kl/toqm dw]; M lnvtåf/f s}b g]kfnl /fli6«otf

Transcription

1 kl/toqm dw]; M lnvtåf/f s}b g]kfnl /fli6«otf ef:s/ uf}td dw];;dagwl cwoog dw];l lj?4 ljutdf epsf] cgofo, pglx?sf] klxrfgdf ptkgg ;+s6, kl/toqm dw];lx sf] xsclwsf/ljxlg cj:yf, g]kfnl /fhodf pglx?sf] gu0o lx:;f, t/fo{df tlj a;fof;/fon] lgdtofpsf] c;/, If]qLotf / /fli6«o PsLs/0f h:tf ljifox?df a9l s]lgb t 5. dw];lx s] slt sf/0fn] dw];lú agfop, pglx sf] klxrfg lsg / s;/l ;+s6df kg{ ;fn nuq}b]lv pglx?n] a]un} /fhgllts bnsf] snkgf lsg u/], / g]kfnleq pglx?sf] bhf{ lsg bf]odú agfoof] cflb hl6n t/ dxtjk"0f{ ;jfnx nfo{ ol s'g} klg cwoogn] Gofok"0f{ tj/df ;Daf]wg u/]sf] kfofb}g. tyflk dw]; dw];l;dagwl cwoog / ax;n] ;xh} b'o{ s'/fnfo{ :jlsf/]sf] 5. klxnf], ljutdf dw];l lj?4 HofbtL eps} xf] / pglx?nfo{ kl/toqm agfops} xf]. bf]; f], dw];lx?sf] g]kfnlœjú / g]kfn /fi6«k ltsf] OdfGbf/Ldf z+sf 5 lsgeg] pglx jf:tljs g]kfnlú epsf] cfz+sf 5. ;dsfnlg g]kfndf b]lvpsf] tlg legg kl/0ffd dw];lx sf] bf]odú g]kfnl bhf{ù /fhosf] d"nwf/údf pglx sf] gugo pkl:yltù /fhglltdf If]qLo tyf hftlo bnsf] pbo tyf Ps k[ys\ /fhgllts zlqmsf] kdf dw]; s]gb Lo /fhglltdf :yflkt oxl P]ltxfl;s lje]b / zf]if0fsf] c;/ xf]. dw];l ;Gbe{df b]lvpsf ;a} kl/0ffdx nfo{ ldlxg kdf s]nfpg' o; cfn]vsf] bfo/f / p2]zo xf]og. tyflk o:tf] cwoogsf] cfjzostf 68\sf/f] 5. cfw'lgs g]kfnl ;dfhsf] pb\ljsf; / /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] qmddf e}ofú, wf]tlú, d:of{ú, dlw;] dw];]ú cflb zabdfkm{t clejoqm ckdfgaf]ws b[li6sf]0fn] x]lkpsf dw];lx? s;/l k[ys\ /fhgllts zlqmsf] kdf pbfp < ljlzi6 g]kfnl klxrfgú lgdf{0f ug]{ cleofgdf /fhgllts Pj+ ;fdflhs lx;faaf6 c5"tf] /flvpsf dw];lx?n] s;/l bf]odsf] bhf{nfo{ ;+3if{sf] ; f]tdf kl/0ft u/] < ol b'o{ k Zgsf] ;d;fdlos dxtj cx+ 5. tyflk o:tf k Zgx?sf] ;3g ljzn]if0f o; cfn]vdf ul/psf] 5}g. o:tf cwoognfo{ cfwf/ k bfg ug{ o; n]vdf s]xl P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{nfO{ s]nfpg] r]i6f ul/psf] 5. d"ntm dw];lú ;d'bfo lgdf{0fsf] k lqmof Pj+ pglx sf] bf]od bhf{ s;/l ptkgg x'g uof] ;f] a' g] +;fgf] k of; o; n]vsf] p2]zo xf]. Studies in Nepali History and Society 13(1): June 2008 Mandala Book Point

2 118 ef:s/ ;fn k"j{ g} dw];l lj?4 lje]bsf cfwf/x /f]lkp klg o; kl5sf] ;dofjlwnfo{ dfq cfwf/ dflgpsf] ;fn kl5sf] sl/a ^ bzsdf dw]; dw];lnfo{ x]g]{, a' g] ;Gbe{df Jofks kl/jt{g epsf] 5. ;fn kl5;dd dw];lx?nfo{ dw];df a;f]af; ub}{ cfpsf :yfglo afl;gbfsf] kdf :jlsfl/psf] a'lemg5. jf ef/taf6 kl5 a;fof ;/]sfx sf] ;+Vof pnn]vo ep klg Tof] lrgtfsf] ljifo lypg. bf]; kl5 lj:tf/} / k~rfot o'udf /fhosf] ;+/If0fdf ha g]kfnl klxrfgún] ;ff3'/f] cfsf/ lnfb} lyof], dw];lx? d"ntm jf:tljs g]kfnl gful/sú gepsf] dfgotfsf sf/0f g]kfnlœjú / g]kfnlkgúsf] k efjzfnl ljdjaf6 aflxl/fb} up. o:tf] b[li6sf]0fsf]0fn] g]kfnl ;dfhdf ;3g cfsf/ lng] qmddf dw];lx? bf]; f] bhf{sf] gful/s agfofb} nlup. sf7df8f}fdf :yflkt /fhoegbf a9l ef/t k/:t epsf] cfz+sfdf pglx?sf] OdfGbfl/tf hlljt /Xof]. t]; f], dw]; dw];lnfo{ a' g] 7"nf] df3sf] dw]; ljb f]x agof]. To;kl5 dw];lx k[ys\ dfu Pj+ cfsf+iff epsf cfkm}df ljlzi6 ;f+:s[lts /fhgllts ;d'bfosf kdf :yflkt ep. s]xl bzsleq} o;/l dw];lúnfo{ a' g] a'emfpg] qmddf lg/gt/ lgdf{0f eo/x]sf] ljdj / jul{s/0fsf] glthf dw]; dw];lsf] k[ys\ jf:tljstf Pj+ ;Gbe{sf] cwoog yk hl6n Pj+ ;+j]bgzln agb} 5. ;fy} of] lg/gt/ ablnfbf] ;fn k"j{ /f0ff zfx sfndf t/fo{nfo{ cfgtl/s pklgj]zsf] kdf pkof]u ul/psf]n] ;fnaf6} dw];l xs clwsf/sf] ;+3if{ k f/de eof]. 1 g]kfn t/fo{ sffu ]; ToxL ;dodf pbfof] h;n] d"ntm tlg dfu cl3 ;f/]sf] lyof] M s_ :jfoq t/fo{ /fhosf] :yfkgf, v_ lxgbl efiffnfo{ /fhosf] efiffsf] dfgotf, / u_ t/fo{jf;lnfo{ lghfdltdf kof{kt /f]huf/l -u]oh ;g\!(&%m!)(_. k[ys\ /fhgllts bnsf] :yfkgf ;fnd} dw];l xsclwsf/sf] nflu jsfnt ul/paf6 k :6 x'g5 legg lx;fan] dw];l zf]fif0fsf cfwf/x Tof]eGbf klxn] g} ljbdfg lyp. t/ g]kfn t/fo{ sffu ];sf] ;fnd} lsg eof] egg] P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{sf] ljzn]if0f t/fo{sf] k fl1s sfdsf] nflu sf]z]9'ëf dflgpsf] 1 P]ltxfl;s kdf g} g]kfnl /fhosf] rl/q zf]ifs ;dfg /x]sf]n] sf7df8f}fegbf aflx/sf] e"efu Pj+ lglzrt sf]6/legbf aflx/sf] ;d"xnfo{ cf}klgj]lzs dfgl;stfaf6 x]l/psf] ts{ legg tj/df cgo efudf a;f]af; ug]{ ;d"xnfo{ ;d]t nfu" x'g5. dw];df o;sf] ;/f]sf/ e" cy{tgq;fu k :6 kdf lyof] eg] cgo efudf uf]vf{ ;]gfsf] Jofkf/;Fu uff;]/ o;nfo{ x]g{ ;lsg5. ;fd fhojfblx?;fu ;kmn s'6gllt sfod /fvg uf]vf{ etl{nfo{ l;ssfsf] kdf pkof]u ul/psf] pts[i6 ljzn]if0fsf] nflu x]g'{xf];\ 8]z]g -;g\!((#_. sf7df8f}f jl/kl/ a;f]af; ug]{ tfdfª hfltdflysf] legg zf]if0f k lqmof o:t} csf]{ b[i6fgt xf]. cyf{t\ lglzrt hflt ljz]ifnfo{ zf]if0f ug{ / s]gb Lo tj/df dfq kmfobf lng legg If]qdf k[ys\ ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ul/of].

3 kl/toqm dw]; M lnvtåf/f s}b g]kfnl /fli6«otf119 km]l8«{s u]ohsf] l/hglnhd\ P08 g];gn o'lgl6 Og g]kfn -;g\!(&%_ df kfofb}g. g t ;f] ;dosf] /fhgllts Oltxf;sf] k fl1s cfwf/sf] kdf :yflkt e'jg nfn hf]zl / lnof] /f]hsf] 8]df]qm]l6s Ogf]e];G; Og g]kfnm P s]; :6l8 ckm kf]lnl6sn PsNr/];g [!(^^]_df g} ;fn k"j{sf] P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{sf] ptvgg\ ug]{ sfo{n] uxg P]ltxfl;s zf]wsf] dfu u5{, h'g o; n]vsf] bfo/fegbf aflx/ 5. ;f] P]ltxfl;s zf]wnfo{ ;fnkl5sf] o'udf tlg legg kl/0ffd dw];lx?sf] bf]odú g]kfnl bhf{ù /fhosf] d"nwf/údf pglx sf] gugo pkl:yltù /fhglltdf If]qLo tyf hftlo bnsf] pbo tyf Ps k[ys\ /fhgllts zlqmsf] kdf dw]; s]gb Lo /fhglltdf :yflkt lgdtofpg g]kfnl klxrfgú lgdf{0fsf] /fli6«o cleofg / g]kfnl gful/stfú ;Fu uffl;b} nlupsf] ;+/rgfut hl6ntfn] dxtjk"0f{ k efj kf/]sf] ts{ o; cfn]vdf ul/psf] 5. g]kfnl klxrfgú / g]kfnl /fli6«otfún] to u/]sf] nf]sdfu{ ;ff3'/f] kfl/fb} nlupsf] sf/0f dw];lx g]kfnlú x'g'af6 emg\ 6fl9Fb} up / ;fdflhs lx;fadf kfvf ;d]t kfl/p. 2 dw];lx sf] g]kfnlœjú dfly cfz+sf pahfops} sf/0f /fhgllts j[qdf pglx sf] k ltlglwtj ;ff3'l/b} uof]. P]ltxfl;s kdf g} dw]; sf7df8f}fsf zf;sx sf] nflu cfly{s zf]if0f ug]{ cfgtl/s pklgj]zú agfopsf] jf:tljstfn] o:tf cleofgnfo{ yk an k bfg ;fn kl5 legg cfj/0fdf lg/gt/tf lbof]. o; cfn]vdf g]kfnl gful/stfúsf] lgdf{0f Pj+ ljt/0f / g]kfnltjú;fu uffl;psf] To;sf] pkof]lutfsf] JofVofdfkm{t klxnf] ts{nfo{ yk k'li6 ul/psf] 5. g]kfnl gful/stfúsf] k of]un] klxrfgsf] ;+s6nfo{ t ;xof]u k' ofof] g}, 7"nf] txdf u/la dw];lx? ptkfbg ug]{ ;+/rgfut hl6ntf ;d]t ;[hgf u of]. dw]; kxf8sf] km]bl / ef/tsf] ;Ldfdf cjl:yt nfdf] / ;ff3'/f] ef}uf]lns If]q ep klg hfthflt ;dls/0f, ef}uf]lns kl/j]z, eflifs cfwf/ / cgo ;fdflhs hg;f+lvos ;ldd>0f cflb s'g} klg kifaf6 Ps}gf;sf] 5}g -x]g'{xf];\ zdf{ cem d"ntm t/fo{df cf}nf] pgd'ng epkl5 kxf8af6 t/fo{ a;fof ;g]{ qmdn] tlj tf kfof]. of] qmd dwo g]kfnsf] leql dw]; / k"jl{ #% ;fn;dd / lrtjg klzrdsf] ## ;fnkl5 qmlds kn] a9\b} uof]. ;fnkl5 t/fo{sf] hg;f+lvos ;dls/0f lg/gt/ lx;fan] ablnfbf] 5. t/fo{ dfq xf]og ;Dk"0f{ g]kfn g} a;fof;/foåf/f lgld{t /fho epsf]n] o;sf] hftlo hg;f+lvos a;fof;/fo lg/gt/ 2 g]kfnl x'g'sf] Psn kl/efiff kxf8df klg lypg. To;}n] cs}{ txdf klxrfgsf] ;d:of kxf8l hghfltx df klg Jofks agb} uof]. t/ kxf8l hghfltx df b]lvpsf] klxrfgsf] ;+s6n] pglx sf] g]kfnlœjúnfo{ cfz+sf;fy x]/]sf] lypgù To;nfO{ ;xh} kg5fpsf] dfq lyof].

