /xl :yfglo txdf cfot k lt:yfkg, /f]huf/lsf] l;h{gf tyf lgof{t j[l4sf] nio lno{ lgdg tyf dwod cfo:t/ epsf JolQmx?åf/f ;fdflhs Joj;fonfO{ ;fd"lxs lxt / ;dfg cfjzoqmfdf s]lgb t ug'{kb{5. :yfglo ;/sf/n] o;/l lng] glltdf ;Dk"0f{ :yfglo af;lx?sf] :j]lr5s?kdf P]Soj4tf x'g h?/l 5 eg] :yfglo ;/sf/n] ;dgoflos ljt/0fsf] l;4fgt clgjfo{ cjndag ug'{ kb{5. ;xsf/lsf] jf:tljs dd{, efjgf Pj+ dfkb08 cg';f/ ;~rflnt ;xsf/ln] ;d'bfonfo{ ;+ul7t, :jrflnt / :jlgoldt ug]{ sfo{ ub{5. ljz]if u/l :yfglo txdf s[lif If]qsf] lgjf{xd'vl ptkfbgnfo{ Joj;flos agfpg, cfw'lgs s[lif k 0ffnLsf] cjwf/0ffsf] lj:tf/ ug{, ptkflbt j:t'sf] ljt/0f Pj+ ahf/ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xsf/ln] cxd\ e"ldsf v]ng ;Sb5. :yfglo Jofkf/, cfofltt j:t'sf] dfu, cfk"lt{ tyf lgsf;lsf] k If]k0f Pj+ To:tf j:t'sf] d"no ;Gt'ng ug]{df ;d]t :yfglo ;/sf/n] ;xsf/lnfo{ hldd]jf/ agfpg ;Sb5. :yfglo txdf vfbclwsf/sf] ;'lglzrttf Pj+ pkef]qmf lxt ;+/If0f ;DaGwL gllt agfo{ ;f]sf] sfof{gjogsf] ;fem]bf/sf]?kdf ;xsf/lnfo{ lng ;lsg5. :yfglo txn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/laf6 kms]{sf JolQmx?sf] ;fdflhs k'gm PsLs/0f u/fo{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/laf6 k fkt ;Lk / pbdzlntfsf] pkof]u ;xsf/l ultljlwaf6 u/fpg ;Sb5. g]kfn Pp6f s[lif k wfg b]z xf], oxffsf sl/j &) k ltzt hgtf 134

136 s[lif k]zfdf lge{/ 5g\ h; dwo] kl5nnf] ;do s]xl dfq cfw'lgs tyf Joj;flos s[lif k]zfdf cfj4 x'g yfn]sf] ep klg o;sf] 7'nf] lx:;f cem} klg lgjf{xd'vl v]tl k 0ffnLdf ;Lldt 5g\. sl/j &) k ltzt egbf a9l hgtf s[lif k]zfdf cfj4 /xfbf klg s[lif pkhdf b]z cftdlge{/ x'g g;sg' lj8dagfsf] s'/f xf]. :yfglo ;/sf/ ;~rfng n] :yfglo txnfo{ s[lif tyf kz'kfng, s[lif ptkfbg Joj:yfkg kz' :jf:yo, ;xsf/l ;DaGwL!# cf]6f clwsf/ k Tofof]hg u/]sf] 5. h; cgtu{t s[lif ptkfbg, kz'kfng, s[lif ptkfbg Joj:yfkg, kz' :jf:yo, kz' awzfnf, lzt eg8f/0f, kz'klif+ ladf, kz' shf{ ;xhls/0f, :yfglo r/0f tyf vs{ ljsf;, 3fF; v]tl, kz' cfxf/ tyf bfgf ptkfbg;fu ;DalGwt ;a} clwsf/sf] sfg"g agfp/ ceof; ubf{ :yfglo txn] ;xsf/l / gllh If]qnfO{ ;fem]bf/sf]?kdf lno{ sfof{gjog ug]{ xf] eg] :yfglo tx s[lif ptkfbgdf cftdlge{/ agg ;Sg]5 ;fy} ;xsf/lsf] e"ldsfnfo{ pqm If]qsf] k j4{g / ljsfzdf u0fgf ug{ ;lsg5. o;}u/l :yfglo :t/df kmf]xf]/d}nf k zf]wg tyf Joj:yfkg, bdsn tyf PDa'n]G; ;~rfng, :yfglo oftfoft ;~rfng Pj+ Joj:yfkg cflb h:tf sfo{x? cfjzos sfg"g agfp/ ;xsf/l dfkm{t ug]{ xf] eg] ol If]qx?af6 k fkt x'g] k ltkmnsf] lx:;]bf/ ;xsf/lsf ;b:ox?nfo{ agfo{, ;/sf/l nufglsf] ;d]t k ltkmn ;/sf/l sf]ifdf kms]{/ cfpg ;Sg] / pqm sf]ifnfo{ k'gm ljsf; sfo{df nufgl ug{ ;lsg5. o; cl3 JolQm jf ;ldtlåf/f ;~rfng x'g] o:tf ;]jfd'ns ultljlwx? bluf] x'g g;s]sf] / k fkt x'g] k ltkmndf klg l;dlt JolQm dfq lx:;]bf/ x'g] x'gfn] ;d'bfodf kx'fr x'g] / kx'fr gx'g]sf] alrsf] vf8n emg uo{l/b} upsf] 5. dfly pnn]lvt sfo{x? ug{sf] nflu ;j{k yd t o;sf cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/x? tof/ ug{ cfjzos x'g5. o;cl3 cfjzos k"jf{wf/ cefjsf sf/0f u fld0fe]usf ;xsf/lx?n] ptkfbg u/]sf s[lif ptkfbgx?sf] ;dodf g} plrt ahf/ls/0f x'g g;sbf ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf] nufgl cyf{t ;b:ox?sf] nufgl 3f6fdf hfg] u/]sf] klg pbfx/0fx? 5g\. b'w, t/sf/l tyf kmnkm'n ptkfbgsf] ;dodf d"no ;Gt'ng x'g g;sg] tyf eg8f/0f u/]/ o:tf s[lif pkhx?nfo{ j]df};df laqml ug{sf] nflu klg cfjzos lzt e08f/0fsf] k"jf{wf/sf] Joj:yf gx'bff ;8sd} b'w Pj+ vf]nfdf t/sf/l kmfng k/]sf] lttf] cg'ejx? epsf] sf/0f :yfglo txn] ca ug]{ k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df u fld0fe]u ;Ddsf] ;8s afx } dlxgf rng ;Sg], s[lif pahfp x'g] hldgsf] epsf] If]qdf lzt eg8f/0f tyf s[lif ;+s/0f s]gb, ahf/ls/0fsf] nflu a:tl tyf zx/l If]qdf xf6ahf/ k"jf{wf/ Pj+ laqml s]gb cflbsf] ljifodf ljz]ifnfo{ k fyldstfdf /fv]/ ug'{ kb{5 h;n] ;xsf/lsf] k j4{g tyf ljsf;df ljz]if of]ubfg k'ub5. o;/l :yfglo ;/sf/sf] d'vo hldd]jf/l leq /x]sf] :yfglo txsf] cfly{s ljsf; / ul/al lgjf/0fdf k ToIf of]ubfg k'ug] u/l gllt tyf of]hgf agfp/ :yfglo txn] ;xsf/l dfkm{t sfo{ ubf{ :yfglo txsf] ljsf; / ;xsf/l If]qsf] k j4{g ;Fu;Fu} x'g] lglzrt 5. ;Gbe{ ;fdfu L!= ;xsf/l #= :yfglo ;xsf/l ;~rfng $= ;xsf/l ;+:yf btf{ lbubz{g -:yfglo %= g]kfndf ;xsf/l ;+3 ;+:yf ;DaGwL ^= uh'/l ufpfkflnsfsf] ;xsf/l 135

137 jz'j0f{ gfuaxfn, nlntk'/ kmf]g g+= M )! %@^)%)& Od]n M basubarna065@gmail.com ;dtf Gof}6, nlntk'/ kmf]g g+= M )! %%@%!*# Od]n M samatacooperative@yahoo.com Ujfsf]{ Ujfsf]{, nlntk'/ kmf]g g+= M )! %@)!@$& Od]n M gwarko1saccos@gmail.com :jlgum b'kf6 6f]n, nlntk'/ kmf]g g+= M )! %%$$$@& Od]n M swaniga6465@gmail.com xfd f] gd'gf nugv]n, nlntk'/ kmf]g g+= M )! %%$%@@( Od]n M hamronamunasaccos@yahoo.com k~r>l ljzfnrf]s!$, nlntk'/ kmf]g g+= M )! %!%!^^( Od]n M panchashreesaving@gmail.com 136

138 n]v ;kmn Joj:yfks s:tf x'g5g < s[i0fs'df/ >]i7 cwoif ;fsf]; Dofg]h;{ Sna n] vsf] k f/dedf Joj:yfkg If]qsf lktf Peter F. Drucker sf] of] egfo{ /fvb5'. "Knowledgeable managers are plentiful, effective managers are much rarer. But the managers are not being paid for knowing. They are paid for getting the right things done." of] egfo{df h:t} hfgg] Joj:yfks t 5\of:5\of:tL e]l6g5g t/ k efjsf/l Joj:yfks kfpg eg] uf/f] 5. d ;DemG5' b]zsf] ljlegg efudf e d0f ubf{ / e]63f6sf qmddf k foh;f]n] egg' x'g5, ænf}g, xfd f] ;xsf/l ;+:yfnfo{ Ps hgf ;Ifd Joj:yfks rflxof], vf]lhlbg'; g.æ cj:yf klg p:t} 5, k6s k6s lj1fkg ubf{ klg ;+3 ;+:yfn] rfx] h:tf] hgzlqm kfpsf] x'fb}g. o;f] ljrf/ u/]f, s] ;ffrr} ;Ifd dflg;sf] cefjs} sf/0fn] ubf{ xfdln] rfx] h:tf] hgzlqm gkfpsf] xf] t < of] ljifo s]xl xb ;Dd l7s klg nfuof]. pknaw hgzlqmsf] Ifdtf xfdln] rfx]sf] / ;f]r]sf] h:tf] 5}g t/ of] egbf klg l7s rffxl s] nfuof] eg] xfdlnfo{ pknaw hgzlqm Ifdtfjfg 5 t/ k efjsf/l 5}g. To;}n] k efjsf/l / ;kmn Joj:yfks agg rfxg] x/]s JolQmnfO{ pkof]ul xf]; egg] x]t'n] s]xl cwoog u/]/ l6k;sf]?kdf of] n]v tof/ kf/]sf] 5'. xfdln] s:tf] hgzlqm vf]hl/x]sf 5f}F egg] ;Gbe{df General Electric sf k"j{ k d'v sfo{sf/l clws[t Jack Welch sf] Pp6f egfo{ pko'qm nfuof]. What we are looking for... are leaders at every level who can energize, excite and inspire rather than enervate, depress and control. xfdlnfo{ o:tf JolQmx? rflxpsf] x'g5 h;n] cfkm\gf] ;d"xnfo{ pt;flxt / k ]l/t ub}{ phf{zln agfpg ;fsf]; gsl bafpg], lgogq0f ug]{, xtf]t;fxl agfpg]. s'g} klg ;+3 ;+:yf ;kmn x'gsf] nflu ToxfF sfo{/t hgzlqmsf] dxtjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g5. ljlw / k ljlwn] ;+3 ;+:yf rng] eptfklg ljlw / k ljlw sfof{gjog ug]{ hgzlqmsf] :jefj / ;f]r h:tf] x'g5 ;+u7gsf] :jefj klg To:t} b]lvg5. ;+;f/sf ;kmn k d'v sfo{sf/l clws[tx? -dfs{ h's/ju{, Hofsdf, l:6e ha, /l~ht lxtf/frl, clgn zfx, lzjhl ;fksf]6f, ab L u'/fufo{ cflb_ af6 ;kmn Joj:yfks aggsf] nflu k ]/0ffx? kfo{g5g\. cfpg'xf];\ tlg} JolQmx?sf] hljgaf6 s] kf7 l;sg ;lsg5 ;+lifktdf rrf{ u/f}+. s'g} klg ;+3 ;+:yf ;kmn x'gsf] nflu Toxf sfo{/t hgzlqmsf] dxtjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g5. ljlw / k ljlwn] ;+3 ;+:yf rng] eptfklg ljlw / k ljlw sfof{gjog ug]{ hgzlqmsf] :jefj / ;f]r h:tf] x'g5 ;+u7gsf] :jefj klg To:t} b]lvg5. 137

