afn ;+;f/sf s]xl k sfzgx

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "afn ;+;f/sf s]xl k sfzgx"

Transcription

1

2

3 agr/f sf7sf t:s/x ck/fwl x'g\, hf] sf7 rf]g] { ck/fw u5{g\. pglx v sf6\5g\ / o;f] u/]/ hª\un df:g] sfd ub{5g\. hª\un dfl;of] eg] hljhgt' dfl;g5g\. k fs[lts jftfj/0f vnalng5. clg dfgj;eotfsf] hu xlnng5. To;}n] hgd eof] agr/fsf], hf] PSnf] kx/]bf/ agof] hª\unsf]. g]kfnl efiffdf slds;ú z}nlsf] klxnf] afnk':ts xf] agr/fú. d"no?= #% d"no?= () afn ;+;f/sf s]xl k sfzgx dfzfsf] lk/fxf tlsof ;fgl s]6l dfzfnfo{ cfˆgf] Gofgf] / g/d cf]5øfg dg k/]g. w]/} dflg;nfo{ cfk"ml;t epsf] s'/f dg kb} {g. cfˆgf] rlh g/fd f] nfu5. t/ g/fd f] 7fg]/ cfˆgf] rlhnfo{ ldnsfpfb}df gepsf] s'/f kfofb}g. cfk"ml;t epsf] rlh kf] cfˆgf] xf]. To;}n] dflg;n] cfˆgf] rlhsf] u'g lrgg ;Sg'k5{. dfzfn] klg cflv/df cfˆgf] cf]5øfgsf] u'g yfxf kfo{. p;sf] h:tf] Gofgf] / g/d cf]5øfg c sf] sxff x'g' Û ;L dxfjl/x sf] syf k frlg ;L /fhox sle / gf]euf]/f]bl;t d"no?= ^% ;DalGwt ol nf]sufyfx df ;L dxfjl/x sf] k/fqmd Pj+ jl/tfsf] avfg kfog5. v' Fvf/ 8fFs" dfgjeifl b}to / p8\g] zlqm epsf] tlg6fps] clhª\u/x nfo{ k/f:t u/l ltgsf] ctofrf/af6 ;L hgtfnfo{ d'lqm lbg] ONof d'/f]d]t;, bf]a LGof lgslltr / cfnof]zf kf]kf]lerh:tf gfosx sf] kf}/v syf /dfonf / k ]/0ffbfoL 5g\. d"no?= $% d"no?= #) glnf 8lNkmgx sf] 6fk' k zfgt dxf;fu/df cjl:yt 7"nf] df5fh:tf] cfsf/sf] Pp6f 6fk'df s'g} ;do cflbjf;l OlG8ogx a:y]. ;g\!*#% df ToxfFsf k"/} afl;gbf hxfh r9]/ cgoq a;fof ;bf{ Pp6L lszf]/lrflxf 6fk'df cnkq 5fl8g uo{. To;/L 5fl8PsL Tof] s]6l c7f/ jif{;dd To; lgh{g 6fk'df cg]s b'mv / si6 ]Nb} PSn} a:g afwo eo{. glnf 8lNkmgx sf] 6fk'Ú s/fgf gfdsl To; s]6ln] lhpfbf] /xgsf nflu u/]sf] cb\e't ;ª\3if{sf] dd{:kzl{ syf xf]. hxfhl l;gbafb hxfhl l;gbafbsf] syfú ljzjk l;4 syf z[ª\vnf c/asf /ftx Ú s} Pp6f s8l xf]. l;gbafbsf syfx n] ljzj;flxtodf Pp6f 5' } / ljlzi6 :yfg cf]u6]sf 5g\. ;ft ;ft k6ssf] ;d'b L ofqfsf] l;nl;nfdf l;gbafbn] ef]ug'k/]sf cgf}7f / lj:dosf/l 36gfqmdsf aofg k9\bf s] jo:s / s] afns ;a}n] /f]dfgr / sf}t'xnsf ;fy} cfggbsf] cg'e"lt ub{5g\. afn ;+;f/ lxdfn P;f]l;P;g kf6g9f]sf, nlntk'/ kmf]g g+=

4

5 ] dfl;s SHIKSHAK Monthly March 2008 k sfz kgt t]; f] cí cfj/0fm sf7df8f} +sf] ljh]zj/ll:yt ultfdftf dfljsf k wfgfwofks ljbfb]jl dxh{g. tl:a/m ls/0f kf08]. lxdfn P;f]l;P;gsf nflu a;gt yfkfåf/f ;Dkflbt tyf k sflzt ;Dks{M lxdfn P;f]l;P;g kf6g9f]sf, nlntk'/ kf]=a=g+=!^^, nlntk'/ kmf]gm %%$#@%@ %%$@%$$ km\ofs;m %%$!!(^ Od]nMmail@teacher.org.np j]amwww.teacher.org.np klqsf k flkt tyf laqml ljt/0f;dagwl ;f]wvf]hsf lgldt cz' sf]o/fnf d'b 0fM hubdaf k ]; xfqljg, nlntk'/ /fd f ;fd'bflos :s"n s;/l /fd f ep < g]kfnsf] :s"n lziffsf] :t/ cyjf P;Pn;L k/liffsf] kl/0ffdnfo{ jfl~5t txdf psf:g w]/} 7"nf] cfly{s ef}lts nufgl of qmflgtsf/l lziff glltú g} klv{/xg' cfjzos 5}g. cwoogx n] b]vfpsf 5g\ d u5' {Ú eg]/ cl3;g{ b[9lgzrol JolQmsf] vffrf]. cfj/0f lzifs /fhgllt bnlo bnbnaf6 d'qm xf]nf < bnlo /fhglltsf] lvrftfglaf6 ljbfnonfo{ 6f9f /fvg ;fdflhs bafa a9\b} upkl5 g]kfn lzifs o'lgogsf kbflwsf/lx ;+:yfsf] ljwfg ;+zf]wg u/l cfkm"nfo{ u}/ /fhgllts bzf{pg] k of;df nfu]sf 5g\. l/kf]6{ I * x]/fo a' ffo # ;dfrf/df lzifs cg';gwfgm 5fq 5fqfM sf] s;/l l;s5g\ <!^ ljbfno Joj:yfkgM ;d'bfo e/kbf{] ljsnk!* ljbfno Joj:yfkgM lhdd]jf/l :yfglo ;/sf/sf] ljrf/m lziff, lzifs / :yfglo kl/j]z cgtjf{tf{m dft[efiffdf k fylds lziff h?/l 5=== #( lrgtgm lziff / rl/q lgdf{0f siff sf]7fm sljtfsf] :jfb $$ cftd ;dliffm d cgfbz{ lzifs 1fg lj1fgm ef]lnsf] s[lif k ljlw lhpdcf] %% l/kf]6{m Mt. 8848: lzifssf] kk\ Aof08 %* ;dliffm k':ts ^) d"nof+sgm c;n lzifs $@ %@ lzifs 1

6 ;DkfbsLo ;fg} xf];\, ;Sg] k of; u/f}+ )^! j6f :s"naf6 P;Pn;L k/liff lbg] Ps hgf klg k/liffyl{ kf; ;fndf P;Pn;L lbg] cfwfegbf a9l ljbfyl{ km]n ep. PsfwnfO{ 5f8]/ km]n epsf ;a} ljbfyl{ ;fd'bflos :s"nsf lyp. lghl :s"ndf k9\g] ljbfyl{ lsg kf; x'g5g\ < ;fd'bflos :s"ndf k9\g] lsg km]n x'g5g\ < of] kl/0ffd ejg, hldg, v]n d}bfg h:tf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf sf/0f cfpsf] xf] egf}f eg] w]/}h;f] lghl :s"nx ;fd'bflos :s"nsf t'ngfdf cfpg ;Sb}gg\. zx/l If]qsf w]/} lghl :s"nx t cfjf;lo 3/df jf 6x/fdf :yfkgf ul/psf 5g\. lzifsx sf] tna, ;'ljwf, :yflotj h:tf s'/fdf klg clwsf+z lghl :s"nsf] cj:yf boglo 5. clwsf+z ;fd'bflos :s"nx km/flsnf] 7fpFdf :yflkt 5g\. w]/}df km/flsnf v]n d}bfg klg 5g\. ;/sf/l tna:s]n /fd f] 5 / ykdf ;~rosf]if / lgj[lqe/0f klg 5. /fd f] k9fpg] 7flgPsf lghl :s"nsf lzifsn] ;fd'bflos :s"nsf lzifs;/x tna ;'ljwf kfpg' k of] eg]/ dfu ug] { u/]sf 5g\. o;af6 s] b]lvg5 eg] kof{kt cfly{s ef}lts ; f]t x'fb}df / hgzlqmnfo{ /fd f] tna ;'ljwf lbfb}df :s"nsf] k9fo /fd f] x'fb}g. To;f] ep s] ug{'k5{ t < ;fd'bflos :s"n ;~rfng x'g] kl/kf6ldf cfd"n kl/jt{g kf] ug{'k5{ ls < o;sf] hjfkm vf]hg lzifs n] o; k6s lghl :s"ns} h:tf] glthf Nofpg] s]xl ;fd'bflos :s"nsf] cwoog ubf{ s] s'/f :ki6 eof] eg] Joj:yfkg, ef}lts k"jf{wf/, b]zsf] zflgt ;'Joj:yf, ljbfyl{ / cleefjssf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs :t/, k/liff k 0ffnL, kf7\oqmd h:tf :s"nsf] lgogq0f egbf aflx/sf s'/f oyfjt /xfbf klg :s"nleqsf] jftfj/0f km]g{ ;lsof] eg] afnaflnsfnfo{ k9fok lt cfslif{t ug{, k7g kf7gsf] ;du :t/ ;'wfg{ / lzifs /fd f] glthf k fkt ug{ ;lsg5. :s"ndf epsf /fd f kl/jt{gsf] k efj :s"n sdkfpg8leq dfq ;Lldt geo{ cgoq klg :jtm km}lng5. :s"ndf k9fosf] jftfj/0f ;'lw Pkl5 ljbfyl{n] 3/df klg k9fok lt Wofg lbg yfn5g\. kl/0ffdtm 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k9fodf Wofg glbg] 7flgPsf cleefjssf] ;d]t rf;f] a9\g yfn5. :s"nsf] cj:yf ;'wfg{ Wofg} glbg] 7flgPsf cleefjs / :s"n j/k/ /x]sf hfgg];'gg] dfg5]x sf] klg :s"nk lt rf;f] hfug yfn5. ; f]t;fwg 5}g elgpsf 7fpFdf blks cf]nl a fª ef]k'/l:yt ;TojfbL prr dflj. klg ; f]t;fwg h'6\g yfn5. o;sf nflu :s"nleq w]/} 7"nf] qmflgt klg ug{' gkg{] tyo lzifs sf] cwoogn] b]vfpsf] 5. :s"ndf h] sfd ug{'kg{] xf] Tolt dfq, t/ k"0f{ lgi7f / cg'zf;gsf ;fy u/] :s"n ;'lw xfng] /x]5g\. lgoldt k7gkf7g / d"nofíg ug{] kl/kf6lsf] bl3{sfnlg k efj kbf]{/x]5. h] sfdsf nflu cfkm"nfo{ ;dfhn] lglzrt tna ;'ljwf lbpsf] 5 lzifsn] ToxL sfd dfq ug{] xf] eg] kl/0ffd /fd } cfpf5 egg] s'/f w]/} 7fpFdf 5n{Ë b]lvpsf] 5. bnut /fhglltn] :s"nsf] jftfj/0f lauf5{ egg] t 5n{Ë g} eo;s]sf] tyo xf]. ol lgisif{x nfo{ Jojxf/df ptfg'{ lzifssf] st{jo xf] lsgeg] o;n] cftd;gt'li6 / ;fdflhs dof{bf a9fpf5 / pglx nfo{ ;fdflhs g]tfsf kdf :yflkt u/fpf5. /fd f ljbfyl{sf lzifsn] /fhgllt, cy{gllt, ;dfh gllt h] ljifodf af]n] klg p;sf] s'/f ;dfhn] ;'G5, ktofpf5, dfg5. Pp6f lzifsn] rfxg] k]zfut ;Gt'li6 log} b'o{ s'/faf6 cfpf5g\. klxnf], cfˆgf ljbfyl{ pql0f{ x' Fb} hfpmg\ / bf]; f] ;dfhdf cfˆgf] of]ubfgsf] sb/ xf];\. P;Pn;Ldf /fd f] glthf xfl;n ug]{ ;fd'bflos :s"nx n] ;fdfgo k otgaf6 g} xfl;n u/]sf dxœjk"0f{ pknlawaf6 ;a}n] k ]/0ff lng ;Sg'k5{. lsdlwsd\ Û

7 + æpshgf uf]7fnf]sf Ps ;o j6f e]8f /x]5g\. tldwo] Pp6f e]8f] ayfgaf6 5'l P/ x/fp5. uf]7fnf] lrlgtt ep/ (( j6f e]8f 5f8]/ x/fpsf] Pp6f e]8f] vf]hg up5. vf]hbf vf]hbf u/]kl5 e]8f] km]nf k/]5. uf]7fnf] v'zln] ub\ub\ ep5. uf]7fnfsf] o:tf] rfnf b]v]/ (( j6f e]8f 5Ss k/]5g\. To;kl5, uf]7fnfn] tl e]8fnfo{ ;DemfP5, æx]/, ltdlx? t ;'/lift lyof}. t/ x/fpsf] e]8f] c;'/lift lyof]. c;'/liftnfo{ arfpg' g} c;n uf]7fnf]sf] st{jo xf].æ To; uf]7fnfn] h:t} Pp6f lzifsn] klg hf] sdhf]/ x'g5 p;}nfo{ d2t ug{'k5{, hf] lziffsf] phofnf]af6 aflx/ kb{5, p;nfo{ vf]h]/ lziff lbg'k5{. x]/fo / a' ffo pbfpfbf] k':tfnfo{ k9fpg'egbf pqd sfd c? s] x'g ;S5 / < /fhonfo{ k9fpg] dflg;n] egbf a9l of]ubfg c? s;n] ug{ ;Snf / < dfs{; 6'lno; l;;]/f dfg5]n] h] ;'G5, Tof] la;{g5. h] b]v5, Tof] ;DemG5. h] u5{, Tof] a'em\5. lrlgoff pvfg hf] dfg5] l;sg 5f8\5 pm a"9f] x'g5, pd]/n] al; jif{sf] ep klg. hf] dfg5] l;ls/xg5 pm o'jf /lx/xg5, pd]/n] c;l jif{sf] ep klg. x]g/l kmf]8{ /fd f] lzifsn] sdhf]/ ljbfyl{nfo{ /fd f] agfpf5 / /fd f] ljbfyl{nfo{ pqd. ljbfyl{ km]n x'fbf pm cfkm" klg km]n epsf] 7fG5. dfdf{ sf]lng; o]z" cfkm\gf of]uotd!@ hgf r]nfnfo{ nfdf] ;do 5f8]/ kms{+bf tl r]nfx?n] lsg olt nfdf] ;do xfdlnfo{ 5f]8L upsf] egl u/]sf] u'gf;f]sf] hjfkm lb+b}. u'0f:t/ slxno} klg ;+of]ujz k fkt x'g] kl/0ffd xf]og, of] t ;w}+sf] prr nufj, udel/ k otg, s'zn lgb]{zg / Ifdtfk"j{s sfdu/fosf] kl/0ffd xf]. ljlnod P= kmf]:6/ w]/} untl u/]sf 5f} +, w]/} e"nx? u of} x]kof}+ gfglx?nfo{ hljgfwf/ lal;{of}+ xfdln] rfxg] w]/} rlh kv{g ;Sb5g\ gklv{sg ;+;f/l ult afns a9\b5g\ xf8 df;' /ut p;sf] agb} a9\b} 5 b]xdf r]tgfsf] lbof] k 1f Hof]lt agb}5 g]qdf ;Sb}gf} + kv{ x} egg,?sb}g pm t j]u xf] x's{ +b}5 pm a9\b}5, p;sf] gfd cfhú xf] ufla onf ld:6«n Æ cg'jfbm ljwfg cfrfo{ / s]bf/ zdf{ /ljg ;fo\ld lzifs 3

8 { { k ltlqmof / ;'emfj ef]lnsf sfd lzifs sf] bf]; f] cí k9\g] cj;/ ldnof]. s]xl lgofn]/ / s]xl ;/;tl{ x]b} {5'. /fd f] nfuof]. cfj/0f rflxf lkmndl h:tf] nfuof]. o; cídf!# j6f ;Gbe{ ;d]l6psf /x]5g\. t/ siffleqsf] lzif0f cj:yf, lzifs ultljlw, ljbfyl{ cleefjssf] ck]iff, siff Joj:yfkg / ljbfno Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdu Lx?sf] cefj v6\lsof]. To:t} ;f+:s[lts ynf]sf kdf siffsf]7f, ax'eflifs cj:yfsf kdf siffsf]7f / siffsf]7fleqsf lzif0f l;sfosf ultljlw;fu ;DalGwt ;fdu L epdf To;af6 lzifsn] nfe lng kfpf5g\. lzifsn] k To]s ljbfyl{sf] hftlo ;+:s[ltsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ dfgotf lbp/ lzif0f ug] { tl/sf, ljbfyl{sf] ;f+:s[lts k[i7e"ldsf] 1fgnfO{ cfwf/ agfp/ l;sfosf k lqmofsf] yfngl s;/l ug] { < lzifsn] ljbfyl{nfo{ s;/l ;Daf]wg ug] { < ol k Zgx?sf] pq/n] lzifsnfo{ ljbfyl{;fu ;xl tl/sfn] Jojxf/ ug{ d2t k' ofpf5. ljbfyl{x?sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgllts cj:yfsf] hfgsf/l lnp/ lzif0f ug] {, Joj:yfkgdf pko'qm ;f+:s[lts /0fgLltx? pkof]u ug] lzifssf] ;Lk / siffsf]7fsf] pko'qm 9Ën] ;Daf]wg ug] { tl/sf h:tf s'/fnfo{ cjzo klg ;d]6]sf] xf]nf egg] ;f]r]sf] lypf t/ ck]iff k"/f epg. afxo Joj:yfkgnfO{ o;n] cfwf/ agfof], l6kg6fkg eof] t/ lzifssf ;dfrf/ ;d]6\g ;s]g. k :t'lt /fd f] 5. o;n] clxn]sf] lziffsf] cj:yfsf] ;dliff u/]sf] kfopsf] 5. g]kfnsf] lziffsf] cj:yfsf] t'ngf ubf{ ;fs{ b]zs} t'ngf u/]/ cl3 a9\g kfp /fd f] x'g]lyof]. lziffsf] cj:yfsf] ;'wf/ ug{ ljzj a} +s, Pl;ofnL ljsf; a} +s, cf]o{8l;l, 8flg8f nufotsf bftf ;d"xsf] ;xof]u xf 'b} cfpsf] cj:yfdf dflysf ;Gbe{x? a9l ;fgble{s 5g\. o; cídf ;dfj]z ul/psf cgtjf{tf{, lrgtg / ljzn]if0fn] lzifsnfo{ pmhf{ lbpsf 5g\. ;d'bfodf ljbfno x:tfgt/0f / tt;dagwl l/kf]6{x?n] ;d;fdlostfnfo{ ;d]6\g] k otg u/]sf 5g\ t/ alrdf sltko kblo JolQmx?sf] x'lnof lbfbf kb km/s k/]sf] 5. ;Dkfbgsf] qmddf o;nfo{ Vofn ug' h?/l 5. cg';gwfgnfo{ k fyldstf lbp /fd } x'g5. ljbfnosf] ljsf;df sf] s;/l lhdd]jf/ x'g] < o;tkm{ cfpfbf cídf o:tf ;fdu Ln] k fyldstf kfpg] ck]iff u/]sf] 5'. l8nnl/fd l/dfn pk;lrj, lziff tyf v]ns'b dgqfno lj/f]wsf] t"s 5}g lziff;fu ;/f]sf/ /fvg] JolQmTjx sf] nflu ;fx } nf]slk o dfl;s lzifsú klxnf] / bf]; f] cí ;dod} xftnfuof]. klqsfdf epsf ;Dk"0f{ v'/fsx dgglo 5g\. kmfu'g cídf k sflzt a} +s 5f8]/ :s"nú zlif{ssf] n]vn] k};fegbf k]zfdf ;dlk{t x'g]x sf nflu dfu{bz{g u/]sf] 5. k};fsf] kl5 bf}l8g]x sf] clvtof/lsf] s73/fdf k'u]sf y'k } pbfx/0f xfdl ;a}n] b]v] ;'g]s} 5f} +. ljbfno Joj:yfkg x:tfgt/0f cfsif{0f / cfklqú zlif{sn] dg tfgof]ù h;df ljlegg JolQmTjx sf] ljrf/ k9\g] cj;/ kfoof]. ;/sf/n] ljbfnosf] Joj:yfkgsf] lhddf dfq ;d'bfonfo{ lbpsf] t/ cfly{s Jooef/ cfkm} Fn] g} Joxf]g] { u/]sf] ;Gbe{df sfo{qmdsf] lj/f]w ug{ 'df s'g} t"s b]lvfb}g. lziff / :jf:yo ;/sf/sf] k fyldstfsf] If]q cgtu{t /flvg'k5{. pqm ;+j]bgzln If]qaf6 ;/sf/ kl5 x6\g ldnb}g. s]xl u/f} F, s]xl ug{ 'k5{ egg]sf nflu of] sbd :jfutof]uo 5. ;/sf/ lziffaf6 xft l S5 eg]/ s;/l egg] < hltaxfb'/ yfkf k wfgfwofks ;/:jtl k flj, sf]xnk'/ *, affs] ljbfyl{ agfpg ;sf];\ lzifs sf] b'j} cí ;dod} k9\g] cj;/ ldnof]. lziffnfo{ ;do;fk]if agfpg xfd f lzifsx? ;do;fk]if x'g' lgtfgt cfjzos 5. Tof] cleef/f lzifs n] k"/f ub} { hfg]5 egg] ljzjf; 5. lzifs n] ;d]6]sf ljifoj:t'x ax' 't} pkof]ul 5g\. klxnf] / bf]; f] císf cfj/0f d'2f w]/} klxn] p7\g'kg] { ljifo x'g\. h;nfo{ p7fp/ lzifsn] w]/}sf dgsf lh1f;fnfo{ zfgt kf/]sf] 5. To;sf lgldt lzifs nfo{ xflb{s awfo. cgo j:t'af6 klg lzifs n] dfq geo{ ;a} kf7sn] kof{kt hfgsf/l tyf v'/fs kfpg ;S5g\ hf] Jofjxfl/s / hljgf]kof]ul 5g\. lzif0f k]zfsf] dof{bf hf]ufpgù lzifsnfo{ v'/fs lbg lzif0f ;Lksf] k of]u a9fpg / z}lifs ;fdu Lsf] rog ug{ tt;dagwl pkof]ul ;fdu Lsf] lg/gt/ vffrf] 5. ljbfyl{ ;lqmotf j[l4sf] tl/sf, afnaflnsfsf] ;+j]uaf6 afn dgf]lj1fgsf] cwoog u/l pko'st Jojxf/ ug] { tl/sf, cfwf/, dfgotf, c;n / ;kmn lzifs agg] tl/sf, ;kmn lzifssf] syf klg xfdl lzifsx?sf] nflu cfjzos ;fdu L x'g\. lzif0f sfo{df cfok/]sf sl7gfo;fu ;DalGwt lzifssf] ;jfndf ljz]if1sf] hjfkm klg lbg;s] To;af6 w]/} lzifsx?n] nfe lng kfpg] s' '/fdf s'g} ;Gb]x 5}g. gd'gf ljbfnosf ;kmntfsf] /x:où ;d'bfosf] ljbfno /fd f] agfpg] lzifssf /rgf cflb qmlds kdf k9\g kfog]df 4 lzifs