4 120 ef:s/ uf}td abln/x]sf] 5 -zdf{ *@_. To;}n] o; cfn]vsf] d"n ljifoj:t'df k j]z ug'{ k"j{ t/fo{df a;fof;/fosf] clgjfo{tf;fu} ablnpsf] hg;f+lvos ;dls/0f / ;fdflhs /fhgllts k lqmofdf o;n] kf/]sf] k efjsf] ;dliff cfjzos 5. abln bf] hg;f+lvos ;dls/0f ;g\!(!! df ul/psf] klxnf] hgu0fgfdf g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+vof %^,#*,&$( lyof]. dw];sf] hg;f+lvos ;dls/0f a' g To; hgu0fgfn] 7"nf] cy{ /fvb}g. klxnf], ;g\!(^! k"j{ epsf s'g} klg hgu0fgfn] j}1flgs dfgotf kfpsf] 5}g. bf]; f], ;g\!(^! cl3;dd /f0ff sfnb]lv g} kxf8l lhnnf, ( t/fo{ lhnnf / # leql dw];sf lhnnfdf k zf;lgs If]q egl g]kfnnfo{ affl8psf] lyof]. xfn;dd ljbdfg ef}uf]lns ljefhg ;g\!(^! ;fndf epsf]n] klg To;eGbf cl3sf] tyofísf] tfltjs dfg] 5}g. t/ t/fo{ / kxf8sf] hg;f+lvos ;dls/0f tflnsf! df b]vfp h:t} ;g\!(%@ b]lv x]g{ cjzo ;lsg5. tflnsf! jif{ ;g\ ;+o'qm kxf8sf] hg;+vof t/fo{sf] hg;+vof!(%@ %$ %,#$(,(** -#%=@_!(^! %,((!,@(& -^#=^_ #,$@!,^(( -#^=$_!((! (,*^#,)!( -%#=#_ *,^@*,)&* -%!=^_!!,@!@,$%# -$*=$_ ; f]tm tflnsf! df :ki6;fu kl5nnf] kffr bzsdf t/fo{sf] hg;+vof sl/a $ u'0ff a9]sf] b]lvg5. kxf8df of] u'0ffn] dfq epsf] 5. ;g\!(^) b]lv ;g\!(() sf] bzsalr k ltztn] j[l4 epsf] lyof]. t/ hg;+vofsf] 7"nf] rfk eg] t/fo{sf lhnnfx df dfq kg{ uof]. cem xs{ u'?ª n]v5g\, æhg;+vofsf] j[l4b/ t/fo{sf ufpf / ;x/ b'a}df ctolws /Xof]. ;g\!(*! df lxdfnl / kxf8l If]qdf hg;+vof j[l4b/ #=% k ltzt dfq epsf]df t/fo{ If]qdf of] b/ o;sf] bf]aa/ cyf{t &=* k ltzt /x]sf] 5Æ %%_. o;/l hg;+vofdf epsf] j[l4n] t/fo{sf] hg;f+lvos ;dls/0f tlj kdf kl/jt{g eof]. t/fo{sf] hg;ª\vof j[l4sf s]xl sf/0fx lgdg lyp M!_ t/fo{df k fs[lts k hgg b/ clxn] klg g]kfnsf cgo If]qeGbf a9l t/fo{sf] cfjfbl b/ / ahf/ ljsf; ug{ /f0ff zf;ge/ -;g\!*$^!(%)_ ef/tlo gful/snfo{ a;f]af;

5 kl/toqm dw]; M lnvtåf/f s}b g]kfnl /fli6«otf121 u/fpg ;/sf/l gllt v's'nf] agfog', #_ cfk jf;;dagwl ;/sf/l gllt v's'nf] x'g', $_ ;g\!(%* sf] cf}nf] pgd'ngkl5 ljb]zaf6 cfpsf, k fs[lts k sf]k / ul/alsf] df/df k/]sf jf cgo sf/0fn] dw];df kxf8lx sf] :yfol kdf a;f]af; k f/de x'g'nfo{ dw];df hg;+vof a9\g'sf k d'v sf/0fx dfgg ;lsg5g\ -bfxfn hg;+vofdf epsf] kl/jt{gaf6 ;du t/fo{df ;g\!(^) sf] bzskl5 d"ntm kxf8lx?sf] ;+Vof cfsfl;psf] b]lvg5. ;g\!(^) cl3 t/fo{df kxf8lx?sf] ef}lts a;f]af; dfq Go"g lyof]. ;Dk"0f{ t/fo{sf] &) k ltztegbf a9l] hldg /f0ff zfx, b/af/sf ef/bf/ / sf7df8f}+sf ;De fgtx?s} df}hf lyof].!( cf}f ztfablsf] k f/ded} df]/ª, ;Kt/L, ;nf{xl, /f}tx6, af/f / k;f{sf hldgdf jg Jofks kdf ljgf; u/]/ pj{/ v]tle"ldsf] kdf ljsf; ul/;lspsf] lyof]. o;dwo] df]/ª, ;Kt/L / dxf]q/ldf Jofks s[lifhgo ptkfbg x'gyof]. 3 s[lifhgo afnl 7"nf] dfqfdf ptkfbg ug]{ lrtjgb]lv k"j{df /x]sf dw];sf ol If]qx?nfO{ kxf8sf /fhfx?n] cfˆgf] cfdbfglsf] ; f]t / ;}Go zlqmdf nufgl ug{ k of]u ub}{ cfpsf lyp -/]UdL ;g\!(&*, l:6n/ ;g\!(&#, d]o/ / 8\o'Pn ;g\!(((_. t/fo{df ljbdfg df}hf klxnf] ljzj o'4sf] cgto / ef/tdf cf}bf]uls/0fsf] lj:tf/;fu} emg\ a9\g yfnof]. To;kl5 d"ntm t/fo{sf] jghª\unsf] Jofkfl/s dxtj a9\of].!( cf}f ztfablsf] dwodf /f0ff zf;g k f/de epkl5 of]hgfj4 kdf ef/tlo gful/sx?nfo{ dw];df Nofpg] sfo{n] Jofkstf kfp klg. cf}nf], dw];sf] hljgz}nl / kxf8laf;lsf] nflu gldnbf] kof{j/0fsf sf/0f /f0ff sfndf kxf8lx sf] a;fof;/fo dw];df ;Dej epg. To;kl5 ttsfnlg /fhon] g} ef/tlox nfo{ leq\ofpg] of]hgf agfpsf] lyof]. To;}n] pq/ ef/taf6 ToxfFsf hldgbf/x sf] ;xof]udf e/tlx?nfo{ k"jl{ dw];df Nofpg] sfd eof]. of] sfo{ dw];df hldgsf] :jfldtj / /fhzj ;+sng k lqmofnfo{ a9fpg / Jojl:yt ug{ ul/psf] lyof]. To;}n] h+uaxfb'/s} kfnfdf /fhzj ;+sngsf] s]gb ag]sf dw];sf ol lhnnfx?n] k f/desf]!) jif{d} /fhzjdf!)& k ltzt j[l4 u/fpsf] b]lvg5 -/]UdL ;g\!(((_. o:t} u/l dwo klzrd t/fo{df eg] ef/tlonfo{ cfdgq0f u/]/ a;f]af; u/fpg] sfd ;g\!*() b]lv!(#) sf] alrdf epsf] lyof] ;fn k"j{ dw];df kxf8l /fhf / /f0ffx sf] ef}lts pkl:ylt gep klg ToxfFsf] hldgsf] 7"nf] lx:;f pglx s} sahfdf lyof]. pglx?n] g} dw];nfo{ ;w}f cfˆgf] :jfy{ / lxtsf] nflu k of]u ub}{ cfpsf lyp. 3 ol lhnnfx eg]sf] xfnsf] emfkf, df]/ª, ;'g;/l, ;Kt/L, l;/xf, wg'iff / dxf]q/l x'g\.

6 122 ef:s/ uf}td g]kfnsf] e"efudf epsf] ef/tlox sf] a;fof;/fo / of]hgfa4 a;f]af;nfo{ k f/dedf /f0ff / kl5 k~rfotl /fhon] Wofgk"j{s cfˆgf] :jfy{df pkof]u u of]. zfx /fhfx / /f0ffx n] cf}nf] k efljt hª\un / ef/tlx?sf] of]hgfj4 a;fof;/fonfo{ ef/tdf a]nfotl /fh /x]sf] ;dodf /0fgLlts arfpsf] kdf lnpsf lyp. kl5 k~rfot sfndf, u]ohsf cg';f/ s]xl k'gaf{; of]hgfåf/f ;/sf/n] a]nfotl / ef/tlo ;]gfaf6 cjsf; k fkt uf]/vf ;}lgs Pj+ g]kfnl ;]gfsf lgj[q kl/jf/x?nfo{ l;dfgf 5]pdf a;f]af; u/fof]. ef/t tkm{af6 x'g] 8s}tL, n'6kf6 / t:s/l /f]sg ol kl/jf/x? cw{;}go zlqmsf] kdf k of]u ug{ ;lsg5 egg] k~rfotl a'emfo lyof] -u]oh ;g\!(&%m *#_. oxl ;dodf jdf{ / vf;u/l ef/tsf] c;fdaf6 cfpsf g]kfnlx sf] a;f]af; klg tlj /Xof]. 7f]; cg';gwfgsf] andf tyout cfwf/ gep klg dw];;fu ;/f]sf/ /fvg] w]/}sf] cjnf]sgdf kxf8af6 em/]sf ;d'bfosf] t'ngfdf kl5 g]kfn kms]{sf ol ;d'bfon] dw];lk lt a9l b'/fu x /fv]sf] ljzjf; ul/g5. k~rfot k f/de x'g'egbf s]xl jif{ klxn]b]lv z'? epsf] kxf8l a;fof;/fosf] sf/0f dw];df To:tf] lhnnf 5}g hxff kxf8lx?sf] pkl:ylt gxf];\. t/fo{df g]kfnsf] hg;ª\vofsf] $*=$ k ltzt dflg; a:5g\. of] hg;ª\vofdf dw];l ^#=^( k ltzt / kxf8l #^=#! k ltzt /x]sf] bfjl ul/g5. cyf{t\ g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ hg;ª\vofdf dw];lsf] pkl:ylt sl/a #@ k ltzt dflgg5. t/ dw];l / kxf8l g]kfnl /fhon] ljutdf u/]sf] ;kf6 e]befjsf sf/0f dw];sf] hg;+vofnfo{ cnuofpg] lgs} km/flsnf] cfwf/ dfq xf]. o; ljefhgn] t/fo{sf] hftlo ljljwtf, wd{ / j0ff{>dnfo{ ;d]6\b}g. g kxf8sf] hftlo ljljwtf, wd{ / j0ff{>dnfo{ g} ;d]6\5. To;}n] /fhgllts j[qdf dw];sf ;d:ofnfo{ s;/l ;Daf]wg ul/psf] 5 eg]/ a' g' cl3 ljlegg hfthfltdf ljeflht dw];l] hg;+vofsf] jul{s/0f ug'{ cfjzos x'g5. t'ngftds kdf cln ;fdfgo t/ 5l/tf] ljefhg cg';f/ t/fo{e/ pkl:yt hfthfltnfo{ kffr ;d"xdf /fvg ;lsg5. klxnf], lxgb" j0f{joj:yfleq dflynnf] txdf kg]{ d}lyn a fxd0f, e"ldxf/, /fhk't, sfo:y, ofbj cflbb]lv kfgl grng] vtj], d';x/, b'iffb, rdf/, 8f]d cflb hft ;d"xx?. bf]; f], t/fo{sf /}yfg] dflgpsf yf?, lwdfn, ugufo{, emffu8, bg'jf/, sf]r], d]r], /fhj+zl cflb hghfltx?. t]; f], lxgb" wd{ / j0f{ Joj:yfeGbf lgtfgt aflx/sf d';ndfg ;d'bfo. rf}yf], Jofkf/ / cgo k]zfdf ;+nug df/jf8l, a+ufnl, lzv h:tf lgs} kl5 g]kfn cfpsf ;d"x ;fy} ef/taf6 w]/} kl5 cfpsf cgo cfk jf;lx? hf] wd{, ;+:sf/ OToflb lx;fan] cfkm}df ljljw 5g\. kffrf}+, kxf8l d"nsf ljlegg hfthflt ;d"x -l;ljp; bfxfn