139 != g]t[tj k bfg ug]{m ;kmn Joj:yfksx? ;fgf ;fgf k To]s sfdx?df cndlnp/ a:b}gg\. cfkm\gf] ;d"xdf xfd f x}g, /fd f dfg5]x? lgo'qm ub{5g\ / ltglx?nfo{ ljzjf; ub{5g\. ltg} /fd f dfg5]x?af6 sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/fpfb5g\. ;+:yfsf] kl/snkgf / p2]zonfo{ cfkm"df dfq ;Lldt gu/fo{sg cfkm\gf] ;d"x ;b:o ;a}nfo{ To;sf] k zf/ ug]{ sd cf}krfl/s agg]m ;+3 ;+:yfsf] nio k'/f ug{, ;a}sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ / ;a}nfo{ xf};nf a9fpg cfjzostf cg';f/ k6s k6s cgf}krfl/s a}7s a:g] / v'n]/ cgt/lqmof ug]{ aftfj/0f agfpg] ub{5g\. x/]s sfd s'/fx?nfo{ cf}krfl/s ;+/rgf / tf}/tl/sf ckgfpfbf jf:tljstf ;Dd k'ug ufx f] x'g5 egg] s'/f pglx?nfo{ yfxf x'g5. To;}n] cfkm' egbf al/i7 Pj+ slgi7;fu dlit:s dgyg ug]{, cgf}krfl/s hd36x? ug]{ dgf]/~hg cflb ug]{ ub{5g\. #= jf:tljstfsf] ;fdgf ug]{m w]/} dfg5]x? sdhf]/lsf] h/f];dd k'ug] / To;nfO{ l:jsf/ ug]{ lxddt ub}{gg\. ;d:ofx?nfo{ :jr5 cffvfn] x]g]{ Ifdtf /fvb}gg\. ;d:of / sdhf]/lx?nfo{ 9fs5f]k u/l s[ltd ;kmntf k bz{g ug]{ afgl xfdl dwo] w]/}sf] x'g5. t/ To:tf JolQmx? slxn] klg ;d:of / sdhf]/lnfo{ gh/ cgbfh ub}{g. jf:tljstfnfo{ l:jsf/ u/l To;af6 arg] pkfosf] vf]hl ub{5g\. lsgsl pglx? False Scenario Trap sf] c;/x? af/] hfgsf/ x'g5g\. $= kl/jt{gnfo{ cj;/sf]?kdf x]g]{m dflg;x?sf] y/lsf] x'g5. Pp6f kl/jt{gnfo{ r'gf}tlsf]?kdf x]g]{ / csf]{ cj/sf]?kdf. Ps y/l kl/jt{gnfo{ l:jsf/ ug}{ g;sg] :jefjsf x'g5g csf]{ y/l kl/jt{g cfkm}f kl/jt{gzln x'g5 egg] s'/fdf cfzfjfbl x'g5g\. To;} pglx? lgw{ss;fu kl/jt{g leqsf cj;/ s]nfo{ s]nfo{ lgsfng] ub{5g\. %= c?nfo{ pt;flxt ub}{ n}hfg]m ;kmn x'g]x? c?nfo{ s'g} klg vfnsf] qf; gb]vfo{sg, pglx?sf] of]ubfgn] ;kmn sfo{sf/l k d'vx? bl3{sfnlg of]hgfx?sf] ;fydf ;do ;fk]if ljlegg cgo j}slnks of]hgf / pkfox? ; u; u} agfp b} nfu' ug]{ ub{5g\. of] hgf gagfpsf / k If]k0f gul/psf s'/fx? klg cfo{kg{ ;Sb5g\ egg] s'/fdf tof/ /xg5g\. ;+3;+:yfnfO{ s;/l ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 egg] s'/f yfxf lbfb} g]t[tj ub{5g\. :ofaf;l, 9f8; / ;xof]ul :jefjåf/f c?sf] dg lhtb} c8fl8 a9\g] ub{5g\. /fd f] sfddf nfo{s / sd]g6 lbg] ub{5g\ cgl sffwdf pt;fxsf] wfk dfg]{ ub{5g\. ^= af}l4s lgod agfpg]m al/i7 / slgi7sf] lgodn] k f]t;fxg ug]{ egbf Ifdtf, k efjsf/ltf / of]ubfgsf] cfwf/df k f]t;flxt ug]{ ub{5g\. k lt:kwl{x?n] ahf/df s] s:tf sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ egg] ljifodf cfkm\gf] ;d"x;fu 3G6f} v'nnf 5nkmn ul//xg5g\. pqd of]hgf / h'lqm lbg]nfo{ k f]t;flxt ug]{, lg/gt/ tflnd, k'gtf{hul / cled'vls/0fx? u/fo{/xg] ub{5g\. &= ;fgf] ;fgf] k of; ul//xg]m 7'nf] of]hgf agfpg] cgl ljhol agg] ;f]r k/dk/fjfbl ;f]r xf]. Ps}rf]6L 7"nf] o'4 lhtg' egbf ;fgf] ;fgf] o'4x? x/]s k6s lhtg' ;kmn dflgg5. To;}n] ;kmn dfg5]x? ;do nufp/, a[xt of]hgf agfp/ / k'/} ;f]r ljrf/ u/]/ cufl8 a9\g] egbf ;fgf] ;fgf] ;kmn k of; x/]s lbg ug]{ ub{5g\. jif{ lbge/l lx;fa ubf{ #^% j6f ;kmntf xft kf/]sf x'g5g\. pglx? lg0f{o l56f] u5{g, d]xgt u5{g, cfsl:dstfnfo{ a'hb5g\. *= ;+VofnfO{ x}g d"nonfo{ k fyldstfdf /fvg] M pglx? ;+VofnfO{ dfq x}g o;sf] c;/ / dxtjnfo{ klg ;Fu ;+u} a'em\g] ub{5g. ha;dd ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ / o;n] ;]jfu fxlnfo{ cg'ej x'g] d"nosf] af/]df n]vf hf]vf x'fb}g ;+VofTds j[l4 bluf] x'g ;Sb}g. ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?df Aofn]G;l;6 / gfkmfsf] c+s dfq 7"nf] s'/f x}g o;n] hg;d'bfodf kf/]sf] k efjsf] vf]hl ug]{ s'/fx? ;'emfpfb5g\. Aofn]G;l;6 egbf k/ klg ;+3 ;+:yf e]6\6fpg' ;kmntf klg xf]. (= d'vo s'/fx?sf] dfq Joj:yfkg ug]{m ;;fgf s'/fx?df gcndlng], yf]/} t/ dxtjk"0f{ s'/fx?sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ afgl pglx?sf] x'g5. cgo sfdx?sf] nflu cfkm\gf] ;d"xsf ;b:ox?nfo{ ;zqm agfo{ clwsf/ k Tofof]hg ug]{ ub{5g\. 138

140 !)= lg0f{o k s[ofdf ;xeful u/fpg]m l56f] / 5l/tf]sf] nflu Joj:yfksx?n] cfkm\gf k d'v JolQmx?nfO{ dfq lg0f{o k s[ofdf ;xeful u/fpg] u/]sf] kfog5. t/ ;kmn JolQm?n] lg0f{o k s[of al9;] a9l ;xeflutftds agfpg] k of; ub{5g, ;a}hgfn] lglb{i6 nio / of]hgfsf] af/]df a'em\g dfq x}g Joxf/df ;d]t JoQm ug{ ;Sg] u/l dl:tis dgyg tyf cgf}krfl/s 5nkmn u/fpg] ub{5g\.!!= cfkm\gf] Ph]08f dfly k'glj{rf/ ug]{m w]/} h;f] cj:yfdf dfg5]x? cfkm\gf] ;f]r / Ph]08f abng rfxfb}gg\. To;nfO{ h;/l klg nfu' ug]{ k of; u5{g\. of] cfkm}+df g/fd f] s'/f x}g t/ cfhsf] ;dodf cfkm"n] p7fpsf] Ph]08fdf kl/jt{g ug{ grfxg] / To;d} 6fFl;g rfxg] JolQmx? ;a}nfo{ ;d]6]/ cufl8 a9\g ;Sb}gg\. ;kmn sfo{sf/l k d'vx? bl3{sfnlg of]hgfx?sf] ;fydf ;do ;fk]if ljlegg cgo j}slnks of]hgf / pkfox? ;Fu;Fu} agfpfb} nfu' ug]{ ub{5g\. of]hgf gagfpsf / k If]k0f gul/psf s'/fx? klg cfo{kg{ ;Sb5g\ egg] s'/fdf tof/ /xg5g\.!@= cftdljzjf; sfod /fvg]m cfkm\gf ;xsdl{x?sf] ljrf/ tyf k ltlqmofx?sf] sb/ ug]{, sfo{jftfj/0f ;fdfgols/0f ug]{ / ;xsdl{x?nfo{ cled'vls/0f, k lzif0f tyf k'gtf{hul u/fo{/xg] ugf{n] sfo{af]emx?af6 x'g] tgfj, ysfo{ / cfn:otf sd eo{ cftdljzjf; clej[l4 x'g] ub{5. Joj;flos sfd tyf lghl hljg alr plrt ;Gt'ng sfod ub}{ sfo{df k"0f{?kn] s]lgb t x'g ;Sg] jftfj/0f pglx? agfpg] ub{5g\.!#= dxtjsf+ifl nio /fvg]m pglx? c;dej h:tf] nfug] nio klg xfl;n ug]{ /0fgLltx? to u/l nfu' ug]{, c;kmntf b]lv g8/fpg] / ;f]af6 goff kf7 l;sb} cufl8 a9\g] ub{5g\. cfkm\gf] SMART (Stretching, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Time bound) nio to ub}{ cufl8 a9\g] ub{5g\.!$= c?sf] /fd f] ljrf/ u x0f ug]{m xfdl;fu ;a} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg x'g5 egg] ;f]rg' x'fb}g. xfd f jl/k/l klg hfgg] / a'em\g] dflg;x? 5g\ egg] s'/f yfxf kfpg' kb{5. pglx? /fd f] s'/f cfkm";fu dfq x'g5 egg] dfgotf /fvb}gg\ / hf];'s} JolQm epklg /fd f] s'/f 5 eg] ;sf/ftds tl/sfn] u x0f ug]{ ub{5g\.!%= j:t'x?nfo{ ;fdfgols/0f ug]{m k lqmofsf] gfddf ;fdfgo sfdnfo{ klg nda]tfg agfpg], ;fwf/0f tl/sfaf6 ;DkGg ug{ ;Sg] sfo{nfo{ hl6n agfpg], e]63f6 tyf a}7sx? w]/} cf}krfl/s agfpg] ugf{n] j:t'x?df hl6ntf k}bf x'g5. pglx? hl6n s'/fnfo{ klg ;fdfgo agfpfb} sfof{gjog ug]{ cftdljzjf; ;a}nfo{ aff8\g] ub{5g\. cgfjzos sfuhl k s[ofx? x6fpg], ;se/ 5f]6f], l56f] / 5l/tf] tl/sfn] sfo{;dkfbg ug]{ tl/sfx? cjndag ug]{ ub{5g\.!^= u'0f:t/ cfkm\gf] bflotjsf]?kdf lng]m pglx? u'0f:t/ cfkm"af6 g} sfod ug{ nflu kb{5g\ lsgsl of] vfnl c?sf] dfq bflotj x}g. w]/} dflg;x? u'0f:t/sf] nfdf] kf7 c?nfo{ k7fpg] / l;sfpg] ub{5g t/ cfkm}+df eg] nfu' u/]sf x'fb}gg / cgttjutjf u'0f:t/ gssnl u'0f:t/df kl/0ft x'g] ub{5. 139

