ls;fg 7Ug] k fëfl/s dn ;fx' k zf;gsf] kmgbfdf ;dfrf/ k efj g]kfnsf] klxnf]

Transcription

1 x/]s If0f x/]s lbg dfq s[lif ;dfrf/sf] nflu g]kfnsf] klxnf] Nepal's First Agriculture Weekly jif{ ^ c;f]h #) ut] ;f]daf/ October 16, 2017 d"no?=!) s[lifsf] nufgl kf/bzl{ agfcf}+, k/dk/fut xf]og Joj;flos agf}+, s'/fsf] v]tl xf]og, v]tlsf] s'/f u/f}+. :yfglo txdf k7fpsf] ah]6 s[lifdf nufgl x'g'kg{]m dgql ofbj cfkm"x? r'gfjl ;/sf/df ;fd]n eps} sf/0f sltko pknawlx? aflx/ Nofpg g;s]sf] pgn] :jlsf/ u/]. /fhgllts cl:y/tfsf sf/0f s[lif ljsf; dgqfnosf sltko of]hgf / :ynut sfo{qmdx? x]g{ g;lspsf] egb} dgql ofbjn] s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu cnksflng, dwosflng / bl3{sflng of]hgf agfp/ cfkm" cufl8 al9/x]sf] ;d]t atfp. sf7df8f}+. s[lif dgql /fds[i0f ofbjn] :yfglo txdf s[lif ljsf; dgqfnon] k7fpsf] /sd s[lifdf dfq vr{ ul/g' kg]{df hf]8 lbpsf 5g\. :yfglo txdf k7fopsf] s[lifsf] ah]6 cgo If]qdf k of]u ul/g yflnpkl5 s[lif dgql ofbjn] lrgtf JoQm ub}{ ;f] s'/f atfpsf x'g\. :yfglo txsf] lgjf{rg ljutdf s]gb Ls[t ah]6nfo{ :yfglt txdf g} k7fopsf] epklg s[lif ljsf;nflu k7fopsf] ah]6 dwo] lgzt{?kdf k7fopsf] ah]6 s[lif ljsf;sf nflu gep/ cgo If]qdf k of]u ul/g yflnpsf] 5. s[lif kqsf/ ;dfh, g]kfn / s[lif kqsf/ k lti7fgdf cfj4 s[lif kqsf/x?;fu s'/f ub}{ s[lif dgql ofbjn] jf9l kll8t ls;fgx?nfo{ /fxtsf gfddf s'g} xfntdf cgofo x'g glbg] ;d]t atfpsf 5g\. s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu s[lif ;~rf/ dfwodx?n] dxtjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]ng] epsfn] s[lif ljsf; dgqfno / s[lif kqsf/x? jlrsf] ;DjGw gë / df;' h:t} epsf] ;d]t pgn] atfp. cfkm"x? r'gfjl ;/sf/df ;fd]n eps} sf/0f sltko pknawlx? aflx/ ls;fg 7Ug] k fëfl/s dn ;fx' k zf;gsf] kmgbfdf sf7df8f}+. cgtt M k fëfl/s dnsf gfddf ls;fg 7Ug] hgsk'/ kml6{nfo{h/sf dflns uf]ljgb em'gem'g k zf;gsf] kmgbfdf k/]sf 5g\. cl3nnf] c+s s[lif n] k fëfl/s dnsf gfddf ls;fg 7Ub} hgsk'/ kml6{nfoh/ú zlif{ssf] d'vo ;dfrf/ g} k sflzt u/]sf] lyof]. ;dfrf/ k sfzg epsf] ef]nl kn6} lhnnf k zf;g sfof{no df]/ën] ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf k ltlglw ;lxtsf] 6f]nLn] ;f] dn sf/vfgfdf cg'udg ;d]t u/]sf] lyof]. cg'udgsf qmddf k fëfl/s dndf ;dfrf/ k efj /f;folgs dn ;d]t ld;fj6 u/]sf] km]nf kf/]kl5 ;f] sf/vfgfnfo{ lznjgbl ul/psf] 5. obkl ls;fg 7Ug] k fëfl/s dn sf/vfgfsf ;fx' uf]ljgb em'gem'gnfo{ eg] s]xl klg ul/psf] 5. s[lif ljsf; dgqfnosf df6f] Joj:yfkg lgb]{zgfnoaf6 %) k ltzt cg'bfg lnp/ k fëfl/s dn sf/vfgf ;~rfng u/]sf] hgsk'/ kml6{nfh/ O08li6«hn] k fëfl/s dndf /f;folgs dn ld;fp/ ls;fgx? 7lu u/]sf] k dfl0ft epkl5 ;f] pbf]udf l;njgbl ul/psf] xf]. s[lif ljsf; dgqfnoaf6 cg'bfg lnp/ k f+ufl/s Nofpg g;s]sf] pgn] :jlsf/ u/]. /fhgllts cl:y/tfsf sf/0f s[lif ljsf; dgqfnosf sltko of]hgf / :ynut sfo{qmdx? x]g{ g;lspsf] egb} dgql ofbjn] s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu cnksflng, dwosflng / lb3{sflng of]hgf agfp/ cfkm" cufl8 al9/x]sf] ;d]t atfp. s[lif ljsf; dgqfnon] s[lif kqsf/ ;dfh / s[lif kqsf/ k lti7fg b'j} ;+:yf;fu ;xsfo{ u/]/ cufl8 a9\g]df klg hf]8 lbpsf lyp. z'elbkfjnl tyf sf] pknio ;d:t kf7s, lj1fkgbftf, lj1fkg Ph]G;L ljqm]tf, z'elrgts Pj+ ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnl bfh'efo{ tyf lbbljlxgldf ;'v, zflgt / ;d[l4sf] z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}+. sfo{qmddf s[lif /fhodgql ;/Ltf k ;fofn] #& aif{ ;+3if{k"0f{ /fhgllt u/]/ cfkm" clxn] /fhodgql epsf] egb} s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;df goff ;Gb]z lbg rfxfbf rfxfb} klg ljljw sf/0fn] ug{ g;lspsf] atfo{g]. ;f] sfo{qmddf s[lif ;lrj 8f ;'/f]h kf]v/]nn] ^& k ltzt hgtf s[lifdf ;+nug epsf] epklg s[lif k ;f/sf] kx'fr!& k ltzt dfq epsf] v'nf;f u/]. pgn] s[lif ;"rgfsf] kx'frsf nflu s[lif ;~rf/ dfwod g} Pj+ xj a f]8sfl:6ë k fln, kl/jf/ la=l6= Pn\= sdkglsf kfj/ l6n/ tyf ldgl l6n/af6 v]tl u/f}+, sd vr{df ctolws ptkfbg a9fcf}+.