7 kl/toqm dw]; M lnvtåf/f s}b g]kfnl oldwo] klxnf] / t]; f] sf]6ldf kg]{ ;d'bfon] cfkm"nfo{ dw];l eg5g\. tyflk wfld{s ;+:sf/sf] sf/0f cfˆgf] cl:ttj dw];legbf k[ys\ b]vg] d';ndfgx?sf] klg sdl 5}g. lrtjg klzrd leggtfsf] dfgotf a9l k uf9 5. To:t} rf}yf] ;d"xdf kg]{dwo] ef/tlo cfk jf;lx?n] klg cfkm"nfo{ dw];l eg5g\. bf]; f] ;d"xdf /x]sfx n] cfkm"nfo{ g]kfnsf] cflbjf;l egg?rfpf5g\. To;}n] of] hg;ª\vofsf] 7"nf] cg'kftn] cfˆgf] ;fd"lxs klxrfg cl:tœjnfo{ dw];legbf k[ys\ /fv]sf] 5. oblk k"jl{ t/fo{df dw];l klxrfg;fu cfkm"nfo{ uff;]/ x]g]{ cg'kft pnn]vo 5. To;}n] sl/a #@ k ltztdwo] dw];l klxrfgnfo{ cftd;ft ug]{ slt 5g\ Tof] 7Dofpg sl7g x'g]5. a;fof;/fosf sf/0f dw]; ljljw, Jofks / ;3g eo/x]sf] huhfx]/ 5. o;} klg g]kfndf jul{s[t!)) hfthfltdwo] %* t/fo{df k5{g\ -u'?ª hfltut ljljwtf ;3g /x]sf] t/fo{df hg;+vofsf] ablnfbf] ;dls/0fn] dw];l klxrfgnfo{ ljzfn tj/df ldl>t agfpsf] 5. ;fy} hl6n klg. hg;ª\vofsf] cfwf/df kxf8lx?sf] ;ª\Vof P]ltxfl;s lx;fan] g} Go"g /x] klg g]kfnsf] zf;g;qf ztfablcf}fb]lv prr hftsf kxf8lx?s} sahfdf 5. To;}n] ztfablof}+b]lv kxf8l /fhfx?sf] pklgj]z /x]sf] dw]; k~rfot sfndf epsf] tlj a;fof;/fosf] qmddf klg kxf8l :jfy{af6 k efljt x'g uof]. o;n] s]xl bzsd} dw];l / kxf8l hg;ª\vofsf] ;dls/0fdf 7"nf] km]/abn t Nofof] g} -x]g'{xf];\ kxf8l lrgtgnfo{ klg s]gb d} /fvof]. t/fo{df kxf8l / dw];l hg;ª\vofdf kl/jt{g jif{ ;g\ kxf8l ;d'bfo t/fo{sf ;d'bfo hddf t/fo{ ;d'bfosf] k #,&^@,))) ^,%%&,))) %&=$!((! #,$$$,))) %,@^@,))) *,&)@,))) $,!@),))) &,)(@,)))!!,@!@,))) ^#=# ; f]tm ;fx & af6 k :6 x'g5, ;g\!(%@ %$ df t/fo{df s]jn ^ k ltzt kxf8l hg;ª\vof lyof]. ;g\!(*! ;Dd cfok'ubf kxf8l hg;ª\vofdf pnn]vo j[l4 eof] ^ k ltztaf6 $@=^ k ltzt. ;Dd cfok'ubf kxf8l hg;ª\vofdf ;g\!(%@ %$ sf] t'ngfdf u'0ff j[l4 epsf] 5 eg] t/fo{jf;lsf] hg;ª\vof a[l4 $ u'0ffegbf sd 5.

8 124 ef:s/ uf}td If]qLo /fhgllt / /fli6«o ;dfof]hgsf ljifodf dw];l /fhglltsf] cg';gwfg u/]sf u]ohn] of] of]hgfj4 a;fof;/fosf] k~rfotl cfof]hgfnfo{ g]kfnls/0fú / g]kfnl ;f+:s[lt ;dfof]hgú sf] k of; eg]sf lyp. o;n] sfnfgt/df ;f+:s[lts tgfj lgdtofpg] cfz+sf klg u]ohsf] lyof] -u]oh ;g\!(&%_. 4 dw];l /fhglltsf w]/} cleogtfx n] of] k lqmofnfo{ dw];df kxf8l ;f+:s[lts ceof; / /fhgllts jr{zjú :yflkt ug]{ cfof]hgf dfgb} cfpsf 5g\ -ofbj emf ;g\!((#_. pglx sf] ts{ 5, ;g\!(^# df t/fo{sf lhnnfdf kxf8l efux klg lhnnf agfpg', ;f]xl ;dodf t/fo{nfo{ nlift ub}{ e"ld;'wf/sf] of]hgf Nofpg', k"j{ klzrd /fhdfu{sf] lgdf{0f dw];sf a:tlegbf w]/} 6f9f hª\unsf] alraf6 ug'{, k~rfotsf] ufpf kms{ cleofgú cflb dw];df cfgtl/s cf}klgj]zls/0fsf] k lqmof cem Jojl:yt ub}{ kxf8l jr{zj sfod ug]{ p2]zo ;lxt /lrpsf] lyof]. 5 ;fy} kxf8lx?nfo{ hldg ljt/0f ug]{ p2]zo klg lglxt lyof] -ofbj emf ;g\!((#_. 6 o;n] dw];lsf] klxrfgnfo{ v'drofpg t ;3fof] g} ;Fu} /fhglltdf ;d]t dw];lx?sf] ;xeflutfnfo{ ;ff3'/f] agfof], cgttm pglx?sf] lg0ff{os pkl:yltnfo{ gu0o agfpfb}. t;y{ d]/l 8]z]gn] eg] h:t} /fli6«o Oltxf; / k~rfot sfnsf] tlg bzsdf PsLs[t / k ;fl/t -lj:tfl/t_ ul/psf] cgo /fli6«o ;Gbe{ / efjgfsf] ldlxg a'emfo a]u/ ;+:s[lt, hghflt / /fli6«otfsf] /fhglltsf] ldlxg ljzn]if0f ug{ ufx f] x'g5. 7 ;+:s[lt, hghflt / /fli6«otfsf] /fhglltsf] rk]6df k/]sf] dw];lsf] dfgotf / kl/rosf] ljzn]if0f k"j{ /fli6«o Oltxf;;Fu} o; ljifonfo{ x]l/g' k5{. df3df epsf] dw]; ljb f]xnfo{ u]ohsf] cfz+sf cg' k xfn;dd clejoqm ;f+:s[lts tgfjsf] ptsif{ dfgg ;lsg5. oblk ;f] /:;fs;ldf /fhgllts ;+3if{sf] cfj/0f k bfg lyof]. ;fnkl5 d"ntm k~rfot sfnnfo{ s]gb df /fvb} g]kfnsf] ljsf; cljsf;sf jf:tljstfsf] ax; Pj+ ;fdflhs j[qsf] rrf{n] b'o6f ts{nfo{ hf]8 lbpsf] kfog5. klxnf], ljsf;sf] s]gb ;]/f]km]/f] -;]G6/ k]l/km]l/_ ag]sf] /fli6«o ;dfhn] :yfglo snkgf / cfsf+iffnfo{ cy{ lbo/x]sf] x'g5. bf]; f], hft, hflt, lnë, pd]/ h:tf kifsf] cfwf/df :yfglo ;dfhdf ljbdfg ;fdflhs >]0fLn] kx'fr, alx:s/0f, / cbfgk bfgnfo{ k efljt t'nofpf5 -lku ;g\!((@_. o;/l ;fdflhs jul{s/0f / :yfg;fu t'ngf ul/psf ljsf; cljsf;sf] ljzn]if0fn] dflysf kifx?nfo{ t s]nfpg g}, g]kfnl gful/s x'g'sf] k[ys\ klxrfg;fu uffl;psf] hl6ntfnfo{ ;d]t kg5fof]. pbfx/0fsf] nflu gful/stf k df0fkq h:tf] ;+/rgfn] ef}lts Pj+ /fhgllts u/la dw];l ju{ hgdfpsf] kifnfo{ ;d]t cf}nofpg ;s]g. cyf{t\ ljsf;sf] ljt/0f ug]{ú, jf ljsf;nfo{ tn;dd k' ofpg]ú dfgl;stfn] dw];sf] e"kl/j]zdf g]kfnl x'gaf6 jl~rt /x]sfx?sf] hljgj[lqdf kf/]sf] ax'cfoflds ;+s6 ljsf;sf] ax;df c6fpg. 6 t/fo{df k'gjf{; cfof]hgf;dagwl cwoogsf] nflu PN8/ / cgo -;g\!(&^_ x]g'{xf];\. 7 jgt -;g\!((^p_ df pnn]v u/] cg';f/ 8]z]g -;g\!((#_.

9 kl/toqm dw]; M lnvtåf/f s}b g]kfnl /fli6«otf125 To;}n] nfdf] ;dob]lv pl7/x]sf dw];l ;jfnx nfo{ ulx/fodf a' g dw];l klxrfgsf] /fhglltnfo{ km/flsnf] ;Gbe{df x]g{ pko'qm x'g5. dw];l klxrfgsf] /fhgllt k f1x n] g]kfnl klxrfg / g]kfnl /fli6«otfsf rf/ k d'v cfwf/ :tde epsf] JofVof ub}{ cfpsf 5g\. g]kfnl efiff, lxgb" wd{, /fh;+:yf -a'3f{6 ;g\!(($ù zdf{ ;fx ;g\!((#_ / jl/ Oltxf; n]vgsf] k/dk/f -jgt ;g\!((^p,!((^al_ nfo{ tl cfwf/ :tde dflgpsf] 5. ol rf/ cfwf/ :tde afx]s g]kfnl klxrfg / g]kfnl /fli6«otfsf] cfwf/ :j k lxdfnl kxf8l ;dfh;fu uffl;psf] kxf8l ;+:s[lt xf]], h;nfo{ g]kfnl ;dfhdf jr{zj :yflkt u/]sf zlqm ;DaGwn] df}lns g]kfnl /fli6«o klxrfg dfgb} cfpsf 5g\. g]kfnl ;fj{hlgs j[qdf of] dfgotf nfdf] ;dob]lv w]/} lsl;dn] k ltljldjt x'fb} cfpsf] 5. tyflk /fhgllts ;f+:s[lts k efjsf] s]gb df /x]sf] kxf8l ;f+:s[lts w/f]x/sf] dxtjk"0f{ kifnfo{ xfn;ddsf] k fl1s cwoogn] 5'6fPsf] 5. k To"if jgtsf cg';f/!(&% ;fnsf] jl/kl/b]lv ;fnalrsf] cjlwnfo{ g]kfndf /fli6«otf lgdf{0f ug]{ Pp6f ;kmn cfof]hgf :j k a' g ;fnegbf #) #% jif{ k"j{ k f/de epsf] g]kfnsf] jl/ Oltxf; n]vg sfo{ / /fli6«otfsf] ljdj tyf k tls lgdf{0fsf ceof;x nfo{ k~rfotsf] #) jif]{ zf;g sfndf ;kmntfk"j{s kf7\ok':ts, /]l8of] / cgo ;f+:s[lts ceof;dfkm{t g]kfnl ;dfhdf :yflkt ul/of].!(() ;fnsf] cgto;dd klg g]kfnl klxrfg / /fli6«otfdf ;dflxt epsf] ef/t jif{ú / uf]vf{ú h:tf zabx? ;d]t k~rfotsfn;dd cfok'ubf g]kfnl /fli6«otfsf] ;ff3'/f] 3]/fdf x/fo;s]sf lyp -jgt ;g\!((^p, ;g\!((&, ;g\!(((_. g]kfnl /fli6«o Oltxf;, g]kfnl efiff, /fhf -/fh;+:yf_ / lxgb" wd{ g]kfnl klxrfgsf cfwf/ :tdesf kdf sl/a oxl &) jif{df :yflkt epsf] ts{ ul/g5. To;}n] of] ;dofjlwnfo{ g]kfnl /fli6«o klxrfg lgdf{0f cfof]hgfsf] dxtjk"0f{ cjlw dflgpsf] 5. k~rfot o'un] ol ;a} ljdjnfo{ /fhosf] txaf6 j}wflgstf k bfg u/]sf]n] ;f] cjlwnfo{ a9l dxtj;fy lnopsf] xf]. pknaw k fl1s ljzn]if0f cg';f/ g]kfnl ;dfhdf sfnfgt/b]lv /xfb} cfpsf] h:tf] nfug] ljbdfg g]kfnl klxrfgsf] :j k!)) jif{ k"j{ o:t} lypg egg ;lsg5. cyf{t\ k[yjlgf/fo0f zfxn] g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns lj:tf/ dfq u/]sf lyp. g]kfnl ;dfhdf /fli6«otf Pj+ g]kfnl klxrfg lgdf{0fsf] k lqmof!(&% ;fnsf] jl/kl/af6 dfq k f/de epsf] xf] eg] dw];l klxrfgsf] ;Gbe{df of] ;dofjlw Pj+ cfof]hgfn] k d'v dfg] /fv5. g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns cfwf/sf] dxtjk"0f{ lx:;f