141 ;b:o ;+3 ;+:yfsf Joj:yfksx?sf] clejolqm tflndsf] k efjsfl/tfdf hf]8 lbg'k5{ xl/x/ kf}8\ofn Joj:yfks l;sf] ;fsf];, alb{of ;fnsf] ;fndf ljlwjt btf{ epsf] g]km\:s"gn] ;du ;fsf];sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;df nflu k/]sf] 5. g]kfnsf] && lhnnf dwo] &^ lhnnfdf ;]jf ;~hfn lj:tf/ ul/;s]sf] g]km\:s"g cfkm\gf] ;b:o ;+Vof egbf klg ;b:on] kfpg] u'0f:t/df nflu /x]sf] ;j{ljl4t} 5. g]km\:s"gsf ;b:o ;+:yfx? ;a}sf] kxf'rdf x'g] u/l tflnd cfof]hgf x'g] u/]sf 5g\ h;nfo{ yk Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu lkmn8 sfof{non] cfof]hgf ubf{ cfjzostfsf] klxrfg u/l ;DalGwt If]qdf cfof]hgf ug'{ kg]{ b]lvg5. ;+VofTds lx;fan] xfnsf] t'ngfdf s]xl sfo{qmdsf] ;+Vof a9fpg' kg]{ b]lvg5. t/ o:tf tflndx?sf] ;+Vof j[l4 ubf{ If]qut?kdf cfjzostf ljzn]if0f x'g' kg]{ b]lvg5. z'nssf lx;fan] g]km\:s"gsf ;a} tflnd ;b:ox?sf] Ifdtf cg';f/s} x'g] x'fbf ;fsf];sf] ;du u'0f:t/nfo{ Joj:yfkg tyf ;'zf;g sfod u/l ;du ;fsf];sf] 5la prr agfo{ /fvgsf nflu lziff, uf]i7l, tflnd tyf ;Dd]ngdf lng] z'nsnfo{ sfo{qmdsf] u'0f:t/;fu t'ngf ug{ ;lsb}g. g]kfndf /x]sf cgo s]gb Lo ;+3 egbf g]km\:s"gn] cfkm\gf] 5la sfod u/]sf] s'/fdf s'g} b'ljwf 5}g. o;}sf sf/0f cjsf lbgx?df ;fsf]; Ps?ktf k 0ffnL b]ze/ nfu' ug]{ of]hgfsf ;fy g]km\:s"gn] cfkm\gf kfo{nf cl3 a9fo{ ;s]sf] 5. o; cgtu{t b[io / Jojxf/df Ps?ktf, ;km\6j]o/ Ps?ktf, PlzofnL:t/sf] a f08 PS;];, g]kfn:t/sf] a f08 k f]a]zg, hf]lvddf cfwfl/t cg'udg tyf ;'kl/j]if0f k d'v pknawlx? 5g\. cfh;ddsf] cg'ejdf z'ns Go"g g} b]lvpsf]5. o;nfo{ ;b:o ;+:yfx?n] ;lhn} ;Fu :jlsf/]sf] kfog5 t/ cfof]hgf x'g] ;a} tflndx? tflnddf ;xeflutf / tx / kf7\oqmdsf cfwf/df ;xeful u/fpg' kg]{ b]lvg5. tflndsf] cfof]hgf ;xeflutf j[l4 u/fpg] egbf u'0f:t/ j[l4 u/fpgdf Wofg lbg' kg]{ b]lvg5. tflnd tyf lziffsf lx;fan] g]km\:s"g ;a} 5ftf ;+3x?sf] cu k+ltdf 5, ;fsf];sf] tflnd If]q egg] k ;+udf hlxn] klg g]km\:s"g ghf]l8psf] k ;Ëug} xf'b}g. ;a} ;fsf];x?sf nflu tflnd / lziffsf] dfwodaf6 ;xsf/l cleofgnfo{ Jojl:yt ug]{ sfd g]km\:s"gn] u/]sf] 5. ;xsf/l If]qleqsf] 7'nf] lx:;f cf]u6]sf] art tyf C0f ;xsf/l If]qn] cfh ;a} vfn] ljqlo sf/f]jf/ ug]{ ;xsf/lx?nfo{ o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf] tl/sf l;sfpsf] 5, h;sf] pbfx/0f cgt/f{li6«o dfkb08 k'/f u/sf] ;fsf];x?nfo{ lng ;lsg5, h;sf] ;a}egbf 7'nf] ;+Vof g]kfnd}5. g]kfn:t/sf] k f]a]zg a f08df clgtd n]vf k/lifs tyf s]gb Lo ;+3n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] tflnddf k lzifssf]?kdf ;fsf];sf bif Joj:yfksx?nfO{ 5gf}6 ug'{ klg Joj:yfksx?n] cfkm\gf] JoflQmut pknawlsf?kdf lno{psf] b]lvg5. g]km\:s"gn] g]kfnsf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?, lhnnf :t/, s]gb :t/, PlzofnL :t/ / ljzj:t/ x'fb} cfkm\gf] kx'fr lj:tf/ ug{ ;kmn epsf] b]lvg5. k fljlws l;k, tflnd, k ljlwsf] x:tfgt/0f / u'0f:t/ ;'lglzrttfsf] dfwoodaf6 cfd b]zsf ;fsf];x?n] ;du d'n'ss} art cleofgnfo{ 8f] ofpg ;kmn epsf k ;:t} pbfx/0fx? klg 5g\. cfufdl lbgdf ;+3sf] pq/f]pq/ k ultsf] sfdgf. tflndsf] cfjzostf klxrfgdf hf]8 lbg'k5{ of]u]gb ;fpb Joj:yfks lj/]gb gu/ ;fsf];, ;'v]{t o;sf/0f ;xsf/l If]qsf] ljsf;, xfnsf] ;xsf/l P]g tyf cgo ;a} vfn] pknawlx? g]km\:s"gsf] of]ubfg k dfl0ft e};s]sf] 5 Joj:yfksx?sf] Ifdtf x]bf{ cfh cgt/f{li6«o txsf Joj:yfksx? ptkfbg epsf 5g\ ;fsf];sf] ljsf;sf nflu cfgtl/s Joj:yfkgsf] dxtjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf Joj:yfksx? cfh g]km\:s"gsf] tflnds} sf/0f ;xsf/l Joj:yfkgdf bif epsf 5g\ clwsf+; Joj:yfksx? tflndsf k lzifs lgdf{0f e};s]sf 5g\ g]km\:s"gn] cfufdl lbgdf tflnd / lziffnfo{ lkmn8 sfof{no cg';f/ dfusf] ;+sng u/l :yfglo txdf cfkm\gf] kxf'r lj:tf/ ug'{ kg]{ b]lvg5 eg] u fdl0f If]qdf /x]sf] ;xsf/lx?nfo{ s;/l ;d]6\g] egg] lj;odf 5nkmn rnfpg' h?/l b]lvpsf] 5. u fdl0f If]qdf ;fsf];x?n] lziff / tflndsf cefjdf cfkm\gf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ g;sl Jojl:yt x'g g;s]sf ;xsf/lnfo{ tflnd / lziffsf dfwodaf6 Jojl:yt u/fpg' kg]{ b]lvg