9 } cfzfjfbl 5'. ;a} lzifs / ;/f]sf/jfnfx sf] xftdf k To]s cí k' ofo{ ljz]if u/l cfd lzifsnfo{ ljbfyl{ agfpg lzifsú ;kmn xf];\ Û s[i0fs'df/ s];l k wfgfwofks ljbflwzj/l dflj cf>fª, nlntk'/ /fd f], ;"rgfd"ns / ;do ;fgble{s ;fdu L k sfzg u/]sf]df lzifsú dfl;s klqsfsf ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/nfo{ xflb{s awfo Û d klg /fi6«;+3lo lgsfo;fu ;DalGwt eo{ lziff If]qdf g} sfd ub} {5'. k fylds lziffdf kx' Fr / :t/ j[l4 d]/f] d'vo sfo{ If]q xf]. o; klqsfn] Jofj;flos nfk/afxlnfo{ phfu/ ub} { o;nfo{ ;Daf]wg ug] {5 egg] cfzf lnpsf] 5'. s]zjnf]rg zdf{ rf}tf/f, l;gw'kfnrf]s lzifs sf] k yd cí l9n} ep klg xft k of]. c;'/lift / pk]lift agb} upsf] lzif0f k]zf ;'/lift / ck]lift agfpg] e"ldsf v]nf];\ o; klqsfn]. ;ffjf cif/ jf afx v/lsf v]tfnf lzifsn] cflv/ s;sf] s] lauf/]sf 5g\ / lx+;fsf lgzfgf agfog5g\ Û < lziff dgql k blk g]kfnsf] tl d]/f cfb/0flo u'?x?ú zlif{ssf] n]v ;fx /f]rs / dd{:kzl{ nfuof]. cfufdl cídf o:tfvfn] n]vsf] ck]iff ub{5'. lzif0f k]zfdf nfu]sf ;a}n] k9\g'kg] { klqsf xf] lzifs. cfufdl cíx lg/gt/ kdf k sfzg xf]pmg\, z'esfdgf Û Hof]ltnfn a"9f efg'eqm k flj, vlgofvs{, ;Nofg ;dod} ;a}lt/ k'lu/xf];\ b'o{ dlxgfb]lv dfq k sflzt x'gyfn]sf] lzifsú dfl;ssf ;+of]un] b'j} cí cwoog ug] { df}sf kfpf. klqsfleq ;dfj]z ljifoj:t'sf] cg'zlngn] dnfo{ cfˆgf] k]zfk lt c a9l OdfGbf/ tyf lhdd]jf/ agfpg ;xof]u k' ofpsf] dx;"; u/]sf] 5'. cgo kf7sx nfo{ klg o;n] ;sf/ftds ;Gb]z lbof] xf]nf. lzifsx df rf}tkml{ 1fgsf] ljsf; u/fpg] kljq p2]zo tyf ;ÍNk lnp/ k sflzt of] klqsf nfvf} + lzifsx nfo{ cfˆgf] u fxs agfpg ;xh} ;kmn x'g] cfzf lnpsf] 5'. ;ffrr} of] lzifs lbubz{g ;bf pkof]ul, dgglo / k ]/0ffTds 5. /fli6«o tyf cgt/f{li6«o ;do ;Gbe{df n]lvpsf n]v, /rgfsf ;fy} k :t't tyo ljj/0fx sf] k :t'ltn] klqsfnfo{ ax'kof]ul agfpsf] 5. k sfzg k f/desf] 5f]6f] cjlwdf klg l6kk0fl ug} { kg] { kif vf; gb]lvg' k z+;glo kif xf]. lzifssf efjgf, ljrf/ / k] /s kifnfo{ ;d]t prr k fyldstf lbp/ kf7sx df pt;fx, k ]/0ff / xf};nf hufpg ljb]zl /fi6«x n] lziff If]qdf k fkt u/]sf] ;kmntf k5fl8 ;DalGwt /fi6«sf] of]ubfg clg To;df lzifsx sf] pnn]vglo e"ldsf, ;]jfk lt ;dlk{t ultljlwnfo{ ;d]t prr dxœjsf ;fy :yfg lbg' klqsfsf] ;a}egbf ;'Gb/ kif dfgg ;lsg5. xfdl lzifsx cfˆgf] k]zfdf of]uo, ;Ifd / sd{lgi7 x'g cfkm" klg cwoogzln x'g' h?/l x'g5. oyf ;Dej cg's"n ldnfo{ xfdl ;Dk"0f{ lzifsx n] lzifs gfds o; klqsfnfo{ cfˆgf] clegg cë agfpg] sfd u/f} +. k"j{ d]rlb]lv klzrd dxfsfnl / pq/sf ;fylx sf cltl/st cgo z'e]r5's kf7sx sf xftdf ;dod} of] dfl;s klqsf ;w} F ;w} F kqfrf/sf] gof 7]ufgf k'ug ;kmn xf];\ oxl z'esfdgf Û s]zj/fh sfˆn] cfbz{ sgof lgs]tg prr dflj dënahf/, nlntk'/ kf r?k}of 36fpg' k of] lzifs sf] k yd císf k sflzt cf]zf]sf] lxgblaf6 kfgtl/t / /fw]zofd clwsf/lsf] z}lifs ax; lzifssf] dof{bfú n] z}lifs jftfj/0fdf goff r'gf}tl ylklbpsf] 5. sdn blliftsf] 5Gb k9fpfbfsf] cg'ej k9\bf 5Gbdf sljtf jfrg ug{ / sf]g{ dg nfuof]. a]nfotl lzifs bdktlsf] hffu/ú zlif{ssf] l/kf]6{n] :j+o;]js lzifsx sf] lzif0f ljlwdf ;'wf/ftds of]ubfgsf] ;dfrf/ k9\g kfpfbf w]/} v'zl nfuof]. cgo JolQmTj, ;+:d/0f, ;fy{s lzif0f, clen]v, ;dliff cflb dxœjk"0f{ / pkof]ul nfuof]. lzifs df z}lifs If]q;Fu ;DalGwt lziff cfof]u, g]kfn lzifs o'lgog, lziff dgqfnosf ;"rgfd"ns s'/fx nfo{ :yfg lbg' k of]. lziffdf ;flxtosf] uxg e"ldsf x'g] epsfn] o; ljwfsf] :tdenfo{ ;dfj]z ubf{ s;f] xf]nf < klqsfsf] d"no klg kffr k}off 36fpg' k of]. o; klqsfsf] p2]zo hfoh 5. lzifs df :s"n lziff;fu uffl;psf ;a}vfn] ;d:of / ;Defjgfx vf]hl ubf{ lzifsnfo{ ldof]sf] kdf lnfbf plrt nfuof]. lzifsnfo{ ;dfrf/ú / ;dfrf/df lzifsú :tden] lzifsx nfo{ 7"nf] /fxt ldn]sf] 5, o;n] lg/gt/tf kfcf];\. lziff If]q;Fu uffl;psf lzifs cleefjs, z}lifs ;+:yf, lziff;]jlsf nflu of] w]/} pkof]ul b]lvg5. cfo{=p8, al=p8= k9\b} u/]sf lzifssf nflu of] klqsf k sfzg eolbp/ 7"nf] u'g nfu]sf] 5. lzifs dfl;snfo{ ;'gf}nf] eljiosf] clu d z'esfdgf Û sfzlgfy s'dfn k[yjlgf/fo0f SofDk;, kf]v/f al=p8=k yd jif{ lzifs dfl;s, lxdfn P;f]l;P;g, kf6g9f]sf, nlntk'/ kf]=a=g+=!^^, nlntk'/, kmf]gm %%$#@%@, km\ofs;m %%$!!(^ Od]nM response@teacher.org.np lzifs 5

10 ;dfrf/df lzifs lzifsnfo{ v'zlsf] va/ plxn] ef/tsf k6gf / bfhl{lnª nufotsf 7fpFaf6 g]kfnsf :s"ndf lzifs ag]/ cfpg] rng kmfu'gdf sflgtk'/ df 5flkPsf] ;dfrf/ k9]kl5 l:ylt pn6g nfu]sf] cfef; x'g5. t/ g]kfnl lzifssf] dfu cgt st} gep/ lj/f6gu/sf] ;LdfjtL{ ef/tlo ufpf c/l/ofsf] aygfx ufpfdf epsf] /x]5. ;dfrf/ cg';f/, cfo{prprp; gfdsf] ;f] ljbfnodf!( dwo]!! hgf lzifs g]kfnl /x]sf 5g\. siffsf] tx / of]uotf cg';f/ g]kfnl lzifsn] ;f] ef/tlo ljbfnodf g]kfnl?=@% ;ob]lv?=^ xhf/;dd tna vfg] u/]sf 5g\. g]kfnl lzifsn] dfl;s tna afx]s g]kfnaf6 ef/tlo ;Ldf cfjthfjt ug{ ef8f klg kfpg] u/]sf /x]5g\. tna / cgo ;'ljwfdf g]kfnl / ef/tlo lzifs alr s'g} leggtf 5}g /]. s] ef/tdf lzifs agg rfxg] g]kfnl lzifssf] nflu v'zlsf] s'/f xf]og / < lzifssf nflu OG6/g]6 vt/f Û lzifsn] cfˆgf] 1fgsf] bfo/f km/flsnf] kfg{ / cbfjlws ug{ OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u slqsf] u5{g\ s'lgg < olb ub}{gg\ eg] ca ltglx ljbfyl{egbf klg kl5 kg{ a]/ 5}g. lsgls ca zx/l If]qsf ljbfyl{x n] lzifssf] dfq e/ gk/l OG6/g]6af6 ;fdu Lx vf]h]/ k9\g yfn]sf 5g\. To;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f x'g\ j}i0fjl dfwolds ljbfnosl 5fqf ;/:jtl zfx. k9fodf lgs} ;xof]u k'lu/x]sfn] pgl lgoldt OG6/g]6 x]g]{ u/]sf] kmfu'gdf /fhwfgl df k sflzt ;dfrf/ cg';f/ OG6/g]6 k of]u ug{ yfn]kl5 ljbfyl{x sf] k9\g] afgldf ;d]t kl/jt{g epsf] 5. :s"nsf] lstfa dfq k9\g] afgl k/]sf ljbfyl{x nfo{ OG6/g]6sf] k of]ukl5 sf];{egbf aflx/sf?lrk"0f{ s'/fx klg plqs} k9\g yfn]sf 5g\ h;n] pglx sf] 1fgsf] bfo/fnfo{ km/flsnf] kfg{ d2t u5{. ljbfyl{n] } F lzifsn] klg OG6/g]6sf] pkof]u u/]gg\ eg] t pglx nfo{ ljbfyl{n] cfr5'cfr5' kfg{ ' c:jfefljs xf]og. clg OG6/g]6 lzifssf nflu vt/f epg t < b/agbl Û b/agbl ÛÛÛ b/agblûû Û DofUbLsf $* ljbfno b/agbl ljxlg lzifsx sf] cefjsf sf/0f ljbfyl{x dsf{df k flj lzifsn] g} dflj rnfpf5g\ b'o{ txsf ljbfyl{ k9fo Pp6} siffdf lzifs cefjn] k9fo k efljt rgbf p7fpfb}, tna v'jfpfb} rf}/df a;]/ k9\g'kg]{ afwotf kmfu'g dlxgfdf sf7df8f}+af6 k sflzt b}lgs ;dfrf/kqsf zlif{sx x'g\ ol. ol zlif{sx g} sfkml 5g\ ;fd'bflos ljbfnodf lzifssf] slt xfxfsf/ egg] tfhf l:yltsf] af]w u/fpg. lziff dgqfnon] lxdfnl e]udf $), kxf8df $%, t/fo{ / pktosfdf %) hgf ljbfyl{ a/fa/ Ps hgf lzifs lbg] gllt to u/]sf] 5. of] ;/sf/l dfkb08 cg';f/ dxf]q/ldf k flj txdf dfq & ;o $@ hgf, lgdflj txdf # ;o &( hgf lzifs gk'u epsf] ;dfrf/!! kmfu'gdf /fhwfgldf 5flkPsf] 5. alb{of, uf]/vf nufot c lhnnfx af6 klg o:t} ;dfrf/ cfpsf 5g\. cfly{s cefjsf sf/0f s'g} klg afnaflnsfn] :t/lo lziff k fkt ug{af6 al~rt x'g] 5}g eg]/ ljzj lziff d~rdf JoQm k lta4tf cg';f/ t g]kfn ;/sf/n] k};f 5}g eg]/ klg5g} kfpfb}g. lsgls bftfn] ;/sf/nfo{ rflxg] hlt k};f lbg5f} + egg] Uof/]G6L u/]sf 5g\. a? ca xfdl ;a}n] lsg kof{kt lzifssf] Joj:yf gu/]sf] eg]/ ;/sf/l;t k Zg ug{] xf] ls Û glltlgdf{tfnfo{ d'gglsf] k Zg df5f dfg] { / csf{sf] 3/sf] h'7f] eff8f df g] k'vof} {nl k]zf cfufn]sf %^ sxff/ kl/jf/df sf]xl klg ;fif/ 5}gg\. ;DklQsf] gfddf pglx ;Fu clnslt huuf / To;df agfpsf] km';sf] 'k8l afx]s s]xl 5}g. lhnnf lziff clwsf/l /fs]z >Ljf:tjn] afnaflnsfnfo{ 5fqj[lQ lbp/ ;d]t :s"ndf k9fpg vf]h] t/ rf/ 5f]/f5f]/LsL cfdf d'ggl sxff/n] >Ljf:tjnfO{ 6]/k'R5/ nufogg\. pn6} pgn] elg5g\, æk9]/ klg sfd ug]{ xf], s]6fs]6ln] clxn] klg sfd u/]/} vfpsf 5g\.Æ lg/if/ 6 lzifs

11 ep klg d'ggln] cfˆg} efiffdf cfkm"h:tf ul/ax sf nflu lziffsf] pkfb]otfdfly g} k Zg p7fog\. lhnnfe/ lziffsf] k zf;g rnfpg] >Ljf:tjn] d'gglnfo{ ;D fpg g;s]/ p;} kmfu'gdf uf]/vfkq df 5flkPsf] of] ;dfrf/n] glltlgdf{tfnfo{ ultnf] r'gf}tl lbpsf] 5. d'gglsf] r'gf}tl ltgn] a' nfg\ < 6fpsf] b'vof], gfo6fdf cf}iflw Û s'/f alb{of /fhfk'/ If]qsf] xf]. zxlb bz/y rgb prr dfljsf ljbfyl{ ldt/fd yf nufot $ hgf ljbfyl{sf] ;d"xn] k/liffdf lr6 rf]/]sf]df hffraf6 lgisf;g u/]sf] f]+s lzifs /lj/fh zdf{sf] 3/d} up/ km]/]5g\. zfob zdf{sf] /fdw'nfo{ g} ep5 Sof/, To;af6 cflqpsf lzifsx n] /fhfk'/ If]qsf sl/a ^) j6f ljbfnosf] k7gkf7g g} agb u/fp 5g\. dfu rflxf siff!) sf] clgtd k/liff lbp/ a;]sf yf / pgsf ;fylx nfo{ sf/afxl gep;dd k9fo g} gug] { lg0f{o lzifsx n] u/]sf] ;dfrf/!! kmfu'gsf] sflgtk'/ n] 5fk]sf] lyof]. of] ;dfrf/ k9]kl5 nfuof], ljbfyl{ egbf t lzifs g\ d"v{ /x]5g\. lsgls lr6 rf]g{'kg]{ u/l k Zgkq agfpkl5 ljbfyl{n] t rf]g{ vf]lhxfn5. olb lzifsn] ljbfyl{sf] cgt/lglxt Ifdtf / 1fg gfkg] u/l k Zgkqsf] l8hfog u/]sf] ep ljbfyl{n] lr6 rf]g} { kb} {gyof] lg Û clg o;nfo{ 6fpsfsf] cf}iflw gfo6fdf nufpsf] eg]/ geg]/ s] egg] < u/] gx'g] s] /x]5 / < g]kfnldf Pp6f pvfg 5, ltvf{ nfu]kl5 dflg; cfkm}+ kfgl lkpg vf]nfdf wfpf5. sflgtk'/ df!& kmfu'gdf k sflzt Pp6f ;dfrf/ k9]kl5 Tof] pvfg To;} ag]sf] xf]og /x]5 egg s/} nfu5. s'/f kj{tsf] pq/l If]qdf kg{] ;flhnf uflj;sf] Hof]lt dfljsf] xf]. ;"rgfk ljlwsf] of] o'udf :s"n] ljbfyl{b]lv cleefjs;ddn] sdko'6/l;sg'k5{ egg] af]w epkl5 ufpfn]x ldn]/ k};f p7fp 5g\, sdko'6/ lsg]/ nu]5g\. ufpfdf lah'nl gep/ s] km/s k of] / < ufpfn]x n] h]g]/]6/ klg lsg]5g\. clxn] Tof] ljbfnodf ljbfyl{ / cleefjs b'j}n] cfnf]kfnf] ldnfp/ sdko'6/ l;ls/x]sf 5g\. xfn!! j6f sdko'6/ ljbfnonfo{ bfg af/fsf] 8'd/jfgf sn]h / :j/f]huf/d"ns k fljlws lziffno :yfkgf ug] { p2]zoaf6 cfof]hgf ul/psf] s/f]8 %) nfv rgbf p7]sf] 5. ;f] dxfo1df ab L/fh kf08]n] ;a}egbf nfv d"no kg] { Ps lj3f huuf bfg u/]sf lyp. kmfu'g_ kf]v/f pkdxfgu/kflnsf rfpy] l:yt /fd]zj/l dfljsf] z}lifs tyf ef}lts ljsf;sf] nflu dxfo1 z'? epsf] 5 / To;sf] klxnf] lbg g}?=% nfv %) xhf/ rgbf ;Íng epsf] 5. pbf]uklt ;"o{axfb'/ s];ln] ;jf{lws?=# xhf/ bfg lbpsf lyp. -g]kfn kmfu'g_ b]pv'/l pktosfsf] Ps dfq SofDk; lgdf{0f ug]{ p2]zon] ;~rflnt dxfo1df?=*$ nfv ;Íng epsf] 5. bfªsf] ndxldf kffr lbg;dd rn]sf] ;f] dxfo1df?=*# nfv ($ xhf/ ^*$ ;Íng epsf] xf]. -/fhwfgl ^ kmfu'g_ dwok'/ lydl prr dfwolds ejg lgdf{0fsf nflu ul/psf] dxfo1af6 c/lgsf] prr dfwolds ljbfno blwsf]6df %) nfv?k}off ;Íng epsf] 5. -/fhwfgl kmfu'g!#_ kf]v/fsf ljt{k ;fb u'?ªn] 3fGb 'sl:yt hg;]jf k fylds ljbfnonfo{ ejg lgdf{0f / v]nd}bfgsf nflu?=! nfv %) xhf/ d"no a/fa/sf] tlg /f]kgl huuf lgmz'ns lbpsf 5g\. -/fhwfgl b}lgs kmfu'g!(_ 5g\. sdko'6/ u'?x dfq} rf/ hgf /x]5g\ h;n] dfl;s $) xhf/ hlt tna vfg5g\. sdko'6/ l;sg] cleefjsl;t k ltdlxgf & ;o %) p7fp/ lzifsnfo{ tna v'jfpg] k agw ldnfopsf] /x]5. cflv/ u/] gx'g] s] /x]5 / < lzifs s] ub} { xf]nfg\ < siff % df k9\b} u/]sl ;kgf /fo{nfo{ ;ff laxfg u[xsfo{ ug]{ / ;fylx ;Fu v]ng] km';{b 5}g. lsgls pgsf afa'cfdfsf] sdfon] xftd'v hf]g{ klg gk'ug] epsfn] pgn] klg ;ff laxfg s]xl g s]xl sfd ug}{k5{. slxn] pgl bfp/f vf]h]/ a]lr5g\ t slxn] lu6l s'6\g k'lu5g\. s]xl sfd epg eg] pgl ef/l af]sg hflg5g\. pgl xfn eujtl k fljdf kmfu'gdf /fhwfgl b}lgsdf 5flkPsf] ;dfrf/ cg';f/ ;'g;/lsf] lji0f'kfb'sf uflj;sf bh{gf} + afnaflnsf ul/alsf sf/0f ;ff laxfg ;kgf /fo{n] }F sfd u/]/ lbpf;f] ljbfno hfg5g\. o;n] pglx n] cfˆgf] hljgsf] nflu lziffsf] dxœj / cfjzostfnfo{ slt ulx/f];fu a' ]sf 5g\ egg] s'/f phfu/ u5{. t/ ol afnaflnsf h'g nugsf ;fy ljbfno upsf 5g\, ToxfFsf lzifsn] ToxL nugsf ;fy k9fpsf xf]nfg\ ls gxf]nfg\ < k :t'ltm cz' sf]o/fnf /fhwfgl b}lgs lzifs 7