2 @ ;DkfbsLo :yfglo txdf s[lifsf] ah]6 rfn' cfly{s jif{b]lv s[lif tyf kz' ljsf;sf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] ah]6 :yfglo txdf k7fo{pkl5 ah]6 sfof{gjog gx'g]df lrgtf JoQm ug{ yflnpsf] 5. clwsf+z :yfglo txn] cfkm"nfo{ ;/sf/n] pknaw u/fpsf] ah]6 ljsf; lgdf{0fs} nflu ljlgof]lht u/]kl5 of] cgof}ntf 5fPsf] xf]. s[lif ljsf; dgqfno tyf kz'kg5l ljsf; dgqfnon] :yfglo txdf k7fpsf] ah]6 clxn] af6f] lgdf{0f, k'n lgdf{0f ljbfno lgdf{0f h:tf sfo{df vr{ ul/g yflnpsf] 5. :yfglo txsf k7fopsf] zt{ ;lxtsf] ah]6 tf]lsps} If]qdf vr{ ul/g nflupsf] epklg lgzt{?kdf k7fopsf] ah]6 cgo If]qdf wdfwd vr{ x'fbf klg ;DjlGwt dgqfno yfxf gkfp em} al;/x]s]f 5. s]xl lbg cufl8 afh'/fdf vf]/]tsf] k sf]k eof]. kz'kfng ul//x]sf ls;fgx? lhnnf kz' ;]jf sfof{no t/ ljutdf pkrf/ ug{ bf}l8xfng] ;f] sfof{nosf sd{rf/lx? lgl/x ep / ufpfkflnsfdf hfg] cfu x u/]. vf]/]t pkrf/ ug{sf nflu ;f] sfof{no;fu ah]6 lypg. xf] clxn] d'n'se/ lhnnf l:yt s[lif ljsf; tyf kz' ljsf; sfof{nosf] xljtu o:t} 5. :yfglo txdf upsf] ah]6sf] ;lx ;b'kof]u epg egg] k fljlws dgqfnosf prr clwsf/l Pj+ lhnnf l:yt sfof{nosf k d'vx?n] :yfglo txn] ah]6 lgdf{0f ul//xfbf cfkm\gf] ljifodf s'/f p7fpg To;sf/0f :yfglo txsf hgk ltlglwx?n] s[lif / kz' ljsf;sf] ah]6 lt/ TolQ Wofg lbg ;s]gg\. x'g klg kz'kg5ldf nfug] /f]ux? / lgbfgsf nflu ubf{ cfjzos kg]{ ah]6sf] ljifodf pglx?nfo{ hfgsf/l klg gx'g ;S5. To;sf/0f klg pglx?n] zt{ ;lxtsf] ah]6 cfkm\gf] aflif{s ah]6df /fv] lgzt{sf] cgt} Joj:yf ul/lbp. Tof] Ps k sf/n] l7s} klg lyof] xf]nf. lgzt{?kdf k7fpsf] ah]6 s'g k of]hgsf nflu egg] gv'n]s} sf/0f s[lif tyf kz' ljsf;sf] ah]6 cgoq vr{ ul/g yflnpsf] 5. s[lif ljsf; tyf kz' ljsf;sf nflu k7fopsf] ah]6nfo{ s[lif tyf kz' ljsf;sf nflu vr{ ug{sf nflu ;DjlGwt dgqfnon] cy{ dgqfno tyf ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfglo ljsf; dgqfno;fu 5nkmn ;d]t rnfpsf] b]lv+b}g. oxl rfnfn] s[lif tyf kz' ljsf;sf] ah]6 af6f] lgdf{0fdf vr{ gep/ s] df x'g5 t < cfˆg} ;"rgf g]kfnsf] klxnf] s[lif sf?kdf k sflzt s[lif df tkfofsf If]qsf ep u/]sf s[lif If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf ;dfrf/ jf n]v /rgfx? 5g\ eg] xfdlnfo{ laxlaf/leq k7fpg'x'g cg'/f]w ul/g5. s[lif, cgfdgu/ kmf]g M )! $&&))%( ;Dks{ Od]nM sajnepal@gmail.com Web: g]kfndf kz' snof0fsf] cj:yf -!_ kl/ro M ;Dk"0f{ k f0fl hutsf] cl:ttj /Iff u/l jftfj/0f ;Gt'ng sfod /fvg kz'kg5lx?sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ kg]{ lhdd]jf/l laj]szln k f0flsf] gftfn] dfgjsf] sf+wdf /x]sf] 5. xfn ;a} h;f] e" efudf kz'x? 5f8f 5f]8\g] k a[lt b]vfk/]sf] 5. of] dfgjlo sfd x'b}xf]o{g. 5f8f 5f]8]sf kz'nfo{ h;n] hxf+ e]6fof] ToxL nv]6\g], s[ifsx?n] s8f d]xgtsf;fy nufpsf] v]tljfnl tl 5f8f 5f]8]sf kz'x?n] vfp/ gf]s;fg k' ofpg', ;8sdf ;jf/l ;fwg b'3{6gf lgdtofpg', c;eotfsf] klxrfg, kz' clwsf/sf] pn+3g nufot gsf/ftds ;Gb]z km}nfpsf] 5. ol kz'x?sf] plrt 9+un] Joj:yfkg ug'{ dfgj tyf /fhosf] st{jo x'g cfp5. ol kz'x?sf] pkof]uaf6 ux'ft, uf]a/,>dsf] pkof]u u/l v]tlkftlsf] nflu cfjzos kg]{ dn / v]t htg tyf ef/l af]sg] ;d]t k of]u u/l kmfo{bf lng ;lsg5. uf]a/sf] k of]uaf6 afof]uof;sf] ptkfbg u/l phf{ ;+s6 sd ug{ 6]jf k' ofpg ;lsg5. d[to"kzrft k fkt x'g hfg] xf8, 5fnfsf] pkof]uaf6 pbf]ux?nfo{ srrfkbfy{ k"lt{ x'g5. dfgjlo sfo{x?af6 kz'kg5lx?df dfgjlo gsf/ftds c;/ gk/f]; / pglx?sf] clwsf/sf] /Iffug{sf] nflu gful/sx?nfo{ kz'kg5lx?sf] af;:yfg, jftfj/0f,/ kz'kg5lx?sf] clwsf/sf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg ug{ kz'kg5lx?nfo{ lbo{g' kg]{ kf+r j6f d'vo :jtgqtfx? h:t}m kz'kg5lx?sf] ef]s Kof;af6 d'lqmsf] :jtgqtf, b'mv, bb{,3fo{t] / /f]u nfugaf6 afrg] :jtgqtf, cf/fdbfol 9+un] hlpg] :jtgqtf, cfkm\gf] ;fdfgo Jojxf/ k :t't ug{ kfpg] :jtgqtf / 8/,qf; / tgfjd'qm /xg kfpg] :jtgqtfsf] sfof{gjog u/l kz' x?sf] ptkfbg / ptkfbstjdf a[l4 ug{ ;Eo gful/ssf] klxrfg lbnfpgsf] nflu kz' snof0f sfo{ cfjzos 5. k[yjl ;Dk"0f k f0flx?sf] ;femf 3/ xf]. Dfgjhflt o; ;[li6sf] ;a} egbf ljj]szln k f0fl xf]. kz'kg5l klg o; wlt{sf ;[li6 x'g. o; ;+;f/df kz'kg5lsf] klg dfgj hlt clwsf/ 5. kz'kg5l / dfgj alr cgof]gofl>t ;DaGw 5 t/ klg cfkm\gf] :jfy{ k"lt{sf] nflu 3/kfn'jf kz'kg5lx?nfo{ kfng ubf{ jf 9'jfgL ubf{ cdfgalo Jojxf/ u/]sf] kfo{g5. kz' kg5lx? cjf]w k f0fl epklg plgx?df klg dfof, k ]d / b'mv bb{sf] efjgf x'g5. dfof ubf{ /dfpg] / ;xof]ul e} d2t ub{5g eg] b"mv lbp b'lv x'g] ub{5g. kz' snof0fsf] cfjzostf M dfgljo Jojxf/ sfod /fvg. k f0fl hutsf] cl:ttj /Iff u/l jftfj/0f ;Gt'ng ug{. u'0f:t/lo kz' tyf kz'hgo kbfy{sf] ptkfbg tyf ptkfbstj a[l4 ug{. kz' j:t'sf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug{. kz' hgo pbf]u k j4{g ug{. kz' snof0f tyf clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug]{. dfgjlo sfo{x?af6 kz'kg5lx?df af;'b]j gfy kg]{ gsf/ftds c;/ Go"lgs/0f ug]{. ;Eo gful/ssf] klxrfg lbnfpg. -$_ kz' snof0fsf] Oltxf; M cfo/nof08 ljw]os z'? ;g!^#% cd]l/sf sfg"g kf; ;g!^$! a]nfot sfg"g kf; ;g!*@@ -Martin s Acts _ Eff/t sfg"g kf; ;g!(^) Eff/t kz' snof0f af]8{ u7g ;g!(^@ -kz' snof0f ;DaGwL klxnf] ;/sf/l ;+u7g_ -%_ kz' snof0fsf cfwf/e"t kifx? M kz'kg5lx?nfo{ lbo{g' kg]{ kf+r j6f d'vo :jtgqtfx? g} kz' snof0fsf cfwf/e"t kifx? x'g. kz'kg5lx?sf] ef]s Kof;af6 d'lqmsf] :jtgqtf. b'mv, bb{,3fo{t] / /f]u nfugaf6 afrg] :jtgqtf. cf/fdbfol 9+un] hlpg] :jtgqtf. cfkm\gf] ;fdfgo Jojxf/ k :t't ug{ kfpg] :jtgqtf. 