142 tflndsf] ;+Vof / kx'fr lj:tf/ ug'{k5{. dlng 9sfn Joj:yfks kf]v/f /f]on ;fsf];, sf:sl ;xsf/l If]qdf epsf unt ceof;nx?nfo{ Go"gLs/0f ub}{ lziff, tflnd / ;"rgfsf] dfwodaf6 ;xsf/lsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf; / ;xsf/l ;DaGwL hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug'{ cfhsf] ckl/xfo{ cfjzostf xf]. o;nfo{ dwogh/ ub}{ g]kfnsf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yfx?sf] k efjsf/l ;~rfng, Ifdtf ljsf; / bluf] ljsf;sf nflu g]km:s"gn] ;~rfng ug]{ tflnd tyf lziff pko'qm 5g\. g]km:s"gaf6 k bfg ul/g] s'g} g s'g} tflnd w]/} ;b:on] lnpsf 5g\ t/ klg Toltn] dfq tflnd kx'fr k'ug ;s]sf] 5}g, tflndsf] kx'frdf j[l4 ug'{kg]{ cfjzostf 5. dfu u/]sf] jvt h'g;'s} tflndx? klg ;do Joj:yfkg u/]/ ttsfn k bfg ug{ ;+3n] epsf] hgzlqm a9fp/ tflndsf] ;+Vof a9fpg'kg]{ x'g5. lxhf] ;xsf/l eg]sf] s] xf] egg] JolQmx?nfO{ ;xsf/lsf d'no dfgotfsf] jf/]df hfgsf/l u/fo{ ;xsf/lsf] kl/efiff l;sfpg' g} ;fsf]; cleofgsf] d'vo pknjwl xf]. h'g kl/efiff a'em]kl5 s'g} klg JolQm xfn ;xsf/lsf] ;b:o geo{ a:g gs:g] epsf] 5. ca ;xsf/lsf x/]s ;b:ox? Joj;flos agg'kg]{ cfjzostf 5, ;dosf] cfjzostf / dfu cg'?k ;xsf/l Joj;fo ljsf; / pbdzlntf ljsf;sf tflndx?df klg hf]8 lbg'k5{. ljifout ;+3 dwo] g]km:s"g Ps dfq Joj;flos ;+3 xf] h:n] cfkm\gf ;b:ox?nfo{ tflnd ;"rgf dfkm{t ;xsf/l If]qsf] ljsf;df pnn]v e'ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5. Go"gtd z'nsdf ;xsf/lsf] u'0f:t/lo tflnd k bfg ug]{ ;+3 eg]sf] g]km:s"g g} xf]. g]km:s"gn] cj cfkm\gf ;b:o ;+:yfnfo{ Ps?ktf k f0ffnldf ;dflxt u/l x/]s ;+:yfdf gllt ljlw / k ljlwsf] k of]u u/fpg'k5{ h;n] ubf{ ;jn / ;Ifd ;xsf/l ;+:yfx? :yflkt x'g ;S5g\. gllt / ljlw ;Fu} k ljlwdf klg ;fsf];x?nfo{ cufl8 a9fpg ;Sg'k5{. ljgf]b k/fh'nl Joj:yfks sf]lno ;fsf];,?kgb]xl ;+:yfnfo{ k efjsf/l?kdf ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu cleofgn] ;~rfng u/]sf] gllt, ljlw / k ljlwnfo{ c+ufnb} cufl8 a9\g] qmddf w]/} h;f] ;+:yfx?n] gllt / ljlwnfo{ cg'z/0f ub} cfo{/x]sf] k/l b[zodf k ljlwnfo{ ;dofg's'n cg'z/0f ug{ jf k of]u ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf b]lvg5. k ljlwdf cfwfl/t eo{ ;b:o ;+:yfsf ;b:ox?nfo{ k ljlwo'qm ;]jf ;'ljwfx? k bfg u/l cufl8 a9g' kg]{ b]lvg5. ;fsf]; cleofgn] ;~rfng u/]sf] Ps?ktf k 0ffnL cg';f/ ;b:o ;+:yfx?df Ps?ktfsf gfddf aflx/l jgfj6 / ;hfj6df Pstf b]lvptf klg vf; u/l b]lvg' kg]{ / x'g' kg]{ k ljlwdf Ps?ktf b]lvg ;s]sf] 5}g. ljqlo sf/f]jf/ ug]{ ;xsf/lx?sf] n]vf k 0ffnLdf Ps?ktf sfod ug{ tyf sf/f]jf/nfo{ ;'/lift, r':t, b'?:t tyf kf/blz{ agfpgsf nflu g]k\m:s"gåf/f ;~rflnt g]sf]; ;k\m6j]o/sf] k efjsfl/tf b]lvpsf] 5}g. h;/l cleofg cufl8 cufl8 al9/xfbf /fho kl5 kl5 dfq lx8]sf] b]lvpsf] 5 ;f]lx cg';f/ JolQmåf/f ;~rflnt k ljlw cufl8 cufl8 bf}l8/x]sf] 5 eg] xfdl kl5 kl5 klg lx8\g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5. ;du ;fsf]; cleofgsf] Pp6} O{R5f rfxgf 5, Tof] s] xf] eg] ;fsf]; cleofgn] h;/l ;+:yfx?nfo{ gllt / ljlwdf lx8\g l;sfof] ;f]xl cg';f/ k ljlwdf klg ;a}nfo{ ;u} lx8fng ;Sg' k5{ egg] nfu5. ljqlo sf/f]jf/ ug]{ ;+:yfdf s;/l artstf{sf] /sd ;'/lift ug{ ;lsg5 egg] s'/fdf a9l ;r]t x'g' kg]{ dfgotfnfo{ cftd;fy ub}{ g]kfn art tyf C0f s]gb Lo ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= n] ;xsf/l ljefusf] ;xsfo{df ;+:yfut u'0f:t/ ;'lglzrttfsf nflu k"0f{ Joj;flos ;fsf]; ljsf; sfo{qmd Program for Building Absolute and Professionalization (PROBATION) k f]a]zgdf sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/l (NEFSCUN) / g]kfn ;/sf/ ;xsf/l ljefuaf6 ;+o'st?kdf k bfg ul/g] u'0f:t/sf] k dfl0fs/0f / ;fsf];sf] cj:yf ljzn]if0fsf nflu ljqlo 141

143 b[li6sf]0f (PEARLS) sf!#, ;b:o cfgtl/s Joj;flos / l;sfo{ Pj+ u/l *^ j6f ;'rsf+sdf dfkg tyf ljzn]if0f u/l ;kmntf k'j{s ;~rfng u/]sf] ;fsf];nfo{ PlzofnL C0f dxf;+3 (ACCU) n] k dfl0ft ug]{ pts[i6 ;]jf tyf ;'/Iffsf] nflu ;jf]{qd 5gf}6 sfo{qmd A1 Competitive Choice for Excellence in Service and Soundness (ACCESS) PS;]; sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/l g]kfnsf w]/} ;xsf/lx?df ol sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng u/l ;fsf]; cleofgnfo{ /fli6«o?kdf dfq geo{ cgt/f{li6«o?kdf ;d]t lr/ kl/lrt u/fpg ;kmn epsf] 5. g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gllt tyf sfo{qmdx?df cg'udg ug]{ cnu} lgsfo agg g;ls/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;fsf];sf] Joj;flostf ljsf; / hf]lvd Joj:yfkg r'gf}tlsf]?kdf /x]sf] 5. o:t} ;fsf]; Joj;fodf b]lvpsf jf b]lvg ;Sg] hf]lvdx?nfo{ x6fpg] Psdfq :jmcg'udgsf] sfo{qmd eg]sf] hf]lvddf cfwfl/t ;fsf]; ;'kl/j]if0f sfo{qmd (Credit Union Risk Based Supervision) CURBS cfhsf] cfjzostf xf] egg] ljifodf g} cleofg cufl8 a9l /x]sf] x'gfn] ;a} ;b:o ;+:yfx? ol sfo{qmdx?df ;xeful eo{ cleofgnfo{ bluf]?kdf ;'/lift agfpg] lbzf tkm{ pgd'v x'g' kg]{ b]lvg5. olt pknawlx? k fkt eo{/xbf klg g]k\m:s"g ljqlo ;dfwfgsf] k d'v kfqsf]?kdf /xg' kb{5. ;fsf];x?sf] ;+:yfut :yflotj, ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf nflu Go"gtd cfwf/e"t ljifoa:t'x? h:t} art ;'/If0f, Joj;fo ljsf; s]gb, hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f, :tl/s/0f, u'0f:t/lo ;'lglzrttf, l:y/ls/0f sf]if nufotsf ljqlo ;xsf/lsf If]qdf ljsf; / cfljisf/ epsf k ljlwx?nfo{ ;xsf/ld}ql agfpfb} ;dfwfgx?sf] ljsf; / pkof]usf] nflu /0gLlts of]hgf agfo{ sfof{gjog ug'{ kb{5. g]km\:s"g lkmn8 sfof{no ;DaGwL hfgsf/l qm=;+= lkmn8 sfof{no :yfkgf ldlt ;Dks{ g+= O{d]n! c;f/!% )! $$&(%$$ a}zfv!) )! %%#@^%) lalitpurfo@nefscun.org.np # )%^%&@!%! chitwanfo@nefscun.org.np $ g]kfnu~h, cflzjg! )*!%@&%(! bankefo@nefscun.org.np % O{6x/L, kf}if!# )@% %*$*)% sunsarifo@nefscun.org.np ^ )$( $@!^*$ dolkhafo@nefscun.org.np & h]7!* )$^ %#)^*& sarlahifo@nefscun.org.np )&! %$)#^* rupandehifo@nefscun.org.np ( )(( %@%@)% kanchanpurfo@nefscun.org.np!) Kff]v/f, kmfu'g!@ )^! %###*( pokharafo@nefscun.org.np!! kmfu'g!@ )@# %*%#%% jhapafo@nefscun.org.np!@ sn+sl, efb!% )! %@#$#%) kalankifo@nefscun.org.np!# )*@ %^!*) dangfo@nefscun.org.np!$ cflzjg!* )(^ $!)!@& dadeldhurafo@nefscun.org.np!% al/u~h, d+l;/!@ )%! %@*!)^ parshafo@nefscun.org.np!^ )^^ %@!)(# lamjungfo@nefscun.org.np!& df3 $ )*# %@%&^) surkhetfo@nefscun.org.np!* ag]kf,sfe kmfu'g & )!!^^@&%$ banepafo@nefscun.org.np!( Go"/f]8, a}zfv!) )! $@$!#%( hgsk'/, )$! %()%() efb!& )!)%@!@(( cflzjg!& )%& %@#&!@ n]6fë, df]/ë ;Dks{ d+l;/!& (*$@)%^#@@ 142