12 l/kf]6{ lzifs /fhgllt ;'bz{g l3ld/] ls/0f kf08] lzifs o'lgogsf] a}7s. bnlo bnbnaf6 d'qm xf]nf < 8 lzifs æx/]s ljbfyl{sf] pknlawd"ns l;sfosf nflu lzifs x/]s lzifssf] k efjsf/l k ltlglwtjsf nflu lzifs o'lgog df lysf] gf/f;fu} g]kfn lzifs o'lgogsf] ljz]if clwj]zg sf7df8f}fdf -@ # r}t_ ;DkGg x'fb}5. b]ze/sf sl/a ^)) k ltlglw lzifsx n] efu lng] ;f] clwj]zgn] o'lgogsf] ljwfg ;+zf]wg u/l xfn o'lgog;fu cfj4 g/x]sf lzifsx sf lgldt cfpfbf] jif{ x'g] lzifs o'lgogsf] bf]; f] clwj]zgdf 9f]sf vf]lnlbg]5. o'lgogsf] ;fljssf] ljwfgn] g]kfn lzifs ;+3, g]kfn /fli6«o lzifs ;Ë7g, g]kfn /fli6«o lzifs kl/ifb, g]kfn lzifs d~r / g]kfn qmflgtsf/l lzifs ;+3 ;d]t kffr j6f ;Ë7gnfO{ dfq o'lgogsf] ;b:o ;+:yf dfg]sf] 5. To;}u/L of] clwj]zgn] prr dfwolds txsf lzifsnfo{ klxnf] rf]l6 o'lgogsf] ;b:osf] åf/ vf]ng]5 eg] s'g} ;Ë7gdf cfa4 g/x]sf lzifs ;f] } o'lgogsf] ;b:o agg ;Sg] k fjwfg klg ljwfgdf ykg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5. ;d:of z'?b]lv g} lzifs o'lgog cfkm}fdf rf/ jif{ dfq k'/fgf] ep klg o;sf] k[i7e"ld rflxf 08} tlgbzs nfdf] -@)#^ ;fnb]lv_ b]lvg5, hlta]nf g]kfn /fli6«o lzifs

13 { ;Ë7gsf] :yfkgf epsf] df x]6f} +8fl:yt e'6gb]jl :s"ndf epsf] lzifsx sf] e]nfn] lghfdtl sd{rf/l;/x ;~rosf]if, pkbfg tyf lzifsx sf] k]zfut xslxtsf] nflu lzifs ;Ë7g :yfkgf ug{ kfpg'kg]{ egl u/]sf] lg0f{o;fu} g]kfn lzifs ;Ë7gsf] alhf/f]k0f epsf] lyof]. ;/sf/l lgsfodf cfˆgf] dfu k :t't u/]/ cfgbf]ngsf lgldt cu ;/ epsf lzifsx sf] Ps e]nfn] ;f]xl h]7sf] clgtd ;ftfdf vu]gb ;ª\u f}nfsf] ;+of]hstjdf ;ª\3if{ ;ldlt lgdf{0f u of]. To;sf] nuq} ;/sf/n] ;ª\3if{ ;ldltnfo{ jftf{df af]nfof] / plnnlvt dfux k"/f ug]{ jrg lbof]. To;kl5 dª\l;/df /fli6«o ;Dd]ng u/]/ g]kfn /fli6«o lzifs ;Ë7g :yfkgf epsf] 3f]if0ff ul/of]. t/ ut] dfq ;Ë7gsf] ljwfgnfo{ :jls[lt lbpsfn] oxl lbgnfo{ :yfkgf lbj; -lzifs lbj;_ sf kdf dgfpg] ul/psf] 5. lzifsx sf] xslxtsf] nflu eg]/ :yfkgf ep klg of] ;Ë7g z'?b]lv g} /fhgllts ljjfbaf6 eg] d'qm /xg ;s]g. lzifs ;Ë7g hgdg] lalqs} ttsfnlg e"ldut dfn] kf6l{sf] /fhgllts k efjdf k/]sf] cfif]k Psy/L lzifsn] Toltv]/} nufp. o;df ;+:yfks cwoif vltj8f eg5g\, æxf], jfd ljrf/wf/fdf ljzjf; ug]{ lzifsx sf] afx'no lyof].æ zfob ToxL sf/0fn] xf]nf, g]kfnl sfª\u ]; / u}/jfd ljrf/wf/fdf ljzjf; ug] { lzifsx n] o;nfo{ z'?b]lv g} /fhgllts r:dfn] x]g{ yfn]. tbg'?k lj:tf/} u}/ jfdkgyl v]dfsf lzifsx kfvf nfub} hfg yfn]. To;}sf] kl/0ffd ;fndf k~rfotl ;/sf/sf] :jls[ltdf k fylds lzifs / dfwolds lzifssf cnu cnu ;+3 :yfkgf ep. ol ;+3 lzifsx nfo{ km'6fpg] /fhgllts /0fgLltcg'?k :yfkgf epsf] ] vltj8f atfpf5g\. jfd jr{:j /x]sf] ;Ë7gaf6 aflx/ lg:sg] pko'qm ;dosf] kvf{odf a;]sf sfª\u ]; lgs6 / u}/jfd ljrf/wf/fsf lzifsx ;Ë7g 5f8]/ lzifs ;+3df cfj4 x'g yfn]. sf] hgcfgbf]ngsf] ;kmntf;fu} k flj / dflj lzifs ;+3 lj36g x'g k'u]. ax'bnkl5 g\ lalu of] æha ax'bnlo k hftgq cfof] To;kl5 lzifsx bnlo /fhglltdf cfa4 geo{ z'4 lzifs ag]/ a:g'kyof]{.æ vltj8f eg5g\, æax'bndf t /fhgllt ug]{ sfd /fhgllts kf6l{x sf] lyof], olb s'g} lzifsnfo{ /fhgllt ug]{ OR5f k"0f{ ug'{lyof] eg] p;n] lzif0f k]zf Tofu]/ /fhglltlt/ nfu]sf] ep x'gyof].æ t/ lzif0f k]zfnfo{ ;xl af6f]df cufl8 a9fpg] P]ltxfl;s cj;/sf] ;b'kof]u x'g kfpg. Tolta]nf cgtl/d ;/sf/sf] g]t[tj ug] { g]kfnl sfª\u ]; / d'vo ;f ]bf/ jfddf]rf{n] klg lziffnfo{ bnlo /fhglltaf6 cnu /fvg] s'g} Wofg lbpgg\. a? pn6} g]kfnl sfª\u ];n] ;s' {n/ g} c;f/df sfª\u ]; ;dy{s lzifsx sf] e]nf /fhwfgldf af]nfof]. æax'bn cfpsf] s]xl ;dokl5 g} xfdln] lzifs ;Ë7gsf ttsfnlg cwoif b]jl cf] f;fu lzifsx sf] Pp6} ;+:yf lgdf{0f ug{ ;xdlt lgdf{0f u/]sf lyof}+. t/ pxffx xfdlnfo{ g;d]l6sg ;Ë7gsf] clwj]zg ug{lt/ nfug'eof].æ lzifs ;+3 :yfkgfsf] k[i7e"ldsf] :d/0f ub}{ g]kfn lzifs ;+3sf Ps hgf ;+:yfks s]zjk ;fb e /fo{ eg5g\, æsfª\u ]; s]gb Lo sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 c;f/df lzifsx sf] e]nf af]nfopsf]]df Tof] cufj} /fhwfgldf pknaw k hftflgqs v]dfsf lzifsx sf] e]nf u/]/ g]kfn lzifs ;+3sf] :yfkgf u of}+.æ ;fn ut] g]kfnl sfª\u ]; kf6l{;fu cfj4 lzifsx sf] ;+:yf klxnf]kn6 :yfkgf eof]. sfª\u ];sf] of] unt glltnfo{ ;Rofpg bafa lbg'sf] ;f6f] c kf6l{n] klg To;s} cg's/0f ug{ ;fndf cfok'ubf /fli6«o k hftgq kf6l{sf] lzifs kl/ifb, g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6l{sf] lzifs d~r / g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6l{sf] qmflgtsf/l b]zsf] /fhglltn] c } l:y/tf kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g. olb xfdln] ;a} ;+:yf vf/]h u/]/ o'lgog /fvof} + eg] ef]ln s'g} kf6l{sf] g]tfsf] ;lqmotfdf csf] lzifs ;+:yf vf]lnfb}g egg] Uof/]G6L 5}g.Æ s]zjk ;fb e /fo{, cwoif lzifs o'lgog lzifs ;+3 gfds ;+:yfx tl bnsf] elugl ;+:yfsf kdf :yflkt eo;s]sf lyp. ToxL pkqmd cgtu{t dfcf]jfbln] clvn g]kfn lzifs ;+3Úsf] :yfkgf u of]. o;/l 3f]lift c3f]lift kdf /fhgllts bn;fu cfj4 lzifssf Psbh{g hlt ;+:yfx v'ln;s]sf 5g\. o;/l lzifssf gfddf v'n]sf ;+:yfx n] ljbfnosf] k7gkf7gnfo{ egbf dfp kf6l{sf] kifdf cf cfˆgf] dfgotf cg';f/ ;Sg] hlt ;a} u/]. ltglx cfˆgf] kf6l{sf] kifdf slt bqlrq ep/ nfu]sf lyp egg] s'/fsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f g]kfn lzifs ;fndf k ltlglw;efsf sfª\u ];sf ;f+;bx nfo{ n]v]sf] v'nfkqdf e]l6g5. h;df n]lvpsf] 5M ælzif0f k]zfdf k j]z ug' {cl3 sfª\u ]; /x]sf / lzif0f k]zfaf6 cjsfz lnpkl5 klg sfª\u ]; g} /xg] clg sfª\u ];s} nflu cfkm" / cfˆgf] kl/jf/;fd' pknaw ;f/f ljsnk / ;+efjgfx nfo{ Tofu]/ sfª\u ];s} nflu lzifs epsf lzifs 9

14 l/kf]6{ lzifs /fhgllt JolQmx sf] nufgl, Tofu / alnbfg g]kfn lzifs ;+3sf] syf xf]. t/ sfª\u ];n] ;+3sf] ljzfn pmhf{, p;k ltsf] cljrlnt lgi7f, k dfl0ft Ifdtf / ;dfhdf :yflkt ;Ddfg, ljzjf;nfo{ k hftgqsf] ;Da4{g / ljsf; Pj+ :jo+ g]kfnl sfª\u ];sf] ;'b[9ls/0fdf pkof]u ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g.Æ lzifs df sfª\u ];;Fu cf}krfl/s ;DaGwlaR5]b u/]sf] 3f]if0ff u/]/ ljutsf] untl ;Rofpg vf]h]sf] ;Gb]z lbg gvf]h]sf] xf]og. t/ clxn];dd p;sf] k'/fgf] 5lj ablnpsf] 5}g. To:t} Pdfn]sf] jr{:jdf /x]sf] g]kfn /fli6«o lzifs ;Ë7g klg cfˆgf] /fhgllts cf:yfaf6 dfly p7]sf] b]lvpsf] 5}g. clvn g]kfn lzifs ;+3 nufotsf c ;+:yfx t 3f]lift kd} cf cfˆgf dfp kf6l{sf e ft[ ;Ë7gsf kdf lqmofzln 5g\. o'lgogm untl ;Rofpg] k of; ;fj{hlgs ljbfnosf] v:sfbf] :t/n] o'jfo'jtldf knfpsf] cfqmf]z / g}/fzotfsf sf/0f lzifs / ljbfnonfo{ bnlo /fhglltn] lziffnfo{ w]/} xflg k' ofpsf] cg'e"lt epsfn] xfdl lzifssf] ;+:yf Pp6} agfp/ To;nfO{ /fhglltegbf k/ /fvg nfluk/]sf 5f} +. afa'/fd clwsf/l, dxf;lrj g]kfn /fli6«o lzifs ;Ë7g kf6l{sf] k ToIf 5fofFdf /fvg sl7g x'g] df cfp/ sfª\u ]; / Pdfn] ljutsf] q'l6 ;Rofpg tof/ ep. lzifsnfo{ bnlo /fhglltaf6 6f9f /fvg ltgn] Psn lzifs o'lgogsf] cjwf/0ffdf ;xdlt hgfp. lziff P]gsf] ;ftf} + ;+zf]wgn] lzifs s'g} klg /fhgllts bnsf] ;b:o x'g gkfpg] / epdf sf/afxl ug{ ;lsg] k fjwfgsf] Joj:yf u of]. o;df sfª\u ]; / Pdfn] b'j}sf] ;xdlt lyof]. of]uo / bif JolQm dfq lzifs ag"g\ eg]/ lzifs cwofkg cg'dltkqsf] sfg"gl Joj:yf klg ToxL a]nf ;fndf lzifs o'lgogsf] :yfkgf eof] t/ P]gsf] dd{ / o'lgogsf] cjwf/0ff ljkl/t. P]gdf æ;fj{hlgs ljbfnodf sfo{/t lzifsx sf] nflu Ps lzifs o'lgog /xg]5æ elgpsf] 5. To;sf] cy{, lzifs o'lgogsf] u7g epkl5 c s'g} klg gfdwf/l lzifs ;+:yfx /xg] 5}gg\, ;a} lzifssf] Pp6} o'lgog x'g]5 egg] g} nfu5. t/ ;+3 / ;Ë7gsf g]tfx n] dxf;+3sf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/sf] o'lgogú agfpg] lg0f{o u/] / lziff dgqfnoaf6 ljwfg :jls[t u/fp. clg lzifs ;+3, lzifs ;Ë7g, kl/ifb, d~r / qmflgtsf/l lzifs ;+3sf] dxf;+3sf] kdf lzifs o'lgogsf] u7g ul/of]. Tof] tby{ ;ldltsf] cwoif agfop g]kfn /fli6«o lzifs ;Ë7gsf cwoif dfwjk ;fb clwsf/l. ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k 0ffnL ckgfopsfn] o'lgogsf] d'vo lx:;f xfn ;+3 / ;Ë7gn] cf]u6]sf 5g\ eg] yf]/} ;b:o epsfn] kl/ifb, d~r / qmflgtsf/lsf] k ltlglwtj gfd dfqsf] /x]sf] 5. Pp6fn] cwoif kfp csf] {n] dxf;lrj tyf a9l s]gb Lo ;b:o kfpg] ;d bf/l ;+3 / ;Ë7gsf alrdf ;fn r}tdf epsf] o'lgogsf] klxnf] clwj]zgaf6 ;+3sf ttsfnlg cwoif s]zjk ;fb e /fo{ o'lgogsf] cwoif 5flgPsf x'g\. o'lgogsf] :yfkgfkl5 s]xl /fd f ;Í]t klg b]lvpsf 5g\. lzifs ;+3 ;Ë7gx alrsf] ltqmtfnfo{ o'lgogsf] ceof;n] la:tf/} 36fpFb} nu]sf] 5. ;Ë7gsf cwoif xl/f g]kfn eg5g\, æxfdlalr klxn] h:tf] ] cgtoxlg ljjfb x'g 5f8]sf] 5. ep klg /fhgllts cfu x egbf j:t'k/s a9l x'g] u/]sf] 5. klxnf h:tf] of] kif / pm kif eg]/ ljutdf h'g lxnf]5\ofkg] kl/kf6l x'gyof], Tof] cj:yf cgto ep/ cfh xfdl alr ;f}xfb{ jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f epsf] 5.Æ Tolt dfq x}g, lzifs / ;/sf/;fusf] ;DaGwdf klg km]/abn cfpsf] 5. klxnf sfª\u ];sf] lziffdgql x' Fbf lzifs ;+3 / Pdfn]sf] lziffdgql x' Fbf ;Ë7gnfO{ ;QfkIfLo lzifs ;+:yfsf] kdf x]l/gyof] eg] csf]{nfo{ k ltkifl. t/ o'lgogsf] :yfkgfkl5 ;/sf/;fusf] ;DaGwdf ptf/r9fj sd ep/ ;xsfo{ g} z'? epsf] 5. ljsnkm ;+/rgf kl/jt{g clxn]sf] o'lgogsf] ;+/rgfk lt k fom lzifs ;Gt'i6 b]lvfb}gg\. o'lgogsf] lhnnf txsf] g]t[tjdf /x]sf ;+3 / ;Ë7g b'j} kifsf lzifsx ;d]t ;fljssf] ;+/rgf km]/abn ug] { kifdf plepsf 5g\. ;/sf/;fusf] ;xsfo{ cgtu{t o'lgogn] cfof]hgf u/]sf If]qLo e]nf tyf uf]i7lx df w]/}h;f] ;do lzifssf c ;+:yfx vf/]h u/]/ lzifsx sf] Pp6} ;+:yf x'g'kg]{ cfjfh p7\g] u/]sf] tyo cwoif e /fo{ :jlsf/ u5{g\. t/ pgl o;lgldt kl/ksj jftfj/0f agg c } s]xl ;do nfug] atfpf5g\. pgl eg5g\, æb]zsf] /fhglltn] c } l:y/tf kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g. olb xfdln] ;a} ;+:yf vf/]h u/]/ o'lgog /fvof} + eg] ef]ln s'g} kf6l{sf] g]tfsf] ;lqmotfdf csf]{ lzifs ;+:yf vf]lnfb}g egg] Uof/]G6L 5}g.Æ t/ g]kfn /fli6«o lzifs ;Ë7gsf cwoif xl/f g]kfn c ;a} ;+3 ;Ë7g vf/]h u/]/ lzifs o'lgogú dfq sfod /fvg] k :tfj cfkm"x n] o'lgogsf] ljz]if clwj]zgdf cl3 ;fg] { atfpf5g\. ;Ë7gsf dxf;lrj afa'/fd clwsf/l yk5g\, æbnlo /fhglltn] lziffnfo{ w]/} xflg k' ofpsf] cg'e"lt epsfn] xfdl lzifssf] ;+:yf Pp6} agfp/ To;nfO{ /fhglltegbf k/ /fvg 10 lzifs