10 126 ef:s/ uf}td kxf8 lxdfn epsf], cfw'lgs g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] g]t[tj kxf8l /fhon] u/]sf], ljbdfg g]kfnl /fhosf] cfwf/e"t s]gb / zlqm kxf8df g} cjl:yt epsf], tyf g]kfnl ;+:s[lt lgdf{0fsf] cleofg ;Dk"0f{ tj/df s'g} lx;fan] kxf8l k[i7e"ld epsf r]tgzln o'jfn] 8f] ofpsf]n] g]kfnl klxrfg lgdf{0fsf] ;f]xl cjlwdf kxf8 klg lg/gt/sf] ljdj agb} cfof]. g]kfnl hflt cyf{t\ kxf8l hfltù g]kfn cyf{t\ kxf8 lxdfnù /fli6«o klxrfg lgdf{0f k lqmofsf] s]gb df /lx/xof]. glthf kxf8l klxrfgn] g]kfnl x'g'sf] klxrfgnfo{ ;3g kdf k efljt kf of]. kl/0ffd s]xl bzssf] x]/km]/d} g]kfnl ;dfhsf] jul{s/0f kxf8l / dw];l u/l b'o{ efudf ljeflht eof]. kxf8l cyf{t\ h;sf] g]kfnl klxrfg / /fli6«otfdf s'g} z+sf 5}g. clg dw];l cyf{t\ h;sf] g]kfnl klxrfg rk]6df kb}{ uof], h;sf] /fli6«otfdf z+sf /Xof] / hf] ef/tlo x'g;sg] ;Defjgfn] p;sf] b]zelqm k Zgsf] bfo/fdf hlljt /Xof]. o;sf] cfzo xf], g]kfnl ;dfhsf] pb\ud ynf] P]ltxfl;s kn] g} kxf8 epsf]n] ;a} kxf8ljf;l g]kfnl epsf] dfgotf o; b[li6sf]0fdf ;dflxt 5 / dw];jf;l g]kfnl gx'g klg ;Sg] dfgotf o;df lglxt ;fnkl5 dw];df tlj j]usf;fy epsf] a;fof;/fo / k~rfotl o'udf ;3g agfopsf] kxf8ls/0f / /fli6«otfdf ;dflxt kxf8l ;f+:s[lts lrgtg k lqmofn] of] dfgotfnfo{ yk a9fjf lbof]. kl/0ffd dw];tkm{sf] a;fof;/fo 3gLe"t agg] qmd;fu} kxf8l ljlzi6tf g]kfnl klxrfgsf] /fli6«o ljdjsf] kdf emg\emg\ tlj x'fb} uof]. ;fdfgotm lxdfn kxf8n] 9fs]sf] ef}uf]lns agf]6sf] nflu of] kl/ro cgf}7f] lypg. t/ g]kfnl klxrfgsf] df}lns cfwf/sf] kdf kxf8 :yflkt x'fb} upsf]n] dw];sf] cl:ttj g} ;+s6df kg{ yfnof]. dw];sf] ljifodf n]lvpsf y'k } n]vn] b]zsf] cgg ptkfbgsf] d]?b08 / ;dy/ d}bfgl efu klg g]kfn g} xf] eg]/ lrgfpg] l:ylt ;d]t cfok of] -x]g{'xf]{;\ zdf{ tyflk Ps efiff, Ps e]ifú sf] k~rfotl Joj:yfdf s]jn dw];ljf;lsf] klxrfg ;+s6df kfl/psf] lypg. oxl cj:yf kxf8l hghfltx?n] ;d]t ef]lu/x]sf lyp. oblk kxf8l hghfltsf] t'ngfdf b'o{ k[ys\ jf:tljstf dw];jf;lsf] nflu 68\sf/f] /Xof]. klxnf], ef}uf]lns kdf ;d]t g]kfn lxdfn kxf8n] 9flsPsf] ljdj k efjzfnl epsf] sf/0f ;dy/ d}bfgl efusf] ;f+:s[lts cl:ttj cf]em]ndf kb}{ uof]. bf]; f], lj:tf/} d}bfgl efudf a;f]af; ug]{ u}/ kxf8l ;d'bfosf] g]kfnlœjú k/lif0fsf] rqmdf efl;fb} upsf]n] pglx? g]kfnlú epsf] b;f{pg] afwoftds ck7]/fx?n] ;+/rgfut :j k lnfb} up. kl/0ffd kxf8lx? g} df}lns g]kfnl epsf] klxrfgn] dw];l klxrfgnfo{ ;+s6df t kfl//xof] ;fy} kxf8l /fli6«o klxrfg lgdf{0fsf] ;+:s[ltnfo{ g]kfnlœjsf] d]?b08 agfof].

11 kl/toqm dw]; M lnvtåf/f s}b g]kfnl /fli6«otf127 olb g]kfnl efiff, lxgb"wd{, /fhtgq / jl/ Oltxf; n]vgsf] k/dk/falr dfq g]kfnl /fli6«o ;+:s[ltsf] lgdf{0f epsf] ep dw];lx? o;df s'g} xb;dd c6fpfy]. kxf8l hghfltegbf km/s l:yltdf pglx? x'fb}gy]. sf/0f g]kfnl efiff / /fli6«o Oltxf; n]vgsf] ;+:s[ltn] dw];lx?nfo{ w]/} lx;fan] g;d]6] klg dw];df lxgb" sd{sf08sf] k lqmof kxf8egbf km/s ep klg bx f] lyof]. of] cbflk 5. To;}n] l;4fgttm lxgb" wd{n] pglx?nfo{ ;d]6\5. To:t} cf:yfsf] sf/0f /fh;+:yfnfo{ dfgg] s'/f dw];df plqs} lyof]. o;sf] cfzo dw];lx? /fhfjfbl x'g\ egg] xf]og. 8 x'gnfo{ dw];df d';ndfg, yf?, /fhj+zl, ;tf/ cflb hfltx? klg 5g\ h;nfo{ sdtldf b'o6f k tlsn] klg ;d]6\b}g. tyflk dw];sf] 7"nf] hg;d'bfo lxgb"wd{ / /fh;+:yf jl/kl/ ;[lht /fli6«o ;+:s[ltsf] ljdj / k tlsb]lv w]/} cnu lypgg\. t/ g]kfnsf] kxf8l klxrfgsf] sf/0f dw];lx?sf] l:ylt kxf8l cnk;+vosx?sf] egbf lgtfgt k[ys\ 5. kxf8l klxrfgnfo{ /fli6«o ;f+:s[lts ljdjsf] kdf :yflkt ul/psf]n] g} g]kfnl klxrfgsf] ef}lts cfs[lt lgdf{0f ug{ of] cleofgn] ;3fp k' ofof]. d+uf]n, l6j]6f] jdf{, / cfo{d"nsf dflg;x? g]kfnl x'g\ egg] cfs[lt lgdf{0f ug{ o;n] ;3fP klg ToxL cfo{ d"nsf t/ sfnf] /ËÚ / Wjf;f j0f{sfú dw];lx? g]kfnl cfs[ltdf ;dflxt epgg\. kxf8l ;d'bfo Pj+ a;f]af;;fu hf]l8psf] d'vfs[lt / /Ë klg g]kfnl klxrfgsf] k d'v cfwf/ agfofb} nluof]. To;}n] lxgb" j0f{ Joj:yf dfgg] sfnf j0f{sf dw];sf cfo{d"nsf dflg;x? dw];l ep / pglx?s} xf/fxf/ldf jf s]xl k':tf cl3kl5 g]kfn l5/]sf dflg;x? df}lns g]kfnl klxrfg af]s]sf hflt ep. rf/}j6f g]kfnl /fli6«o ;+:s[ltsf cfwf/df xfn g]kfnl eg]/ lrlgpsf hfltx? ;d]l6p, t/ dw];lx? To;df c6]gg\. jt{dfg g]kfnl ;dfhdf of] lje]bnfo{ kxf8]ú dlw;]ú sf] ljdjn] ;d]6]sf] 5. of] ljdjsf] cfzo xf] M dlw;]ú df}lns g]kfnl xf]og. cyf{t\ ljdj lgdf{0fsf] qmddf ef}uf]lns ;+:sf/ Pj+ j0f{sf sf/0f kxf8;fu g]kfnl /fli6«o ;+:s[ltsf] df}lns klxrfg uffl;of], h;df dw];lx? ;d]l6pgg\. 8 nf]stflgqs ;+3if{df dw];sf] e"ldsf hlxn] klg cu 0fL epsf]n] /fh;+:yf lj/f]wl /fhgllts lrgtg dw];df k uf9 lyof], / Dff3!( df ttsfnlg /fhf 1fg]Gb n] s'ú u/] nuq} df3 kmfu'gdf dw]; e d0fsf] qmddf d}n] s'/fsfgl u/]sf *% hgf JolQmx?dWo] clwsf+zsf] ljzjf; nf]stflgqs Joj:yfdf lyof]. kf6l{n] ug'{kg]{ hlt sfd gu/] klg d"ntm lziff / hfu/0fsf] lx;fan] dw];l ;d'bfodf k hftgq k flktkl5 Jofks ;r]tgf / ;'wf/ cfpsf] pglx?sf] ljzjf; 5. lgjf{rgsf] k lqmof dfq cj?4 gx'fbf klg ;dfhsf] lqmofsnfk / ultzlntfdf w]/} km/s kg]{ pglx?sf] 7x/ lyof].