144 143

145 g]km\:s"gåf/f xfn;dd ;Ddflgt Pj+ k'/:s[t ;+3 ;+:yf, cu hx? / ;fn cleofgsf cu hx?sf] tkm{af6 M ;+:yfks cwoif M ef]h/fh l3ld/], g]km\:s"g pts[i6 ;fsf]; M a]tfnl ;fsf];, /fd]5fk pts[i6 sd{rf/l M df]xg s'df/ >]i7, ;fn cleofgsf cu hx?sf] tkm{af6 M k"j{ cwoif M s}nfzeqm k wfgfª\u, g]km\:s"g k"j{ dxf;lrj M kdkmf /fo{, g]km\:s"g pts[i6 ;fsf]; M ljgbafl;gl ;fsf];, ag]kf sfe] pts[i6 lhnnf ;+3 M df]/ª lhnnf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= ljsf; If]qaf6 pts[i6 ;+:yf M k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]q M df]/ª ;fsf];, n]6fª df]/ª dwodf~rn ljsf; If]q M l;l4u0f]z ;fsf];, rf]rf{, eqmk'/ klzrdf~rn ljsf; If]q M ljs" ;fsf];, u}8fsf]6, gjnk/f;l dwoklzrdf~rn ljsf; u fld0f ;fsf];, vn+uf, If]q M ;Nofg ;'b'/ klzrdf~rn ljsf; lzj:yfg ;fsf];, c5fd If]q M cgt/nufgldf ljz]if of]ubfg k' ofpsf] ;fsf]; M a'8f]n ;fd'bflos ;fsf];, ag]kf sfe ] g]km\:s"g ;km\6jo/df /fd f] kl/0ffd lbg] ;fsf];x? M!_ ;fd'bflos ;fsf];, kgf}tl sfe hg;r]tg ;fsf];, d}gfkf]v/l, bf]nvf #_ df]/ª ;fsf];, n]6fª, df]/ª $_ n]6fª ;fsf];, n]6fª, df]/ª %_ dgsfdgf ;fsf];, ky/l df]/ª ;xsf/l cfgtl/s Joj:yfkg / ;Lk ;fy} kn;{ cg'udg k 0ffnL Ps ljzn]if0f k':ts k sfzg u/]jfkt M pts[i6 sd{rf/l M O6x/f ;fsf];, df]/ªsf cwoif s]zj k ;fb kf]v/]n ;Ddflgt lzj clwsf/l, jl/i7 sfo{qmd clws[t, ;fn cleofgsf cu hx?sf] tkm{af6 M k"j{ pkfwoif M ;fljql yfkf, g]km\:s"g k"j{ pkfwoif M g]q k ;fb clwsf/l, g]km\:s"g pts[i6 ;fsf]; M hg;r]tg ;fsf];, sfa ], bf]nvf pts[i6 dlxnf ;fsf];m dlxnf ldng ;fsf];, kbd kf]v/l, dsjfgk'/ pts[i6 lhnnf ;+3 M sfe ] lhnnf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= ljsf; If]qaf6 pts[i6 ;+:yf M k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]q M /dfonf] ;fsf];, jo/jg df]/ª dwodf~rn ljsf; If]q M a'8f]n ;fd'bflos ;fsf];, ag]kf sfe ] klzrdf~rn ljsf; If]q M ls;fg ;fsf];, u}f8fsf]6, gjnk/f;l dwoklzrdf~rn ljsf; dlxnf ;]jf ;fsf];, If]q M sf]xnk'/, affs] ;'b'/ klzrdf~rn ljsf; nidl ;fsf];, afh'/f If]q M pts[i6 sd{rf/l M cfj4 ;+3 ;+:yfsf sd{rf/l M b]jgf/fo0f rf}nfufo{, jl/i7 cgt/nufgl ;xfos dfwj kf}8]n, k agws, ljs" ;fsf];, u}f8fsf]6 ;fn cleofgsf cu hx?sf] tkm{af6 M k"j{ ;~rfns M lgd{nf kf]v/]n, g]km\:s"g ;+:yfks ;Nnfxsf/ M lji0f' k ;fb >]i7, g]km\:s"g pts[i6 ;fsf]; M pts[i6 dlxnf ;fsf]; M pts[i6 lhnnf ;+3 M If]qLo:t/sf pts[i6 ;+:yf k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]q M dwodf~rn ljsf; If]q M klzrdf~rn ljsf; If]q M ;fd'bflos ;fsf];, kgf}tl sfe] dlxnf ;fsf];, O6x/L, ;'g;/l eqmk'/ lhnnf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= O6x/f ;fsf];, ky/l, df]/ª pksf/ ;fsf];, l7dl, eqmk'/ n]sfnl :jfjndag ;fsf];, td3f;, u'ndl 144

146 dwoklzrdf~rn ljsf; If]q M ;'b'/ klzrdf~rn ljsf; If]q M ;xsf/l ;'/Iff of]hgfdf ;lqmo ;xeful epjfkt k z+;fkq k bfg M km"naf/l ;fsf];, v}/f, Ko'7fg xft]dfnf] ;fsf];, ljgfos, c5fd 1fgHof]lt dlxnf ;fsf];, z+vd"n, sf7df8f}+ ;+3sf] cgt/nufgl sfo{qmddf ;lqmo ;xeful epjfkt k z+;fkq k bfg M!_ xft]dfnf] dlxnf ;fsf];, dxf/fhu~h, lxtsf/l ;fsf];, s]/faf/l, df]/ª #_ ldlnh'nl ;fsf];, rl/sf]6, bf]nvf $_ ls;fg ;fsf];, u}8fsf]6 gjnk/f;l %_ xf]lnsf ;fsf];, g]kfnu~h, affs] pts[i6 sd{rf/l M cfj4 ;+3 ;+:yfsf pts[i7 sd{rf/l M lgd{nf sfsl{, g]km\:s"g s[i0f s'df/ >]i7 k d'v sfo{sf/l Joj:yfks, ;fd'bflos ;fsf];, kgf}tl, sfe ;fn cleofg cu hsf] tkm{af6 k"j{ sf]iffwoif M xf]dgfy zdf{, g]km\:s"g k"j{ ;b:o M /f]x0fl hf]zl, g]km\:s"g pts[i6 ;fsf]; M!_ ljs' ;fs]f;, u}8fsf]6, l;l4u0f]z ;fsf];, rf]rf{, eqmk'/ dlxnfåf/f ;~rflnt dlxnf hfu[lt ;fsf];, ledkm]bl, pts[i6 ;fsf]; M dsjfgk'/ pts[i6 lhnnf ;+3 M nlntk'/ lhnnf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= If]qLo:t/sf pts[i6 ;fsf]; k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]q M ls;fg snof0f ;fsf];, PsDaf, ;'g;/l dwodf~rn ljsf; If]q M goffkf6l ;fsf];, goffkf6l, sf7df8f}+ dwoklzrdf~rn ljsf; u+ufdfnf ;fsf];, l5gr', If]qM ;'v]{t klzrdf~rn ljsf; If]q M l;h{gftds ;fs]f;, ef]6]j8f/, ndh'ª ;'b'/klzrdf~rn ljsf; ;u/dfyf ;fsf];, bf]wf/f, If]q M s~rgk'/. ;xsf/l ;'/Iff of]hgfdf ;lqmo ;xeful ep jfkt k z+;f kq M lzv/ ;fsf];, l5gr', ;'v]{t n3'ljq sfo{qmddf ;lqmo ;xeful ep jfkt k z+;f kq M!_ gjk ltef ;fsf];, goff j]nxfgl, c?0fvf]nf, lxdfnl ;fsf];, nf6lsf]onl, ;'v]{t g]sf]; Kn; ;km6j]o/df ;xeflutf jfkt k z+;f kq M!_ ;xof]ul ;fsf];, t'n;lk'/, hg;r]tg ;fsf];, sfa ], b]fnvf cgt/nufgl sfo{qmddf ;xeflutf hgfpjfkt k z+;f kq M hgd'vl ;fsf];, d}gfkf]v/l bf]nvf ;+:yfks cwoif k'/:sf/af6 ;DdfgLt M!_ tf/faxfb'/ sfkm\n], k"j{;~rfns ;b:o, d~h' lyª, cwoif, dlxnf hgr]tgf ;fsf];, r'l/ofdfo{ dsjfgk'/ PlzofnL C0f dxf;+3 (ACCU) yfonof08åf/f g]km\:s"gdf cfj4 tkl;n adf]lhdsf % j6f ;fsf];x?nfo{ ;g\!)!@ df lkmlnlkg;df ;DkGg ACCU Forum df a f]h -sff:o_ :t/sf] a f08 k bfg ul/psf] lyof].!= ;fd'bflos ;fsf];, kgf}tl, sfe hg;r]tg ;fsf];, sfa ], bf]nvf #= ljgwjfl;gl ;fsf];, vf]kf;l, sfe ] $= a'8f]n ;fd'bflos ;fsf];, ag]kf, sfe ] %= l;l4u0f]z ;fsf];, rf]rf{, eqmk'/ o;}u/l PlzofnL C0f dxf;+3 ACCU yfonof08åf/f g]km\:s"gdf cfj4 tkl;n ;fsf];x?nfo{ n3'ljq If]qdf pnn]vglo sfo{ u/]afkt Credit Union Microfinance (CUMI) cjf8{åf/f ;Ddflgt ul/psf] lyof].!= ljgwjfl;gl ;fsf];, vf]kf;l, sfe ;xf/f g]kfn ;fsf];, rf/kfg], ;fn cleofgsf cu hx?sf] tkm{af6 ;+:yfks pkfwoif M gf/fo0f zdf{ uh'/]n, g]km\:s"g k"j{ ;~rfns ;b:o M d}of l3ld/], g]km\:s"g g]km\:s"g ;+:yfks cwoif k'/:sf/ M!_ lty{dfof k wfg, sfe /fh]zafa' kl08t, k;f{ g]kfnsf] ;jf]{ts[i6 ;fsf]; k'/:sf/ M g]kfnsf] ;jf]{ts[i6 dlxnf ;fsf]; k'/:sf/ M g]kfnsf] ;jf]{ts[i6 lhnnf ;+3 k'/:sf/ M km8fgl ;fsf];, df]/ë k eft dlxnf ;fsf];, lrtjg lhnnf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= bf]nvf 145