15 nfluk/]sf 5f} +.Æ cfkm"x n] To:Tff] k :tfj /fvbf lzifs ;+3sf] tkm{af6 pt;fxhgs k ltlqmof gkfpsf] u'gf;f] pgsf] 5. t/ g]kfn lzifs ;+3sf cwoif df]xg 1jfnL klg cfkm"x o'lgog dfq /fv]/ c ;+:yf vf/]h ug] { s'/fsf] la/f]wl gepsf] atfpf5g\. æxfdlx ^) k ltzt :jljo' r'gfj h:tf] k ToIf lgjf{rg / $) k ltzt ;dfg'kflts k ltlglwtj x'g'k5{ eg]/ oxl clwj]zgdf k :tfj nfg5f} +.Æ 1jfnL eg5g\, æolb ;Ë7g, d~r, kl/ifbnufot c cfa4 ;a} ;+:yf vf/]h x'g] xf] eg] xfdl klg lzifs ;+3 lj36g ug{ tof/ 5f}+.Æ of] ljifodf lzifs ;Ë7gsf g]tfx n] aflx/ Pp6f / leq csf]{ af]ng] u/]sfn] o; ljifodf tfls{s lgisif{df k'ug g;lspsf] 1jfnLsf] u'gf;f] 5. t/ ;+3 / ;Ë7gdWo] s'g} Pp6fn] cfˆgf] ;+:yf lj36g u/]df csf]{;fu To;f] ug'{sf] ljsnk /xg] 5}g. dfcf]jfblsf] e ft[ ;Ë7g clvn g]kfn lzifs ;+3Ú clxn];dd o'lgogegbf aflx/} 5. t/ To;sf cwoif u'0f/fh nf]xglsf cg';f/ pglx klg Pp6} ;+:yf lgdf0f{sf] kifdf 5g\. nf]xgl eg5g\, æxfdl Pp6} ;+:yfsf] kifdf t 5f}+ t/ To;lglDt xfd f tlg j6f zt{ 5g\M o'lgogsf] ljwfgdf ;+3Lo nf]stflgqs u0ftgqk lt k lta4tf, lziff k 0ffnL / gllt af/] Go"gtd :ki6tf / k]zfut xslxtsf] ;'lglzrttf. d'v}df cfpsf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjaf6 goff ;+ljwfg ag]kl5 goff jftfj/0f agg] / To;kl5 dfq cfkm"x lzifsx sf] Pp6} ;+:yf agfpg] sfddf nfug] klg atfpf5g\. ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf dfcf]jfblsf tkm{af6 pdd]bjf/ /x]sf nf]xglsf] syg / z}nl x]bf{ dfcf]jfblx clxn] g} o'lgogdf kl;xfng] d"8df b]lvfb}gg\. clxn] h;/l kffr j6f ;+:yf o'lgogdf cfa4 epsf 5g\, To;}u/L c ;+:yf klg ;Da4 x'g kfpg] af6f] vf]ng] u/l ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug{ o'lgogsf] g]t[tj tof/ b]lvg5. t/ To;n] o'lgognfo{ bnlo /fhglltaf6 d'qm x}g g\ uffhb} n}hfg] dfq sfd u5{ eg5g\, kf6g dfwolds ljbfnosf k wfgfwofks xf]daxfb'/ s' Fj/. æclxn] t o'lgog bnlo lzifs ;+:yfsf] 5ftf ;+:yf ag]sf] 5. bnlo lzifs ;+:yfsf] dxf;+3 agfpg] ;f]rfo g} unt xf]æ, s' Fj/sf] egfo lyof], æto;}n] o'lgog dfq /xg] c ;a} ;+:yf vf/]h ug'{k5{. Tof] sfd oxl ljwfg clwj]zgn] ug'{k5{.æ bnlo lzifs ;+:yfdf cfa4 x'g grfxg] ] sf]xl klg lzifs ;Lw} lzifs o'lgogsf] ;b:o agg g;sg] clxn]sf] ljwfgsf] csf]{ dxœjk"0f{ vf]6 xf]. æljwfgsf] of] k fjwfgn] lzifsx nfo{ g} nlhht t'nofpsf] 5.Æ k wfgfwofks s' Fj/ eg5g\, lzifsx ;f] } o'lgogsf] ;b:o agg gkfpg] k fjwfg /fvg'sf] cy{ xf], lzifs ;+3 ;Ë7gsf g]tfx lzif0f k]zfnfo{ bnlo /fhglltsf] b'irqmaf6 aflx/ lgsfng rfxfb}gg\.æ s'fj/n] eg] }F o'lgognfo{ k]zfut ;+:yf agfpg] lbzfdf n}hfg] xf] eg] ljwfg clwjz]gn] ;f] } o'lgogsf] ;b:o agg kfpg] u/l ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug}{ kg]{ b]lvg5. olb clxn]s} h:t} lzifssf] dxf;+3 agfpg] xf] eg] bnlo cfwf/df x}g, txut cfwf/df lzifs o'lgog agfpg' Pp6f ljsnk x'g] b]lvg5. k fylds txsf lzifsx sf] Pp6f o'lgog dfwolds / prr dfwolds txsf] csf] { o'lgog agfpg] / tl ;a} o'lgogsf] dxf;+3sf] kdf lzifs o'lgog /xg' ;fljssf] egbf pko'qm ljsnk /x]sf] lziffsdl{ ljdn km'offn atfpf5g\. ef/t, hfkfg, a]nfot, gj] { nufotsf b]zx df o:tf txut lzifs o'lgog 5g\. tx cg';f/ lzifssf ;d:of, d'2f / cfjzostf klg km/s x'g] epsfn] tl b]zx df o;/l txut o'lgog ag]sf] b]lvg5. c ;Dej x'g5 eg] t ljifout lzifsx sf] ;+3 agfp/ ltglx sf] dxf;+3 agfpg' g\ /fd f] x'g5 km'offn yk5g\. t/ lziffljb\ k f=8f= dgk ;fb jfun] lzifsx sf] dxf;+3 agfpg gx'g] ts{ cufl8 ;f5{g\. æo;n] l;lg8s]6sf] sfd u5{, k]zfut biftf clej[l4sf] sfd x' Fb}g.Æ jfun] eg5g\, æo'lgog t ljbfnosf] xfdl Pp6} ;+:yfsf] kifdf t 5f} + t/ To;lglDt xfd f tlg j6f zt{ 5g\M o'lgogsf] ljwfgdf ;+3Lo nf]stflgqs u0ftgqk lt k lta4tf, lziff k 0ffnL / gllt af/] Go"gtd :ki6tf / k]zfut xslxtsf] ;'lglzrttf. u'0f/fh nf]xgl cwoif clvn g]kfn lzifs ;+3 txdf agfog'k5{. lsgls cfˆgf] ljbfnosf] ;d:of / ;+efjgf ToxL ljbfnosf lzifsn] dfq a' ]sf x'g5g\.æ pgsf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/, ljbfno txsf] lzifs o'lgognfo{ ;/sf/n] ;Lw} lzifssf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu lg/gt/ ;xof]u ug'{k5{ / To;sf] lhddf klg o'lgognfo{ g} lbg'k5{. o;/l o'lgognfo{ ;xl cy{df lzifssf] 5ftf ;+:yf agfpg rfxg] xf] eg] g]t[tj;fd' y'k } ljsnkx b]lvg5g\. t/ k wfgfwofks s'fj/n] eg] }F lzifs ;+3, ;Ë7g / o'lgogsf] g]t[tj ;fflrrs} OdfGbf/ x'g] xf] eg] lzifsnfo{ bnlo /fhglltaf6 d'qm ug] { sfdsf] ;'?cft lzifs o'lgogsf] ;+/rgf oxl ljwfg clwj]zgaf6 ug{ tof/ /xg'k5{. dfcf]jfbl lgs6nufot xfn aflx/ /x]sf lzifsx klg l9nf]rff8f] o'lgogs} 5ftfd'lg cfpg'sf] ljsnk klg /xg] 5}g. To;f] ubf{ pglx n] lzifs ;d'bfo, ljbfyl{ / l;ëf] ;dfhsf nflu df}sfdf xl/f kmf]/]sf] 7x5{. lzifs 11

16 l/kf]6{ cgtjf{tf{ lzifs /fhgllt bnlo /fhglltaf6 d'qm x'g} k5{ ab Lk ;fb vltj8f ;+:yfks cwoif, g]kfn /fli6«o lzifs ;Ë7g 12 g]kfn /fli6«o lzifs ;Ë7g :yfkgfsf] k[i7e"ld s] lyof] < lzifsnfo{ ;/sf/n] z'4 tna afx]s s]xl klg lbg] u/]sf] ;fndf lghfdtl sd{rf/lnfo{ k]g;gsf] Joj:yf ul/of], t/ lzifsnfo{ ul/pg. lzifsnfo{ ;~rosf]if, pkbfg s]xl klg lbofb}gyof]. ;dfhn] lzifssf] 7"nf] ;Ddfg uyof]{ t/ cfly{s kdf pglx c;'/lift lyp. o'jf cj:yfdf lzifs ep/ ljbfno k;]sf] JolQm ToxfFaf6 lg:sfbf j[4 eo;s]sf] x'g5. dg] { a]nfdf t cfˆgf] sdfoaf6 sfqf] lsgg] k};f klg pm;fu x'fb}g. ha;dd lzifssf] k]zfut ;'/Iff x'fb}g, of]uo / /fd f dflg;x n] lzif0f k]zf 5f8\g] qmd a9\5. ;Ël7t epkl5 lzifsn] lghfdtl sd{rf/l;/x tna, k]g;gnufotsf ;a} ;'ljwf kfpg ;s]. of] kifdf w]/} /fd f] eof]. t/ k fylds txb]lv ljzjljbfno;ddsf lzifsx dof{bf, ul/df / ;Ldfsf] dxœj ga' ]/ ljlegg /fhgllts kf6l{sf] lk5nuu' ep/ lxf8\g yfn]. t;y{ lzifsnfo{ tl ;'ljwfx lbnfpg ;/sf/nfo{ bafa lbg s]xl g s]xl ug'{k5{ egg] ;a}nfo{ nflu/x]sf] ;fnlt/sf] s'/f xf] cjsfzk fkt Pshgf k fylds lzifsnfo{ e'6gb]jl dfwolds ljbfno -x]6f}+8f_ sf lzifsx n] /yofqf u/]/ ;Ddfg u/], ;fgf] y}nl klg pkxf/ lbp. s]xl ;dokl5 tl lzifssf] lgwg x'fbf pgsf] bfx;+:sf/ ug{ xfdln] rgbf p7fpg' k of]. of] 36gfn] d nufotsf lzifsx nfo{ lzifssf] lxtsf] nflu s]xl ug} { k5{ egg] 56k6L k}bf u/fof]. o;} ;fnsf] ljbfyl{ cfgbf]ng z'? eof]. k~rfotl Joj:yfsf] lj?4df b]ze/ Ps lsl;dsf] nx/ g} rn]sf] lyof]. kl/jt{g rfxg] / /fhgllt k ]l/t dflg;x epsfn] xfdl lzifsx klg r'k a:g] cj:yf lypg. k hftgqsf] :yfkgfsf] nflu klg ;3fp k'ug] / lzifssf] xslxtsf] nflu klg bafa lbg ;lsg5 eg]/ x]6f}+8fsf d nufot (( hgf ;fn h]7 $ ut] df}g lzifs h'n';;lxt ;8sdf plqof}+. xfd f] d'vo dfu lzifsnfo{ sdtldf lghfdtl sd{rf/l;/x k]g;g, pkbfgsf] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ / lzifssf] k]zfut xslxtsf nflu ;Ël7t ep/ sfd ug{ lzifs ;Ë7g :yfkgf ug{ kfpg'k5{ egg] lyof]. lzifs ;Ë7gsf] :yfkgf :jt:km"t{ kdf epsf] lyof] ls s'g} /fhgllts bnsf] k ]/0ffdf < lzifs cfgbf]ng :jt:km"t{ kdf p7]sf] xf]. o;df s'g} bnsf] e"ldsf lypg. cfgbf]ng a9\b} upkl5 cfˆgf] cg's"n x'g5 eg]/ ttsfnlg dfn]n] xfdlnfo{ ;dy{g rflxf u/]sf] lyof]. ;Ë7gsf] :yfkgf x' Fbf ttsfnlg dfn]nufot jfdkgyl ljrf/wf/fdf cfa4 lzifsx s} ;ª\Vof a9l lyof]. kl5 klg o:t} eo/xof]. o;sf] csf]{ sf/0f s] lyof] eg] sfª\u ];sf g]tf alkl sf]o/fnfn] lzifs ;Ë7gnfO{ Tolt?rfPgg\. To;n] ubf{ k hftflgqs v]dfdf /x]sf lzifs ;fylx nfo{ ck7\of/f] k of]. hfoh dfu af]s]/ :yfkgf epsfn] lzifs ;Ë7g pglx n] 5f8\g klg ;s]gg\ clg kf6l{ g]tfx n] dg gk/fpsf] x'fbf g]t[tjdf a:g klg ufx f] eof]. lzifs ;Ë7gb]lv lzifs o'lgogsf] u7g;ddsf] ofqfnfo{ s;/l d"nofíg ug'{x'g5 < ;Ël7t epkl5 lzifsn] lghfdtl sd{rf/l;/x tna, k]g;gnufotsf ;a} ;'ljwf kfpg ;s]. of] kifdf w]/} /fd f] eof]. t/ k fylds txb]lv ljzjljbfno;ddsf lzifsx dof{bf, ul/df / ;Ldfsf] dxœj ga' ]/ ljlegg /fhgllts kf6l{sf] lk5nuu' ep/ lxf8\g yfn]. Tof] Hofb} g/fd f] s'/f xf]. lg/ª\s'ztfsf] lj?4df epsf] /fli6«o cfgbf]ngdf ;r]t gful/ssf x}l;otn] efu lng' / /fhgllts tyf k]zfut :jtgqtfsf] kifdf nfug' :jfefljs xf]. ;r]t JolQm epsf sf/0f lzifs s'g} /fhgllts ljrf/wf/f af]sg ;S5, t/ pglx kf6l{sf] ;b:o rflxf x'fb} x'g'x'gg. of] untl k~rfot sfnd} eof] ls ax'bn cfpkl5 < k~rfotl sfnel/ plt;f/f] untl epsf] lypg. ax'bn cfpkl5 g} xf] 7"nf] e"n epsf]. ax'bn cfpkl5 lzifs z'4 lzifs ep/ a:g'kyof] {. t/ To;f] x'g ;s]g. lzifsx /fhgllts bnsf] ;b:o dfq x}g, sfo{stf{ g} ep/ lxf8\g yfn]. pglx df /fhgllts dxœjfsfª\iff a9\of].

17 { { lxhf] lzifsnfo{ k]g;g, pkbfg lboggyof], tna klg sd lyof], k]zfut xslxtsf] nflu ;Ë7g epg eg]/ n8\of} +. xfdln] tl ;a} kfof} +. ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] Ifdtf cg';f/ lzifsnfo{ tna tyf ;'ljwf klg lbo/x]sf] 5. t/ ha xfdl k]zfut kdf 9'Ss eof}+, ;/sf/l sfd slxn] hfnf 3fdÚ eg] }F k9fpg 5f8]/ kf6l{sf] 08f af]sg yfnof}+. /fhgllt ug]{ dg ep lzifs 5f8]/ lxf8\g' kyof]{ t/ lzifssf] tna vfp/} /fhglltdf lxf8\g yfnof}+. jf:tjdf lzifsn] cfˆgf] st{jo lgjf{x gu/]/ ;fdflhs ck/fw g} u/]sf 5g\. To:t}u/L cfˆgf] /fhgllts sfo{stf{ agfp/ /fhgllts bnx n] klg plq g} 7"nf] ck/fw u/]sf 5g\. lzifsx /fhglltdf nfubfsf] ;a}egbf 7"nf] gsf/ftds c;/ s] xf] < bnlo /fhglltdf nfug] h:tf] lzifsx sf] unt Jojxf/sf sf/0f g]kfnl ;dfhn] 7"nf] d"no r'sfpg' k/]sf] 5. ;fj{hlgs lziffsf] :t/ olt w]/} vl:sg'sf] d'vo sf/0f klg oxl xf]. cfh lghl ljbfnoaf6 P;Pn;Ldf w]/} ljbfyl{ /fd f];fu pql0f{ x'g5g\ t/ ;fj{hlgs ljbfnoaf6 t'ngftds kdf lgss} sd dfq kf; x'g5g\. Tof] ;a lzifs /fhgllts sfo{stf{ eolbgfn] epsf] xf]. p;n] cfˆgf] bflotj af]w u/]/ sfd u/]sf] ep o:tf] cj:yf cfpg] lypg. ;dfhdf lzifssf] dof{bf klg oxl sf/0fn] 36]sf] xf]. x}g k'/:sf/sf] klg oyf]lrt k agw ul/g'k5{. clxn] klg /fd f lzifs gepsf xf]ogg\. t/ ltgsf] oyf]lrt sb/ ;dfh / ;/sf/ b'j}n] u/]sf 5}gg\. /fd f lzifssf] sb/ ug]{ / To;nfO{ k rf/k ;f/ ug]{ sfd ;a} ldn]/ ug'{k5{. olt dfq x'g;sof] eg] clxn]sf] cj:yfdf %) k ltzt ;'wf/ s]xl ;dokl5 g} cfpf5. ljz]if clwj]zgsf] tof/ldf /x]sf] lzifs o'lgogsf af/]df s] egg'x'g5 < d lzifs o'lgogsf] g]t[tjdf /x]sf ;fylx nfo{ ;dfhk lt OdfGbf/ ep/ cfˆgf efjl sbdx cufl8 a9fpg ljz]if cg'/f]w ub{5'. lziff b]zsf] d]?b08 xf], lziff g} /fd f] gepkl5 ;dfh cufl8 a9\g} ;Sb}g. of] s'/fnfo{ x[boëd u/]/ cfkm" klg z'4 lzifs x'g] / c lzifsnfo{ klg z'4 / k]zfut pq/bflotj s'zntfsf ;fy lgjf{x ug{ ;Ifd agfpg] d"n bflotj lzifs o'lgogsf] xf]. lzifssf] k]zfut biftf a9fpg] / Tof] ;Lk siffsf]7fdf k of]u ug]{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ lzifs o'lgogn] ;a}egbf a9l e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5. To;}u/L lzifs o'lgog ljlegg bndf cfa4 lzifs ;+3 ;Ë7gsf] dxf;+3 x}g, sn]hsf ljbfyl{ o'lgog h:tf] ;f] } lgjf{lrt x'g] k4lt ckgfpg'k5{. o;f] ubf{ s'g} ;d"xn] Psnf}6L lhtg] / affsl ;a} kfvf kg]{ cj:yf klg cfpg lbg'x'fb}g. a? To;lglDt ;dfg'kflts k ltlglwtjsf] Joj:yf ug'{k5{. s] lzifsnfo{ siffsf]7f k lt pq/bfol agfpg ;lsg5 t < ;lsg5. agfpg} klg k5{. lzifs z'4 lzifs dfq} x'g'k5{. t/ clxn] xfdln] egb}df g /fhgllts bnx n] lzifsnfo{ ca ltdlx xfd f] sfo{stf{ gagú eg]/ egg]jfnf 5g\ g t lzifsx n] g} /fhgllts bnnfo{ kl/tofu ul/lbg5g\. Tof] ;do cfpg cln ;do nfunf. To;}n] lzifssf] sfdsf] d"nofígsf ug]{ / ;f]xl cfwf/df p;nfo{ u ]8 j[l4 tyf c ;'ljwf lbg] gllt agfog'k5{ / To;nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfl/g'k5{. ljbfyl{sf] l;sfo :t/ Go"gtd klg b]lvpg eg] ;DalGwt lzifssf] u ]8 /f]ssf ;d]t ug}{ k5{. Tolta]nf lzifsn] dnfo{ lglzrt ;ª\Vofdf dfq ljbfyl{ lbog'k5{ egg ;S5. ;/sf/ / cleefjsn] ljbfyl{ ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df lzifs / ef}lts ;'ljwfsf] k agw ul/lbg'k5{. clg k j]z k/liff lng] / s'g :t/;ddsf ljbfyl{ egf{ ug]{ egg] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ klg lzifsnfo{ g} lbog'k5{. b08 dfq ha xfdl k]zfut kdf 9'Ss eof} +, ;/sf/l sfd slxn] hfnf 3fdÚ eg] } F k9fpg 5f8]/ kf6l{sf] 08f af]sg yfnof} +. /fhgllt ug] dg ep lzifs 5f8]/ lxf8\g' kyof] t/ lzifssf] tna vfp/} /fhglltdf lxf8\g yfnof} +. jf:tjdf lzifsn] cfˆgf] st{jo lgjf{x gu/]/ ;fdflhs ck/fw g} u/]sf 5g\. ls/0f kf08] lzifs 13