12 128 ef:s/ uf}td g]kfnl kl/rodf xfjl kxf8l ljdjsf] sf/0f s;/l dw];lx?sf] g]kfnlœjdf zíf ptkgg eof] < o:tf] vf8nn] g]kfnl ;dfhdf s;/l /Ëe]bL b[li6sf]0f lgdf{0f ub}{ dw];lnfo{ bf]; f] bhf{sf] g]kfnl agfof] < ljut s]xl bzsdf dw]; dw];lsf] nflu ol ;jfn cx+d ep klg k fl1s cwoogx?df ol ljifoj:t'df cgt/lglxt ;+j]bgzlntfnfo{ j]jf:tf ul/psf] kfog5 -x]g'{xf];\ bfxfn ;g\!(&*, ;g\!((%, emf ;g\!((#_. 9 dfly cf}fnofpsf b'o{ k Zgx?sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df uxg ljzn]if0f / ax; gep klg Ps efiff, Ps e]ifú sf] k~rfotl Joj:yfn] dw];lnfo{ gsfg]{ sfd u/]sf] w]/} cfwf/nfo{ ;xh} :jlsfl/psf] 5. /fli6«ojofkl kdf lxgb" wd{, /fh;+:yf -/fhf_, g]kfnl efiff, jl/ Oltxf; n]vgsf] k/dk/f / kxf8l klxrfg lgdf{0fsf] ;f+:s[lts k[i7e"lddf dw];;dagwl k fl1s cwoog Pj+ ljzn]if0f epsf] 5}g. t/ g]kfnls/0fúsf] ;+1f cgtu{t g]kfnl ;+:s[ltn] lgdtofpsf] lje]bsf] rrf{ epsf 5g\. u]ohsf] JofVofn] eg5, dw];df g]kfnls/0fsf] k lqmof k~rfotsfndf dfq k f/de epsf] xf]. pgl n]v5g\, t/fo{df kxfl8ofx?sf] a;fof;/fo;fu} g]kfnls/0fsf] k lqmof k f/de x'g yfn]sf] 5. kxfl8ofx?sf] cfqmfds / hl6n ;+:sf/n] 5/k:6 kdf ;[hgf u/]sf] bafa lj?4 cfˆgf] k/dk/fnfo{ hf]ufpg] ;Defjgf gepsf]n] g]kfnls/0fsf] of] k lqmofnfo{ dw];sf s]xl dflg;x?n] ;xh kdf :jlsfg]{ 5g\ -u]oh cem pgl yk5g\, ;/sf/n] t/fo{df g]kfnls/0fsf] k lqmofnfo{ k f]t;flxt ug{ ljlegg sfo{x? ul//x]sf] 5, t/ ;/sf/n] :ki6;fu pglx?sf] ;+:sf/nfo{?kfgt/0f ug{ rfn]sf sdbsf] pglx?n] k tlsf/ ug]{ 5g\. ===oblk kxfl8ofx?n] t/fo{sf dflg;x?;fu p7a; ug{ yfn]kl5 lj:tf/l / :jefljs kdf w]/} ;dfof]lht x'fb} hfg] 5 -u]oh k~rfotsfndf /fli6«o PstfnfO{ cfwf/ agfp/ g]kfnls/0fsf] k lqmofnfo{ Jofkstf lbg] qmddf dw];sf w]/} hfltx?sf] ;+:sf/ Pj+ /xg;xg pq/l ef/tdf a:g] dflg;x?;fu sfnfgt/b]lv uffl;psf], pq/l ef/taf6 a;fof ;/]sf ;fy} /f0ffåf/f leq\ofp/ hldgbf/ agfopsfx?;fu PsLs[t epsf] 5 egg] s'/fnfo{ j]jf:tf ul/of]. of] k~rfotl Joj:yfsf] :jfy{ cg's'n lyof]. pq/l ef/tsf] lxgb" ;+:sf/;fu dw];sf] ;+:s[lt xhf/f} jif{b]lv ;dflxt x'fb} cfpsf] xf]. To;}n] dw];sf dflg;nfo{ kxf8l dflg;x?;fu ;DaGw uff:g /fli6«o df3df dw]; ljb f]x eo/xfbf ol b[i6fgt 68\sf/f]?kdf 5tf5'Nn epsf lyp -x]g'{xf];\

13 kl/toqm dw]; M lnvtåf/f s}b g]kfnl /fli6«otf129 Pstfsf] gfddf pglx?sf] ;+:sf/ g} kl/jt{g ul//xg' cfjzos 5}g eg]/ u]ohn] ;g\!(&% df cf}nofpsf lyp -u]oh t/ yf?x?sf] ;Gbe{df d]o/ / 8\o'Pn eg5g\, pglx? of] ljzfn h+unsf] pq/l e]udf a;f]af; ub{5g\; Tof] ;d"x a9l kxf8sf] /fhfx?sf] kx'frdf lyof] / ef/tlo ljh]tfsf] k efjegbf w]/} aflx/ lyof]. x]ldn6gnfo{ p4[t ub}{ d]o/ / 8\o'Pn n]v5g\, kxf8sf] dfon 6f9f;Ddsf] t/fo{nfo{ kxf8sf /fhfx?n] lgogq0f u/]sf lyp -d]o/ / 8\o'Pn ;g\!(((m!%!!%@_. To;}n] g]kfnls/0fsf] cleofgn] t/fo{df /x]sf yf?x?sf] klxrfg dw];lx?s} txdf ;+s6df gk/] klg ;dfof]hgsf] k lqmofn] u]ohn] cg'dfg u/]egbf km/s tj/df yf?nufot cgo hghfltsf] ;+:sf/nfo{ Jofks k efj kf of]. cem ha pglx?n] ef]u ub}{ cfpsf] hldgdfly of]hgfj4 kdf wfjf af]lnof] To;n] pglx?sf] hljgz}nlnfo{ rf}tkml{ c;/ k' ofof] ;fnkl5 ;d]t dw];sf] ;f+:s[lts /fhgllts clwsf/ k~rfotsfnlg ;+s'lrt uf]/]6f]af6 rln/xg afwo kfl/of]. ;DejtM k~rfot sfndf ;3g agb} upsf] kxf8l ;f+:s[lts cf]l/og6];gú / /fhgllts elqmsf] cfwf/df dw];lx?nfo{ ef/tlo;/x Jojxf/ ug]{ -zdf{ ;g\!((@m & (_ ;fnkl5 ljlegg tj/df hf]8bf/ j}wflgstf kfof]. o;sf cg]sf}f c;/ b]lvp. pglx?sf] g]kfnlœjú k/lif0fs} 3]/fdf /Xof]. dw];af;lx?nfo{ g]kfnl;/x dfgotf lbp/ ;d]t g]kfnl ;dfhdf blnt, hghfltdfly x'fb} cfpsf] h:tf] cgofo sfod /xg ;Dej lyof]. t/ dw];l klxrfgdf ptkgg ljlzi6 ;+s6sf] sf/0f dw];l zf]if0fsf] k s[lt k[ys\ /Xof]. pglx? ef/tlo epsf] z+sf Jofks kdf xfjl /lx/xof]. o:tf] ;fnk"j{;dd Tolt km:6fpsf] lypg. k"j{ /fhosf] rl/q g} a]un} epsf]n] dw];lx? ef/tlo d"nsf x'g'n] ev{/ cfsf/ lnfb} u/]sf] g]kfnl ;fj{hlgs j[qdf plt rf;f] / lrgtf pahfpsf] kfofb}g. tyflk g]kfnl ;dfhdf P]ltxfl;s ;dob]lv g} cfgtl/s cf}kl/j]lzs zf]if0fdf k/]sf] o; If]qsf d"njf;lx?n] cgo s'/fsf] cnfjf g]kfnlœjú / g]kfnl gful/stfú sf] ;d:ofaf6 ef]u]sf] s:6n] pglx?sf] b}glgbgldf ;d]t rf}tkml{ k efj kf of]. To;}n] ;Ls] nfnn] eg] h:t}, dw];l klxrfgnfo{ ;dfj]z ug{ ;femf g]kfnl eljiosf] vf]hl cfjzos 5. ;Ls] nfn eg5g\, g]kfnl klxrfgsf] lgdf{0f g]kfnl /fli6«otf, g]kfnl hftlotf / g]kfnl gful/stfsf] ;+ud xf]. cyf{t æhf] g]kfnl gful/s 5, pm hftlo g]kfnl gful/s klg x'g' k5{ / /fli6«o g]kfnl x'g' k5{. To;}n] xfd f]

14 130 ef:s/ uf}td gful/stfsf] k df0fkq /fli6«otfsf] k df0fkq xf].æ 10 klxrfg Pj+ cfwf/e"t clwsf/nfo{ k efljt t'nofpg'sf ;fy} gful/stfsf] /fhglltn] g]kfnl /fli6«otfsf] a'emfonfo{ cfsf/ lbpsf]n] casf] v08 o; ljifodf s]lgb t x'g] 5. gful/stfn] hgdfpsf] c;dfgtf g]kfndf gful/stf x/]s gful/ssf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/;fu uffl;psf] 5. gful/sœjaf6 ;a} clwsf/sf] k f/de x'g] ljzjjofkl dfgotfnfo{ gful/stfn] yk k fyldstf lbof]. 6g{/sf] kl/efiff cg';f/ gful/stfsf] ulx/f] ;DaGw ;dfhdf x'g] ; f]tsf] k jfxú;fu x'g5. gful/stfnfo{ Goflos, /fhgllts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs lqmofsnfksf ;d"xsf] kdf JofVof ug{ ;lsg5. lsg eg] ;d'bfo / JolQmsf ; f]tsf] k jfxnfo{ gful/stfn] cfsf/ lbo/xsf] x'g5. 11 dw];lsf] hlljsf, kl/jlt{t hljgz}nl tyf :yfglo / s]gb Lo zf;g;qfdf pglx?sf] kx'fr;fu gful/stfsf] ;DaGw ulx/f] 5. t/ dw];lx?nfo{ gful/stf k df0fkq lbg] gfddf ef/tlox?n] g]kfnl e"ld sahfú ug]{ 5g\ egg] xfpfu'hl gful/stf glbgsf] nflu ;a}egbf k v/ kdf 5fPsf]n] hgdl;4 clwsf/nfo{ kg5fpfb} gful/stf glbpsf] Oltxf; nfdf] 5. oblk ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg x'g] dª\l;/!) ut], Joj:yflksfaf6 kfl/t gful/stf P]gn] klxn]egbf ;xh kdf hgdsf] cfwf/dfú gful/stf lbg 9f]sf vf]nof]. of] ;fn r}q d;fgt;dd g]kfndf hgd eo{ a;f]af; ub}{ cfpsf] JolQmnfO{ gful/stf lbg] pnn]v ul/of]. o;}sf] sf] cgtodf sl/a!) nfv / kxf8 lxdfndf!@ nfv dflg;n] gful/stf kfp. nfvf}+ gful/stfljxlg dflg;n] gful/stf kfp klg ;f] k fjwfg cfd"n kl/jt{gsf/l nf]stflgqs d"nodfgotfdf cfwfl/t lypg. of] g]kfnl /fhgllts kl/j]zsf] ljlzi6 jf:tljstfsf] pkh lyof]. tyflk klxnf h:t}12 gful/stf sf] lj/f]wdf gful/stf b'?kof]u k ltsf/ ;ldlt u7g eof] / k'gm Ps k6s g]kfn lkmhls/0fú x'g], l;lssdls/0fú x'g] / ef/tlox?sf] sahfdf hfg]ú rrf{ Jofks /Xof] -x]g{'xf];\ cyf{t\ ;ff3'/f] bfo/fdf lgld{t kxf8l /fi6«jfb c;f]h!) ut] dfl6{g rf}tf/ldf epsf] g]kfnsf] t/fo{m ;d:of / ;dfwfgú ljifos 5nkmndf cfwfl/t. 11 6g{/ a'u]nof08 -;g\!(((m (*_ df pnn]v ep cg';f/. 12 d"ntm dw];nfo{ nlift ub}{ ;do ;dodf gful/stf ljt/0f sfo{k lt tlj lj/f]wx? epsf 5g\. w]/} k6s gful/stf ljt/0f k tlsf/ ;ldltú jf ;f]xl cfzo hgfpg] ;d"x klg lgdf{0f epsf 5g\. /fli6«otfnfo{ cfwf/ agfp/ lj/f]w ul/psf s]xl ;+slnt n]vx? / o:tf ;ldltsf] yk hfgsf/lsf] nlfu e08f/l -@)^$_ x]g'{xf];\.