147 If]qLo:t/sf pts[i6 ;fsf];x? k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]q M dwodf~rn ljsf; If]q M klzrdf~rn ljsf; If]q M dwoklzrdf~rn ljsf; If]q M ;'b'/ klzrdf~rn ljsf; If]q M g]km\:s"g pts[i6 sd{rf/l k'/:sf/ M g]kfnsf] ;fsf]; cleofgsf pts[i6 sd{rf/l k'/:sf/ dgsfdgf ;fsf];, O6x/f, df]/ª hgsnof0f ;fsf];, wflbª /fdk'/ ;fsf];, kfnkf hglxtsf/l ;fsf];, ;'v]{t df]xgf nfnemf8l If]q ;fsf];, s~rgk'/ /fdafa' cfrfo{, jl/i7 tflnd tyf k j4{g clws[t g]km\:s"g lvn axfb'/ nfdf :ofª\tfg, k agws, ljgwjfl;gl ;fsf];, sfe ] pts[i6 ;]jf ;~rfng k z+;f M!= cgt/nfufgl M km]08l;k ;fsf];, ;b:o ;'/Iff of]hgf M lzj ;fsf];, alb{of #= g]sf]; Kn; ;km\6jo/ M /fdwjgl ;fsf];, ;'g;/l $= n3'ljq (CUMI) M OGb u fd k'g/ldng ;fsf];, ;fn s= g]km\:s"g ;jf]{ts[i6 ;+:yf k'/:sf/!= g]km\:s"g ;jf]{ts[i6 ;+:yf ldlnh'nl ;fsf];, bf]nvf g]km\:s"g ;jf]{rs[i6 ;+:yf gf/l snof0f ;fsf];, k'/:sf/ -dlxnfx?af6 dfq eqmk'/ ;~rflnt_ v= g]km\:s"g ;jf]{ts[i6 lhnnf ;+3 k'/:sf/ lhnnf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+3 ln=, dsjfgk'/ u= g]km\:s"g pts[i6 If]qLo k'/:sf/!= k"jf{~rn bfd fle f ;fsf];, dwodf~rn :sf]k ;fsf];, nlntk'/ #= klzrdf~rn hgptyfg ;fsf];,?kgb]xl $= dwoklzrdf~rn /fktl ljzjfl;nf] ;fsf];, bfª %= ;'b'/ klzrdf~rn u fld0f hgljsf; ;fsf];, aemfª 3= ;+:yfks cwoif k'/:sf/ dlxnf ;+ultf l3ld/], u}+8fsf]6, gjnk/f;l k'?if lzjhl /fpt, rl/sf]6, bf]nvf ª= g]km\:s"g ;Ddfg k'/:sf/ dlxnf ;fwgf l;+x zfxl, sf7df8f+} k'?if Zofdnfn lrqsf/, sf7df8f}+ r= g]km\:s"g pts[i6 sd{rf/l k'/:sf/!= g]kfn art tyf C0f s]gb Lo ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= -g]km\:s"g_ pts[i6 g]kfnsf] ;fsf]; cleofgsf pts[i6 Joj:yfks 5= g]km\:s"g k z+zf k'/:sf/ n3'ljq sfo{qmd lzjhl ;fksf]6f, g]km\:s"g, goff afg]zj/, sf7df8f+} /fh]gb b'd?, l;l4u0f]z ;fsf];, eqmk'/ s[ifs hfu/0f ;fsf];, ndh'ª g]sf]; Kn; ;km\6jo/ n]sfnl ;fsf];, u'ndl cgt/nufgl ;u'g ;fsf];, ;nf{xl ;xsf/l ;b:o ;'/Iff of]hgf lxdfnl ;fsf];, ;'v]{t ;fsf]; PsLs/0f sfo{qmd Hof]lt ldld{/] ;fd'bflos ;fsf];, sfe ] h= g]km\:s"g /fo{kmfo{;g qm]l86 o'lgog k'/:sf/ g]km\:s"g /fo{kmfo{;g qm]l86 l;=l;=o= Sofgf8f, Sofgf8f o'lgog k'/:sf/ em= g]km\:s"g ljåtf k'/:sf/ g]km\:s"g ljåtf k'/:sf/ 8f= ljzjdf]xg cfrfo{, ;fn g]km\:s"g ;jf]{ts[i6 ;+:yf ls;fg ;fsf];, u}8fsf]6, k'/:sf/ gjnk/f;l g]km\:s"g ;jf]{rs[i6 ;+:yf dlxnf hgr]tgf ;fsf];, k'/:sf/ -dlxnfx?af6 dfq r'l/ofdfo{, dsjfgk'/ ;~rflnt_ v= g]km\:s"g ;jf]{ts[i6 lhnnf ;+3 k'/:sf/ g]km\:s"g ;jf]{ts[i6 lhnnf ;+3 k'/:sf/ lhnnf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= lrtjg, lrtjg u= g]km\:s"g pts[i6 If]qLo k'/:sf/ k"jf{~rn xfd f] ;fsf];, pnf{jf/l, df]/ª dwodf~rn ; f]t kl/rfng ;fsf];, lgns07, wflbë klzrdf~rn u}8fsf]6 ;fsf];, u}8fsf]6, gjnk/f;l dwoklzrdf~rn ljzjf;lnf] ;fsf];, alb{of ;'b'/ klzrdf~rn hghof]tl ;fsf];, s~rgk'/ 146

148 3= ;+:yfks cwoif k'/:sf/ dlxnf KffjtL{ a/fn, df]/ª k'?if ; f]t kl/rfng ;fsf];, lgns07, wflbë ª= g]km\:s"g ;Ddfg -cu h_ k'/:sf/ dlxnf d]gsf bfxfn, Dff]/ª k'?if b]a]gb cof{n, sf7df8f+} r= g]km\:s"g pts[i6 sd{rf/l k'/:sf/ g]kfnsf] ;fsf]; cleofgsf pts[i6 Joj:yfks g]kfn art tyf C0f s]gb Lo ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= -g]km\:s"g_ pts[i6 sd{rf/l 5= g]km\:s"g k ;+zf k'/:sf/ n3'ljq sfo{qmd g]sf]; Kn; ;km\6jo/ cgt/nufgl ;xsf/l ;b:o ;'/Iff of]hgf laj]s/fh 7s'/L Joj:yfks, a'8f]n ;fd'bflos ;fsf];, sfe ] ynk ;fb rf}nfufo{, a= ;jf/l rfns, g]km\:s"g ;Ktsf]zL ;fsf];, Uff]/vf Hof]lt ldld{/] ;fsf];, sfe ] nfnlu'/ff; ;fsf];, Dff]/ª ;xof]ul ;fsf];, ;'g;/l h= g]km\:s"g /fo{kmfo{;g qm]l86 o'lgog k'/:sf/ g]km\:s"g /fo{kmfo{;g qm]l86 cfo{l/; lnu ckm qm]l86 o'lgog k'/:sf/ o'lgog cfo/nof08 em= g]km\:s"g ljåtf k'/:sf/ g]km\:s"g ljåtf k'/:sf/ 8f= vu/fh ;fn cleofg cu hsf] tkm{af6 k"j{ sf]iffwoif M clg?b k wfg, g]km\:s"g k"j{ ;~rfns ;b:o M b]jlsl g]kfn, g]km\:s"g g]km\:s"g ;+:yfks cwoif k'/:sf/ M!_ rgb uf}td, km8fgl ;fsf];, s[i0fs'df/l a:g]t, eljio lgdf{0f ;fsf];, bf]nvf g]km\:s"g ljåtf ;Ddfg M!_ s]zj k ;fb j8fn, cwoif, /fli6«o ;xsf/l ;+3 ln=, sf7df8f+}. g]km\:s"g /fo{kmfo{;g qm]l86 Plu 6]/f, g]b/nof08 o'lgog ;Ddfg M g]km\:s"g pts[i6 sd{rf/l k'/:sf/ M!= /g axfb'/ yfkf, Joj:yfks, hgptyfg sf]dn/fh clwsf/l, ;xfos clws[t, g]km\:s"g lkmn8 sfof{no, g]kfnu~h pts[i6 ;]jf ;~rfng k ;+zf M!= cgt/nfufgl M ;+snk ;fsf];, rgb lgufxk'/, ;b:o ;'/Iff of]hgf M O{6x/f ;fsf];, O6x/f, df]/ë #= g]sf]; Kn; ;km\6jo/ M hgsnof0f ;fsf];, x]6f}+8f, dsjfgk'/ $= n3'ljq (CUMI) M sf]ndt]zj/ ;fsf];, sf7df8f}+ g]km\:s"g pts[i6 If]qLo -k fb]lzs_ ;b:o ;+:yf ;Ddfg M k b]z g+=!, dlxnf ;fsf];, O{6x/L, ;'g;/l k b]z xft]dfnf] ;fsf];, l;d/f, af/f k b]z g+= $= l;jfo{l; ;fsf];, afun'ë ahf/, afun'ë k b]z g+= %= l;h{gf ;fsf];, aao{, alb{of k b]z g+= ^= lkknaf]6 ;fsf];, jl/]gb gu/, ;'v]{t k b]z g+= &= l;h{gf ;fsf];, bf]wf/f, s~rgk'/ g]km\:s"g pts[i6 lhnnf ;+3 ;Ddfg M!= lhnnf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+3 ln=,?kgb]xl g]km\:s"g ;jf]{s[i6 ;+:yf ;Ddfg M!= :sf]k ;fsf];, ;xf/f dlxnf ;fsf];, wflbëj];l, ;fn s= ;+:yfks cwoif k'/:sf/ dlxnf ;fljql wf}a8]n, eqmk'/ k'?if e/t k ;fb zdf{, sfe ] v= g]km\:s"g ;jf]{ts[i6 ;+:yf k'/:sf/ g]km\:s"g ;jf]{ts[i6 ;+:yf ;Ddfg g]km\:s"g ;jf]{ts[i6 ;+:yf ;Ddfg -dlxnfx?af6 dfq ;+rflnt_ u= g]km\:s"g ;jf]{ts[i6 lhnnf ;+3 k'/:sf/ g]km\:s"g ;jf]{ts[i6 lhnnf ;+3 ;Ddfg a'8f]n ;fd'bflos art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yf ln=, sfe ] gd'gf dlxnf ;fsf]; art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yf ln=,?kgb]xl lhnnf art ;+3 afun'ª, afun'ª 3= g]km\:s"g k b]z:t/lo pts[i6 ;b:o ;+:yf ;Ddfg k b]z g+! ;'gks'jf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yf ln=, df]/ª k b]z ;u/dfyf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yf ln=, af/f k b]z g+ # z'esfdgf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yf ln=, eqmk'/ k b]z g+ $ gj k ult art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yf ln=, gjnk/f;l 147