18 l/kf]6{ l6kk0fl lzifs /fhgllt o'lgogsf] cf}lrto Û o'lgognfo{ ;ffrr} ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnl lzifsx sf] ;f f 5ftf ;+:yf agfpg] xf] eg] clxn]sf] ;fë7lgs k f?kdf cfd"n kl/jt{g u/l h'g;'s} ljbfnodf k9fpg] lzifsn] klg o'lgogsf] k f/ldes ;b:o agg kfpg] x'g'kb{5. g] kfndf ljbfno lziffsf] lj:tf/ / lzifsx ;Ël7t x'g] k ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkl5 ;Fu;Fu} z'? epsf] xf], h'g cbflk hf/l 5. tyflk :s"n lzifsx ;Ël7t x'g] k lqmofn] d"t{?k sf] ljbfyl{ cfgbf]ngkl5 dfq lng ;Sof]. Tolta]nf e"ldut cj:yfdf /x]sf] g]skf dfn]sf] jr{:j;lxt g]kfn /fli6«o lzifs ;Ë7gsf] :yfkgf epsf] xf]. To;sf] aflx/l cfj/0fdf k hftgqjfbl lzifsx klg cfj4 ep k]zfut ;Ë7gsf] gfddf. Pp6f ;do cfof] k hftgqjfblx ToxfF c6\g ;s]gg\. k hftgqjfbl lzifsx sf] a]un} ;Ë7g g]kfn lzifs j}zfv #) ut] v'nof]. g]kfn /fli6«o lzifs ;Ë7gleq cfk;l tgfj, ljjfb / /fhgllts dgf]dflngokzrft u7g ul/psf] g]kfn lzifs ;+3 ;+ejtm clxn] klg ;a}egbf a9l ;b:o ;ª\Vof epsf] lzifs ;+:yf xf]. Tolta]nf k hftgqjfbl / jfdkgyl lzifsx km'6]sf] h:tf] b]lvp klg lzifs ;+3sf] hgd g]kfn /fli6«o lzifs ;Ë7gsf] cf}krfl/s ljefhgaf6 epsf] lypg. oyfy{df k hftflgqs k lqmofdf lzifssf ;+:yfnfo{ o;/l ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg5 egg] pbfx/0f k :t't ug{sf nflu Tof] hdsf]{ ul/psf] lyof]. Tof] k of; jif{;dd t ;zqm kdf eof], To;kl5sf lbgdf s] eof], Tof] ;a}sf ;fd' :ki6 g} 5. ;du /fhglltn] cfˆgf] ugtjo lal;{psf] a]nfdf, k]zfut ;+:yfx klg /fhgllt sd k]zfut a9l x'g g;sbf p:t} k s[ltsf w]/} ;+:yfx hgdfbf /x]5g\ kbsf] efua08fsf nflu klg. To;sf] pbfx/0f ag]sf] 5 g]kfn lzifs o'lgog. ;+3 / ;Ë7gsf] Pstf jftf{sf qmddf ax; z'? epsf] lyof] b'j}sf] PsLs/0f jf ;+3Lo ;+/rgf jf ;xh / ;a} c6\g] k lt:kwf{tds o'lgog < Pstfsf] lg/y{s ax; tyf cf cfˆgf] ;+:yfsf] :jfledfg w/f}6l /fv]/ agg] dxf;+3lo ;+/rgfegbf v'nnf k lt:kwf{af6 5flgg] lzifs g]t[tj h?/l 5 egg] s'/fdf of] kª\lqmsf/ klg lyof]. t/ o'lgog ol b'j} 9fFrfeGbf km/s cfof]. kl/0ffdtm o'lgog ;a} k sf/sf ljbfnosf lzifssf] jf:tljs ;+ +:yf agg ;s]sf] 5}g. o;df ;+3 / ;Ë7g afx]ssf ;+:yfx of t 5}gg\ of ep klg tl s]xl lhnnfdf dfq ;Lldt 5g\. ;fë7lgs kif lrgtfhgs 5. d[tk fom ;+:yfx nfo{ ;+:yfks ;b:otf lbfb} lxf8\g'kg]{ t/ ljbfnodf k9fpg] lzifsnfo{ rflxf ;b:otf lbg gldng] o'lgogsf] afwotf 5. lzifsx n] ;Lw} ;b:otf gkfpg] g]kfn lzifs o'lgogn] slt lzifsx sf] k ltlglwtj ub{5 < s s;sf] lxtsf vflt/ sfd ub{5 < s;af6 pmhf{ k fkt xl/ljgf]b clwsf/l ub{5 < egg] h:tf k Zgx cfh;dd cg'ql/t g} 5g\. o'lgognfo{ g]kfnsf ;Dk"0f{ lzifsx sf] ;f f ynf] agfpg] xf] eg] clxn]sf] efua08fsf] ;+/rgfegbf lgtfgt km/s t/ ljbfnodf k9fpg] hf] sf]xl klg ;b:o x'g], ltglx sf] cledtaf6 dfq o'lgogsf] ;Ë7g lgdf{0f x'g] j}wflgs Joj:yf ul/g'k5{. d}n] a' ];Dd, g]kfndf cl:ttjdf /x]sf sltko lzifssf ;Ë7gx o'lgogdf cfa4 5}gg\. Toltdfq xf]og, tf]lspsf ;+:yfks ;+:yfafx]s c ToxfF k j]z ug{ klg kfpfb}gg\. o'lgogsf] lgjf{rgdf s'g} klg pdd]bjf/nfo{ k ToIf dt lbg kfofb}g. k ToIftM pdd]bjf/ x'g klg kfofb}g. yfxf kfp;dd sf7df8f} F h:tf lhnnfdf ;d]t o'lgogsf] lgjf{rg x'g;s]sf] 5}gÙ hals o'lgogsf] efua08fsf] klxnf] sfo{sfn ;lsg} nfu]sf] 5. &% lhnnfdwo] w]/}h;f]df lgjf{rg gx' Fb} zfxl ;Í6sfndf g} s]gb Lo lgjf{rg ;DkGg ug' {kg] { afwotf o'lgognfo{ lsg k/]sf] lyof] egg] cfh;dd a' g ;lspsf] 5}g. Psflt/ o'lgogsf] :yfkgf epsf] 5 / csf] {lt/ cflwsfl/s ;fdflhs ;f}bfafhl ug{sf nflu /fli6«o:t/df g]kfn lzifs o'lgogsf] dfq cl:ttj /flvpsf] 5 P]g lgoddf. o'lgogsf] u7gkzrft g]kfn lzifs ;+3 / g]kfn /fli6«o lzifs ;Ë7g h:tf ;+:yfx ;d]t o'lgogsf] d'v tfs]/ a:g afwo epsf 5g\. o'lgognfo{ ;/sf/sf] ;+/If0f / pmhf{ k fkt ep klg o;sf] pbokzrft g]kfnl z}lifs kmff6df k]zfut xslxtsf 7f]; pknlaw epsf] b]vg ;'Gg kfopsf] 5}g. lzifssf] tflnd, ;'ljwf, nfo;]g;, u'0fftds lziff h:tf ljifodf vf;} kxn epsf] kfofb}g. ;a}lt/ o'lgogsf] k ltlglwtj /flvpsf] 5 t/ o'lgogsf k ltlglwx hxff klg cgof]n / låljwfu :t dfgl;stfdf k :t't x'g] u/]sf] kfog5. cfd lzifsx df rflxf cfˆgf] ;+:yf vf]6f] l;ssfdf kl/0ft x'g nfu]sf] b]v]/ lrgtf k}bf epsf] 5. g]kfn lzifs o'lgognfo{ ;ffrr} ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnl lzifsx sf] ;f f 5ftf ;+:yf agfpg] xf] eg] clxn]sf] ;fë7lgs k f?kdf cfd"n kl/jt{g ug'{kb{5 / h'g;'s} ljbfnodf k9fpg] ep klg o'lgogsf] k f/ldes ;b:o agg kfpg] x'g'kb{5. s]gb df s;/l k ltlglwtj u/fpg] egg] s'/fsf] ;xh tl/sf lglzrt u/l h'g;'s} txsf] cwoiftf ax'dtlo k 0ffnLaf6 k ToIf dtaf6 lgjf{lrt x'g] k fjwfg /flvg'kb{5. o'lgogdf cfj4 x'g] k lqmof / zt{x ;/n / ;xh agfog'kb{5. o'lgog cfkm}f klg dhb'/ dxf;+3sf] ;b:o x'g'kb{5. cfa4 ;+:yfsf] :jtgqtf / ;fdflhs ;f}bfafhlsf] clwsf/ vf]l;g'x'fb}g. -clwsf/l g]kfn lzifs ;+3sf ;+:yfks ;lrj x'g'x'g5._ 14 lzifs

19 cfrf/;+lxtf lzifssf] st{jo lz Ifsx sf] cgt/f{li6«o ;Ë7g Ph's];g OG6/Gof;gnn] :t/lo lziffnfo{ k hftflgqs ;dfhsf] dxœjk"0f{ cfwf/ dfg]sf] 5. ;f] ;Ë7gsf cg';f/, lziffn] ;a} s]6fs]6l / o'jfnfo{ ;dfg z}lifs cj;/ k bfg ug{'k5{. lzifs / z}lifs If]qdf sfo{/t ;a}n] lziff If]qdf pknaw ;]jfk lt hgtfsf] ljzjf; hufpg sfd ug{'k5{ egg] s'/f klg ;f] ;Ë7gn] dfg]sf] 5. ol p2]zo k"/f ug{sf nflu / lzifsx nfo{ cfˆgf] k]zfut cfr/0f lgwf{/0f ug{sf nflu d2t k'uf];\ eg]/ lzifsx sf] cfrf/;+lxtf tof/ u/]sf] 5. o;n] lzifsx sf] sfd;fu ;DalGwt glltlgod, sfg"g / sfo{qmdsf k"/ssf kdf ;xof]u ug{ ] ljzjf; ;f] ;Ë7gsf] 5. ;f] cfrf/;+lxtfsf s]xl dxœjk"0f{ c+zx M k]zfk ltsf] k lta4tf lzifsn] lzifsx n] cfk"mdflysf] hgcf:yf / ljzjf; sfod /fvg] u/l sfd ug{'k5{ / ;a} ljbfyl{x nfo{ :t/lo lziff lbp/ cfˆgf] k]zfut ;Ddfg a9fpg'k5{, k]zfut 1fgnfO{ lgoldt kdf cbfjlws / ;'wf/ ug{'k5{, hljge/ l;sg' k]zfk ltsf] k lta4tfsf] Pp6f cë xf] egg] s'/fnfo{ :jlsfb{} l;sfosf] k lqmof, tl/sf / ;do lgwf{/0f ug{'k5{, cfˆgf] biftf / of]uotf;fu ;DalGwt ;a} hfgsf/l ;fj{hlgs ug{'k5{, ;Ë7gdf ;lqmo kdf ;xeful ep/ cfˆgf] sfd ug{ ] cj:yfnfo{ /fd f] kfg{ k of; ug{'k5{ h;n] ubf{ Psbd} of]uo dflg;x lzifs x'g nfnflot xf]pg\, lziffsf] If]qdf / o; If]qdfkm{t ;dfhdf k hftgq / dfgjclwsf/sf] k j4{g ug{] ;a} k of;nfo{ ;3fpg'k5{, ljbfyl{k ltsf] ] k lta4tf lzifsn] ;a} s]6fs]6l vf;u/l cfˆgf ljbfyl{x sf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug{'k5{, ljbfyl{sf] lxt / snof0fsf] /Iff / k j4{g ug{'k5{, s'g} klg ljbfyl{nfo{ zf/ll/s tyf dgf]j}1flgs b'jo{jxf/ x'g lbg'x'fb}g, ljbfyl{nfo{ of}g b'jo{jxf/ x'g glbg ;Dej ep;dd ;a} pkfo ckgfpg'k5{, ljbfyl{sf] lxt;fu ;DalGwt ;a} ljifodf pko'qm lsl;dsf] kl/>d ug{'sf ;fy} ol ljifodf ;ts{tf / uf]kglotf ckgfpg'k5{, dfgjclwsf/;dagwl cgt/f{li6«o dfgotf;fu ;'xfpfbf] cfrf/0f ckgfpg ljbfyl{x nfo{ ;3fpg'k5{, ljbfyl{;fu k]zfut ;DaGw sfod /fvg'k5{, x/]s ljbfyl{ c egbf km/s x'g5, x/]s ljbfyl{sf ljz]if cfjzostf x'g5 egg] s'/f :jlsf/ u/l ljbfyl{nfo{ cfˆgf] Ifdtf a9fpg xf};nf lbg'k5{ / dfu{lgb{]z ug{'k5{, ljbfyl{x df cfkm" ;d'bfosf] Ps cë x'f / oxff ;a}nfo{ :yfg 5 egg] efjgf hufpg'k5{, cfˆgf] clwsf/ Gofok"0f{ 9Ën] / ddtfsf ;fy k of]u ug{'k5{, ljbfyl{;fusf] cfˆgf] ;DaGwnfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dn] c vf;u/l wfld{s jf /fhgllts cf:yf abng jf To;nfO{ lgogq0f ug{ b'?kof]u x'g lbg'x'fb}g, cleefjsk ltsf] k lta4tf arrfsf] k ult / lxtsf ;DaGwdf cleefjsn] pko'qm dfwodaf6 lzifs;fu k/fdz{ ug{ kfpg'k5{ egg] s'/fnfo{ dfgotf lbg'k5{, cleefjssf] clwsf/nfo{ cfb/ ub{} arrfsf] lxt x'g] lsl;dsf] k]zfut ;Nnfx lbg'k5{. arrfsf] lziffbliffdf ;lqmotfk"j{s efu lng / arrfsf] lziffdf g/fd f] c;/ kfg{ ] vfnsf sfddf s]6fs]6lnfo{ gnufpg cleefjsnfo{ k f]t;fxg lbg ;a} k of; ug{'k5{. h'nfo{df yfonofg8df epsf] Ph's];g OG6/Gof;gnsf] t]; f] cgt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngåf/f kfl/t._ lzifs 15

20 cg';gwfg dg]z >]i7 /f]lxt n'of6]n 5fq / 5fqf 16 lzifs sf] s;/l l;s5g\ < s] xl jif{cufl8 xfa{8{ ljzjljbfnosf cwoif Nof/L ;d;{n] dlxnfx sf] dfgl;s Ifdtf sdhf]/ x'g] x'gfn] ljzjljbfno txdf ef}lts lj1fg / ul0ft lng] 5fqfx sd epsf x'g\ú egbf z}lifs / /fhglltshutdf 7"nf] v}nfa}nf dlrrof]. pgsf] of] egfo o;cl3 :yflkt dfgotf ljk/lt lyof]. ;g\!(^) / &) sf] bzsdf ljzje/df epsf] dlxnf cfgbf]ngn] b'o{ j6f s'/f :yflkt u/]sf] lyof], h;dwo] klxnf] lyof], cj;/sf] sdln] ubf{ dfq dlxnf k5fl8 k/]sf x'g\, / csf]{ lyof]ù ;dfg cj;/ kfpg] xf] eg] h'g;'s} If]qdf klg dlxnfn] k'?if;fu k lt:kwf{ ug{ ;S5g\. o; dfgotfn] lziff If]qdf goff ceof;x leœofof]. 5fq / 5fqfnfO{ km/s km/s ljbfnodf k9fpfbf k9fosf] :t/ km/s x'g5 / 5fqfk lt e]befj x'g5 egg] ts{ p7\of]. cd]l/sfdf t ;/sf/l cg'bfgdf rng] :s"nx df ;x lziff -5fq / 5fqf b'j}nfo{ Pp6} :s"ndf k9fpg]_ clgjfo{ g} ul/of]. ljsf;f]gd'v b]zx df 5f]/LnfO{ klg ljbfno k7fpg] cleofg rnfoof]. dlxnf ptyfg / ;zlqms/0fsf nflu dfq gep/ ;fdflhs ljsf;sf lgldt klg 5f]/LnfO{ ljbfno k7fpg'k5{ egg] dfgotf cufl8 cfof]. cfdf lzlift ep kl/jf/ / ;GtltnfO{ ;d]t kmfobf x'g5, To;}n] aflnsfx nfo{ k9fpg'k5{ egg] cleofg g} rnof]. ol ;a} k of;sf] kmn:j?k 5fqfx n] lziffdf 7"nf] km8\sf] df/]. w]/} o'jtlx lzlift ep / lzliftx? /f]huf/sf] If]qdf ;+nug x'fb}up. goff k':tfsf nflu /f]n df]8]nú tof/ ep.!(&) /!(() sf] bzsdf a]nfotdf epsf cwoogn] 5fqfx sf] ;f]rfodf kl/jt{g cfpsf] b]vfpsf] lyof]. ;g\!(&) sf] bzsdf ToxfFsf dfwolds ljbfnosf 5fqfx n] kl/jf/ / 3/nfO{ k fyldstf lbgy] eg]!(() sf] bzsdf pglx sf] k fyldstfdf prr lziff, Joj;fo / sl/o/ k/]sf] lyof]. ;g\!(() sf] bzsdf cfp/ ljsl;t b]zx df k9fodf 5fqfx n] 5fqnfO{ pl5gg yfn]. df}sf / k f]t;fxg kfp 5fqf 5fqeGbf kl5 kb}{gg\ / h'g;'s} If]qdf klg dlxnfx k'?if;fu k lt:kwf{ ug{ ;S5g\ egg] dlxnf cfgbf]ngsf] dfgotf ;To ;flat x'g yfnof]. o:tf] a]nfdf xfa{8{ ljzjljbfnosf ;d;{n] s] cfwf/df 5fqfsf] af}l4s Ifdtfdfly k Zg u/] t < ;g\!(() sf] bzssf] cgtolt/b]lv dflg;sf] lbdfusf] agfj6 / To;n] sfd ug] { tl/sfsf] cwoog -Go'/f] ;fog;_ n] s]6f / s]6lsf] lbdfusf] agfj6 / To;n] sfd ug]{ tl/sf km/s 5 egg] goff dfgotf :yflkt ug{ vf]hb}5. o; bzssf] z'?df cd]l/sfdf

21 { { ls/0f kf08] dfosn u'l/pgåf/f lnlvt æs]6f / s]6ln] km/s lsl;dn] l;s5g\æ gfds k':ts k sflzt eof]. lrlst;s lnofgf8{ ;S; t lrlst;f k]zf 5f8]/ 5fq / 5fqfnfO{ cnuu} k9fpg'k5{ egg] dfgotf k j4{g ug{ g} nfluk/]. pgsf cg';f/ s]6f / s]6ln] l;sg] tl/sf km/s 5. s'g} ;d:of xn ug{ s]6f / s]6ln] lbdfusf] km/s km/s efu rnfpf5g\. sfdsf] rk]6fsf] ef/ yfdg s]6fnfo{ egbf s]6lnfo{ ufx f] x'g5.ú ;S;sf] l;4fgtdf ljzjf; ug]{ cd]l/sfsf] ;fpy Sof/f]lngf /fhosf] lziff ljefudf sfd ug]{ 8]le8 of8j]nsf cg';f/, æs]6fx nfo{ ef}lts kdf rng nufpg'k5{ lsgeg] pglx sf] :gfo' k 0ffnL cffvfn] b]vg] / sfgn] ;'Gg] tl/sfaf6 k efljt x'g5. s]6lx sf] l;sfodf ljifoj:t', ljbfyl{ ljbfyl{ alrsf] ;DaGw / ljbfyl{ lzifsalrsf] ;DaGwn] k efj kf5{. s]6lx nfo{ Pscsf{;Fu s'/f ug{ lbopg eg] pglx n] l;sg ;Sb}gg\. s]6lx nfo{ cfˆgf] hljgdf 36]sf] 36gfnfO{ siffsf]7fsf] ljifoj:t';fu hf]8\g] df}sf lbg'k5{.æ ;S;\sf cg';f/ s]6f / s]6lnfo{ k9fodf k f]t;fxg lbg km/s km/s tl/sf ckgfpg'k5{. 8f= ;S;\ klg klxn] s]6f / s]6ln] l;sg] tl/sfdf km/s 5}g / pglx nfo{ ;x lziff lbg'k5{ egy]. t/ df pgsf] lsnlgsdf Pshgf!@ jif] la/fdl cfp. pgl ;x lziff nodf k9\y]. pgl Psbd sd af]ny]. pgnfo{ s]xl klg ug{?rfpfb}gy]. s]6f dfq k9\g] :s"ndf egf{ epkl5 pgl k"/} km]l/p. To;kl5 8f= ;S;\n] s]6fnfo{ dfq k9fpg] / s]6lnfo{ dfq k9fpg] :s"ndf up/ s]6f / s]6lsf] lbdfusf] agf]6 ;DaGwL cg';gwfg ug{ yfn]. cwoog kl5 pgl egg yfn], ædflg;sf] k s[lt lnëdf cfwfl/t x'g5.æ 5fq / 5fqfn] km/s lsl;dn] l;s5g\ of Pp6} lsl;dn] l;s5g\ egg] ljjfbsf] 6'Ëf] ttsfn nfug ;Sg] 5}g t/ klg cd]l/sfdf 5fqfeGbf 5fq k5fl8 epsf] rflxf Pp6f dxœjk"0f{ tyo g} xf]. siff ( b]lv!@ ;Ddsf] dfwolds txsf] lziff ^% k ltzt s]6fx n] rf/ jif{df dfq ;S5g\. ;f]xl lziff rf/ jif{df ;Sg] s]6lx sf] dfqf s]6fx sf] egbf a9l cyf{t\ &@ k ltzt 5. s]6fx km]n x'g] ;Defjgf s]6lx sf] egbf 8]9 u'0ff a9l /x]sf] 5. lbdfusf] agfj6 / 5fq 5fqfsf] ljifoj:t'sf] lr km/s epklg ;fdflhs jftfj/0fn] l;sfodf km/s k5{ egg] s'/fdf b'o{dt x'g;sb}g. ljsl;t b]zx ;f+:s[lts / cfly{s lx;fan] s]6f / s]6lnfo{ ;dfg cj;/ k bfg ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf k'lu;s]sf 5g\. pglx sf] rf;f] csf]{ txdf k'lu;sof]. ljsf;f]gd'v b]zdf ;f+:s[lts dfgotf / cfly{s ljkggtfn] ubf{ 5fq / 5fqfsf] l;sfodf c;/ kfl//x]sf] 5. 5f]/LnfO{ klg :s"n k7fpf egg] gf/f Ps 7fpFdf 5 eg] csf] {lt/ ljbfno k7fp/ s] t < egg] k Zgsf] hjfkm vf]hg klg TolQs} h /L b]lvg5. dfly plnnlvt a]nfotsf] cwoogn] b]vfp cg';f/ 5fq 5fqfnfO{ :s"n hffbf kmfobf x'g5 egg] s'/f b]vfpg' h /L 5. km]n epklg pglx nfo{ :s"nd} /fvg] pkfo lgsfng'k5{. g]kfnsf ;a} siffdf 5fqf sd 5g\. o;nfo{ a9fpg' k5{. o;f] ug{ ] w]/} pkfo 5g\ h:t} ljbfnodf dlxnf lzifssf] ;ª\Vof a9fpg], 5fqfx sf] nflu kof{kt zf}rfnosf] Joj:yf ug] {, 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/, k wfgfwofks cflb k'?if dfq x'g5g\ egg] e d lbg] kf7\o;fdu Lsf 7fpFdf tl sfd dlxnfn] klg u5{g\ egg] ;Gb]z lbg] kf7\o;fdu L agfpg' klg TolQs} cjzos 5. o; afx]s lzifsn] 5fqf / 5fqnfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug' klg h?/l 5. To;kl5 xfdlsxff klg 5fqfx n] k9fopdf prrtd pknlaw xfl;n ug{ ;Snfg\. -@ sf] Go"of]s{ 6fOD;df cfwfl/t_ lzifs 17