8/,qf; / tgfjd'qm /xg kfpg] :jtgqtf. -^_ kz'k lt lgb{ol Jojxf/ epsf] 7xl/g] cj:yf M ;fdfgotof Joj;flos?kdf kz'kfng ubf{ jf ef/jxg jf >dhgo nufotsf cgo sfddf kz'sf] k of]u ubf{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf sfo{ u/], u/fpdf kz'k lt lgb{ol Jjxf/ epsf] dflgg]5 M kz'nfo{ sf]/f{, rss', agr/f], kf;f], ljb'tlo s/]g6, v';f{glsf] w'nf] nufotsf j:t'sf] k of]u u/l lk8f lbg], kz'nfo{ 3fp rf]6 jf lk8f x'g] u/l kmfn;g nufpg] -xlanë_, gfs, k'r5/, v' f affwg] jf '08fpg], k'r5/ a6fg{] jf effrg], cëeë ug{], gjhft kz'nfo{ dfg{] lgotn] ;'s]gf; u/fpg], ef]s} /fvg], clh0f{ agfpg] jf kmfng] nufotsf cgo sfo{ ug{], kz'nfo{ 3fp rf]6 nfug] jf lk8f x'g] u/l lxsf{pg], lj/fdl jf 3fOt] jf lk8f x'g] u/l lxsf{pg], kz' ;]jf ljefun] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] sfo{ljlw ljkl/t agwofs/0f ug{], 5f8f 5f8\g]. -&_ kz'k lt lgb{ol Jojxf/ epsf] gdflgg] cj:yf M b]xfosf] cj:yfdf kz'k lt lgb{ol Jojxf/ epsf] dflgg] 5}gM btf{jfn kz' lrlst;s jf clwsf/ k fkt JolQmn] sfg"gn] tf]s] adf]lhd jf :jls[t sfo{ljlw cg';f/ l;ª sf6\g, v;l kfg{, v'/ sf6\g, :jf:yo k/lif0f, zno lrlst;f jf :jf:yff]krf/ jf cgo sfo{x? ug{. pkrf/ gx'g] /f]u nfu]sf] jf cgo sf/0fn] cëeë eo{ lk8fu :t cj:yfdf /x]sf] kz'nfo{ To:tf] lk8faf6 d'qm ug{ cfjzos b]lvpdf, kz' :jf:yo,hg:jf:yo ;+/If0f / hg;'/iffsf] sf/0f jf cgo sf/0fn] kz'nfo{ gkqml gx'g] epdf / pkrf/ gx'g] /]lah h:tf /f]u nfu]/ jw ug{}kg{] cj:yf epsf] egg] 7x/ u/]df btf{jfn kz' lrlst;ssf] ;'kl/j]if0fdf tf]lsp adf]lhdsf] dfgjlo t/lsf ckgfp/ kz'nfo{ lgogq0fdf lng jf s?0ff d[to' lbg] k of]u ul/g] lqmofsnfk ug{. -*_ g]kfndf kz' snof0fsf] nflu ul/psf k of;x? kz' :jf:yo tyf kz' ;]jf kz' :jf:yo tyf kz' ;]jf kz' jwzfnf / df;' hffr kz' jwzfnf / df;' hffr kz' 9'jfgL kz' snof0f kz' snof0f - d:of}bf_ -(_ kz'nfo{ sfddf nufpbf ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fjwfgl M kz'sf] pd]/, cfxf/f, zf/ll/s tgb'/l:t, :jf:yo l:ylt / ;Ifdtfsf cfwf/df sfddf nufpg' kg]{. ljlegg k hfltsf kz'nfo{ sfddf nufpg ;lsg] Go"gtd\ pd]/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g] 5 M czj k hflt # jif{, u3f # jif{, uf]?, jif{, e]8f, Rof+u f, afv f! jif{, ofs, gfs, rf}/l # jif{ / xfql k hflt!# jif{ k'/f epsf] x'g' kb{5. sfddf nufpg] kz' :j:yo x'g' kb{5. w]/} b'anf] jf w]/} df]6f] kz' nfo{ sfddf nufpg' x'b}g.s'g} kz' sfd ug{ ;Ifd ep jf gepsf] zf/ll/s cj:yf olsg ug{ zf/ll/s cj:yf dfkg -Body condition scoring_ në8f]kg, ulx/f] jf 7"nf] 3fp, sfl7 jf cgo ;fdfu L k of]u u/]sf] 7fpdf 3f+p, cgwf]kg, /f]ul - k]6 9f+8LPsf], vf]sl, c?rl, 5]/f}6L jf l;+ufg au]sf] _ l;tf+ë epsf], Hj/f] cfpsf] jf /f]usf cgo nif0f b]vfpsf] jf hnljlgof]hg epsf] kz'nfo{ sfddf nufpg' x'b}g. ue{jlt kz'nfo{ p;sf] uef{cj:yfsf] t]; f] tyf clgtd r/0f b]lv ;'Ts]/L ep kzrft ;d]t ;f]xl cg';f/sf] ;dofjlw ;Dd sfddf nufpg' x'b}g. cfdfsf] b"wdfq v'jfpgh]n;dd gjhftnfo{ p;sf] cfdfaf6 5'6fpg' x'b}g. km/s km/s zf/ll/s cj:yf epsf legg k hfltsf kz'nfo{ Ps};fy Ps} tj/n] sfddf nufpg' x'b}g.

3 { hyfefjl ljiffbl] k of]un] df6f]df cdnlokgf t]x y'd. lhnnfsf ls;fgn] hyfefjl?kdf /f;folgs dn / ljiffblsf] k of]u ug{ yfn]sf 5g\. ls;fgn] df6f]sf] cfjzostfnfo{ ga'eml /f;folgs dn / ljiffblsf] k of]u ug{ yfn]kl5 df6f]df cdnlokgf a9]sf] 5. /f;folgs dnsf] k of]un] jif]{gl df6f]sf] pa{/fzlqm ;d]t 36\b} upsf] s[lif k fljlwsn] atfpsf 5g\. lhnnfsf ls;fgn] o'l/of, kf]6f; / l8pklnufot /f;folgs dn k of]u ub}{ cfpsf 5g\. ls;fgn] o'l/of, l8pkl / kf]6f;sf] ;d]t dfqf gldnfo{ k of]u ug]{ u/]sfn] To;sf] k ToIf c;/ df6f]df kg]{ u/]sf] 5. ;fwf/0ftofm o'l/ofdf cdnlo, l8pkldf Ifl/o / kf]6f;df b'a} ttjsf] /;folgs u'0f x'g5. s[lif k fljlwssf cg';f/ o'l/of, l8pkl / kf]6f;sf] dfqf ldnfp/ k of]u ubf{ To;n] df6f]sf] pj{/fzlqmnfo{ klg ;Gt'ngdf /fvg d2t u5{. t/ lhnnfsf ls;fgn] afnlgfnldf clws dfqfdf o'l/of dfq} nufpg] u/]sf] lhnnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{non] hgfpsf] 5. lhnnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{nosf cg';f/ cfly{s &$ df lhnnfsf ls;fgn] $&# d]l6«s 6g o'l/of k of]u u/]sf 5g\. ls;fgn] ;f] jif{ l8pkl!%# d]l6«s 6g / kf]6f; *=^% d]l6«s 6g dfq} k of]u u/]sf 5g\. o;sf/0f klg lhnnfsf] v]tlof]uo hldgsf] pj{/fzlqm x f; x'fb} upsf] lhnnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{nosf k fljlws e'jg a'9fyf]sl atfp. tlg efu o'l/of nufpbf b'o{ efu l8pkl / Ps efu kf]6f; clgjfo{ x'g5, k sfz wf}nfsf]6l t/ oxffsf ls;fgn] tlgdwo] Ps dfq} k of]u ug]{ u/]sf] kfog5,ú a'9fyf]sln] hfgsf/l lbp. ls;fgn] k f+ufl/s dnsf] k of]u ;d]t 36fpg yfn]sfn] df6f]df To;sf] k efj k ToIf?kdf kg]{ u/]sf] xf]. df6f]df k f+ufl/s dnsf] dfqf 36\b} hffbf / /f;folgs dnsf] hyfefjl k of]u x'fbf cldnokgf al9/x]sf] s[lif k fljlws a'9fyf]sln] atfp. s]xl ;dosf nflu /f;folgs dnn] ptkfbg a9fp klg bl3{sfnlg?kdf gsf/ftds c;/ u5{,ú pgn] eg], ædf6f]df cldnokgf w]/} x'fbf afnl sd x'g] dfq} xf]og, ptkfbg g} gx'g klg ;S5.Æ lhnnfsf ls;fgnfo{ o;af/] ljlegg ;dodf ;'emfpg] u/]klg k of]usf] cj:yfdf eg] vf;} g36]sf] s[lif k fljlwsn] atfpsf 5g\. ls;fgn] ljiffblsf] k of]u ubf{;d]t df6f]df cdnlokgf a9\g ;lhnf] epsf] k fljlwssf] egfo 5. oxffsf ls;fgn] wfg, ds} afnldf o'l/of, kf]6f; / l8pklsf] k of]u u5{g\. tl g} afnldf sl/f tyf emf/ dfg{ ljiffblsf] klg k of]u u5{g\. sl/fn] klg afnlgfnlnfo{ :j:y agfpg ;xof]u u/]sf x'g5g\,ú sfof{nosf k fljlws ;xfos xl/uf]kfn cfrfo{ eg5g\, æemf/n] klg kl5 ToxL s'lxp/ dg]{ epsfn] dnsf] sfd u5{, To;}n] ljiffbln] klg df6f] laufg{ d2t k' ofpf5.æ afnlgfnldf ljiffblsf] k of]u ug'{ xflgsf/s epsf] cfrfo{ atfp. lhnnfsf ls;fgn] t/sf/l / kmnkm"n afnldf ljiffblsf] clws dfqfdf k of]u u5{g\. æljif cfkm}fdf ljif xf],æ k fljlws cfrfo{ eg5g\, æo;n] afnlgfnl t ;kfnf{, t/ dfgj :jf:yonfo{ s;}u/l klg kmfobf ub}{g.