15 kl/toqm dw]; M lnvtåf/f s}b g]kfnl /fli6«otf131 gful/stf ljt/0fsf] avt k'gm xfjl eof]. To;}n] /fhosf] k fof]hgdf ef/tlo cfk jf;lx?nfo{ of]hgfj4 kdf dw];df NofOPsf] / pglx?n] t/fo{sf] cfly{s ljsf;df 7"nf] of]ubfg k' ofpsf] P]ltxfl;s oyfy{nfo{ hlxn] klg o:tf ts{n] j]jf:tf u/]sf] kfog5. ;ff3'/f] g]kfnl /fi6«jfb;fu dfq gep/ ; f]tsf] k jfx;fu gful/stfsf] /fhgllt hf]l8psf] 5. emfkfsf ;tf/af/] ul/psf] cwoogsf] cfwf/df a'u]nof08 eg5g\, ;tf/x?sf] cj:yfdf gful/stf gkfpg'n] g/fd f] rqmsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5. a'u]nof08sf cg';f/ pglx?, e"ldxlg epsf] sf/0f lkm/gt] x'g'k5{, / olb lkm/gt] eoof] eg] dflg;n] 3'ldlxF8\g] hfltú eg]/ a' 5g\. clg 3'ldlxF8\g] hfltúdf ;fd]n epkl5 dflg; OdfGbf/ x'gg egg] cjwf/0ff kfog5. OdfGbf/ -Njfon_ geps} sf/0f gful/stfsf] nflu cof]uo eog5 -;g\!(((m!!#_. pgl k Zg u5{g\, t/ s;}n] klg Tof] ;d'bfodf s;/l a:g] cfzf u5{g\ hxff hlljsf cfh{g ug{ ;lsgg < clg gful/stf klg gkfog] ;fy} cfkm"dfly Jofks lje]b ;d]t epsf] b]zk lt OdfGbf/ x'g] ck]iff s;/l ug{ ;lsg5 < -;g\!(((m!!#_. gful/stf gx'gfn] ; f]tsf] k jfxaf6 cnu x'g] rqmnfo{ JofVof ub}{ a'u]nof08 n]v5g\, olb ;'/lift df]xlclwsf/ u'dfoof] eg] e"ldxlg xf]og5. e"ldxlg epkl5 cfˆgf] j+zh k dfl0ft ug]{ kof{kt sfuhft cfkm";fu x'gg / To;kl5 gful/stfsf] clwsf/ klg. gful/stf j]u/ df]xlclwsf/sf] bfal ug{ ;lsgg / hldg lsgg klg ;lsgg. 7"nf sf/vfgfx?df /f]huf/ kfogg, sn]hdf egf{ kfogg / lghfdlt ;]jfdf hflu/ kfogg. kl/0ffd u/la xf]og5 / ;a} s'/f TofluG5. ;DejtM /fho klg TofluG5 h;n] cfwf/e"t -dfgotf /_ ;]jf ;'lglzrt ug{ ;Sb}g -;g\!(((m!!#_. a'u]nof08sf] JofVofn] k :6 kf5{ gful/stf klg gepsf / g]kfnl x'gaf6 ;d]t 6f9f kfl/fb} nlupsf dw];lx?sf] c;gt'li6 / lg/fzf /fhok lt lsg r/d 5. t/ gful/stfsf] kif ljkifdf g]kfnl ;dfhdf b]vf k/]sf w]/} cleofgx? ls t #$ $) nfv dw];lx?n] gful/stf gkfpsf gf/fjfhldf a9l s]lgb t lypù ls ;xlú g]kfnln] gful/stf kfpg' kg]{ s'/fdf z+sf gep klg ljb]zlx? -d"ntm ef/tlox?_n] kfpg'x'gg / g]kfn lj:tf/jfblsf] k~hfdf kg'{ x'gg egg] s'/fdf w]/} cndlnpsf] sf] clgtd dlxgfx?df ha dw];df!) nfv / lxdfn kxf8df!@ nfv dflg;x?n] gful/stf kfp To;j]nf klg w]/}n] ;ª\VofnfO{ dfq nlift ub}{ ts{ u/]. #$ $) nfv eg] klg cflv/ dw];df t s]jn!) nfvsf] dfq s'/f /x]5, a? lxdfn kxf8df g} w]/}n] kfpsf /x]g5g\ egg] pglx?sf] ts{ lyof] of] ts{n] kxf8 / dw];df

16 132 ef:s/ uf}td ljbdfg gful/stf;dagwl k[ys\ hl6ntfnfo{ ;xh / ;dfg kdf lnpsf] kfog5. olt dfq x}g, g]kfndf gful/stf ljt/0fsf] Oltxf;nfO{ OGsf/ ;d]t u/]sf] b]lvg5. cyf{t\ g]kfnl gful/stjún] s;/l gful/stfúdf legg lje]b lgdtofof] egg] j:t'k/s a'emfoaf6 ol ts{x? 6f9f /x]. dw];df d"ntm g]kfnl gepsf] cfz+sfn] ubf{ gful/stf gkfpsf w]/} lyp eg] kxf8 lxdfndf cfjzostf g} dx;'; gu/]sf]n] gful/stf glnpsf w]/} lyp. 13 gful/stf ljt/0fsf] ;+lifkt Oltxf; ;dsfnlg g]kfnl ;dfhdf clwsf+z dflg; lgs6 jt{dfg;dd gful/stfljxlg epsf] oyfy{ a' g gful/stf ljt/0fsf] ljsf;qmd / gful/stf P]gdf /x]sf] lje]bnfo{ ;+lifktdf s]nfpg' h?/l 5. To;kl5 dfq ;+ljwfg;ef lsg w]/} xb;dd gful/stfsf] ;d:of ;'Nemfpg] cj;/ ;fnkl5 v'nf /fhgllts jftfj/0fdf dw];lx?n] gful/stf kfpg' kg]{ dfu lsg pl7/x] / k6s k6ssf k of;x? lsg c;kmn /x] a' g ;lsg5. ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkl5 lgjf{rgsf] s'/f p7\bf gful/stfsf] s'g} cf}krfl/s kl/efiff lypg. ;g\!(%! sf] ;fj{hlgs k ltlglw P]g -klans l/k] h]g6];g PS6_ n] /fhosf] s'g} klg e"efudf a:g] x/]s JolQmnfO{ dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/ k bfg u/]sf] lyof]. lj:tf/} g]kfnl / ljb]zl gful/salrsf] km/snfo{ cftd;ft ub}{ g]kfnl gful/stf Jojl:yt Pj+ ;+/lift ug]{ k of;x? yflnp. o;sf] b'o{ jif{kl5 g]kfn gful/stf hf/l ul/of]. gful/stf;dagwl of] P]g t'ngftds kdf xfn;ddsf] ;a}egbf pbf/ / nlrnf] P]g lyof]. g]kfndf hgd]sf] jf g]kfnsf] :yfol afl;gbf jf cfdf a'afdwo] s'g} Pssf] hgd g]kfndf epsf] jf g]kfnl;fu ljjfx u/]sf gf/ln] g]kfnl gful/stf kfpg;sg] ;'lglzrttf o; P]gn] u/]sf] lyof]. c+uls[t gful/stfsf] xsdf klg s]jn kffr jif{ g]kfndf a;f]af; u/]sf] k dfl0ft u/]df gful/stf kfpg] k fjwfg lyof] -zdf{ cwoog sfo{bnsf] k To;a]nf g]kfn /fhgllts cgt/snx, /fhtgqnfo{ ;zqm agfpg] k of;, /f0ff Pj+ ef/bf/n] cfˆgf] zlqm k'g:yflkt ug]{ x/;dejsf] r]i6falr u'lh /x]sf] lyof] -hf]zl / /f]; k zf;lgs tyf Joj:yfkgsf] 13 g]kfnsf] ljlegg e"efudf a;f]af; ug]{ afl;gbfn] gful/stf k df0f kqsf] cfjzostf af]w gug'{ eg]sf] cfddflg;n] hljgsf b}lglgbgldf /fhosf] cfjzostf dx;'; gug'{ klg xf]. /fho / gful/salrsf] o:tf] ;DaGwaf/] ljlegg P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{ ;lxt o;sf] cwoog x'g;sof] eg] kxf8 / dw];sf hfltx?n] ef]lu/x]sf legg jf:tljstfsf] yk 1fg x'g] 5. ;fy} g]kfnl ;dfhdf gful/s x'g'sf] cy{nfo{ klxnofpg ;lsg] 5.

17 kl/toqm dw]; M lnvtåf/f s}b g]kfnl /fli6«otf133 nflu ;/sf/n] cfwf/e"t hu a;fo;s]sf] lypg. To;}n] ;j{;fwf/0fn] gful/stf lng] k lqmof ;':t lyof]. cem g]kfnsf] ;fif/tf b/ $ k ltztegbf sd epsf], ;/sf/sf] k rf/k ;f/sf] dfwod plt Jojl:yt / ;zqm gepsf] cj:yfdf dflg;x? cfkm} ;lqmo ep/ gful/stf lng] ;Defjgf Go"g lyof]. /fhgllts cl:y/tfaf6 d'n'sn] qf0f kfpg nfu]sf] cj:yfdf ttsfnlg /fhf dx]gb n] k hftgq lj?4 s"ú u/]. o;sf] b'o{ jif{kl5 pgn] hf/l u/]sf] g]kfnsf] df gful/stf;dagwl ;fnsf] t'ngfdf lgs} ;+s'lrt / ;ff3'/f] sf] gful/stf;dagwl k fjwfgdf g]kfnl /fi6«efiff af]ng / n]vg hfgg], g]kfnl ptklqsf] JolQm h:tf jfsof+zsf] k of]u ul/of]. oxl ;+ljwfgsf] hudf g]kfn gful/stf agof] h;df ol k fjwfg c+uls[t gful/stfsf] ;jfndf pnn]v u/] klg Jojxf/df dw];sf JolQmx?df nflbpsf]n] g} nfvf}+ dw];lx? gful/stfljxlg /x]. k~rfotl :jfy{ cg'?k gful/stf lngnfo{ klg g]kfnl efiff clgjfo{ hfgg'kg]{ afwosf/l cj:yf ;[hgf ul/of]. csf]{tkm{ /fli6«o Pstf / b]zelqmsf] gfddf g]kfnl ptklqsf] JolQm h:tf c:ki6 jfsof+znfo{ k~rfotl ;+ljwfgdf ;fnsf] ;+zf]wgn] of] jfsof+zsf] JofVof ug]{ clwsf/ k d'v lhnnf clwsf/l / jf c~rnfwl;nfo{ lbp/ g]kfnl gful/stfnfo{ ;ff3'/f] 3]/fdf ;Lldt t'nofpg] cleofgdf csf]{ s8l ykof]. Pp6f k zf;snfo{ o;sf] JofVof ug]{ 5'6 epsf]n] dw];ldflysf] lje]bnfo{ Jofks t'nofpg o;n] ;3fp k' ofof]. sf/0f dw];sf ;a} If]qdf d"ntm kxf8l klxrfgnfo{ dfq g]kfnl klxrfg dfgg] k zf;sx?s} ;b}j af]nafnf /Xof]. x]bf{ cª\uls[t gful/stf / ljb]zlsf] nflu dfq of] k fjwfg /flvp klg dw];lx?n] gful/stf lng] qmddf ;d]t of] Joj:yf clgjfo{ / afwosf/l agof]. of] ceof;n] dw];lnfo{ ljb]zl ;/x ;Demg jf ef/tl x'g\ egl alx:s[t ug{ an k' ;fndf b]lvpsf] gful/stf;dagwl pbf/ Joj:yf k~rfotsf] cfudg;fu} k~rfotl /fli6«otfú;fu uffl;p/ dfl;g k'uof]. dw];sf If]qx?df v; efiffsf] k efj /xg'egbf ;of}+ jif{cl3b]lv yf?, d}lynl, ef]hk'/l, cjwl cflb efiff af]nb} cfpsfx?nfo{ cfh klg /fd f];fu g]kfnl efiff af]ng cfpfb}g. egbf cl3;dd dw];sf :s'nx?df k9fosf] dfwod lxgbl dfq lypg g]x? xdf/f k wfgdgql cf}/ lbnnl xdf/f /fhwfgl eg]/ g} k9fogyof] -bfxfn ;g\!((@ù k+u]gl of] ttsfnlg g]kfnl ;dfhsf] ;fnalrsf] cjlwdf g]kfnsf] /fi6«efiff lxgbl x'g'k5{ egg] hf]8bf/ dfu klg p7]sf] lyof]. To;}n] g]kfnl / lxgbldwo] s'g /fi6«efiff x'g] egg] ljjfb ;/sf/l 3f]if0ffn] 6'ËØfPsf] rf/ kffr jif{ glatb} k~rfotl ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnl efiff af]ng] / n]vg]n] dfq gful/stf kfpg] 3'dfp/f] k fjwfg