22 { ax; ljbfno Joj:yfkg 8f= k"0f{sfgt clwsf/l ;d'bfo e/kbf{ ] ljsnk 18 lzifs s] s]xl jif{ klxn]sf] s'/f xf], ndh'ªsf] Pp6f ufpfn] ahf/l:yt dfwolds ljbfnosf] k fë0fdf lzifsx ;Fusf] s'/fsfgldf yfxf eof] To; ljbfnosf] k fylds txdf ljbfyl{ egf{ / pkl:ylt 36\bf] /x]5. clg 9f]s}df v'n]sf] Pp6f 5fk ] af]l8{ª :s"nú df eg] egf{sf] rfk a9\bf] /x]5. o:tf] lsg x'g uof] egg] k ;Ë p7\bf, Pshgf lzifsn] d'v kmf]g'{eof] c sf] t s'/} 5f]l8lbpmF, d}n] klg cfˆgf] 5f]/fnfO{ ToxLF egf{ u/]sf] 5'.Ú pqm ljbfno, h;nfo{ ufpfn] cfkm} Fn] cfˆgf] ; f]t / >dn] agfpsf lyp, rnfpsf lyp / 6f9f 6f9faf6 lzifs NofP/ k9fpg] Joj:yf u/]sf lypù To;nfO{ jgsf] ;fd'bfols/0faf6 v'l/v08] 8fF8fx km]l/ xl/ofnldf kl/0ft eo;s]sf] kl/l:ylt xfd f ;fd' 5. hgtfdf lglxt Ifdtfsf] ;b'kof]u g} o; ;kmntfsf] sf/0f xf]. To;}n] ljbfnosf] ;/sf/ls/0faf6 Ift ljift epsf] lziff If]q klg ;fd'bfols/0faf6 km]l/ k lt:yflkt x'g;sg] cfzf ug{ ;fnsf] goff lziff k 0ffnLÚn] ;/sf/ls/0f u of]. z'?sf ljbfyl{ :gfts eo;s]kl5 ToxL ljbfnosf lzifs ep. ol :gfts lzifsx tflnd k fkt 5g\. pglx sf] of]uotf / 3/kfos k/]sf] tna eqfdf klg vf]6 nufpg] 7fpF 5}g. ;a} x[i6k'i6 g} 5g\. ljbfno ejg, kmlg{r/, z}lifs ;fdu L, v]ns'b d}bfgdf klg bf]if b]vfpg] s'/f vf; s]xl 5}g. t/ Pp6} dfq l;sfot 5, lgoldt k9fo x'fb}g. lzifsx clwsf+z kf6l{ut /fhglltdf Jo:t x'g5g\. lzifs lzifs, ljbfyl{ ljbfyl{, lzifs ljbfyl{alr /fhglltsf] s'/fnfo{ lnp/ a]nf a]nfdf u8f eo/fv5.ú cufl8sf] 5fk ] af]l8{ª :s"ndf 7fpF ;ff3'/f] 5, Go"gtd k"jf{wf/ klg k'u]sf 5}gg\. $ % hgfn] C0f lnp/ u/]sf] nufgl p7\g] l:ylt 6f9} 5. of]uo lzifs kfpg wf} wf} 5. kfopsf lzifssf] of]uotf klg kof{kt 5}g. tyflk ljbfyl{ ;ª\Vof a9\bf] 5. t/ oxff k9fo eg] lgoldt kn] x'g] u5{. lzifsnfo{ /fhgllt ug]{ km';{b 5}g. clg cleefjsn] klg a]nf a]nfdf cfˆgf s]6fs]6lsf] k9fo n]vfosf] l:yltaf/] lh1f;f :j k k ltj]bg dfubf /x]5g\, h'g ;/sf/l ljbfnodf 5}g. olt sf/0fn] ubf{ lgmz'ns lziff lbg] ljbfnoaf6 dfl;s?=@ ;o ltg' {kg] { lghl ljbfnodf ljbfyl{ cf]ol/g] qmd a9\bf] 5. o;/l ha cleefjssf] ljzjf; ;/sf/l ljbfnoaf6 x6\g yfnof], ;fwf/0f ;] ;fwf/0f JolQmn] klg cfˆgf s]6fs]6l af]l8{ª :s"ndf /fvg] rfxgf ug{ yfn]ù ta d'n'sdf lghl ljbfnox Rofp } F pd g yfn]. b;jif] { ;z:q ågåsf] bf}/fgdf To; 5fk ] :s"nnfo{ hah{:tl agb u/foof] / ljbfyl{nfo{ ;Fu}sf] ;/sf/l ljbfnodf 3';fl/of]. t/ ;b/d'sfddf To;/L g} v'n]sf] csf] { 5fk ] af]l8{ª :s"nú eg] tlgtnfsf] kssl x'g k'uof]. o;} tlgtn] :s"nsf] 5tdf plep/ Ps lbg To;sf k wfgfwofksnfo{ ;f]w]sf] lypf, ætkfofn] of] ljbfnodf sfd ubf{ / k'/fgf] ljbfnodf sfd ubf{sf] cg'ejdf s] km/s kfpg'eof] <Æ pgsf] hjfkm lyof], æcfgtl/s Joj:yfkgsf] lx;fan] d oxff :jtgq 5'. ;z:q ågån] hlt;'s} xnnfp klg cleefjs v';l ep;dd lghl ljbfno rnfpg ;lsfbf] /x]5. csf] s'/f k'/fgf] :s"ndf egbf oxff d w]/} a9l v6]/ sfd u5' {.Æ pgl lyp hgtfn] cfˆg} kl;gfn] agfpsf] / rnfpsf] ljbfnosf k"j{ ljbfyl{, ;/sf/ls/0f ul/pkl5sf To;} ljbfnosf lzifs / nfdf] ;dosf k wfgfwofks. hgtfn] agfpsf] t/ c } ;/sf/sf] :jfldtjdf /x]sf] Tof] k'/fgf] ljbfnosf] ejg cfh 9Ng] cj:yfdf 5. glhs}sf] ;d'bfon] rnfpsf] csf] { ljbfnon] ;a}sf] cffvf tfg]sf] 5. k9fodf lhnnfdf ;a}nfo{ lht]sf] 5 / p;sf] pq/f]q/ j[l4 eo/x]sf] 5. sf7df8f} Fdf lgofn]/ x]bf{ d}n] cfkm} Fn] k9]sf] k9fpsf]

23 lq rgb sn]hsf] ejg 9Ng nfu]sf] 5 eg] sltko goff v'n]sf lghl:t/sf!)±@ / sn]hsf ejgsf] :t/ lans'n} legg 5. ljbfno agb epsf] a]nf sf7df8f} Fsf] ;jf/lsf] rfk w]/} g} 36]sf] dx;"; x'g5. ljbfno rnbf ; ;fgf gfglx ctogt k b"lift jftfj/0fdf 306f} F;Dd hah{:tl sf]lrrp/ lg:;fl;fb} zx/sf] Pp6f s'gfaf6 csf] { s'gfdf unxtofopsf b]lvg5g\. d]rlb]lv dxfsfnl;dd o:t} o:t} l:ylt 5. of] ;a lsg eo/x]sf] 5 < lziff If]qdf 3f]lTng]x nfo{ h?/ klg ulxl/p/ ;f]rg afwo kf/]sf] 5. :t/lo lziff s] xf] / Tof] s;/l lng] jf lbg] egg] k ;Ëdf zx/l Onfsfsf s]xl ckjfbnfo{ 5f]8]/, ;/sf/l / lghl ljbfnox sf] k ultdf ctogt} 7"nf] km/s b]lvg cfpf5. k j]lzsf k/liffnfo{ Pp6f ;"rssf] kdf dfgbfv]l/ of] kmf;nfsf] oyfy{tf v'n:t b]lvg5. :t/lo lziffsf] of] dfkg cfkm}fdf ;a} s'/fn] kof{kt xf] egg g;lspnf. t/ h'g sfd u5{ ' egg] lhdd]jf/l lnopsf] xf] Tof] ug{ g;sbf ;DalGwtx sf] bflotjaf]waf/] k Zg p7\g' :jfefljs} xf]. Toltdfq xf]og, pko'{qm j:t'l:yltn] jul{o lziffnfo{ hgd lbo{ d'n'snfo{ g} ;fdflhs ljv08gsf] af6f]lt/ ws]ln/x]5. g]kfnsf] z}lifs ljsf;sf] ;fnkl5sf] b'o{bzsnfo{ :jl0f{d o'u egg ;lsg5, ha ufpf ufpfalr ljbfno vf]ng] / s]6fs]6lnfo{ ljbfno k7fpg]df :jtm:km"t{ k lt:kwf{ x'g yfnof]. siffleqsf] k9fosf] u'0fftds kifaf/] klg lh1f;fx z'? eo;s]sf lyp. t/ of] df cfp/ /f]s nfuof] ha /fhosf] bflotjsf] gfdn] xf];\ jf k~rfotl clwgfosjfbl Joj:yfn] lzlift ;d'bfodfly lgogq0f ug]{ x]t'n] xf];\, ;/sf/n] hg;d'bfoaf6 pglx n] ul/cfpsf] ljbfno Joj:yfkg vf]:g k'uof]. o;sf ;sf/ftds / gsf/ftds b'j} c;/ b]vfk/]. ljbfno /fli6«os/0fsf] ;sf/ftds kif z}lifs hfu/0f gk'u]sf 7fpFdf klg ljbfnox v'ng' / lzifsx sf] kfl/>lds -hflu/_ sf] ;'/Iff x'g' eof] eg] gsf/ftds rflxf z}lifs ljsf;df hgtf k"/} 6fl9g / s]jn ;/sf/sf cfzfd'vldf ;Lldt agg k'u]. o;n] ubf{ Psflt/ cfˆg} ufpfsf] cfkm}fn] v8f u/]sf ljbfnox hgtfaf6 la/fgf xf 'b} up eg] csf] {lt/ lzifsx sf] lgi7f rflxf ufpf 6f]naf6 ;b/d'sfd / To;kl5 s]z/dxnlt/ tflgg k'uof]. df cfp/ lzifsx dfly ;/sf/sf] lgogq0f v'l:sof], /fhozlqm klg lziff If]qaf6 lg/fz x'fb}uof]. v'nf kdf /fhglltdf nfug] 5'6 kfpkl5 sltko lzifsx /fhgllts kf6l{sf l;q}fsf sfo{stf{df kl/0ft x'g k'u]. To;}n] b;jif] { ;z:q ågåsfndf bf]xf]/f] kmfol/ëdf k/]/ sltko lzifssf] Hofg u'dof] eg] sltko rflxf Hofg hf]ufpg lj:yflkt ep. kl/0ffdtm sltko ufpfsf ljbfnox lzifsljxlg x'g k'u]. lziff If]qdf d'n'ssf] ctogt 7"nf] nufgl x'fbfx'fb} klg of] If]q k"/} tx;gx; x'g k'u]sf] 5. Pp6f ;fwf/0f pbfx/0f lnpfm. lxf8\bf lxf8\b} cffvf kf]ng yfnof] eg] ;aegbf klxnf cfˆg} xftn] 5fldG5. s]xl k/]sf] ep To;nfO{ lgsfng sf]l;; ul/g5. Tolt ubf{ epg eg] glhs}sf] csf] { JolQmnfO{ x]l/lbgf]:gú eg]/ cfu x ul/g5. p;n] ;s] 7Ls ul/lbg5, s]xl kmf]xf]/ k/]sf] /x]5 eg] km's]/ x6folbg5, g;s] 8fS6/sxfF hfg ;Nnfx lbg5. 8fS6/n] klg ;s]sf] pkrf/ u5{ / g;s] cgt hfg ;Nnfx lbg5. t/ olb sf]xl cfˆgf] cffvf lgsf] kfl/lbg] bflotj /fhosf] xf] eg]/ a:5 eg] p;sf] l:ylt s] xf]nf < cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k9fosf] bflotj afa'cfdf :jo+n] glnp/ s]z/dxndf ;'Dkbf h] x'g] xf] cfh ToxL eo/x]5. ;Sg]sf s]6fs]6lnfo{ klg l;q}fdf k9fpg] bflotj ;/sf/n] lsg af]sg] < p;n] t g;sg]sf] nflu Joj:yf ug]{ xf]. olb ljbfnox ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t x'fbf x'g\ ljbfno Joj:yfkgsf] clwsf/ ;d'bfodf egg'sf] dtna ;d'bfosf] ;zlqms/0f xf]. lhdd]jf/l axg ug{ ' / clwsf/ k fkt ug{ ' Pscsf{sf kof{ojfrl x'g\. ol b'j}sf] pkof]uaf6 g} ;zlqms/0f x'g5 / hg;d'bfo alnof] x'g5. /ljg ;fo\ld lzifs 19

24 20 ax; ljbfno Joj:yfkg lzifs t wgl ul/asf s]6fs]6l Ps}7fpFdf k9\y], ;fn cufl8 kl9/x]sf lyp. h'g s'/f ;d'bfosf] a'tfb]lv aflx/ x'g5 ;/sf/ To;df dfq} ;+nug ep k'ug] x'gyof]. Pp6f gful/ssf] hgdb]lv d[to';ddsf] ;a} bflotj /fhosf] xf], clg /fho egg' g} ;/sf/ xf] egg] dfgotfdf v8f epsf] ;f]leot ;dfhjfbl k 0ffnL ha ;ft bzsd} w/f;fol eof], ta /fhosf] bflotjsf] gfddf epsf sltko clwgfosjfbl Joj:yfx sf] klg kqf;fkm x'g k'uof]. o;sf] c;/n] NofPsf] b'/j:yf s]jn ;f]leot ;+3n] dfq xf]og p;sf] ;fdlko jf k efjdf /x]sf k To]s /fi6«n] ef]ug' k of]. o;n] /fhosf] kl/efiff / ;+/rgfaf/] g} ctogt 7"nf] k Zg k}bf u/]sf] 5. oyfy{ s] xf] eg] /fho eg]sf] ;/sf/ dfq xf]ú egg] dfgotf ca dl/;s]sf] 5. To;}n] ;dfhjfbsf] gfddf o; d[t nf;nfo{ af]ls/fvg'sf] s'g} cf}lrto g} affsl 5}g. To;}sf/0f /fho / ;dfhjfbsf] klg cfh goff kl/efiffsf] vffrf] k/]sf] 5. /fho s] xf] / p;sf] bflotj s] xf] egg] s'/f /fd /L ga'l sg ljbfnox sf] ;fd'bflosls/0faf/] ;f]rg} ;lsfb}g. oxl cfp/ ;f]rdf kl/jt{gsf] h /t 5. goff ;f]r cg';f/ /fhosf] kl/efiff s]jn ;/sf/ dfqdf ;Lldt geosg ;d'bfo, :yfglo lgsfo, /fhgllts kf6l{, gful/s ;dfh, ;/sf/l cw{;/sf/l lghl ;+:yfx ;d]tsf] e"ldsfdf lj:tfl/t x'g hfg5. o;/l /fho Psn w 'jlo zlqmaf6 ax'w' jlo zlqmx sf] ;Gt'ngdf kfgtl/t x'g5. o; Joj:yfdf hgtf g} ;a} s'/fsf] s]gb lagb' x'g5. o;n] ubf{ ;fdflhs kfgt/0fsf k To]s kifdf hgtf cfk"m g} stf{ x'g5 g ls s;}k lt cfzfd'vl ep/ affrg] dugt] jf nfeu fxl dfq. o:tf] ax'w 'jlo olb sf]xl cfˆgf] cffvf lgsf] kfl/lbg] bflotj /fhosf] xf] eg]/ a:5 eg] p;sf] l:ylt s] xf]nf < cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k9fosf] bflotj afa'cfdf :jo+n] glnp/ s]z/dxndf ;'Dkbf h] x'g] xf] cfh ToxL eo/x]5. /ljg ;fo\ld /fhosf k To]s kifx sf] cf cfˆg} e"ldsf x'g5. oxl s'/f lziff If]qdf klg nfu" x'g5. ; f]t;dkgg /fhon] clwgfosjfbl z}nld} epklg ;a} s'/f ul/lbpb]lv ;a}nfo{ xfo;~rf] g} x'g]lyof] t/ To:tf] ;f]rfo lbjf:jkgegbf a9l x'g ;Dej x' Fb}g. g]kfnsf] lziffdf ul/psf] tlg bzsegbf a9lsf] k of]un] ;dfhnfo{ lg/fzf, ljs[lt / cgof]nafx]s s]xl lbg g;s]sf]af6 klg To:tf] ;f]rfosf] lg/y{stf k'li6 x'g5. olb oxl tyonfo{ cftd;ft u/]/ ljbfnosf] Joj:yfkg ;d'bfonfo{ lkmtf{ ug{ vf]lhpsf] xf] eg] o; s'/f;fu uffl;psf r'gf}tlx sf] ;fdgf ug{ ttk/ x'g' klg plqs} h?/l 5. cgoyf, of] csf] { 5n dfq xf] ls egg] k Zg p7\g' :jfefljs x'g5. jgsf] ;fd'bfols/0faf6 v'l/v08] 8fF8fx km]l/ xl/ofnldf kl/0ft eo;s]sf] kl/l:ylt xfdl g]kfnlsf ;fd' ljbdfg 5. hgtfdf lglxt Ifdtfsf] ;b'kof]u g} o; ;kmntfsf] sf/0f xf]. To;}n] ljbfnox sf] ;/sf/ls/0faf6 Ift ljift epsf] lziff If]q klg ;fd'bfols/0faf6 km]l/ k lt:yflkt x'g;sg] cfzf ug{ ;lsg5. t/ To;lglDt ;f]rdf OdfGbf/L / sfof{gjogdf /fhgllts k lta4tf clgjfo{ x'g5. g]kfnsf /fhgllts bnx nfo{ x]bf{ nfu5 ol ;a} k ultzln 5g\. tyflk Tof] k ultzlntf s]sf] nflu egg] k Zg 68\sf/f] 5. ;dfhjfbsf] gfddf s]lgb t /fho;qfnfo{ g} ;a} s'/fsf] lhddf nufpg] xf] )^# sf] hgcfgbf]ngsf] efjgf;fu of] ;Lw} 6s/fpF5. s]gb Ls[t /fho;qf clwgfosjfbl ep/ ;a} hg;d'bfosf] cl:ttjnfo{ gsf/]sf] 5 eg]/ ;+3Lo zf;gk4lt ckgfpfb} cftdlg0f{o ug{ kfpg] clwsf/sf] vf]hlsf nflu hg;d'bfo cfkm}f cu ;/ epsf] l:yltdf ;f] s]gb sf] clwsf/sf] aff8kmff8df lziff If]qdf hg;d'bfosf] clwsf/ klg ;'lglzrt ug{ ' h /L x'g5. To;sf/0f ljbfnox sf] Joj:yfkgsf] clwsf/ ;d'bfodf egg'sf] dtna ;d'bfosf] ;zlqms/0f xf]. lhdd]jf/l axg ug{ ' / clwsf/ k fkt ug{ ' Pscsf{sf kof{ojfrl x'g\. ol b'j}sf] pkof]uaf6 g} ;zlqms/0f x'g5 / hg;d'bfo alnof] x'g5. To;af6 g} nf]stgqsf] cfwf/ alnof] x'g5. s]gb Ls[t /fho;qf;fu ;w} F lge{/ eo/fvg] xf] eg] ;d'bfodf slxno} cftdan knfpfb}g. cftdan gepsf] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;dfh slxno} klg clwgfosjfbsf] lj 4 p7\g ;Qm}g / ;dfh Psk sf/sf] clwgfosjfbaf6 csf] { k sf/sf] clwgfosjfbdf dfq cled'v eo/fv5. O/fg, O/fs, Olyof]lkof, ckmuflg:tfg, kfls:tfg h:tf sltko t]; f] ljzjsf d'n'sx n] of] ;Gb]z lbo/x]sf 5g\. To;}n] lziff If]q ;dfhsf] nflu Tolt g} dxœjk"0f{ 5 h:tf] dfgj z/l/sf] nflu cls;hg. h;/l k b"lift xfjfdf z/l/ un]/ hfg5 / :j:y agg ;Sb}gÙ To;/L g} k b"lift lziffn] ;dfh km:6fpg ;Sb}g. lziff If]qdf sfd ug]{ k To]s JolQmdf of] s'/fsf] r]tgf xf]cf];\. c:t' Û

25 ax; ljbfno Joj:yfkg 8f= ljbfgfy sf]o/fnf lhdd]jf/l :yfglo ;/sf/sf] b]z ;+3Lo ag] klgù k fgtlo ag] klgù e'/] 6fs'/] afo;l rf}al;l ag] klgù hgjfbl s]gb Lotf cfufn] klg cyjf s]gb Lo ;f]rd} a;] klg :yfglo ;/sf/n] hg lziffsf] lhddf lng}k5{. ljbfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt :yfglo ;/sf/k lt lhdd]jf/ x'g'k5{. k lxnf Joj:yfkg b]v]f. kl5 u/]f. clxn] kms]{/ x]bf{ nfu5 b]v]sf] u/]g5'. u/]sf] b]v]g5'. d dfwolds ljbfnosf] k wfgfwofks x' Fbf uwf krrl;] sf6]s} lyogf. To;}n] zfob x]g] { cffvf g} ag]g5 cfdfsf] u[x Joj:yfkgaf6 s] l;sf} F egg] cffvfù afa'sf] cfly{s Joj:yfkgaf6 s] vf]hf} F egg] cffvfù ul/a blntj:tlsf] ; f]t Joj:yfkg vf]hg] cffvfù sldnf / df}/lsf] hgzlqm Joj:yfkgsf] n]vfhf]vf ug] { cffvfù dw]zsf] aft/ / rdf/sf] dfohgl z}nldf z}lifs Joj:yfkg ldnfpg] cffvf. o;/l x]bf{ nfu5ù d}n] Joj:yfkg hflggf. ghflgsg} c;n Joj:yfks sxnfopf. o; cy{df lstfal Joj:yfks ag] F. t}klg ljbfyl{ kl/rfng u/] F. To;}n] pglx n] ljbfno xftfleq vla?jf /f]k]. x'sf{p. t/ klg Tof] vdf pglx sf] JolQmut df]x b]lvgf. df6f]sf 8Nnf af]s]. ljbfno ejgdf l Fu6L /fv]. uf/f] nufpg ;3fP. t}klg Tof] ejg eltsfbf lrq b'vfpsf] b]lvgf. lzifs / Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf ;b:ox sf] klg ToxL xfn eof]. of] cj:yfaf6 d}n] a' ] F Joj:yfkgdf b'o{ s'/f] rflxg] /x]5. klxnf], d of] sfd u5' { eg]/ :je"ldsf lgwf{/0f ug]{ u/fpg] kl/j]z. bf]; f]ù cfk"mn] lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsfsf] k':t}gl x:tfgt/0f. tlg bzskl5 cg'ej u5{ ' b'j} s'/f epg5g\. o; cy{df d]/f] Joj:yfkg d};fu lkmlt{p5. d]/f] lstfa Joj:yfkg / z}lifs Joj:yfkgsf cg]sg\ lstfa, n]vx kl9of]. ltgn] dnfo{ l;4fgt lbp. k lqmof lbp. k ljlw lbp. t/ ltgnfo{ k9]/ d}n] d]/f] hljgt Joj:yfkg hf]8\g hflggf. d]/f lzifsn] klg dnfo{ hf]8\g l;sfpgg\. clxn] dnfo{ nfu5 pg}n] klg hf]8\g hfg]sf lypgg\. To;}n] d klg pglh:t} k08f ls/0f kf08] epf egg hfgg], ug{ ghfgg]. pgl h:t} JofVofsf/ epf k9]s} pbfx/0f lbg hfgg]ù k/]sf] pbfx/0f hf]8\g ghfgg]. o; cy{df d cfˆgf lzifssf] kmf]6f]skl epf. To;}n] d}n] kmf]6f]skl a'l4 / cg'ejhgo a'l4nfo{ 5'6\ofPF. ToxL+ ts{ hf]8]f. l;4fgt / Jojxf/ km/s x'g5 eg]f. o; cy{df d Jojxf/f]Gd'v bfz{lgs / bz{gf]gd'v Jofjxfl/s (epigogue) b'j} alggf. To;}n] cfgbf]ngdf lzifs. 6fOn/ / dfof]df a'wlsf] Joj:yfkg gvf]h]/ cgofo u/] +. o; cy{df d]/f] lstfa cgofol /x]5. d]/f u'?x cgofol /x]5g\. d klg cgofols} lsqfsf] dfg5] /x]5'. lzifs 21