æ lhnnfsf ljlegg ahf/df v'n]sf ljiffbl k;nx?n] klg ls;fgsf] afgl lauf/]sf cuof{lgs v]tldf nfu]sf ls;fg atfpf5g\. æafnldf /f]u nfu]kl5 ls;fg s[lif ;]jf s]gb k'u5g\. t/ ToxfF k fljlws / cf}iflw b'a} e] fpg d'l:sn k5{,ú cuof{lgs v]tldf nfu]sf cf]ofsh'ªsf ls;fg g]q 9sfnn] eg] ]Æ To;kl5 Pu f]e]6af6 ljiffbl NofP/ nfpg'sf] ljsnk ls;fg;fu 5}g.Ú Pu f]e]6n] klg cgbfhs} e/df ljlegg ljiffbl bf]aa/;dd d"no lnp/ laqml ug] u/]sf pgsf] cf/f]k 5. ls;fgnfo{ ;/sf/n] cuof{lgs v]tlsf] dxtj a'emfpg g;sbf /f;folgs dn / ljiffblsf] k of]u al9/x]sf] pxffsf] egfo 5. /f;folgs dnsf] dfqfnfo{ y]ug] u/l sdkf]i6 dnsf] ;d]t k of]u u/] df6f]nfo{ ;Gt'ngdf /fvg ;lsg] s[lif k fljlwsx?sf] ;'emfj 5. ;fwf/0ftof Ps /f]kgldf!% s]hl;dd sdkf]i6 dnsf] k of]u klg h?/l /x]sf] pglx?sf] egfo 5. utjif{ g]kfn s[lif cg';gwfg kl/ifb\-gfs{_sf] df6f] cg'gwfg dxfzfvfn] t]x y'd;lxt b]ze/sf %@ lhnnfdf u/]sf] cg';gwfgdf klg df6f]df cldnokgfsf] dfqf a9]sf] b]vfpsf] lyof]. lhnnfsf ls;fgn] cfly{s &$ df sl/a? ;ft nfv a/fa/sf] /f;folgs dn afnlgfnldf nufpsf 5g\. s[lif sfof{nosf cg';f/ ls;fgn] o'l/ofdf rf/ nfv &# xhf/, l8pkldf Ps nfv %# xhf/ / kf]6f;df cf7 xhf/ ^%) vlr{psf 5g\. klxnf] k[i7af6==== :yfglo==== # dxtjk"0f{ epsf]n] s[lif ;~rf/ dfwodx?nfo{ ;sf/ftds e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ cfu x ;d]t u/]sf 5g\. sfo{qmddf s[lif ljsf; dgqfnosf k jqmf 8f of]u]gb s'df/ sfsl{n] dgqfno / ;~rf/ dfwodjlrsf] ;xsfo{n] g} tnnf] txsf ls;fg;dd s[lif ljsf; dgqfnon] u/]sf gllt s'/fx? k'ug ;Sg] atfp. pgn] cfkm"x?n] s[lif ;~rf/sf] ljsf;sf nflu kxn klg ul/psf] atfp. ;f]xl sfo{qmddf af]nb} dgqfnosf k zf;g dxfzfvfsf ;x;lrj sfzl/fh bfxfnn] cfkm"n] sl/j # jif{ s[lif ljsf; dgqfnodf sfd u/]sf cfwf/df x]g]{ xf] eg] s[lif If]qsf] ;'wf/sf nflu s[lif ;~rf/ dfwodn] 7"n} e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] atfp. s[lif dgql / kqsf/jlr epsf] ;f] cgt{lqmof sfo{qmddf af]nb} s[lif kqsf/ ;dfh, g]kfnsf cwoif Pj+ s[lif tyf cgnfogsf ;Dkfbs j}s'07 e08f/ln] cfwf bzsb]lvsf] s[lifsf of]hgfnfo{ x]g]{ xf] eg] tl of]hgfn] s[lif If]qs]f ljsf; gx'g] atfp. pgn] s[lifdf Joj;flostfsf] gf/f lbp/ cg'bfgsf gfddf vr{ ul/pklg Tof] s]jn afn'jfdf kfgl xfn] h:t} epsf] atfp. cgt{lqmof sfo{qmddf s[lif If]qdf snd rnfpg] ljlegg s[lif kqsf/x?n] s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;df b]lvpsf] ;d:of / r'gf}ltsf af/]df cfcfkm\gf] wf/0ff /fv]sf lyp. ls;fg 7Ug]=== dn sf/vfgf ;~rfng u/]klg k f+ufl/s dnsf gfddf df6f] ld;fpg] / u'0f:t/xlg k f+ufl/s dn ls;fgx?nfo{ ljqml ub}{ cfo{/x]sf] ;dfrf/ s[lif n] ljutdf klg k sfzg ub}{ cfo{/x]sf] lyof]. t/ s[lif ljsf; dgqfnon] ;f] sf/sfvfnfo{ sfjf{xl ug{'sf] ; f dgqfno df}g a;]sf] lyof]. k f+ufl/s dn ;+3sf ;b:o ;d]t /xsf] uf]ljgb em'gem'gjfnfn] ;~rfng u/]sf] hgsk'/ kml6{nfo{h/n] ;kmn gfds dn ptkfbg u/l ls;fgx?nfo{ ljqml ub}{ cfo{/x]sf] lyof]. nfdf] ;dob]lv k f+ufl/s dndf ls;fg 7lu ub}{ cfo{/x]sf] hgsk'/ kml6{nfohg/ cgttf]utjf ;/sf/l kmgbfdf k/]sf] xf]. k f+ufl/s dn egb} /f;folgs dn ld;fj6 u/] s/f]8f}+?k}offsf] dn ljqml u/l ls;fg 7lu ub}{ cfo{/x]sf] ;f] sdkgldf cg'udg ubf{ k fëfl/s dndf /f;folgs dn ld;fj6 u/]sf] kfo{pkl5 df]/ë ;xfos k d'v lhnnf clwsf/l z]ifgf/fo0f kf}8]n]sf] lgb]{zgdf lhnnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no df]/ën] l;njgbl ul/psf] xf]. hgk'/ kml6{nfo{hg/ cg'udgsf qmddf cj/f]w k' ofpg] k of; ;d]t ul/psf] lyof]. cg'udgsf qmddf cj/f]w epkl5 l8p;kl lji0f'x/l sf]o/fnfsf] g]t[tjdf k x/l kl/rfng ;d]t ul/psf] lyof]. k f+ufl/s dn ptkfbgsf nflu s'v'/fsf] ;'nl, v/fgl x Lsf] r"0f{, sdkf]i6 dn s[lif r'g nufotsf ;fdu L k of]u ug{' kg]{ x'g5. t/ hgsk'/ kml6{nfoh/n] k f+ufl/s dn ptkfbgdf /f;folgs dn ;d]t k of]u ul/psf] cg'udgdf e]l6psf] lyof]. k f+ufl/s dnsf gfddf ls;fg 7Ug]nfO{ uf]ljgb em'gem'g / hgsk'/ kml6{nfoh/nfo{ s] sfjf{xl xf]nf x]g{ jffsl g} 5 < lsal If]q 3f]if0ff ug{ dfu Onfd. Onfdsf] ;Gbsk'/ ufpfkflnsfsf lsal s[ifsn] ufpfkflnsfnfo{ lsal hf]gú 3f]if0ff ug{ dfu u/]sf 5g\. ufpfkflnsfdf lsal If]q 3f]if0ff ug{ of]uo ;"rs /x]sf] / If]q 3f]if0ffkl5 lsal ptkfbg cem} Jofj;flos agg] egb} lsal If]q 3f]if0ff ug{ dfu u/]sf x'g\. lsal If]q 3f]if0ffsf nflu!) xhf/ /f]kgl If]qkmndf lsalv]tl epsf] / Ps nfv %) xhf/ la?jf cfjzos k5{. tl k fjwfg k"/f ul/;s]sfn] ef}uf]lns?kdf ufpfkflnsf lsalv]tl ug{ of]uo epsfn] lsal hf]g 3f]if0ff ug{ dfu u/]sf] ;Gbk'/ lsal tyf s[lif ;xsf/l ;+:yfsf cwoif b]ps'df/ /fo{n] atfp. æxfd f] ufpfsf] (* k ltzt If]qdf lsalv]tl x'g of]uo hldg 5. xfd f] lsal If]q 3f]if0ff ug{sf nflu dfkb08 klg k'u5æ pgn] eg]. æoxffsf] Ps ld6/ ld6/;dd lsalv]tl x'g5. /fo{sf cg';f/ :yfglo txcgtu{t ;Gbsk'/ ufpfsfo{kflnsfdf klg l;kmfl/; / cfjzos sfuhft k]z ul/;lspsf] 5. ;Gbsk'/ ufpfkflnsfdf o; jif{ dfq} b'o{ nfv lsnf]u fd lsal ptkfbg epsf] 5. lsal If]q 3f]if0ffsf nflu lhnnf s[lif sfof{noaf6 l;kmfl/; ug{ kfpg' kg{] s[ifssf] egfo 5. lhnnf s[lif sfof{nosf k d'v /fd ;f]u/fy ;fxn] lsal If]q 3f]if0ffsf nflu ;a} dfkb08 k'u]df sfof{non] l;kmfl/; ug{ ;d:of gkg{] atfp. æxfdln] cfkm}f hf]g 3f]if0ff ug]{ xf]og. xfdln] s[lif dgqfnodf / k wfgdgql s[lif cfw'lgsl/0f kl/of]hgfdf l;kmfl/; ug'{k5{.æ lsal If]q 3f]if0ffkl5 lr:ofg s]gb :yfkgf x'g], k zf]wgsf nflu sf/vfgf lgdf{0f tyf lsal cg';gwfg s]gb sf] ;d]t lgdf{0f x'g5. ;/sf/n] /f;folgs dn ahf/df hyfefjl laqml ug{ /f]s nufpkl5 clxn] lhnnfdf ;fn6 6«]l8ª lj/f6gu/n] dfq} /f;folgs dn cfoft ug]{ ub{5. ;fn6 6«l8ªaf6 lhnnfsf!( j6f ;xsf/l ;+:yfn] /f;folgs dn NofP/ ls;fgnfo{ pknaw u/fpg] u/]sf 5g\. lhnnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{non] l;kmfl/; lbpkl5 tl ;xsf/lnfo{ ;fn66]«l8ªn] /f;folgs dn pknaw u/fpg] u/]sf] 5.