149 k b]z g+ % u fdl0f art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yf ln=, gjnk/f;l k b]z g+ ^ hglxtsf/l art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yf ln=, ;'v]{t k b]z g+ & hljg Hof]tL art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+:yf ln=, a}t8l ª= g]km\:s"g ;Ddfg -cu h_ JolQmTj ;Ddfg dlxnf cd[tf ;'Aaf, ;'g;/l k'?if e]if gf/fo0f bfxfn, sf7df8f}+ r= g]km\:s"g ljåtf ;Ddfg g]km\:s"g ljåtf k'/:sf/ 1fg]Gb k ;fb kf}8]n kl Pr 8L, afun'ª 5= g]km\:s"g /fokmfo;g qm]l86 o'lgog k'/:sf/ g]km\:s"g /fokmfo;g qm]l86 o'lgog k'/:sf/ PlzofnL C0f dxf;+3, yfonof08 h= g]km\:s"g pts[i6 sd{rf/l k'/:sf/ g]kfnsf] ;fsf]; cleofgsf s'df/ vql, snof0fsf/l pts[i6 Jofj:yfks ;fsf];, nlntk'/ g]km\:s"g pts[i7 sd{rf/l u0f]z k ;fb ltdln;gf, sf=d'= ljefulo k d'v, g]km\:s"g em= g]km\:s"g k z+;f k'/:sf/ g]sf]; Kn; ;km\6j]o/ xfd f] hgsnof0f ;fsf];, bf]nvf cgt/nufgl ls;fg snof0f ;fsf];, ;'g;/l ;b:o ;'/Iff of]hgf /dfo{nf] ;fsf];, df]/ª n3'ljq l;4fy{ ;fsf];, ;fn s= ;+:yfks cwoif k'/:sf/ dlxnf ldgf l;ub]n, affs] k'?if o1/fh 9'Ë]n, bf]nvf v= g]km\:s"g ;jf]{ts[i6 ;+:yf k'/:sf/ g]km\:s"g ;jf]{ts[i6 ;+:yf xfd f] hgsnof0f ;fsf];, ;Ddfg bf]nvf g]km\:s"g ;jf]{ts[i6 ;+:yf dlxnf hfu/0f ;fsf];, ;Ddfg -dlxnfx?af6 ;~rflnt_ dsjfgk'/ u= g]km\:s"g ;jf]{ts[i6 lhnnf ;+3 k'/:sf/ g]km\:s"g ;jf]{ts[i6 lhnnf ;+3 ;Ddfg lhnnf art ;+3 ;'g;/l, ;'g;/l 3=g]km\:s"g k b]z:t/lo pts[i6 ;b:o ;+:yf ;Ddfg k b]z g+! hgrfxgf ;fsf];, df]/ª k b]z gjljsf; ;fsf];, /f}tx6 k b]z g+ # ldlnh'nl ;fsf];, l;gw'nl k b]z g+ $ k/f]ksf/ ;fsf];, gjnk/f;l -;':tfk'j{_ k b]z g+ % sf]lno ;fsf];,?kgb]xl k b]z g+ ^ lzv/ ;fsf];, ;'v]{t k b]z g+ & ;[hgzln ;fsf];, s~rgk'/ ª= g]km\:s"g ;Ddfg -cu h_ JoflQmTj ;Ddfg dlxnf l/gf cfrfo{, sf7df8f}+ k'?if v]d/fh ;fksf]6f, gjnk/f;l r= g]km\:s"g ljåtf ;Ddfg g]km\:s"g ljåtf k'/:sf/ uf]ljgb/fh hf]zl, s}nfnl 5= g]km\:s"g /fokmfo;g qm]l86 o'lgog k'/:sf/ g]km\:s"g /fokmfo;g qm]l86 l;=l;=o"=pn=al, a+unfb]z o'lgog k'/:sf/ h= g]km\:s"g kqsfl/tf k'/:sf/ g]km\:s"g kqsfl/tf k'/:sf/ t'n;l/fd ;'j]bl, cggk"0f{ kf]i6 em= g]km\:s"g pts[i6 sd{rf/l k'/:sf/ g]kfnsf] ;fsf]; cleofgsf dbg a:g]t, ;fd'bflos pts[i6 Jofj:yfks ;fsf];, kgf}tl g]km\:s"g pts[i7 sd{rf/l /fhg ;'j]bl, s]gb Lo sfof{no, g]km\:s"g `= g]km\:s"g k z+;f k'/:sf/ g]sf]; Kn; ;km\6j]o/ hgd'vl ;fsf];, bf]nvf cgt/ nufgl kffrtf/f ;fsf];, sf7df8f}+ n3' ljq sfo{qmd 1fgHof]tL dlxnf ;fsf];, sf7df8f}+ 6= g]km\:s"g ptk ]/0ff cleggbg k'/:sf/ lji0f' >]i7, sf7df8f}+ 7= PsLs/0f cleofgdf of]ubfg ls;fg ;fsf];, gjnk/f;l g]kfn art tyf C0f s]gb Lo ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= NEPAL FEDERATION OF SAVINGS & CREDIT CO-OPERATIVE UNIONS LTD. s]gb Lo sfof{nom goff afg]zj/, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+=m )! $&*!(^#, $&*)@)!, km\ofs; g+=m )! $&*#)&! Od]nM nefscun@nefscun.org.np, j]a;fo6m

150 k ult sflgt/fhky kmf]g g+= M )%& %@$%&!, %@@%&$ Od]n M pragatihtd2063@gmail.com :kz{ sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $$!)@@@ Od]n M sparshasacoss@yahoo.com g]kfn 6'uf dwf}lnof $,?kgb]xl kmf]g g+= M )&! %!$!#^ Od]n M nepaltunga63@gmail.com lk; sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M )! $@$@%*(, $@$&^^% km\ofs; g+= M )! $@@##(& Od]n M peacesakos@gmail.com ;KtClif ;}gfd}gf #,?kgb]xl kmf]g g+= M )&! $$))(( Od]n M koshrajbasnet.99@gmaill.com hgsnof0f a'6jn ^,?kgb]xl kmf]g g+= M )&! %$%*@@ Od]n M janakalyansaccos057@gmail.com 149

151 dsjfgk'/ lhnnf art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= dsjfgk'/, x]6f}+8f zflgtky kmf]g g+= M )%& %@!!&@ Od]n M mdsccu@yahoo.com kl/snkgf M æ;~hflns[t bluf] lhnnf art ;+3Æ ;b:o ;+Vof M $# dlxnf / ** k'?if artsf k sf/ M % k sf/ ljlqo ;]jf M art ;]jf, cgt/nufgl ;]jf / t/ntf Joj:yfkg ;]jf u}/ ljlqo ;]jf M ;xsf/l ;dgjo, ax;, k}/jl, :6]zg/L ;]jf, lgz'ns cled'vls/0f, ;z'ns tflnd sfo{qmd ljqlo cj:yf M hddf z]o/ k"fhl?=!,)&,(%,))) C0f nufgl?= &,(@,*&,@@* >Lnfe ef];lsf] goff;8s, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g g+= M $@@!@(# Od]n M shreelav42@yahoo.com ;b:o ;+Vof M ^!^ dlxnf!@! k'?if $(% hddf ;DklQf M?=!(,#%,((*,&*=*( z]o/ k"fhl M?=!,(#,&$,!)) art M?=!#,^&,%%,#%^=!! C0f nufgl M?=!%,)*,!%,$%$ art tkm{ of]hgf k ltzt lgoldt art!@ü b}lgs art ^Ü Jofj;flos art (Ü cfjlws art -^ dlxgfb]lv # jif{_!)!$ü 150

152 g]km\:s"g ;fn;ddsf] ;~rfns ;ldlt / n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldltsf] ljj/0f k yd k6s art ;d"x /fli6«o ;+3 tby{ ;ldlt >fj0f #@!= ef]h/fh l3ld/], ;fljql yfkf # gf/fo0f zdf{ uh'/]n $= rgb z]v/ zdf{ %= lzj;'gb/ >]i7 ^= gf/fo0fl nf]xgl &= kdkmf /fo{ *= t]h axfb'/ /fo{ (= g]q k ;fb clwsf/l!)= xl/axfb'/ g]kfn!!= ljho nfn >]i7!@= dx]z s'df/ kf}8]n!#= x]dgt 1fjfnL!$= dl0fw/ g]kfn!%= uf]kfn zdf{ Gof}kfg]!^= lrdsfhl >]i7!&= af;'b]j j/fn!*= blks e08f/l!(= /Tg k ;fb gf/bdl0f z}n]gb ;fsf/ art ;d"x /fli6«o ;+3 tby{ ;ldlt >fj0f #@ ljwfg d:of}bf ;ldlt u7g M cwoif ef]h/fh l3ld/] g]qk ;fb clwsf/l t]haxfb'/ /fo{ x]dgt 1jfnL ;Nnfxsf/ M lji0f'k ;fb >]i7 art ;d"x /fli6«o ;+3 tby{ ;ldlt cwoif ef]h/fh l3ld/] ;b:o g]qk ;fb clwsf/l ;b:o ljhonfn >]i7 ;b:o xf]dgfy zdf{ sf]iffwoif xl/axfb'/ g]kfn ;b:o dw';'bg 9sfn -kl5 g/x]sf]_ ;b:o /fdlszf]/ 8+uf]n -kl5 g/x]sf]_ ;b:o gf/fo0f zdf{ uh'/]n dxf;lrj kdkmf /fo{ ;b:o dgg/fh kf]v/]n, ;femf e08f/ ;femf s]gb afx]ssf art ;d"xsf k ltlglwnfo{ )* )@ df ul7t art ;d"x /fli6«o ;+3 tby{ ;ldlt g]kfn -kb ljefhg tyf yk pkfwoif ;fljql yfkf pkfwoif gf/fo0f zdf{ uh'/]n ;xfos x]dgt 1fjnL -;xfos ;lrj dxf;lrj_ ;b:o t]haxfb'/ /fo{ xl/ u'?ë -@)$^ #!^ df yk_ lgd{nf $ # ;+rfns df yk ;b:o clg?b k wfg -xl/ u'?ësf] ; ;+rfns ;ldltdf yk ;Nnfx sf/ 8f= k flg;; df /fli6«o art tyf C0f ;+3 k yd ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 ;+rfns ;ldlt M cwoif ef]h/fh l3ld/ pkfwoif Zofdnfn lrqsf/ dxf;lrj b]j]gb cof{n sf]iffwoif clg?b k wfg ;b:o lgd{nf kf]v/]n ;b:o g]qk ;fb clwsf/l ;b:o xf]dgfy zdf{ ;b:o uf]ljgbaxfb'/ clwsf/l ;b:o uf]kfnk ;fb aff;sf]6f ;b:o gf/fo0fk ;fb l3ld/] ;b:o Zofdaxfb'/ >]i7 ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt M cwoif e]ifgf/fo0f bfxfn ;lrj ljzjdf]xg cfrfo{ ;b:o s}nfzfeqm k wfgfë ;b:o Clif/fh l3ld/] ;b:o blkss'df/ bfxfn g]kfn art tyf C0f ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= tby{ ;ldlt df btf{ ;+of]hs ef]h/fh l3ld/] ;b:o Zofdnfn lrqsf/ ;b:o b]j]gb s'df/ cof{n ;b:o af;'b]j Gof}kfg] ;b:o 8Da/k ;fb 9'+u]n ;b:o v]d/fh ;fksf]6f ;b:o /ljls/0f 9sfn 151