26 ax;m ljbfno Joj:yfkg ls/0f kf08] hftlo ;+/rgfn] ljbfno Joj:yfkg u/]g. wd{n] u of], t/ cfd lziff agfpg. jul{o lziff g} agfof]. :s"n cfpg]sf] lziff g} agfof]. lzifsn] klg ToxL u of]. Joj:yfkg ;ldlt klg To:t} sfd ul//x]sf] 5. o; l:yltdf cfd lziffsf] lhddf lng] lgsfo sf] t < d a'wl bdfo{sf] u[x Joj:yfkgdf 6fOn/ vf]lhbgf. dfof] vf]lhbgf. o;/l d}n] a'wlsf] ;fgf] egfodf 6fOn/ / dfof]sf] 7"nf] egfo jf l;4fgt ghf]8]/ cgofo u/] +. 6fOn/ / dfof]df a'wlsf] Joj:yfkg gvf]h]/ cgofo u/] +. o; cy{df d]/f] lstfa cgofol /x]5. d]/f u'?x cgofol /x]5g\. d klg cgofols} lsqfsf] dfg5] /x]5'. d]/f] ljbfno Joj:yfkg Oltxf;n] eg5 d]/f ljbfnox lzifsn] Joj:yfkg u/]. ltgn] Joj:yfkg ubf{ lziff jul{o agof] k9\g ;Sg] ju{sf] lziff. cyf{t\ lzifsn] c nfo{ x]/]gg\. To;}n] xfdl lzifsx jul{o a'l4sf agof}f. ;do;fu} Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] lziffsf] lhddf lnof] :s"n cfpsfnfo{ /fd /L k9fpg]. of] qmddf :s"n cfpg]sf] Joj:yfks agof}f. cyf{t\ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt dwod / prr ju{sf] agof]. lzifsnfo{ klg Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] Tot} ws]nof]. To;}n] lzifs klg dwod / prr ju{s} agof}f. ltgs} lziff x]g]{. ltgs} jsfnt ug]{. g]kfnl tyofín] cs}{ kf6f] lbof]. P3f/ k ltzt afnaflnsf ljbfno cfpgg\.!% k ltztn] siff! d} 5f]8]. k fylds txdf siff bf]xf] ofpg]x #% k ltzt ep. of] tyofín] cs} { Joj:yfkg vf]hof]. lzifsn] u/]sf] jul{o rl/qsf] Joj:yfkgeGbf legg. Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] dwod / prr jul{o ;]jf ug]{ a'l4egbf legg. t/ ;/sf/n] a' ]g. To;}n] pm lzifssf] Joj:yfkgd} cln of]. ljbfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ g} clgtd 6'Ëf]sf] ljs]gb Ls/0f elg/xof]. ToxLF xfd f] ljbfnolo Joj:yfkg a]sfd] eof]. /x/ cfd lziffsf] af]sg]. rl/q jul{o lziffsf] /flv/fvg]. oxl d]/f] r'gf}tl xf]. ljbfnon] cfd lziffsf] lhddf lnb}g egg] r'gf}tl. Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] cfd lziffsf] Uof/]G6L ub} {g egg] r'gf}tl. ljzj a} +sn] of] efiff a' ]g. To;sf dltof/ ;/sf/l dgqlx n] klg a' ]gg\. ltg}sf] j/k/ 3'Dg] sd{rf/ln] a' ]gg\. 22 lzifs

27 F a' g klg rfx]gg\. To;}n] pglx n] nfv] 3';Ú lbo/x]. /fxt] 3';Ú affl8/x]. s;n] lnof] Tof] 3'; egg] a' ]gg\. a' krfp. lng]n] klg vfo/x]. g}lts ep/ vfp. cg}lts ep/ vfp. df}s] ep/ vfp. Vjfpg]n] klg To;/L g} VjfP. oxl d]/f] r'gf}tl xf]. cjwf/0ff /fd f] xf] eg] nfv] / /fxt] 3';Ú lsg < x}g eg] hah{:tl lsg < d]/f] cge'jn] eg5 hftlo ;+/rgfn] ljbfno Joj:yfkg u/]g. hftsf] ;+/rgfn] klg u/]g. wd{n] u of]. t/ cfd lziff agfpg. jul{o lziff g} agfof]. :s"n cfpg]sf] lziff g} agfof]. lzifsn] klg ToxL u of]. Joj:yfkg ;ldlt klg To:t} sfd ul//x]sf] 5. o; l:yltdf cfd lziffsf] lhddf lng] lgsfo sf] t < rlgsf] sfp06ln] lhddf lnph:tf]. a]nfotsf] :yfglo lziff k flws/0f af]8{n] lhddf lnp h:tf]. k mfg;df gu/kflnsfn] lhddf lnph:tf]. clxn];dd xfdl;fu cfd lziffsf] lhddf lng] sf]xl klg 5}g. sd{rf/ltgq < To;n] lnpg. lzifs < To;}n] 5f]Pg. Joj:yfkg ;ldlt < To;n] ;f]r]g. :yfglo ;/sf/ < To;n] clwsf/} kfpg. hft hftlo ;+/rgf < To;n] cfk"mnfo{ hg lziffd'vl agfpfb} agfpg. To;}n] cgtl/d ;+ljwfgdf lziffnfo{ df}lns xs eg] klg xs lbnfpg] lhddf s;}n] lnpg. of] l:yltdf d]/f] Joj:yfksLo ;' fj xf] :yfglo ;/sf/n] cfd lziffsf] lhdd]jf/l lng'k5{. b]z ;+3Lo ag] klg. k fgtlo ag] klg. e'/] 6fs'/] afo;l rf}al;l ag] klg. afo;l rf}al;lsf] ;Ghfn ag] klg. hgjfbl s]gb Lotf cfufn] klg. s]gb Lo ;f]rd} a;] klg. h'gs'g} l:yltdf klg :yfglo ;/sf/n] hg lziffsf] lhddf lng}k5{. Tof] lhdd]jf/l k"/f ug{ p;n] pk Joj:yfksx ;Fu l;sg'k5{. 3/fo;L Joj:yfkgaf6. hfthftlo Joj:yfkgaf6. sl6ktësf] Joj:yfkgaf6. r/fr'?ëlsf] Joj:yfkgaf6. c :ki6 egbfù ljbfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt :yfglo ;/sf/k lt lhdd]jf/ x'g'k5{. sd{rf/ltgqn] k fljlws ;xof]u lbg'k5{. ljbfnonfo{ :jfoqtf lbg'k5{. o;f] epdf ;Gt'ng x'g5. gqeg] k9\g gkfpg]n] jf k9fpg g;sg]n] hfg] sxff < :s"ndf < To;n] ;'Gb}g. ljbfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf < To;sf] t lglzrt If]q g} x' Fb}g. ; f]ts]gb df < To;sf] t e"lds} x' Fb}g. lzifsdf < To;n] t lhdd} lnfb}g. of] l:yltdf ;/sf/n] lhddf lng'k5{. :yfglo ;/sf/n]. To;}nfO{ hg lziffsf] jfxs agfcf} F. p;sf] sfo{if]qel/sf ljbfnonfo{ To;s} lgu/fgldf /fvf}f. p;nfo{ ;3fpg] k fljlws 6f]nL agfcf} F. ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt agfcf} F. c:yfol lzifs b/agbl ToxLF lbcf}f. b/agbl ldnfg ug]{ clwsf/ ToxLF lbcf} F. :yfol b/agblsf nflu cfof]u agfcf} F. o;f] u/] clxn]sf xfdl lzifsx :t/lo ag5f}f ls < agg afwo x'g5f} F ls < clg xfdln] g} :t/lo lziff lbg ;S5f}F ls < cfkm}fn] :t/lo agg xfdlnfo{ tflnd rflxof] eg]/ dfu5f} F ls < d :t/lo 5}g egg] nfu]df k9fpg] k]zf g} 5f]8\5f}F ls < 5f]8fObf klg cfgbf]ng u'0f:t/lo lziff rflxg5 egl kmnfsg]x w]/} 5f} F t/ cfkm} :jo+ Tof] :t/sf] 5' ls 5}g egl 3f]lTng]x sd} 5f} F. tflnd lng]ù lbg] / dfug]x w]/} 5f} F t/ :t/lo lziffsf lgldt dnfo{ of] tflnd rflxof]ú egg ;Sg]x sd} 5f} F. ub}{gf}f ls < cfˆgf] Ifdtf lrg5f}f ls < lrgfpf5f}f ls < dnfo{ nfu5 dfwolds ljbfnosf] k wfgfwofks x'fbf d}n] To;} u/]f. u/fpf. lgrf]8 d}n] of] n]vaf6 bz j6f lgrf]8 lgsfn]f. klxnf], Joj:yfksLo 1fg lbg]x cg]sg\ 5f}FÙ t/ To;df vf]hl ug]{ cffvf lbg]x 5}gf}F. bf]; f], Joj:yfksdfkm{t kl/rflnt x'g]x w]/} 5f}FÙ t/ kl/rflntx af6} Joj:yfksLo akf}tl :jlsfg]{ / x:tfgt/0f ug]{ ;+:sf/jfnf 5}gf}F. t]; f], Joj:yfkg o;/l ug'{k5{ egg]x au ]NtL 5f}F, t/ cg'ejdf l;4fgt hf]8\g] / l;4fgtdf cg'ej vf]hg]x lj/n} 5f} F. rf}yf], hg lziffsf] jsfnt ug]{x w]/} 5f}F t/ rfl/lqs Pj+ ;+/rgfut sf/0fn] ubf{ xfdl lzifs / Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] hg lziffsf] Uof/]G6L ;Dej 5}g egl a' g]x sd} 5f}F. kffrf}f, 8n/n] lyr]sf] af]nl af]ng]x xhf/f}f 5f}F, t/ Oltxf; ku]{n]/ tl lyrfxfx nfo{ k9fpg] sd} 5f}F. 5}7f}F, h] sfd klg ;/sf/n] ug'{k5{ egg]x tfftl 5f}F, t/ lziffsf] df}lns xs k"/f ug]{ lhdd]jf/ lgsfo Joj:yfkg ;ldlt jf lzifs x'g ;S5 ls ;St}g egl vf]tng]x cf}fn}df 5f}F. ;ftf}f, ;/sf/ lhdd]jf/ 5 egl lgsof] {n ug] {x w]/} 5f} FÙ t/ sd{rf/ltgq ;/sf/ xf] ls < lzifs ;/sf/ xf] ls < Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ;/sf/ xf] ls < uflj; jf gkf ;/sf/ xf] egl v'6øfpg ;Sg]x Go"g 5f} F. cf7f} F, clwsf/ vf]hg]x w]/} 5f}F, t/ s;sf] rl/q / ;+/rgfn] slt clwsf/ yfd5 egl ljzn]if0f ug]{x gugo 5f}F. gjf}+, u'0f:t/lo lziff rflxg5 egl kmnfsg]x w]/} 5f}F t/ cfkm}f :jo+ Tof] :t/sf] 5' ls 5}g egl 3f]lTng]x sd} 5f}F. bzf}f, tflnd lng]ù lbg] / dfug]x w]/} 5f}F t/ :t/lo lziffsf lgldt dnfo{ of] tflnd rflxof]ú egg ;Sg]x sd} 5f}F. of] l:yltdf d]/f] Pp6} k Zg 5Ù s] xfdlx cfˆgf] Joj:yfkgpk/ Psl5g 3f]lTng ;S5f}F < xfd f Joj:yfksLo a'l4 ljt/sx sf] ;f]rdf k]m/abn Nofpg ;S5f}F < hg lziffsf] Joj:yfkg /fhgllts hgk ltlglwaf6} ;dfwfg ug{ ;S5f} F < cfkm" :jo+ :t/loú 5' ls 5}g egl 3f]lTng ;S5f} F < ;f]rf} F. s'z]zj/ dfwolds ljbfno -b'dhf, l;gw'nl_ ;fn;ddsf k wfgfwofks sf]o/fnf xfn lqe'jg ljzjljbfnosf] lziff zf:q ;+sfo;fu ;Da4 x'g'x'g5. lzifs 23

28 ljrf/ 8f= tly{axfb'/ >]i7 lziff, lzifs / :yfglo kl/j]z 24 :j= s]zjk ;fb e /fo{! lzifs u'?a {Xdf u'?lj{i0f'u{'?b]{jf] dx]zj/m. u'?m ;fifft\ k/a Xd:t:d} >Lu'?j] gdm.. -u'? g} a Xdf, u'? g} lji0f', u'? g} dx]zj/ / u'? g} k/a Xdf x'g\, To:tf u'?nfo{ gd:sf/ ub{5'._ pko'{qm Znf]sdf t:d}ú zabn] s:tf] u'? egg] s'/f lglb{i6 ub{5. cyf{t\ u'?sf] kl/efiff :ki6 u5{, u'?ú zabsf] cf]h bzf{pf5. To:t} Pshgf u'?b]jnfo{ xfdln] ev{/} ;fn ut] laxfg /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] s'/f]sgyf]df sfg yfkbf e}/j l/;fnn] k fwofks s]zjb]j e /fo{sf] lgwgdf ck] {sf] >4f~hnL d]/f] s0f{k6n -Oo/ 8«d_ df 7f]lSsg k'uof]. z/l/sf /f]d/f]d +lqmt ep. ;a} ;~rf/dfwodaf6 pxffsf] lgwg epsf] ;dfrf/ ;'Gbf u'?n] slt g} wgú hf]8\g'epsf] lyof] xf]nf / cfh lgwgú eof] egl ofnl lk6\g'k/]sf] xf]nf eg]h:tf] klg dgdf nfuof]. jf:tjdfù 08} Ps zts nfdf] hljgsf ^ bzsegbf a9l ;do vr]{/ u'?n] slt lziffyl{x sdfp xf]nfg\, slt d"no a/fa/sf] 1fgu'g hf]8] xf]nfg\ egg] s'/fsf] u0fgf :jo+ ul0ft u'?n] klg ug{ EofPgg\ xf]nf. u'?sf] wg g} ljbfyl{ xf] / ljbfyl{sf] wg ljbf. To:tf] wgsf] lgwgú x'g ;Sb}g. ef}lts cl:ttj jf pkl:yltsf] s'/f ubf{ klg pxffsf] hlj ttj j+zf0f' -hlg_ pxffsf j+zh ;Gtltdf ;'/lift 5g\. pxffn] cfh{g ug' {epsf] ;fdflhs k lti7f, dof{bf / :g]x ljlegg kqklqsf, /]l8of] / 6]lnlehgdf k sflzt k ;fl/t 5g\. To:tf u'?b]jnfo{ gd:sf/ 5 Û tl u'?b]jnfo{ >4f~hnL ck{0f ub{5' Û Û k fwofks s]zjb]j / pxffsf] k':tfn] u'?sf] u'?tj sfod} /fv]/ up. cfhef]ln u'?úaf6 ;Daf]lwt x'g] gl;a jf efuo ;jf/l rfns -8«fOe/_ ;Dd dfq ;Lldt x'g k'u]sf] 5. lziff dgqfnoleq} klg u'?hlú af]nfpg k7fpfbf 8«fOe/Ú cufl8 cfpf5g\. wgo 5g\ u'?hlúsf lzio vnf;lx ;fn;dd /fglkf]v/l glhs b/af/ xfo{:s"ndf k9\b}lypf. Toltv]/ :s"nsf lzifs df:6/ ;fx]aú alg;s]sf lyp. ;+:s[t k9fpg] lzifsnfo{ dfq u'? elggyof]. g]kfnl / ;+:s[t kf7zfnfsf rflxf ;a} lzifsx u'? g} sxlngy]. /fglkf]v/l kfl/ lqrgb sn]h k'u]kl5 ;a} df:6/ ;fx]ax ;/Ú df kl/0ft eo;s]sf x'gy]. cfhef]ln s] k fwofks, s] lzifs, s] sd{rf/l, s] Jofkf/L ;a}n] ;a}nfo{ ;/Ú eg]/ ;Daf]wg ug]{ km];g rn]sf] 5. rqmkysf] a;ofqfdf klg ;/ Û cln 7fpF ;l/lbgf];\===ú egg' ;fdfgo af]nlrfnlsf] efiff eo;sof]. o; cy{df, lgwgù k fwofks s]zjb]jsf] xf]og jf:tljs u'?úsf] epsf] 5. To;}n] xf]nf lzifsú klqsfsf] k yd cª\sn] g} c;'/lift / pk]lift lzifsú sf] cfj/0f cf]9]/ cjt/0f x'g' ;fgble{s 7fg]sf]. u'?s} s'/f ubf{ cfh csf{ cd/ u'? go/fh kgtsf] klg ;D gf eo/x]sf] 5. pxffn] ;w}fh;f] bf]xf] ofpg] ug'{x'gyof] æo'/f]kdf klxn] ljbfsf] qmflgt eof] / To;kl5 dfq /fhgllts qmflgt cfof]. /, b]z pggltlt/ nfuof]. xfd f]df klxn] /fhgllts qmflgt cfof], Tof] qmflgt k]ml/ k]ml/ eo/xof] t/ ljbfsf] qmflgt slxno} x'g ;s]g / epg.æ x'gklg /fhgllts qmflgt g} ljbfyl{af6 x'g] epkl5 ljbfsf] qmflgtsf] cf}lrto g} s] /Xof] / < t}klg lziff / ljbfnfo{ ;do ;fk]lift / kl/l:ylt cg'?k agfpfb} n}hfg'kg]{ s'/fdf /fi6«n] r'sg'x'fb}g. cfh lziffú Jofkf/sf] j:t' ag]sf] 5. vl/b laqml / nufgl cg';f/ lziff / ljbfsf] ahf/df lsga]r eo/x]5. To:t} lzif0f Pp6f hflu/ jf Joj;fodf kl/0ft epsf] 5. o; cj:yfdf ;gftg u'?sf] kl/snkgf ug]{ a]nf xfdl;fu 5}g. t/ Pp6f lzifsnfo{ p;sf] st{joaf]w u/fpg] / To; k]zfnfo{ dof{lbt t'nofpg] bflotj ;dfhn], ;/sf/n] / xfdl

29 ' ;a}n] lgjf{x ug} { kg] { x'g5. cfhsf ljbfyl{ ef]lnsf s0f{wf/ x'g\. ef]lnsf] g]kfn / ef]lnsf g]kfnl s:tf] x'g'k5{, ltgsf] :j?k, :jefj / ;+/rgf s:tf] agfpg] egg] s'/fdf b[li6ut u/]/ cfhsf] lziff Joj:yfn] lbzfaf]w ug{ ;Sg'kb{5. bzsf}f;dd klg cl:y/ / ;ª\qmd0fsfnaf6 u'lh /xg'kg]{ lgoltdf g]kfnn] l:y/ / k ultzln lziffsf] ljsf;df nfug' Pp6f lgs} 7"nf] r'gf}tl dfq gep/ /fi6«pj+ ;dfhsf] vffrf] klg xf]. To:t} 1fgsf] Go"gtd cfwf/sf] kdf /fli6«o :jtjsf] klxrfg, dfgjtfsf] dof{bf, :yfglo ;Dkbf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / ljsf;lt/ ljbfyl{x nfo{ ;r]t u/fpg'nfo{ k To]s lzifsn] klg cfˆgf] st{jo ;D g'kb{5. o:tf] cj:yf l;h{gf ug] { sfddf ;dfh, ;/sf/ tyf ;/f]sf/ cleefjsx dfq x}g /fhgllts kf6l{ jf ltgsf sfo{stf{x ;d]tn] ljz]if l;h{gzln sbdx rfng'kg]{ 38L cfpsf] 5. ;d'ggt g]kfnsf] hu ToxLFaf6 z'? x'g5. lzif0f k]zfnfo{ dof{lbt / cf:yfjfg agfpg tyf lziffsf] :t/f]ggltsf lgldt b]z, df6f], sfn / kl/l:ylt cg's"n k9fo ;~rfng x'g] jftfj/0f ctofjzos x'g5. g]kfnh:tf] ax'eflifs, ax'hftlo Pj+ ljifd ef}uf]lns ljljwtfdf hsl8psf] /fi6«df ljljw 1fgaf6 ;DkGg lzifssf] cfjzostf kb{5. /fli6«o Joj:yf Ps epklg Jo~hg cyf{t\ v'/fs cg]s x'g'kg] { l:ylt 68\sf/f] 5. o;sf nflu cf}krfl/s egbf cgf}krfl/s lziffsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf x'g;s5. lziffljb\ s]bf/eqm dfy]dfsf] ljrf/ cg';f/ æclxn] ljbfnodf xfdln] sf]/f kf7x 3f]sfPsf dfq 5f}F, ltgsf] 1fgsf] bfo/f x'g'kg]{ hlt km/flsnf] agfpg ;s]sf 5}gf} F. ljbfyl{nfo{ ;[hgftds x'g xfdln] vf;} k ]l/t u/]sf 5}gf}FÆ -lzifs bf]; f] cí, of] r'gf}tlsf] ;fdgf ug{ cgf}krfl/s lziff ;fdu Lx lzifs ju{nfo{ pknaw u/fp/ :yfgljz]if cg';f/ lziff k bfg ug{ jfg5glo x'g5. 36gf!$!% jif{ k'/fgf] xf]. pq/l uf]vf{sf] ef]6 k b]z 5]sDkf/sf] Ps k fylds ljbfnodf s]xl ;f}uft / k'/:sf/ aff8\g] x]t'n] ljbfyl{x df ;fdfgo 1fgsf] xflh/lhjfkm -lsjh_ k ltof]lutf u/folbg ToxfFsf lzifsnfo{ cg'/f]w u of} F. k ltof]lutf t eof] t/ k"0f{tm c;kmn. sf/0f, ljbfyl{nfo{ /fli6«o lje"lt, /fli6«o /ª / /fli6«o 08fb]lv g]tf / cleg]tf ;DaGwL ltg} k Zgx ;f]lwpsf lyp h'g sf7df8f}fdf x'g] o:tf k ltof]lutf / k/liffdf ;f]lwg] ub{y]. To;kl5 xfdln] bf]xf] ofp/ :yfglo ljifoj:t'df ;Lldt goff k Zgx lgdf{0f u of} F. :yfglo lzifs 25