4 $ s[lifsf dfwodaf6 cfly{s ljsf;df ;lqmo dlxnfx? ljdns'df/ yfkf eqmk'/ ;"o{ljgfos gu/kflnsf j8f g++! sl :yfol afl;gbf gfglzf]ef dfggw/ clxn] ## aif{sl eog\. siff!) ;Dd cwoog u/]sl gfgl, ljjfxkzrft cfkm\gf] 3/fo;L sfdsfh / r'nf]rf}sfdfg} Jo:t x'g yflng\. pgnfo{ nfuof], æd}n] dfwolds lziff;dd cwoog u/]/ s] g} eof] / < cfkm\gf] kl/jf/nfo{ g} ;a} ;do glbo ;'v} 5}g.Æ x'g t ljjfx kzrft dlxnfx?n] cfkm\gf] 3/kl/jf/df ;do lbg' :jefljs dfgg] ul/g5 g]kfnl ;dfhdf. gfgln] klg o;/l g} cfkm\gf] hljg cufl8 a9fo/x]sl lyog\. ha gfgl cfhegbf! aif{ cufl8 :yfglo 8anL dlxnf ;d"xdf cfa4 eog\. pgnfo{ nfug yfnof], dlxnfx?n] klg cfocfh{gsf ljlegg sfo{x? ug{ ;lsfbf] /x]5. clxn] pgl ;f] ;d"xdf ;lqmo ;b:osf?kdf lqmofzln l5g\. ;d"xsf x/]s ultljlwdf pgsf] ;lqmotf caan x'g] u/]sf] 5. pgl elg5g\,æaf]ng t cfpfb}g, t/ ;d"xdf cfa4 epkl5 s]xl af]ng ;Sg]rflxF epsf] 5'.Æ clxn] ;"o{ljgfos gu/kflnsf j8f g++! ksf08f]ndf hgf dlxnfx?sf] ;lqmotfdf 8anL dlxnf ;d"x! aif{ b]lv lqmofzln /x]sf] 5. ;d"xdf :yfglo dfggw/ ;d'bfosf dlxnfx? ;b:o /x]sf 5g\. pglx? x/]s ut] lgoldt a}7s a:5g\. k To]s JolQmaf6 % ;o?k}off klg p7fpf5g\. clg o;/l p7]sf] /sdnfo{ ;d"xsf ;b:ox?sf lgldt cfjzos 3/fo;L d}n] dfwolds lziff;dd cwoog u/]/ s] g} eof] / < cfkm\gf] kl/jf/nfo{ g} ;a} ;do glbo ;'v} 5}g. v/vffrf] dfq} xf]og, Joj;fodf ;d]t nufgl u5{g\. ;d"xsl ;b:o nidl dfggw/nfo{ Ps k6s cfly{s cefjsf] lrgtfn] w]/} g} ;tfof]. cfkm\gf] 5f]/fsf] sn]hdf z'ns a'emfpg g;sbf pgnfo{ lrgtf nfug' :jefljs lyof]. x'g t o;sf] ;dfwfgsf lgldt pgn] cfkm" cfa4 epsf] ;xsf/ldf klg k};f ;fk6l lng] sf]l;; eg] gu/]sl xf]ogg\. t/, ;xsf/lsf] k lqmofut em0em6 clg Aofhb/ prr /x]sf] sf/0f cfkmg} ;d"xaf6 pgn] #) xhf/ ;fk6l lnog\. cfkm\gf] ;d"xaf6!) k ltzt Jofhb/df C0f kfpfbf b+u x'fb} elgg\,æcfkm"n] hddf u/]sf] /sdaf6 cfkm\gf] nflu olt 7"nf] sfd x'fbf] /x]5 egg] s'/f d}n] Toltv]/ cg'ej ug{ kfpf. ;d"x t xfd f] nflu a}+s egbf klg 7"nf] kf] /x]5 t.æ ; d " x s L cwoif ljgb" dfggw/ dfgljsl ; + s f o d f ;dfhzf:q / cy{zf:q lnp/ :gfts tx;dd cwoog u/]sl l5g\. ;d"xsf] g]t[tj ubf{ pgn] klg ;d"xaf6 k ;:t ;Defjgf /x]sf] cg'ej ;Fufn]sL l5g\. pgl elg5g\,æxfd f] ;dfhdf u[lx0fl dlxnfx? km";{bsf] ;do Tolts} latfpg] ub{5g\. pglx?sf] lgldt ljlegg cfo{cfh{sf sfo{qmd ug{ ;s] t s]xl cfh{g klg ug{ ;lsg5 eg] cfkm\gf] hljgsf] lgldt klg w]/} ;xh x'g ;Sb5.Æ To:t}, ;d"xdf cfa4 epkl5 cfkm\gf] 3/d} lrof gf:tf k;n vf]n]sl l5g\ r08]zj/l dfggw/n]. pgn] klg cfkm\gf] k;n ;~rfng ug{ ;d"xaf6 g} C0f ;xof]u lnpsl x'g\. pgn] elgg\,æcfkm\gf] ;d"xaf6 C0f lnfbf ;lhnf] t 5Fb}5,Jofhb/ klg ;x'lnot epsf] C0f lnpsf] h:tf] g} nfub}g.æ ;d"xn] clxn] cfkm"n] ;+sng u/]sf] dfl;s /sdaf6 nufgl dfq} klg ub{}g. ;d"xnfo{ s;/l cfo cfh{gsf cgo ultljlwx?df lqmofzln agfpg] eg]/ cgo j}slnks Joj;flos sfdx? klg ;'? u/]sf] 5. o;sf] lgldt ;d"xs}!) hgf dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutfdf! /f]kgl huuf ef8fdf lnp/ pglx?n] Joj;flos t/sf/l v]tl ;d]t ul//x]sf 5g\. hxff Knfli6s 6g]nleq uf]ne]f8f, sfpnl, wlgoff nufotsf ;fukft ;d]t ptkfbg eo/x]sf 5g\. clxn] k To]s # lbgdf em08} &% s]hl uf]ne]f8f tyf wlgoff / ;fukft ;d]t ptkfbg eo/x]sf] 5. o;sf] ahf/ls/0f klg pglx? cfkm}n] u5{g\. cfo cfh{gsf] /fd f] >f]t t/sf/l v]tln] pglx?sf] ;d"xsf] cfly{s a[l4 t u/]sf] 5 g} ;Fu} pglx?df klg Joj;flos biftfdf klg ;f]em} a[l4 epsf] 5. To;f] t Joj;flos t/sf/l v]tl ug{sf] lgldt ;d"xnfo{ lhnnfsf] u}/;/sf/l ;+:yf dfgjlo cf:yf g]kfnn] k fljlws / ef}lts?kdf cfkm\gf] ;xof]ul xft a9fpsf] 5. dlxnfx?sf] hljg:t/ psf:gsf] lgldt s[lif Pp6f /fd f] dfwod x'g ;Sb5 eg]/ ;+:yfn] lhnnfsf ljlegg ;d"xsf dlxnfx?sf lgldt nlift sfo{qmd ub{} cfo/x]sf] 5. ;f]xl cg'?k 8anL dlxnf ;d"xnfo{ klg k f/deb]lv g} k fljlws / cf+lzs ef}lts ;xof]u klg h'6folbpsf] 5. vf;u/l Knfli6s 6g]n lgdf{0fsf nflu Knfli6s, aff; tyf cgo cfjzoslo pks/0f klg ;+:yfn] pknaw u/fpsf] 5. To;sf] ;fy} s[lif k fljlws ;xof]u klg pknaw u/fpsf] 5. ;+:yfsf s[lif k fljlws xl/af]n Gof}kfg] eg5g\,æxfjfkfgl / df};dsf b[li6sf]0fn] klg uf]ne]f8f v]tl s[ifsx?sf lgldt pko'qm v]tl xf]. To;dfly cfocfh{gsf] b[li6sf]0fn] klg uf]ne]f8fsf] /fd f] ahf/ 5.