18 134 ef:s/ uf}td /fvof]. ev{/} g]kfnlnfo{ /fli6«o efiff 3f]if0ff u/]sf] cj:yfdf / g]kfnl efiffsf ljsf; of]hgfx?n] sfuhl vfsf dfq tof/ ul//x]sf] ;dodf o:tf] k fjwfg /fvg' dw];lnfo{ d"ntm huufsf] :jfldtjaf6 cnu /fvg' ;d]t lyof]. hl6n k fjwfgsf] cfwf/df gful/stf k df0fkqaf6 cnu /fv] e":jfldtjaf6 aflx/ /fvg ;lsg] lyof]. To;}n] o:tf ceof;n] j}wflgstf kfp. cª\uls[t gful/stf lng] k fjwfg ljb]zlsf nflu dfq /flvpsf] sfg'gl Joj:yf xf] eg]/ sfg'gd} ls6fg ul/p klg of] k fjwfg Jojxf/df dw];lx?sf] nflu sfg'gl emgem6 agfoof]. k~rfotl Joj:yf :yflkt / alnof] x'fb} hffbf emg\ ;zqm / ;ff3'/f] agb} upsf] kxf8l klxrfgsf] 7"nf] lzsf/ dw];lx? x'fb} up. kl/0ffd:j?k pglx? ; f]t / klxrfgsf] cefjdf /fholjxlg gful/s;/x afrg afwo t'nofop -dw];l hgclwsf/ kmf]/d dw];l Pstf g]kfn gful/stf k~rfotsf] cgto;dd cfok'ubf rf/ k6s ;+zf]wg ul/of]. o;alr k~rfotl Joj:yfn] w]/} k6s 6f]nLx? v6fp/ gful/stf ljt/0f u of]. gful/stfsf ol P]g / lgodfjnlsf] ljsf;qmd;fu} g]kfnlhgn] gful/stf kfpg] ultdf j[l4 x'fb} uof]. g]kfn gful/stf sf] ;fn;dd ;a} aflnu g]kfnln] gful/stf lno;sg' kg]{ k fjwfg lyof]. #* ;fn;dd k~rfotl ;/sf/n] rf/ ljlegg r/0fdf ljefhg u/]/ 6f]nLx? v6fp ;fn;dd g]kfndf n] dfq gful/stf kfpsf lyp -cwoog sfo{bnsf] k %%_. sl/a ^* nfv aflnu hg;+vofn] gful/stf lnpsf lypgg\. k~rfotl Joj:yfsf] ;Dd, k'gm rf/ k6s 6f]nL v6fp/ Jofks kdf gful/stf ljt/0f ;fndf v6fopsf] kl5nnf] 6f]nLn] cfˆgf] sfd ;s]/ kms{bf nfv $@ xhf/ JolQmn] gful/stf kfpsf lypgg\ -cwoog sfo{bnsf] k 14 ;fnsf] v'nf /fhgllts dfxf]ndf nfvf}n] gful/stf gkfpsf] cfjfh p7\g' ;fdfgo x'g cfpf5. t/ lsg k~rfot Joj:yfn] dw];jf;lnfo{ lje]b ub}{ gful/stf ljt/0f k lqmofnfo{ hl6n agfof] ;fncl3 lsg s'g} klg 6f]nL v6fp/ gful/stf ljt/0f ul/pg ;fnkl5 p7]sf dw];l cfjfhx?n] ubf{ s] k~rfotl /fh ;z+lst lyof] < k~rfotsfndf dw];b]lv ;z+lst x'g'kg]{ / 8/fpg'kg]{ cfwf/ s] lyp < o:tf clwsf+z k Zgx?sf] pq/ aflnu tyofí ;+sng / gful/stf ljt/0fsf] ;+Vof x]bf{ sl/a %@ nfv aflnu hg;+vofn] gful/stf glnpsf] b]lvg5. t/ pknaw tyof+ssf] cfwf/df dfq of] ;+Vof ;xl xf] egl ls6fg;fy egg] cfwf/ 5}g.

19 kl/toqm dw]; M lnvtåf/f s}b g]kfnl /fli6«otf135 xfn;dd pknaw dw];lsf ;d:ofú, ;dfwfgsf] pkfoú, dw];lsf] cfjfhú cflb s'g} klg n]vgldf kfofb}g -x]gf]{;\ u]oh ;g\!(&%ù yfkf / d}gfnl u'ktf / k df0fkqdf s}b /fli6«otf dw];df gful/stf lje]bsf] /fhgllt dw];lx?nfo{ :jtm JolQmut / ;fd'bflos ; f]taf6 ;xh} cnuofpg] pkfo dfq} x}g, /fhgllts clwsf/af6 kg5fpg] ;fy} klxrfgsf] ;+s6 lgdf{0f ug]{ cfof]hgf lyof]. oxl sf/0f g]kfnl /fli6«o kl/ro lgdf{0fsf] ;+:s[ltn] dw];lx?nfo{ ;Dk"0f{ ; f]taf6 aflx/ /fvg] sf] bzsb]lv gful/stfnfo{ Pp6f ;kmn ;+/rgf agfoof]. gful/stf g]kfnl x'g'sf] b:tfj]h ;d]t agfopsf]n] dw];lx?nfo{ u}/g]kfnlsf] kdf :yflkt ug{ kxf8l kl/ro alnof] k tls ;fn;dd cfok'ubf g]kfn gful/stf df kffrf}f k6s ;+zf]wg eof]. tl s'g} klg ;fnsf] ;ff3'/f] k fjwfgdf ;dflji6 /fi6«efiff af]ng / n]vg hfgg] JolQm Pj+ g]]kfnl ptklqsf] JolQm h:tf jfsof+zdf ;'wf/ NofPgg\. k~rfotdf ;3g epsf] g]kfnl /fli6«otfsf] ;ff3'/f] nf]sdfu{s} sf/0f kxf8lx?sf] sfnklgsldf dw];lx? d:of{ú wf]tlú e}ofú g} /x]. cyf{t\ pglx? sfnf hflt / ef/tlo d"nsf x'g\ù hf] g]kfnl xf]ogg\, dw];l x'g\ egg] dfgl;stf g} xfjl eof]. g]kfnl ;dfhdf jr{zj epsfx?n] kxf8l lrgtgdf cfwfl/t /fli6«o g]kfnl ;+:s[ltúdf ;dflxt dfgl;stf cfufn]sf ;fnkl5 gful/stf ljt/0fdf dfq} x}g, eflifs clwsf/ Pj+ /fhgllts j[qdf ;d]t dw];lx?sf] ;Gbe{df ;f]xl b[li6sf]0f ;3g kdf clejoqm eo/xof]. 15 gful/stfnfo{ lnp/ epsf] sfg'gl n8fo{f o;sf] Pp6f kif dfq xf]. klxnf] lgjf{lrt ;/sf/n] oxl dfgotfnfo{ cftd;ft u/]sf]n] gful/stfsf] ljifonfo{ k fyldstf lbfb} g]kfnl gful/stf hf/l u of]. ;f] ;fndf gful/stf ljt/0f ug]{ clwsf/l -gful/stf 6f]nL_ sf] /]s8{df ;dfj]z epsf gfdx?sf] cfwf/df gful/stf ;fnsf] hgdt ;+u xsf] dtbftf lgodfjnldf gfd epsfnfo{ gful/stf lbg], / g]kfnleq s'g} klg ;/sf/l jf ;/sf/l :jfldtjdf /x]sf] ;+:yfdf cljlr5gg ;]jf ul//x]sf] jf ;]jf ;fnalr ;fn kl5 hftlo clwsf/sf] s]gb df eflifs clwsf/ /xfb} cfpsf]n] dw];l /fhglltnufot cgo ;+3if{nfO{ cfsf/ lbg o;sf] e"ldsf cx+ 5. ;fy} ;fj{hlgs j[qsf /fli6«otfsf] a'emfo Pj+ ljifonfo{ k efljt t'nofpg] of] k d'v dfwod ep klg o;sf] lj:t[t JofVof o; n]vdf ul/psf] 5}g.

20 136 ef:s/ uf}td u/l cjsfz k fkt u/]sf] JolQm gful/s dflgg] h:tf k fjwfg ;dfj]z u of] -cwoog sfo{bnsf] k &!_. ;f] lgodfjnln] ;xh sfof{gjogsf] nflu uflj; cwoif / pkfwoifn] s'g} klg gful/stf kfpg] JolQmnfO{ l;kml/z ug{;sg] cltvof/l lbof]. pk]gb ofbjsf cg';f/, o; cfwf/df gful/stf kfpg s]xl ;lhnf] epsf] lyof]. o;/l lgs} ;xh lx;fan] yfngl epsf] gful/stf ljt/0f sfo{ lj?4 ;+ljwfg;fu pqm gful/stf lgodfjnl aflemof] egl clwjqmf afns[i0f Gof}kfg]sf] l/6 k of]. 16 ToxL l/6sf] kifdf km};nf ub}{ ;jf]{rr cbfntsf] ljz]if Ohnf;df ul/psf] lg0f{osf] cfb]zn] o; lgodfjnl cgtu{t gful/stf ljt/0fdf /f]ssf u of] c;f/df afns[i0f Gof}kfg]sf] l/6sf] kifdf ;jf]{rrsf] cfb]zsf] ;f/ lyof] M g]kfn gful/stf P]g Pj+ lgodfjnl g]kfn clw/fhosf] ;+ljwfg;fu aflempsf] 5. To;}n] ;f] ab/ ul/of] / cdfgo 3f]lift ul/of] -cwoog sfo{bnsf] k &@_. ;fndf Pdfn]sf] g]t[tjdf /x]sf] ;/sf/n] klg gful/stf ljt/0fsf s]xl k of;x? u/]. ttsfnlg ;/sf/åf/f ul7t wgklt pkfwofo n] gful/stf gkfpsf nfvf}f -#$ nfv_ JolQmx?nfO{ ;/n / l56f] 5l/tf] 9Ën] gful/stf lbg l;kmfl/z u/]sf] lyof]. wgklt cfof]usf] ;'emfjnfo{ sfof{gjog ;fndf dxgy 7fs'/sf] g]t[tjdf cfof]u u7g ul/of]. To;sf] s]xl ;dokl5 log} ;'emfjnfo{ d"t{?k df lht]gb b]jsf] ;+of]hstjdf gful/stf cg'udg tyf sfo{d"nof+sg ;ldlt u7g ul/of]. of] ;ldltn] tof/ u/]sf] sfo{ lgb]{lzsfsf] cfwf/df ;/sf/n] 6f]nL u7g u/l clw/fhosf #$ nfv gful/stfljxlgnfo{ gful/stf k bfg ug]{ clwsf/ ;'Dk]sf] lyof]. klxnf] r/0fdf 6f]nLn] #$,)$) gful/stf ljt/0f u of] pk ]tl o:tf] ljt/0f k lqmofsf] kif ljkifdf ax; tlj agof] -x]g'{xf];\ To;}n] /fhgllts j[qdf ;d]t sfg'gl cfj/0fdf kxf8l /fli6«otfsf] ;ff3'/f] lrgtg ;zqm /Xof]. pbfx/0fsf] ;fndf k ltlglw;efaf6 kfl/t ul/psf] g]kfn gful/stf -g]kfn gful/stf sf] 5}6f}+ ;+zf]wg_ nfo{ cbfntn] ;+ljwfg ;Ddt gepsf] eg]/ vf/]h u/]kl5 gful/stfsf] ljjfb k'gm bf]xf]l/of]. ;f] ljw]osdf dt xfng] lbg g]kfn sdo'lgi6 kf6l{ -Pdfn]_ k ltlglw ;efdf cg'kl:yt /x]/ ljw]os kfl/t ug{ dfu{ k z:t u/]sf]df rf}tkml{ cfnf]rgf eof]. 16 lj:t[t ljj/0fsf] ;fnsf] l/6 x]gf]{;\.