153 k"j{ ;~rfnsx?sf] ljj/0f k f/ldes ;fwf/0f ;ef )# ;+rfns ;ldlt M cwoif s}nfzeqm k wfgfë pkfwoif g]qk ;fb clwsf/l dxf;lrj >L/fd >]i7 sf]iffwoif xf]dgfy zdf{ ;b:o 8L=aL= a:g]t ;b:o e]ifgf/fo0f bfxfn ;b:o Clif/fh l3ld/] ;b:o ljzjdf]xg cfrfo{ ;b:o ;'j0f{s'df/ cfrfo{ ;b:o xl/s'df/ zdf{ ;b:o e/taxfb'/ yfkf ;b:o gf/fo0fk ;fb l3ld/] ;b:o dw';'bg u'/fuffo ;b:o Zofdaxfb'/ >]i7 ;b:o /f]xl0fl hf]zl n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt M cwoif kdkmf /fo{ ;lrj af;' a/fn ;b:o uf]s'nwjh sfsl{ ;b:o nidlk ;fb k/fh'nl ;b:o zlznfn k wfg kffrf} ;fwf/0f ;efåf/f lgjf{lrt /f]6/l Sna yfkfynl ;+rfns ;ldlt M cwoif s}nfzeqm k wfgfë pkfwoif l8=lj a:g]t dxf;lrj CifL/fh l3ld/] sf]iffwoif xf]dgfy zdf{ ;b:o d}of l3ld/] -dlxnf_ ;b:o 3gZofd vltj8f ;b:o uf]s'nwjh sfsl{ ;b:o lgd{nf kf]v/]n ;b:o w' jdfg l;+x 9sfn ;b:o dx]gb k ;fb 9sfn ;b:o hulbzrgb afun] n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt M ;+of]hs ch'{gs'df/ k'8f;}gl ;b:o lutf v/]n ;b:o dw';'bg u'/fuffo{ gjf}+ ;fwf/0f ;efåf/f lgjf{lrt /f]6/l Snj yfkfynl ;+rfns ;ldlt M cwoif s}nfzeqm k wfgfë -@ jif{_ pkfwoif l8=lj a:g]t -# jif{_ dxf;lrj /fdx/l bjf8l -! jif{_ sf]iffwoif xf]dgfy zdf{ -# jif{_ ;b:o b]jsl g]kfn -# jif{_ ;b:o 3gZofd vltj8f -@ jif{_ ;b:o r'8fd0fl zdf{ s ]n -! jif{_ ;b:o Hof]tL k ;fb s8]n -@ jif{_ ;b:o /fdk ;fb kf}8]n -! jif{_ ;b:o >L/fd >]i7 -dgf]lgt_ ;b:o g]q k ;fb clwsf/l -dgf]lgt_ n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt M ;+of]hs clg?b k wfg -lglj{/f]w! jif{_ ;b:o rgb k ;fb 9sfn -# jif{_ ;b:o nidl ;fksf]6f -@ jif{_ bzf}+ ;fwf/0f ;efåf/f uf]/vf ;+rfns ;ldlt M dxf;lrj /fdx/l bjf8l ;b:o r'8fd0fl zdf{ s ]n ;b:o uf]s'nwjh sfsl{ n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt M ;+of]hs clg?b k wfg P3f/f} ;efåf/f lgjf{lrt )# )@ /f]6/l Snj yfkfynl, sf7df8f}+ ;+rfns ;ldlt M cwoif s}nfz eqm k wfgfë pkfwoif ldg/fh s+8]n dxf;lrj 3gZofd vltj8f ;b:o blks yfkf ;b:o gf/fo0f k ;fb u}/] n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt M ;b:o /fhs'df/ a/fn afx f} ;fwf/0f ;efåf/f lgjf{lrt )@ #! :6fkm sn]h, hfjnfv]n ;+rfns ;ldlt M cwoif s}nfzeqm k wfgfë pkfwoif ldg/fh s+8]n sf]iffwoif clg?b k wfg ;+rfns ;fwgf l;+x zfxl -dlxnf_ ;b:o ;+rfns /fdbf; >]i7 ;b:o n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt M ;+of]hs rgb k ;fb 9sfn -lglj{/f]w_ ;b:o ef]h/fh sf]o/fnf t]x f} ;fwf/0f ;efåf/f lgjf{lrt )# )$ / % lj/f6gu/, df]/ë ;+rfns ;ldlt M cwoif s}nfzeqm k wfgfë -lglj{/f]w_ pkfwoif ldg/fh s+8]n -lglj{/f]w_ dxf;lrj 3gZofd vltj8f -lglj{/f]w_ sf]iffwoif clg?b k wfg -lglj{/f]w_ ;b:o -dlxnf_ ;fwgf l;+x zfxl -lglj{/f]w_ ;b:o lbks yfkf ;b:o gf/fo0fk ;fb zdf{ u}/ ;b:o cd[tf ;'Aaf ;b:o o1/fh 9'+u]n ;b:o s[i0faxfb'/ 3+h' ;b:o ;f]d/fh vlgof n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt M ;+of]hs rgb k ;fb 9sfn -lglj{/f]w_ ;b:o /fhs'df/ a/fn -lglj{/f]w_ ;b:o gfglafa' a'9fyf]sl d+l;/!% ut] lgjf{lrt e]/l k fljlws lziffno, g]kfnu~h affs] ;~rfns ;ldlt cwoif ldg /fh s8]n pkfwoif Clif /fh l3ld/] 152

154 dxf;lrj 3gZofd vltj8f sf]iffwoif blks yfkf ;~rfns uf]s'nwjh sfsl{ ;~rfns ;fwgf l;+x zfxl ;~rfns cd[tf ;'Aaf ;~rfns kfj{tl vff8 ;~rfns tf/faxfb'/ sfkm\n] ;~rfns d]g'sf bfxfn ;~rfns ljgf]bs'df/ zfx n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt M ;+of]hs rgb k ;fb 9sfn -lglj{/f]w_ ;b:o /fhs'df/ a/fn ;b:o gfglafa' kf}if # ut] lgjf{lrt ;~rfns ;ldlt cwoif ldg /fh sf8]n pkfwoif Clif /fh l3ld/] pkfwoif cd[tf ;'Aaf dxf;lrj l8=al= a:g]t sf]iffwoif blks yfkf ;~rfns d]g'sf bfxfn ;~rfns kfj{tl vff8 /fo{ ;~rfns gfglafa' a'9fyf]sl ;~rfns O{Gb /fh Hof]tL kf}8]n ;~rfns s]zj k ;fb kf]v/]n ;~rfns tf/f nfdf tfdfª ;~rfns bfdf]b/ clwsf/l ;~rfns gfglsfhl zfso ;~rfns kl/tf]if kf}8\ofn ;~rfns zflgt clwsf/l n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt M ;+of]hs /fhs'df/ j/fn ;b:o ;Ltf e6/fo{ ;b:o p4j kf}if ^ ut] lgjf{lrt ;~rfns ;ldlt cwoif Clif/fh l3ld/] pkfwoif 8L=aL= a:g]t pkfwoif cd[tf ;'Aaf dxf;lrj kl/tf]if kf}8\ofn sf]iffwoif gfglafa' a'9fyf]sl ;~rfns tf/faxfb'/ sfkm\n] ;~rfns kfj{tl vff8 /fo{ ;~rfns bfdf]b/ clwsf/l ;~rfns s]zjk ;fb kf]v/]n ;~rfns OGb /fh Hof]tL kf}8]n ;~rfns tf/f nfdf tfdfë ;~rfns zflgt clwsf/l ;~rfns gfglsfhl zfso ;~rfns p4j ;fksf]6f ;~rfns s[i0fk ;fb kf}8]n ;~rfns s[i0fk ;fb g]kfn ;~rfns gj/fh ;fksf]6f ;~rfns blks kg]? ;~rfns /Lgf cfrfo{ n]vf ;'kl/j]if0f ;ldlt ;+of]hs blks yfkf ;b:o x'df 8L=;L= ;b:o Gx'5] gf/fo0f >]i7 g]kfn art tyf C0f s]gb Lo ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= goff afg]zj/, sf7df8f}+ ;+3sf] ljqlo j[l4qmd )&% z]o/ kf"hl!*,#))=)) $,%*(,@))=)) $$,$$$,)))=))!&&,(!@,$))=)) art *),%)@=^) $,*&(,(%&=%# ^*,%^),*&$=%$!,)#$,@#%,#@$=)) $,@&&,$^@,^%#=)) C0f nufgl %(%,)))=)) #,*%!,^!#=^@ $&,#)@,(&&=^@ s'n ^,&*!,#%$=$^!#,@)&,@@@=^@ (%,*&%,$%^=((!,!*%,^&$,)*^=)) $,*$^,^$%,*^)=)) ;fn sflq{s #) ut] kf"hl tyf bflotj o; jif{sf] /sd - =_ ut jif{sf] /sd - =_ z]o/ hu]8f tyf cgo sf]ifx ^@,%$@,*)* (^,##),&#^ ;b:ox af6 s'n art %,)^$,$)),!&^ $,@&&,$^@,^%# cg'bfg tyf 3'DtL sf]ifx?!&&,!%*,*^*!&#,#@*,^*# cgo hddf bflotj %,&#!,!$^,!%) $,*$^,^$%,*^) ;DklQ o; jif{sf] /sd - =_ ut jif{sf] /sd - =_ u}/ rn ;DklQ gub tyf a}+s df}hbft!,)^#,$$!,^)@!,%$%,!^#,$!& nufgl!,%@!,#!!,))) $^!,#!!,))) C0f nufgl l:y/ ;DklQ (),@$%,&@@ *$,!@^,@!# df}hbft tyf cgo ;DklQ hddf ;DklQ %,&#!,!$^,!%) $,*$^,^$%,*^) 153

155 ;'/lift sflnsf ^, lrtjg kmf]gm )%^ $!#)%(, (*%%)*%)%( Od]n M surakshit001@gmail.com kl/snkgf M ;b:osf] lxtdf ;d{lkt ;b:o ;+Vof M!)*( hgf artsf k sf/ M cfjlws, clgjfo{, P]lR5s, Gff/L, Ho]i7 gfu/ls, Affn, ljz]if, ;'/lift, ;'gf}nf], ;+rosf]if / phofnf] eljio art C0f k sf/ M cf}wf]lus, 3/fo;L, kz'k+ifl kfng, z}lifs, xfo/ kr]{h, a}b]lzs /f]huf/, s[lif, d'4lt / Jofkf/ shf{ ljqlo cj:yf M z]o/ k"fhl?=!)!#%*@)) s'n art ;+sng?= #$%)^%@!! s'n C0f nufgl?= $*#&%(&!@ hddf sf]if 154

156 dwo] t/fo{ Sni6/ låtlo -k f]a]zg_ dlxnf cfjfh l;v/s6]/l kmf]g g+= M (*^(&&)^@$ Od]n M mahila.awajsaccos4@gmail.com lbjo Hof]tL dlxnf dgx/l *, dsjfgk'/ kmf]g g+= M )%& $!$!!! Od]n M divyajyoti2064@gmail.com ;fo{/fd dsjfgk'/ kmf]g g+= M Od]n M sairam_cooperative2014@gmail.com dlxnf hfu[tl ledkm]bl, dsjfgk'/ kmf]g g+= M )%& $!)))# Od]n M mahilajagriti2055@gmail.com kl/jt{g dlxnf x6f}8f #, a;fdf8l, dsjfgk'/ kmf]g g+= M )%& $!!!%% Od]n M saccospariwartan@gmail.com ;+hljgl x6f}8f %, dsjfgk'/ kmf]g g+= M )%& %@%(%@ Od]n M sanjeevani_saccos@yahoo.com >L >[hgf dlxnf OGb ;/f]j/ ufpfkflnsf!, dfv'{, dsjfgk'/ kmf]g g+= M (*$%@^(*&&, (&$%)$%)&( Od]n M sacossrijana@gmail.com dgx/l dgx/l &, dsjfgk'/ kmf]g g+= M )%& $!$)&# Od]n M manaharisahakari@gmail.com >L ah af/fxl yfxf gu/kflnsf ^, ah af/fxl, dsjfgk'/ kmf]g g+= M )%& ^@)!)$ Od]n M shreebajrasaccos2066@gmail.com dwo] t/fo{ Sni6/ k yd dlxnf hgr]tgf x]6f}+8f!%, r'l/ofdfo{ kmf]g g+= M )%& %@)*&# Od]n M mahilajanachetana@gmail.com 155

157 ;+3sf ljljw ultljlwsf emnsx? 156

158 ;+3sf ljljw ultljlwsf emnsx? 157

159 ;+3sf ljljw ultljlwsf emnsx? 158

160 ;fsf]; ultljlwsf emnsx? 159

161 ;+3sf ljljw ultljlwsf emnsx? 160

162 ;+3sf ljljw ultljlwsf emnsx? 161

163 ;+3sf ljljw ultljlwsf emnsx? 162

164 ;+3sf ljljw ultljlwsf emnsx? 163

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