Æ Knfli6s 6g]nleq uf]ne]f8f v]tl ubf{ b'o{j6f kmfobf x'g] ub{5. klxnf] ptkfbgdf a[l4, bf]>f] h'g;'s} df};ddf klg ptkfbg ug{ ;lsg]. o;sf] Joj;flos kmfobfsf sf/0f klg uf]ne]f8f v]tl s[ifsx?sf lgldt pqd v]tl epsf] Gof}kfg] atfpf5g\. ;dfhsf] cfwf lx:;f cf]u6]sf dlxnfx? olb ;zlqms[t x'g] xf] eg] ;dfhdf y'k } ;sf/ftds kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsg5 egg]df b'o{dt 5}g. cem dlxnfx? :jo+ cfly{s cfh{gsf] j}slnks af6f]df lqmofzln x'fbf t To;n] cem} ulx/f] k efj kfg{ ;Sb5. clxn] dlxnfx? ljlegg cfod"ns ultljlwx?df lqmofzln x'g yfn]sf 5g\. dlxnfx? ;zlqms[tdf dfq epsf 5}gg\, pglx? :jo+ cfocfh{gsf ljlegg ultljlwx?df ;lqmo x'g yfn]sf 5g]]. rfx] Tof] pbdzlntf;fu hf]l8psf Joj;fo xf];\ jf 3/d} a;]/ ug{ ;lsg] ljlegg ;Lkd"ns cfo{cfh{gsf sfo{x? g} lsg gxf];\. dlxnfx?sf] pt;fxk"0f{ ;xeflutfn] Pp6f ;sf/ftds uf]/]6f] sf]/]sf] 5. o;df dfgjlo cf:yf g]kfn h:tf] ;fdflhs ;+:yfsf] ;fy / ;xof]un] yk 6]jf cjzo k' ofpsf] 5. x/]s ;f]daf/ laxfg &M!% b]lv &M$% ah];dd

5 s]o'ljs]n] ptkfbg u of] % ;f9] % ;o d]l6«s 6g ljp s[i0f vgfn a'6jn. u'ndl, c3f{vffrl, /f]nkf,?s'd, ;Nofg / Ko'7fgdf sfo{ If]q /x]sf] ls;fgsf nflu pggt ljp ljhg sfo{qmdn] xfn;dd % ;o!# bzdne * ;o & d]l6«s 6g ljp ptkfbg ug{ ;kmn epsf] 5. ls;fgx?sf] nflu ljp ptkfbgdf cftdlge{/ u/fpg] pb]zon] bft[ lgsfosf] ;xof]udf ;~rfng epsf] ls;fgsf nflu pggt ljp ljhg sfo{qmd kl/of]hgfn] xfn ;Dd!)=#$! d]l6«s 6g ljp ptkfbg u/l g]kfn s[lif cg';gwg kl/kifb-gfs{_ nfo{ k bfg ul/psf] 5 eg] d'n ljp s'n %)#=$^^ d]l6«s 6g ptkfbg u/]sf] ls;fgsf nflu pggt ljp ljhg sfo{qmdsf k f]u fd Dofg]h/ sf}zn s'df/ kf}8]nn] hfgsf/l lbp. o:t} oyfy{ ;+s]tfëkq s'n!%@^=@% d]l6«s 6g ljpdf nufo{psf] hgfopsf] 5. ;o %$ j6f l;+rfo{sf cfof]hgfx? dwo]! ;o ^* j6f k'/f epsf] hgfosf] 5. o:t} $ ;o () d]l6«s 6g Ifdtf epsf] ## j6f e08f/0f u[x dwo]!* j6f k'/f ul/psf] hgfopsf] 5. o:t} $ j6f 7"nf] ljp ptkfbg sdkglx? lgdf{0f u/l % ;o %j6f s[ifs kf7zfnf siffx? ;~rfng u/l s'n!@ xhf/ ( ; o (% hgf ls;fgx? nfef+ljt epsf] hgfpsf] 5. otf, kl/of]hgf ;'? epsf] & aif{sf] ;do cjwl ;lsg cj dlxgf affsl /x]s]f 5. t/ kl/of]hgfaf6 hddf #* k ltzt dfq} ljqlo /sd vr{ epsf] 5. n'ldagl j6f lhnnf u'ndl / c3f{vffrl / /fktl lhnnfsf $ j6f /f]nkf,?s'd, ;Nofg / Ko'7fgdf lhnnfdf kl/of]hgf ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5. a'6jndf lkmn8 sfof{no /x]sf] of] k l / o f ] h g f d f cfo{kmf8, x]km/ O { G 6 / g ] z g n, g]kfn ;/sf/ / ;fgf ls;fg a}+ssf] ;d]t nufgl /x]sf] 5. %(=& ldlnog cd]l/sl 8n/ / g]kfnl $& s/f]8 *) nfv?k}off nufgl /x]sf] 5. of] cjwldf #* k ltzt dfq} ljqlo k ult ug{ ;s]sf] 5. k f]u fd d]g]/ sf}zn s'df/ kf}8]nsf cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] &=# nfv cd]l/sl 8n/, nfv cd]l/sl 8n/, cfo{kmf8sf] #( nfv 8n/, cfo{kmfo{8sf] C0f cg'bfg!(=% nfv 8n/, / cfo{kmf8sf] u fg8 DoflrËdf!(=% nfv 8n/ /x]sf] 5. o:t} a]lglkmlro;{sf]!)=( nfv cd]l/sl 8n/ kl/of]hgfdf vr{ epsf] 5. sfo{qmd k d'v sf}zn s'df/ kf}8]nsf cg';f/ ljqlo?kdf #*=! k ltzt k ult xfl;n u/]klg ef}lts?kdf eg] ^! k ltzt pknawl xfl;n u/]sf 5. cfo{kmf8 ;+:yfsf] xfn ;Dd $!=! k ltzt dfq} /sd vr{ epsf] 5 eg] g]kfn k ltzt, x]km/ O{G6/g]zgnsf] &%=^ k ltzt, ;fgf ls;fg k ltzt dfq} /sd vr{ epsf] kl/of]hgfn] hgfpsf] 5. xfn ;Dd kl/of]hgfn] $;o (^ j6f pkcfof]hgfx? ;+u ;Demf}tf u/l /sd k bfg u/]sf] 5. eg] of] cfly{s aif{df ;o ## j6f pkcfof]hgfx? ;+u ;Demf}tf u/l sfo{ ug] { nio lnpsf] 5. xfn ;Dd %* j6f ljifout sfo{x? ;lspsf 5g\. xfn ;Dd ep ljp ptkfbg tkm{ #)# j6f / nfo{e:6s-kz'tkm{_! ;o (# j6f pkcfof]hgfx? ;+u ;Demf}tf ul/psf] 5. lhnnf ut?kdf ls;fgsf nflu pggt ljp ljhg sfo{qmdn] c3f{vffrldf!!) j6f, u'ndldf *( j6f, Ko"7fgdf %& j6f, /f]nkfdf *& j6f,?s'ddf &^j6f / ;Nofg lhnnfdf &# j6f sfo{qmdx? u/]sf] 5. h;dwo] $ j6f 7'nf ljp ptkfbs sdkglx? ;d]t /x]sf 5g\. pq sfo{qmddf ;fgf ls;fg s[lif ;xsf/l ;+:yfn] s'n cfgtl/s k"+lh ;+sngm!# s/f]8!@ xhf/, s'n cfgtl/s k"+lh s/f]8, s'n cfgtl/s k"+lh tyf C0f #* s/f]8 $# nfv kl/rfng u/]sf] 5. u'ndlsf] UjfbL tyf c3f{vffrlsf] l8egf{df ;+rflnt ;fd'bflos af]o/ afv f k hgg\ s]gb / 5 j6} lhnnfdf ;+rflnt dn6lnkfp/ s]gb df cfj:os ah]6 tyf k ljlws ;]jfsf] lg/gt/ lbg'kg]{ cfjzotf /x]sf] hgfopsf] 5 eg] alp ptkfbgdf ;+nug s[ifs ;d"x tyf ;xsf/lx?nfo{ cfj:os k fljlws ;]jfsf] ;'lglzrttf ug'{kg{], b'uw ks]6 If]qdf kl/rflnt s[ifs ;d"x tyf ;xsf/lx?nfo{ / gllh b'uw Aoj;flox?nfO{ cfj:os k fljlws ;]jfsf] ;'lglzrttf x'g'kg]{ nufotsf ck]iff kl/of]hgfn] lnpsf] 5.