21 kl/toqm dw]; M lnvtåf/f s}b g]kfnl /fli6«otf137 pqm ljw]os ;+;bsf] ;f]x f}f clwj]zgdf ;a} /fhgllts bnx?åf/f, kfl/t ep klg /fli6«o ;efdf k'u]kl5 pqm ;+zf]wg ljw]osnfo{ g]skf Pdfn]sf] c;xof]usf sf/0fn] /fli6«o ;efn] ax'dtaf6 c:jlsf/ u/l k'gm k ltlglw ;efd} k7fpsf] lyof]. /fli6«o ;efaf6 lkmtf{ cfpkl5 k'gm k ltlglw ;efaf6 kfl/t ug]{ ;dodf pqm ;+zf]lwt ljw]ossf] ;Qf?9 bn g]sffafx]s ;a} bnx?n] lj/f]w hgfpsf lyp eg] g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6l{ t6:y /x]sf] lyof]. k ltlglw;efdf ljkifl bnx?sf] lj/f]wsf afjh'b ;Qf?9 bn g]sffn] cfˆgf] ax'dtsf] cf8df k ltlglw ;efaf6 k'gm kfl/t u/l pqm ljw]os pk/ nfndf]x/ nufpg >L % ;dif hfx]/ u/]sf] lyof]. /fhfn] ljw]ossf ;DaGwdf ;jf]{rr cbfntsf] ;Nnfx dfu]sf]df ;jf]{rrn] pqm ljw]osnfo{ g]kfn clw/fhosf] ;Fu aflempsf] / ;+ljwfg ;Ddt gepsf] /fo k :t't u/]sf] lyof]. ;+;baf6 kfl/t u/l nfndf]x/sf nflu /fhf ;dif k :t't u/]sf] ljw]os kl5 b]pjf ;/sf/n] lkmtf{ lnof] #@_. ofbjsf cg';f/ ljw]osdf pnn]v æj+zhsf] gful/s 7xg]{ JolQmsf] lktfn] gful/stf k df0fkq glnpsf] ep klg lghsf] ;Gtfg g]kfnl x'g]5æ jfsof+z g} ljw]ossf] ;a}egbf ljjfbf:kb kif lyof] #@_. cyf{t\ hgdl;4 clwsf/sf] cfwf/df gful/stf kfpg] s'/fsf] 7"nf] lj/f]w epsf] lyof], h;nfo{ ;~rf/hut / sf7df8f}fsf jr{zjjfblx?n] /fi6«sf] lxt ljk/lt 7x/fPsf lyp -pk ]tl ttsfnlg g]skf -dfn]_sf] cwoog sfo{bn cfˆgf] k ltj]bgdf n]v5, olb ol b]zx?sf -rlg / ef/t_ gful/sx?dwo] ;fgf] ;+Vofn] dfq g]kfnsf] gful/stf kfpg] xf] eg] g]kfn /fi6«sf] l:ylt s:tf] xf]nf ;lhn} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg5. ===rlg;fu 8/fpg' kg]{ cj:yf 5}g=== ef/t;fu 5. ===ca pglx? -ef/t_ g]kfnsf] /fhoogqdf cfˆgf gful/sx? 3';fpg] if8\ogqdf epsf] a'lemg5. ===-of] ljw]os_ /fi6«3ftlú ===/ ;+ljwfg k lts"n epsf] x'gfn] o;nfo{ ;+;bdf k :t't ug{ / kfl/t u/fpg ;/sf/n] lgs} hfnem]n / if8ogq ;d]t u/]sf] b]lvg5. ===of] ljw]os P]g x'g] xf] eg] t g]kfndf hgd]sfú elgg] ef/tlox?sf cfdfúsf ef/tel/sf ;Gtfgn] ;d]t g]kfnl gful/stf kfpg] ep -cwoog sfo{bnsf] #, ^, *_. o;/l cwoog k ltj]bgel/ g]skf -dfn]_n] cd"t{ /fli6«otfsf] s'/f ub}{ hgdl;4 clwsf/sf] cfwf/df gful/stf lbg] s'/fnfo{ e/dub'/ lj/f]w u of]. 17 ;j{kiflo 17 ;fef/ ul/psf] d'vo kf7df gful/stf ;d:ofsf] d'vo sf/0f lhnnf k zf;g / hgk ltlglwx?sf] e i6frf/ xf], egl o;/l lrgx nufp/ k6s k6s hf]8 lbopsf] kfog5 -x]g'{xf];\ cwoog sfo{nbnsf] k #&_. gful/stf ljt/0f;fu uffl;psf]

22 138 ef:s/ uf}td ;ldltú / 6f]nL u7g u/]/ ljb]zl xf]og g]kfnln] gful/stf kfpg] jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ul/g' k5{ù t/ ;j{kiflo ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf u7g ul/g] 6f]nLsf sd{rf/l tyf xflsdx? gful/stf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ OR5's, /fi6«eqm, lgikif, / e i6frf/ gug]{ x'g'k5{ egg] s'/fdf kf6l{n] d'vo hf]8 lbpsf] lyof] -cwoog sfo{bnsf] k $&_. o;/l ef/tnfo{ cl3 ;f/]/ gful/stf ljw]ossf] lj/f]w ug]{df g]skf -dfn]_ dfq PSnf] lypg. d"n kdf /fli6«otfsf] gf/f jl/kl/?dlnp/ ljw]osk lt k ltlqmof JoQm ub}{ g]kfn l;lssdls/0f / lkmhls/0f x'g] vt/f cf}fnofpg] nfddf ;a} sdo'lg:6 kf6l{ cl3 cl3 #@_, u}/sdo'lg:6 kl5 kl5 lyp. o:tf ax;x?alr sfg'gl ;+3if{ hf/l /x]sf]n] Pdfn]sf] cnkdtsf] ;/sf/n] 6f]nLdfkm{t u/]sf] gful/stf ljt/0fnfo{ w]/} ;fpg * df ;jf]{rrsf] sfo{lgb]{lzsf adf]lhd u}/sfg'gl k lqmof 7x ofpfb} /2 ug]{ cfb]z lbof]. ;f] ljj/0fdf gful/stf k fkt ug]{x?nfo{ ;jf]{rrn] u}/g]kfnl cyjf cgful/s g7x ofp klg pglx?nfo{ lbopsf] gful/stf k'gm lkmtf{ lnopsf] lyof] #! #@_. ;jf]{rr cbfntn] o;/l gful/stf /f]ssf u/]kl5 a'unof08n] eg] h:t} ; f]tsf] k jfxdf o;n] 7"nf] c;/ k' ofof]. 6f]nLåf/f ljtl/t gful/stf /2 ug]{ cfb]zsf] kfngf ub}{, ===u[x dgqfnon] k d'v lhnnf clwsf/lx?nfo{ pqm gful/stf lnpsfx?sf] ;Dk"0f{ sf/f]af/ /f]ssf ug{ ljz]if lgb]{zg lbg'sf ;fy} gful/stfaf6 cflh{t ;Dk"0f{ ;DklQ /f]ssf ug{, 3/, huuf hdlg vl/b ljqml ug{ gkfpg], /fxbfgl hf/l gug]{, gful/stfsf] cfwf/df s'g} cgo kl/jf/sf] ;b:onfo{ gful/stf k bfg gug]{ h:tf lgb]{zg=== #@_ lbof]. of] 36gf dw];lx?sf] sxfnlnfubf] / ;+s6u :t hljgsf] Pp6f cfofd dfq xf]. k hftgq cfpsf] bzsf}f;dd dw];lx?sf] u'0f:t/lo hljgú 6f9fsf] s'/f alg/xof]. Go"gtd afrg kfpg] clwsf/sf] nflu ;d]t g]kfnl /fhodf ljbdfg P]gsfg"g / cbfnt afws alg/xof]. o:tf k ltlqmofn] d"ntm dw];lsf] If]qLo k zf;lgs Pj+ Joj:yfksLo sf/0f / e i6frf/ a]un] cg';gwfgsf] ljifo xf]. ;+ljwfg;ef k"j{ cf7 bnsf] ;+/IfTj / l;kmfl/zdf ljtl/t x'fbf ;d]t e i6frf/ ljjfbsf] rsf]{ ljifo lyof]. cgo cj:yfdf eg] bnsf log} k ltlglw / sfo{stf{n] e i6frf/sf s'/f p7fo/x]sf x'g5g\. ljutdf 5fPsf] /fli6«otfsf] lrgtf, w]/} cg]kfnlú / d"ntm ef/tloún] gful/stf kfpsf] lj/f]w ;fy} e i6frf/sf] )^$ df gful/stf ljt/0f x'fbf ;d]t Jofks /Xof]. To;}n] ljbdfg ;/sf/l ;+ogq / ;f];fu hf]l8psf] /fhgllt tyf bnx?sf] bf]xf]/f] rl/q k[ys\ zf]wsf] ljifo xf].

23 kl/toqm dw]; M lnvtåf/f s}b g]kfnl /fli6«otf139 ;d:ofx?nfo{ lg/gt/tf lbg / dw];lnfo{ bf]od gful/s;/x /flv/fvg ;3fP. gful/stfnfo{ /fli6«otfsf] b:tfj]h agfpg] x/;dej k of; ep. nf]stgq s'g} klg dflg;n] pkef]u ug]{ gful/s, /fhgllts / ;fdflhs clwsf/ xf]. 18 df;{nsf cg';f/ gful/stfn] dflg;nfo{ of] clwsf/ pkef]u ug]{ af6f] vf]n5 ;fy} ;d'bfosf] k"0f{ ;b:otf k bfg u5{. bf]; f], hf] of] ;dfg x}l;ot;fu ;DalGwt 5g\ pglx?n] clwsf/ / st{jo;fu uffl;psf] ;dfg x}l;ot klg u x0f u5{g\. To;}n] gful/stfn] s'g} klg gful/snfo{ ;fdflhs c;dfgtf / lje]baf6 5'6\sf/f lbg] Pj+ /fhgllts / ;fdflhs clwsf/ 7Dofpg] w/ftn lgdf{0fdf ;3fp k' ofpf5. oxl sf/0f ;fdflhs ju{;fu gful/stjsf] ulx/f] ;DaGw 5. gful/stfn] ljkgg ju{ ptkfbg ug{ ;+/rgfut hl6ntf lgdf{0f ug'{ Pp6f 7f]; b[i6fgt xf]. emfkfsf] ;tf/sf ;Gbe{df a'u]nof08n] u/]sf] JofVofn] dw];l ;dfhdf yk ;fsf/ k lnfb} uof]. s]xl bzsd} o:tf] k fjwfgn] dfly cf}fnofpe}fm dw];lx?nfo{ ; f]taf6 aflx/ /fvg ;3fpg'sf ;fy} pglx?sf] klxrfgdfly ;+s6 lgdtofpg / /fli6«o OdfGbfl/tfk lt k Zg p7fpg] cfwf/x?df an lbof]. To;}n] gful/stf;fu} ; f]t / cfwf/e"t clwsf/af6 dw];lx?nfo{ aflx/ /flvpsf] dfq x}g pglx?nfo{ gful/stf gkfpg] cj:yf ;[hgf u/]/ dw];df w]/} u/la ptkfbg ul/psf] ;xh} a' g ;lsg5. ol kifx? Affx]s gful/stf;dagwl P]g sfg'g k'?ifnfo{ ;xof]ul x'g] k fjwfgn] el/k"0f{ lyp, h;n] dw];l dlxnfx?nfo{ t]xf]/f] kdf k/fl>t agfof]. 19 o:tf k'?if k wfg k fjwfgx? hlljt} 5g\. csf]{tkm{ ef]6sf] /fhgllt;fu gful/stfsf] ;DaGw ulx/f] /Xof]. gful/stfljxlg /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t dtbfg ug]{ dw];lx?sf] ;fnkl5 nfvf}fdf /x]sf] cg'dfg w]/}sf] 5. of] jf:tljstfn] eg5, gful/stf;dagwl hl6ntfnfo{ /fhgllts bnx?n] 5f]6f] b"/ldf d"nofíg ub}{ ef]6sf] /fhglltsf] nflu pkof]u ul//x]. 20 ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgx'fdf gful/stfdfkm{t 7"nf] xb;dd u/la ptkfbg ug]{ ;+/rgfut :j?ksf] cgto ep klg k':tf}f k':tf;dd o;sf c;/x? /xg] kssf af/an]7 -;g\!((&_ df pnn]vo ul/p cg';f/ 6L Pr df;{nsf] l;l6hgl;k P08 ;f]l;on Sof; -;g\!(%)_. 19 gful/stfsf sfg'gl k fjwfgn] k'?if k wfg ;+/rgf lgdf{0fdf ;3fp k' ofpsf] dl;gf] ljzn]if0fsf] a]un} zf]w ul/g' k5{. /fhosf k d'v sfg'gl k fjwfgn] k'?if k wfg j}wflgstf ;[hgf u/]sf] ljzn]if0fsf] nflu tfdfª x]g'{xf];\. 20 o; ljifodf zf]w ul//x]sf] qmddf d}n] klg / cgo y'k } ;Gbe{df w]/}n] hfg]a'em]sf] jf:tljstf xf] of]. of] kifdf Jojxf/df /fhgllts bnx?n] s;/l v]n] To;sf] ;dfhzf:qlo zf]w dxtjk"0f{ x'g5, h'g oxff ;Dej epg.