6 ^ Rabies virus belongs to the order Mononegavirales, viruses with a nonsegmented, nega ve-stranded RNA genomes. Within this group, viruses with a dis nct bullet shape are classified in the Rhabdoviridae family, which includes at least three genera of animal viruses, Lyssavirus, Ephemerovirus, and Vesiculovirus. The genus Lyssavirus includes rabies virus, Lagos bat, Mokola virus, Duvenhage virus, European bat virus 1 & 2 and Australian bat virus. Structure Rhabdoviruses are approximately 180 nm long and 75 nm wide. The rabies genome encodes five proteins: nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G) and polymerase (L). All rhabdoviruses have Nepal's First Agriculture Weekly The Rabies Virus large protein (L-protein or polymerase) are associated with the RNP. The cross-sec onal diagram demonstrates the concentric layers: envelope membrane bilayer, M protein, and ghtly coiled encased genomic RNA. The glycoprotein forms approximately 400 trimeric spikes which are ghtly arranged on the surface of the virus. The M protein is associated both with the envelope and the RNP and may be the central protein of rhabdovirus assembly. The basic structure and composi on of rabies virus is depicted in the longitudinal diagram below. Rabies is an RNA virus. The genome encodes 5 proteins designated as N, P, M, G, and L. The order and rela ve size of the genes in the genome are shown in the figure below. The arrangement of these proteins and the RNA genome determine cell surface receptors may be involved. A er adsorp on, the virus penetrates the host cell and enters the cytoplasm by pinocytosis (via clathrin-coated pits). The virions aggregate in the large endosomes (cytoplasmic vesicles). The viral membranes fuse to the endosomal membranes, causing the release of viral RNP into the cytoplasm (uncoa ng). Because lyssaviruses have a linear single-negative-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome, messenger RNAs (mrnas) must be transcribed to permit virus replica on. 1: Adsorp on (receptors and virion intera on). 2: Penetra on (virus entry). 3: Uncoa ng (envelope removal). 4. Transcrip on (synthesis of mrnas). 5. Transla on (Synthesis of structural proteins). 6. Processing (G-protein gycosyla on). 7. Replica on (produc on of genomic RNA from intermediate strand. 8. Assembly. 9: Budding (complete virions). A viral-encoded polymerase (L gene) transcribes the genomic strand of rabies RNA into leader RNA and five capped and polyadenylated mrnas, which are translated into proteins. Transla on, which involves the synthesis of the N, P, M, G and L proteins, occurs on free ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Although G protein synthesis is ini ated on free ribosomes, comple on of synthesis and glycosyla on (processing of the glycoprotein), occurs in the endoplamsic re culum (ER) and Golgi apparatus. The intracellular ra o of leader RNA to N protein regulates the switch from transcrip on to replica on. When this switch is ac vated, replica on of the viral genome begins. The first step in viral replica on is synthesis of full-length copies (pos ve strands) of the viral genome. When the switch to replica on occurs, RNA transcrip on becomes non-stop and stop codons are ignored. The viral polymerase enters a single site on the 3 end of the genome, and proceeds to synthesize full-length copies of the genome. These posi ve strands of rabies RNA serve as templates for synthesis of full-length nega ve strands of the viral genome. During the assembly process, the N-P-L complex encapsulates nega ve-stranded genomic ;"rgf Û RNA to form the RNP core, and the M protein forms a capsule, or matrix, around the RNP. The RNP-M complex migrates to an area of the plasma membrane containing glycoprotein inserts, and the M-protein ini ates coiling. The M-RNP complex binds with the glycoprotein, and the completed virus buds from the plasma membrane. Within the central nervous system (CNS), there is preferen al viral budding from plasma membranes. Conversely, virus in the salivary glands buds primarily from the cell membrane into the acinar lumen. Viral budding into the salivary gland and virus-induced aggressive bi ng-behavior in the host animal maximize chances of viral infec on of a new host. g]kfn ;/sf/ kz'kg5l ljsf; dgqfno kz';]jf ljefu kz' :jf:yo lgb]{zgfno s]gb Lo kz' lrlst;fno lqk'/]zj/, sf7df8f}+. s]gb Lo kz' lrlst;fnon] e]6]/lg/l ;]jfnfo{ ;dofg's'n kl/l:s[t ug]{ ;DjGwdf s[ifs k f]6n, P08«f]O8 PlKns];g, lel8of] sgkm/]g; ;]jf ;lxtsf] Veterinary IMS lgdf{0f u/l nfu" ul/;s]sf] 5. sf7df8f}+ nufot If]qLo kz' ;]jf lgb]{zfno, cgtu{tsf lhnnf kz';]jf sfof{no s}nfnl, ;'v]{t, sf:sl, wg'iff / df]/ëdf of] ;]jf lj:tf/ ul/psf] 5. o;sf nflu s[ifsx?n] Kn] :6f]/df pasusewa PlKns]zg 8fpgnf]8 u/l jf ims.cvh.gov.np dfkm{t cfkm\g} sfo{:ynaf6 ;]jf lng ;Sg' x'g] 5. ;DjlGwt lhnnf kz' ;]jf sfof{non] cgnfogaf6 cfpsf lh1f;fx? / cfkm\gf] sfof{nodf cfpsf ;]jf lng] ;]jfu fxl / kz' pkrf/sf] ljj/0f ;DjlGwt sfof{no / lrlst;sn] cfkm"n] rnfpg' epsf] l8efo{;af6 OG6/g]6sf] k of]u u/l ;]jf lbg ;Sg'x'g]5. ;DjlGwt sfof{nosf] nflu cfjzos ljj/0f s]gb Lo kz' lrlst;fnon] hfgsf/l u/fo{ ;s]sf] 5. / s'g} klg ;d:of cfpdf o;sf] ;kf]6{sf] nflu s]gb Lo kz' lrlst;fnodf hfgsf/l u/fpg' x'g cg'/f]w 5. 8f= /fds'df/ d08n k d'v s]gb Lo kz' lrlst;fno two major structural components: a helical ribonucleoprotein core (RNP) and a surrounding envelope. In the RNP, genomic RNA is ghtly encased by the nucleoprotein. Two other viral proteins, the phospoprotein and the the structure of the rabies virus. Replica on The fusion of the rabies virus envelope to the host cell membrane (adsorp on) ini ates the infec on process. The interac on of the G protein and specific

7 ] cuof{lgs csa/] agb}5, 5y/sf] sf];]nl Tf]x y'd. 5y/ ufpfkflnsfdf ptkfbg epsf] csa/] v';f{gl oxffsf] sf];]nlsf]?kdf kl/lrt ag]sf] 5. oxff cfp/ kmls{g] tyf b]z ljb]zdf /xg]n] csa/] v';f{gl / o;sf kl/sf/nfo{ sf];]nlsf]?kdf k of]u ug{ yfn]sf x'g\. s[ifsn] Jofj;flos?kdf csa/]v]tl ug{ yfn]kl5 :yfglo:t/d} o;sf ljlegg kl/sf/;d]t tof/ eo/x]sf 5g\. s]xljif{ cl3;dd cfˆg} nflu lsg]/ v';f{gl k of]u ug]{ ls;fgn] clxn] Jofj;flos v]tl ub}{ oxl k]zfaf6 hlljsf]kfh{g ul//x]sf 5g\. clxn] oxff cfpg] cfugt'sn] kmls{g{a]nf vf]hl ug]{ sf];]nldf ;a}egbf w]/}n] csa/] v';f{glsf] vf]hl u5{g\. rf8kj{ tyf ljlegg sfd ljz]ifdf 5y/ cfpg] hfg]n] sf];]nlsf]?kdf csa/] v';f{glsf] crf/ n}hfg] rng a9]sf] 5y/ ufpfkflnsf ^, ;'bfksl s[ifs lzjdfof v8\sfn] atfp. /f;folgs ljiffbl / dn k of]u gu/l ls;fgn] ptkfbg u/]sf] cuof{lgs csa/] v';f{gl oxffsf] clxn]sf] ;a}egbf nf]slk o sf];]nl ag]sf] 5. oxffsf] ptkfbg cuof{lgs / Jofj;flos 5. To;}n] b]z ljb]zdf 5y/sf] csa/] nf]slk o agg yfn]sf] xf]. 5y/df csa/] v';f{glaf6 hlljsf]kfh{g ug]{ ls;fgsf] ;+Vof jif]{gl ylkfb} 5. oxffsf clwsf+z ls;fgnfo{ Jofj;flos / cuof{lgsv]tl ug{ blnt ;r]tgf ;dfh g]kfnn] tfnld / alp k'fhl ;xof]u u/]sf] 5. csa/] v]tldf z'?df dlxnf s[ifssf] dfq} ;+nugtf lyof]. clxn] k'?ifn] klg of] v]tldf ldx]gt u/]/ cfdbfgl u/]sf 5g\. Jofj;flos v]tl ;'? epkl5 ufpfd} o;sf] crf/ agfpg] ;Lk l;s]sf dlxnf;d]t w]/} /x]sf] ;'bfks} ls;fg hgs bf;n] atfp. csa/] v';f{gl clxn] k lt lsnf]? tlg ;ob]lv? %)) ;Dddf lsga]r eo/x]sf] 5. oxff ptkflbt csa/] v';f{gl k"j{sf w/fg, lj/f6gu/, df]/ª, emfkfnufot /fhwfgl / ljb]zdf ;d]t lgof{t eo/x]sf] 5. t/ ljz]ifu/l sf];]nlsf]?kdf ljb]zlt/ w]/} hfg] u/]sf] ls;fg cfkm}f atfpf5g\. 5y/ ufpfkflnsfsf ;a} j8fdf csa/] v';f{glsf] v]tl eo/x]sf] 5. ltxf/ / 57sf nflu kffr s/f]8sf] :ofp cfoft df]/ª. ltxf/ / 57 kj{nfo{ nlift u/]/ df]/ªsf Jofkf/Ln] ef/taf6 kffr s/f]8sf] :ofp cfoft u/]sf 5g\. kmnkm"n Joj;foL ; sf s]gb Lo ;b:o gfu]gb bf;sf cg';f/ &% 6«s cyf{t\ Ps s/f]8 %) nfv sf6'{g :ofp cfoft ul/psf] 5. k"jf{~rndf %) egbf a9l :ofpsf clws[t laqm]tf / tlg xhf/ v'b f k;n 5g\. k"jf{~rnsf] ljlegg ahf/nfo{ nlift u/]/ lj/f6gu/sf] clws[t laqm]tf gfu]gb 6«]8;{n] cfoft u/]sf] :ofp laqml ub{} cfpsf] 5. ef/tsf] lxdf~rn, sfl:d/ / rlgaf6 Jofkf/Ln] :ofp cfoft ug]{ u/]sf 5g\. lrlgoff :ofpsf] t'ngfdf lxdf~rn k b]z / sfl:d/df ptkfbg epsf] :ofp pkef]qmfn] a9l dg k/fpg] u/]sf 5g\. lj/f6gu/ ^ l:yt s]zlnof /f]8df :ofpsf] clws[t laqm]tf gfu]gb 6]8«;{sf ;~rfns gfu]gb bf; cgo ;dosf] t'ngfdf bz} F, ltxf/ / 57 kj{sf] a]nfdf :ofpsf] dfu a9l epsfn] a9l kl/df0fdf cfoft ul/psf] atfp. O6x/L, w/fg, ljtf{df]8, lj/f6rf}s, pnf{af/l, Og?jf, hgsk'/nufot 7fpFdf bf;n] g} l8kf] vf]n]/ :ofp laqml ul//x]sf 5g\. 6f]naf;L ldn]/ lrtjfgdf km"nv]tl sn}of b'wsf] ;x/ agb} af/f. k b]z cgtu{t /x]sf] af/f b"w ptkfbgdf cftdlge{/ agb} upsf] 5. lhnnf kz';]jf sfof{non] ;b/d'sfd sn}ofnfo{ b"wsf] ;x/ -ldns l;6l _sf]?kdf ljsf; ug{ ] gllt cl3 ;f/]sf] 5. b}lgs Ps nfv *) xhf/ ln6/ b"w ptkfbg x' Fb} cfpsf] ;b/d'sfd sn}of j/k/sf] sl/a!) lsnf]ld6/ If]qnfO{ b"wsf] ;x/sf]?kdf ljsf; ug{ of]hgf /x]sf] sfo{qmd /x]sf] jl/i7 kz' ljsf; clws[t 8f b]jggbg ;fxn] atfp. ufo{ ef};ldf s[lqd uef{wfg sfo{qmd k efjsf/l epkl5 lhnnfsf ls;fg b"w ptkfbgdf cftdlge{/ agb} upsf 5g\. cfly{s &# sf] t'ngfdf k ltztn] s[lqd ue{wfg a9]sf] 5. lhnnfdf sl/a &) xhf/ ls;fg kz'kfng Joj;fodf ;+nug 5g\. lhnnfdf &$ df? tlg s/f]8 ^( nfvsf] 5 s/f]8 %# nfv #* xhf/ ln6/ b"w ptkfbg epsf] lyof]. lhnnfdf b}lgs? () nfv d"no a/fa/sf] Ps nfv *) xhf/ ln6/ b"w ptkfbg x'fb} cfpsf] 5. b}lgs $) xhf/ & ln6/ b"w x]6ff }8f, sf7df8f}f, kf]v/f, lj/f6gu/, ;Kt/Lnufot 7fpFdf laqml x'g5. k ltzt b"w :yfglo ahf/df, ld7fo{ k;n tyf lrof k;ndf vkt x'g5. o;}u/l, lhnnfdf ptkfbg epsf]? kffr nfv d"nosf]!) xhf/ ln6/ b"w b}lgs ef/tlo ahf/df laqml ul/g5. lhnnfdf cl3nnf] cfjdf? tlg ca{!% nfv %) xhf/ d"nosf] 5 s/f]8 #) nfv %# xhf/ ln6/ b"w ptkfbg epsf] lyof]. sfof{non] ls;fgnfo{ kz'kfng Joj;fotkm{ cfslif{t ug{ o'jf :j/f]huf/ sfo{qmdcgtu{t uf]7 lgdf{0f, b"w k zf]wg, ;xsf/l ;+:yfnfo{ lrlnd Eof6, afof] UofF; lgdf{0f, ;fogf] sl6 lgdf{0f, 8]/L ;'wf/ tyf 3fF; afnl ptkfbg ug{ cg'bfg lbg yfn]sf] 5. lhnnfdf $) j6f 8]/L pbf]u /x]sf] 5. ufo{ e}f;l sfo{qmdnfo{ cem k efjsf/l agfo{ b"w ptkfbgdf j[l4 ug{ lhnnf kz';]jf sfof{non] u fdl0f a:tldf 3'DtL kz' :jf:yo lzlj/ sfo{qmdcgtu{t kz'kfns ls;fgnfo{ 3/b}nf]d} kz';]jf;dagwl Kofs]h sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] 5. s~rgk'/ a]nf}/ldf s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt u7g s~rgk'/. s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu a]nf}/l gu/kflnsfdf g]q/fh lu/lsf] ;+of]hstjdf!! ;b:olo gu/ s[lif lj;sf; ;ldlt u7g ul/psf] 5. ;ldltsf] ;b:odf /tgaxfb'/ zfxl, ch'{g 9sfn, ;fo6' rf}w/l, /fdk sf; /fgf, k sf; >]i7, ggbs'df/ /fgf, xl/nfn rf}w/l, zdz]/l;+x k]nf / snlj/ rf}w/l rog epsf 5g\. ;ldltsf] ;b:o ;lrjdf s[lif ljsf; zfvf a]nf}/lsf k d'v /0faxfb'/ dnn /x]sf 5g\. ;ldltn] gu/kflnsf If]qsf] s[lifsf] ljsf;sf nflu sfo{qmd agfpg], s[lif;dagwl ah]6sf] aff8kmff8 ug]{ tyf of]hgf 5gf]6 u/l sfof{gjog ug]{ 5. lrtjg. 3/3/ ldn]/ agg] 6f]nn] ;fdflhs ;Fu;Fu} Jofj;flos sfd klg ug{ ;S5g\ egg] pbfx/0f oxffsf] phhjn 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yfn] b]vfpsf] 5. e/tk'/ dxfgu/kflnsf & phjn6f]nsf :yfglojf;ln] udnfaf6 z'? u/]sf] km"n nufpg] sfdn] kl5nnf jif{df Jofj;flos?k lnpsf] 5. s]xl jif{klxn] phjn6f]nsf 3/df k"hfcfhf ubf{ aflx/af6 km"n Nofpg gk/f];\ egl :yfglo ;a}sf 3/df sdtldf!) j6f km"nsf la?jf /f]kg] cleofg z'? epsf] lyof]. bf]; f] jif{ k To]s la?jfaf6 gf}j6f sndl lgsfnl ;o 3/ ;o km"nú cleofg lj:tf/ ul/of]. 3/3/df km"nú gf/fsf ;fy z'? epsf] km"nv]tl 5f]6f] ;dod} Jofj;flostfdf kl/0ft epsf] ;okql km"nv]tl ;d"xsf cwoif O{Zj/s'df/ >]i7n] atfp. phjn6f]nsf ;oegbf j9l 3/df ;f] cleofg z'? ul/p 3/n] dfq} lgoldttf lbpkl5 xfnsf] Jofj;flos cleofgdf ;f] 3/ ;xeful epsf 5g\. ;f] ;d"xnfo{ j}wflgstf lbg lhnnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{nodf btf{;d]t ul/psf] 5. km"nv]tlsf nflu ;f] ;d"xn] 8]9 laufxf huuf ef8fdf lnpsf] 5. k lts6\7f jflif{s? 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