30 ljrf/ :yfglo kz'kifl, afnlgfnl, u'daf / of;f{u'daf, rf8kj{, gfrufg cflbsf af/]df k Zg ;f]wg efiff klg :yfglo g} /f]lhof]. kmntm u'? uf]? } F cgle1 /x] / r]nfx lrgl } F lgvvfl/psf] cj:yf l;h{gf eof]. ToxfFsf lzifsdf :yfglo kl/j]zsf] 1fg, ;"rgf ;fdu L clg ltgsf] pkof]u ug' {k5{ egg] r]t klxno}b]lv pknaw epsf] ep Tof] cj:yf cfpg] lypg. kz'kifl, afnlgfnl, u'daf / of;f{u'daf, rf8kj{, gfrufg cflbsf af/]df k Zg ;f]wg efiff klg :yfglo g} /f]lhof]. kmntm u'? uf]? }F cgle1 /x] / r]nfx lrgl } F lgvvfl/psf] cj:yf l;h{gf eof]. ToxfFsf lzifsdf :yfglo kl/j]zsf] 1fg, ;"rgf ;fdu L clg ltgsf] pkof]u ug'{k5{ egg] r]t klxno}b]lv pknaw epsf] ep Tof] cj:yf cfpg] lypg. clxn] /fi6«s} ;+/rgfdf km]/abn x'g] 36gfqmdx rln/x]sf], ;fj{hlgs :s"nx ;fd'bflos ljbfnodf?kfgt/ x'g] qmd hfl//x]sf] / lzlift ju{ nfx'l/g]ú k j[lq xfjl epsf] cj:yfdf /fi6«n] ptkfbg ug] { hgzlqm /fi6«s} u'?tj -u flj6l_ leq kfg{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg' k/]sf] 5. o;sf nflu a]n}df cgf}krfl/s dfwodaf6 :j :yfglo -OlG8h]lgo;_ lziff k bfg ug] { u/fpg] lbzftk{m lzifs ju{nfo{ ptk ]l/t ug' { h?/l eo;s]sf] 5. cgf}krfl/s lziffsf vhfgf cfˆg} k/dk/f, ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt tyf cfˆg} kl/j]z / k s[ltaf6 k fkt ug{] sfo{ Pp6f r'gf}tl xf] egg] s'/fnfo{ ;j{k yd cftd;ft\ ug'{kg]{ x'g5. To;df cleefjs / lzifssf] ;+o'qm k of;n] w]/} pknlaw k fkt ug{ ;lsg5. yf]/} pbfx/0fx n] klg To; s'/fnfo{ k'i6\ofpg ;lsg5. h:t}ù 6fpsf]df 6f]s/L /fv]/ af] p7fpfbf, sffwdf vk{g /fv]/ ef/l af]sbf cyjf yfknf]df gfdnf] nufp/ 8f]sf] af]sbfsf b[zox dfkm{t ef}lts lj1fg jf jftfj/0fsf s'/f dfq x}g ltgsf l;4fgtx klg l;sg l;sfpg ;lsg5. o;}u/l l9sl, hfftf] jf 3 n] xfdlnfo{ zlqm ;DaGwL l;4fgt l;sfpg ;S5g\ egg] 1fgnfO{ kf7øqmd;fu tfnd]n ldnfp/ lzifsn] ljbfyl{nfo{ a' fpg ;S5. cfo{hofs Go"6gsf] vkk/df v;]sf] :ofpn] egbf 8f]sf] af]s]/ psfnf] cf]/fnf] ug] { ljbfyl{n] cfˆg} ef]ufosf cfwf/df k[yjlsf] u'?tjfsif{0f zlqmaf/] a9l 1fg lng ;S5 egg] s'/f a' g ufx f] 5}g. dfbn, d'r'{ëf / ;f/ëln] Wjlg, :j/ / ;ËLtsf] ;}4flGts Pj+ Jofjxfl/s 1fg k bfg ug{ ;Sb5g\. afbn, lah'nl, tf/f / h'gls/laf6 klg 1fg lj1fgsf s'/f k fkt x'g5g\. dfq xfd f lzifsx nfo{ To;k lt cfsif{0f x'g], lh1f;f hfug] / cf:yfsf] ljsf; x'g] cj;/ / ;fdu Lx h'/fo{ lbg'kg]{ x'g5. To;sf nflu cfhef]ln z}lifs ;fdu L, cfw'lgs k ljlw, goff goff pks/0f Pj+ ;~rf/sf dfwodx pknaw 5g\. >Job[Zosf ;fdu L, k rf/k ;f/sf leq] lrq, klqklqsfnufot v]ns'bsf ;fdu Lx klg plrt 9Ëaf6 k of]udf Nofpg ;lsg5 / goff ;fdu Lx klg lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsg5. k s[lt g} u'? eljiosf s0f{wf/x n] cfˆgf] hljgsf] d"no, dfgotf / cfr/0f :yflkt ug{ cfˆg} wd{, ;+:s[lt, efiff, e]ife'iffaf6 ;d]t 1fg xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0f agfpg'kb{5. cfˆg} ;+:s[lt / k s[ltaf6 s] 1fg k fkt g xf]nf Û dfq, ltgnfo{ z}lifs sfo{qmd / kf7øqmd;fu tfnd]n ldnfpg] l;h{gzln sbdx sf] vffrf] k5{. cfˆg} ;+:s[lt / cfˆg} k s[ltnfo{ u'?sf] :j?kdf ;b'kof]u ug{ lzifs ju{n] ljz]if of]ubfg k' ofpg'kg] { x'g5. ljbfnosf] bfo/fnfo{ km/flsnf] agfpfb} v'nf ;dfh / v'nf cfsfzsf] kl/j]zdf lzifs, lziffyl{ / ;dfhn] cfk;l ;xeflutfsf] cfwf/df ef]lnsf s0f{wf/ lgdf{0f ug' {k5{. o;sf nflu k s[lt / ;+:s[ltnfo{ u'? yfkg' rflxf h?/l x'g5. 26 lzifs

31 clen]v lzifs 27

32 cfj/0f df]xg d}gfnl /fd f ;fd'bflos :s"n s;/l /fd f ep < 28 sf] P;Pn;Ldf! nfv!# xhf/ ljbfyl{ km]n sf] P;Pn;Ldf! xhf/ ljbfyl{ km]n epsf sf] j6f :s"nsf ;a} ljbfyl{ km]n epsf lyp. cyf{t\ P;Pn;L k/liffdf a:g] 08} cfwf hlt o'jfo'jtlsf] efudf c;kmntf xft nfug] u/]sf] 5. o;/l km]n x'g]dwo] clwsf+z ljbfyl{ g]kfnsf *% k ltzt ljbfyl{ k9\g] ;fd'bflos :s"nsf x'g] u/]sf 5g\. ptf lghl :s"nsf eg] yf]/} dfq ljbfyl{ km]n x'g5g\. P;Pn;L k/liffsf] cffs8f ljzn]if0f ubf{, ;fdfgotm ;/sf/lú eg]/ lrlgg] ;fd'bflos :s"nx df k9fo g} x'fb}g ls h:tf] nfu5. lghl :s"nsf] a9\bf] cfsif{0fsf] Pp6f k d'v sf/0f klg oxl xf]. t/, ;/sf/lú jf ;fd'bflos :s"nn] Psbd} pt;fxhgs pknlaw xfl;n u/]sf pbfx/0f klg gepsf xf]ogg\. P;Pn;L k/liffdf nuftf/ tlg jif{ glnú epsf] s'g} :s"n Pp6f k wfgfwofks km]l/ps} e/df nuftf/ tlg jif{;dd lhnnfsf] pts[i6 :s"n klg x'g ;Sbf]/x]5. s}of} F ;fd'bflos :s"n jif} {klr5] ztk ltzt ljbfyl{nfo{ P;Pn;L pql0f{ u/fpg ;kmn klg eo/x]sf 5g\. cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k9fodf ;xof]u ug{ g;sg] lg/if/ / ul/a cleefjssf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] afx'no /x]sf :s"nn] klg P;Pn;Ldf pts[i6 glthf Nofpg ;Sbf /x]5g\. :s"nsf] Joj:yfkg ;d'bfonfo{ x:tfgt/0f gul/ps} cj:yfdf klg :s"nsf] cj:yf ;'wfg{ / 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k9fok lt cleefjssf]?lr hufpg ;lsfbf] /x]5. lzifs sf] o; cídf k :t't g]kfnsf gf} j6f ;fd'bflos :s"nsf pbfx/0fn] pxl ef}lts k"jf{wf/,

33 } F cfggb >]i7 ;+v'jf;efsf] c?0ff]bo dfwolds ljbfno. p:t} k[i7e"ld epsf ljbfyl{ / pg} lzifs, pxl kf7\oqmd / pxl k/liff k 0ffnL x'fbf klg :s"nsf] z}lifs cj:yf ;'wfg{ ;lsg] /x]5 egg] s'/f b]vfpsf] 5. bz jif{sf] ;do nufgl u/]sf ljbfyl{nfo{ o'jfj:yfdf k:g nfubf c;kmn x'gaf6 hf]ufpg ;lsg] /x]5. Go"gtd k"jf{wf/ geosg :s"nsf] k9fo /fd f] x'g;sb}g egg] ;a}n] dfg]sf] s'/f xf]. t/ ef}lts ;'ljwf g} ;a}yf]s x}g egg] s'/f boglo cj:yfdf rn]sf :s"nn] klg /fd f] glthf NofPaf6 lnsg5. P;Pn;L k/liff / o;sf] kl/0ffd af/]df cwoog ug{ ;/sf/n] lgo'qm u/]sf] lj1x sf] ;d"xn] rf/ jif{cl3 u/]sf] cwoogn] klg Go"gtd dfq ;'ljwf epsf :s"nn] klg P;Pn;Ldf pqd kl/0ffd Nofpg ;S5g\ egg] b]vfpsf] 5. lziffljb\ s]bf/eqm dfy]dfsf] ;+of]hstjdf ul7t ;f] ;d"xn] :s"nx sf] :ynut cwoog ubf{ s] kfpsf] lyof] eg] P;Pn;Ldf ztk ltzt k wfgfwofksnfo{ h; sf 7df8f} +sf] ultfdftf ljbfnosf ljbfyl{x n] ut jif{sf] P;Pn;L k/liffdf sf7df8f}fsf c ;fd'bflos :s"nsf ljbfyl{nfo{ pl5g]. ToxfFsf ;a}!)^ hgf k/liffyl{n] P;Pn;L kf; u/]. bz hgf ljlzi6, *@ hgf k yd /!@ hgf låtlo >]0fLdf pql0f{ ep. ;fnsf] P;Pn;L k/liffdf klg o; :s"nsf ;a} ljbfyl{ pql0f{ epsf lyp. ^ jif{sf] clen]v cg';f/ o; :s"nsf] P;Pn;L pql0f{ ;/b/ *) k ltzt /x]sf] 5. siffsf]7f, v]nd}bfgsf lx;fan] of] :s"n g]kfnsf w]/} :s"n egbf km/s 5}g. tlg j6f ejg / kffr /f]kgl huuf :s"nsf nflu w]/} xf]ogg\. lziff dgqfnon] lbpsf kffr j6f sdko'6/ / Pp6f lk kmfu'g!$ ut] :s"n k'ubf ltgnfo{ sxff /fvg] egg] ;d:of k of]. lsgeg] sdko'6/ sf]7fdf o;cl3 g}!) j6f sdko'6/sf] el8 lyof]. zf}rfno rflxf o; :s"ndf c egbf a9l g} j6f 5g\. o; :s"nsf cleefjssf] cfly{s cj:yf / 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k9fok ltsf] rf;f]sf lx;fan] o;n] P;Pn;Ldf olt /fd f] kl/0ffd s;/l Nofof] eg]/ cfzro{ dfgg klg ;lsg5. of] :s"ndf clwsf+z ljbfyl{ dhb'/l ug]{ / lghl :s"nsf] z'ns ltg{ g;sg] kl/jf/af6 cfpg] u/]sf 5g\. ul0ft / lj1fg lzifs k blk uf}td eg5g\, ækrrl; k ltzt ljbfyl{ 3/df k9\g kfpfb}gg\.æ To;}n] oxffsf lzifsx n] c w]/} :s"nsf lzifsn] egbf a9l d]xgt ug' {k5{. æxfd f lzifs d]xgtl 5g\ / ljbfyl{sf] k9folt/ Wofg lbg5g\æ, k wfgfwofks ljbfb]jl dxh{g elg5g\, æxfdl sdhf]/ ljbfyl{nfo{ ljz]if Wofg lbg5f} / cleefjs;fu e]63f6 u5f{ F.Æ sdhf]/ ljbfyl{sf nflu :s"nn] ljz]if siffsf] klg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. ;fg} sf]7fdf epklg k':tsfnodf lgagw ;ª\u x, pkgof;, afn syf ;ª\u x, sljtf ;ª\u x tyf 1fga4{s k':tsx /flvpsf 5g\. of] :s"nn] /fd f] kl/0ffd Nofpg'sf k5fl8 c klg sf/0f 5g\. sf7df8f}+sf lhnnf lziff clwsf/l b'uf{gfy uf}tdsf cg';f/ o; :s"nsf k wfgfwofksn] ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf h'6fpsl l5g\. lzifsx klg k wfgfwofkssf] Ifdtfsf] tfl/km u5{g\. æpxffn] lzifsnfo{ ;'ljwf klg lbg'x'g5 / sfd nufpg klg ;Sg'x'G5Æ, lzifs uf}td eg5g\. q}dfl;s kdf k/liff ;~rfng ul/g] Joj:yf 5. t/ klg lzifsn] cfjzostf cg';f/ dlxgf / xktfdf klg ;fwf/0f hffr lno/xg5g\. ol ;a} sf/0fn] x'g'k5{, o; :s"ndf 6f9f6f9fsf ljbfyl{ klg cfpf5g\. To;}n], oxff b'o{ xhf/ b'o{ ;o ljbfyl{ k9\5g\. dlxnfsf] g]t[tjdf uha sfd x'g5 egg] s'/f klg o; :s"nn] b]vfpsf] 5. dlxnf k wfgfwofks /x]sf] o; :s"nsf ^) k ltzt lzifs dlxnf 5g\. of] :s"n sf7df8f}fdf ;d'bfonfo{ x:tfgt/0f epsf $) dwo]sf] Ps xf]. k"j{ dgql ;'/]z dnn o;sf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cwoif x'g\. cleefjs e]nfaf6 lgjf{lrt Joj:yfkg ;ldlt glltlgdf{0f ug{], lzifs tyf sd{rf/l lgo'lqm ug{] / ejg lgdf{0f nufotsf sfddf ;lqmo 5. dnn eg5g\, æoxffsf lzifs / ljbfyl{sf alrdf d]nldnfk 5. xfdln] 5nkmn / ;d bf/lsf cfwf/df ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg vf]hg] u/]sf 5f}F. Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] lzifssf sfddf x:tif]k ub{}g. xfdl ;a} cf cfˆgf] st{jok lt ;r]t 5f}F.Æ lagh' l;6f}nf lzifs 29

34 cfj/0f tl /fhgllt agb epkl5 ;lk Psf] :s"n g jif{b]lv of] :s"nn] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ yk]sf] 5}g. ToxfFsf cof]uoú lzifs x6fp/ of]uoú lzifs NofPsf] 5}g. sdhf]/ ljbfyl{nfo{ :s"naf6 lgsfnf u/]sf] 5}g / c :s"nsf hfgg]ú ljbfyl{ kmsfp/ NofPsf] klg 5}g. ;/sf/af6 yk ;fwg; f]t kfpsf] klg 5}g. cleefjs klg pg} x'g\. :s"ndf km]l/psf] Pp6} s'/f xf] k wfgfwofks. Onfdsf] Pp6f :s"nsf k wfgfwofks s]zj l/hfnnfo{ cjsfz lng] a]nfdf hflu/;lxt fkf a;fof ;g{ dg nfuof]. pgl ;?jf ldnfp/ efg' dflj up. nuftf/!@ lbg;dd pgl :s"n up, kms{]. t/ lzifs / :s"n k zf;gsf] lj/f]wn] ubf{ xflh/ ug{ kfpgg\, sfd ug{ kfpgg\. t]x f}f lbgsf lbg ann xflh/ ug{ kfp. To;kl5 :s"ndf lj:tf/} w]/} s'/f km]l/g yfn]. :s"ndf h] h] sfd x'g'kyof{] Tof] sfd dfq x'g yfnof]. cyf{t\ :s"ndf lgoldt k9fo x'g yfnof]. :s"nn] sdhf]/ ljbfyl{nfo{ ljz]if siffsf] Joj:yf u of], ljbfyl{sf] hffr lgoldt kdf lng / cleefjsnfo{ :s"ndf af]nfp/ ljbfyl{sf] k9fosf af/]df atfpg yfnof]. :s"ndf h] h] sfd x'g'x' Fb}gYof] tl sfd agb ep. o;cl3 :s"ndf Ovfn' bnut /fhgllt x'g] uyof{]. slt;dd eg] lzifs ;Ë7g / lzifs ;+3sf ;b:ox vfhf klg ;Fu} vffb}gy]. Pp6f ;Ë7gsf ;b:o lzifssf z}lifs cj:yf ;'wf/ ug{] k wfgfwofks s]zj l/hfn. 3/df z'esfo{ x' Fbf csf{ ] ;Ë7gsf ;b:o lzifsnfo{ hfg jlh{t lyof]. :s"naf6 jgef]h hfg] rng lyof] t/ b'o{ j6f ;d"xdf. s;}n] /fd f] sfd ug{ vf]hbf c n] To;df d]xgtk"j{s effhf] xfny]. o;f] ug{ ' k/dst{joú 7flgGYof]. of] sfd /f]lsof]. Tolta]nfsf k c s]zj l/hfn ædwo/ft kl5 /ft a9\g] 7fpF x' Fb}g eg] h:t} :s"n lau g] 7fpF affsl lypgæ, ;D G5g\. :s"n ;'wfg{sf nflu l/hfnn] cfkm" k wfgfwofks lgo'qm epsf] klxnf] lbg Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, cleefjs / lzifs;fu Pp6f ljbfyl{ pql0f{ epsf s'g} :s"ndf t lj1fgsf] k of]u k of]uzfnfdf geo{ sfnf]kf6ldf u/fpg] ul/gyof]ù Pp6f sf]7fdf!)) hgf ljbfyl{ sf]lrp/ k9\g'kyof{ ] / Pp6f dfq zf}rfno lyof]. ;fj{hlgs :s"nsf] z}lifs cj:yf ;d'bfo cyf{t\ cleefjs, :yfglo g]t[tj cflbsf] a]jf:tfn] ubf{ vl:spsf] xf] egg] lgisif{ lgsflnpsf] 5, / To;}nfO{ cfwf/ agfp/ :s"n Joj:yfkgsf] lhdd]jf/l ;d'bfonfo{ ;'Dkg] cleofg rnfopsf] 5. t/ lzifs n] u/]sf s]; :68LÚn] Joj:yfkg x:tfgt/0f gep klg cleefjssf] ;xof]u, ;dy{g, va/bf/l / rf;f] a9fpg ;Dej 5 egg] b]vfpsf] 5. :s"nsf] Joj:yfkg ;d'bfonfo{ x:tfgt/0f ug{] af6f] vf]ng lziff P]gdf ;+zf]wg x'g'egbf rf/ jif{cl3 g} fkfsf] efg' dfljn] o;f] ul/;s]sf] lyof]. t/, o;sf] cy{ :s"nsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;d'bfosf] e"ldsf x'g'kb}{g egg] xf]og. :s"n Joj:yfkg / ;~rfngsf] ;Dk"0f{ lhdd]jf/l u x0f ug{ ;d'bfo ttk/ / ;Ifd x'fbf t g} /fd f] kl/0ffd cfpg ;S5. efg' dfljn] b]vfpsf] s'/f s] xf] eg], :s"n ;kfg{ lgod hlqs} alnof] lgot / rfxgf klg x'g'k5{. lzifs n] u/]sf] cwoogsf] lgrf]8 xf] :s"nnfo{ /fd f] agfpg] sfdsf] yfngl :s"naf6} x'g'k5{. o; sfddf k wfgfwofkssf] e"ldsf ;a}egbf dxœjk"0f{ x'g5. P;Pn;L cwoog ;d"xn] s]xl jif{ klxn] u/]sf] cwoogdf klg w]/}n] k wfgfwofksnfo{ ldof] dfg]sf lyp. ldof] cyf{t\, :s"nsf] zlif{ JolQm /fd f] ep c w]/} s'/f cfkm}f 7Ls x'g5g\. /fd f] glthf Nofpg] :s"nsf k wfgfwofks cftd ljzjf;l / s]xl u/f}fú egg] c7f]6 af]s]sfù b[9, ljzjfl;nf, g]t[tj u'0fo'qm / ;fd"lxs efjgf hufpg ;Sg] ldng;f/ :jefjsf lyp ;f] cwoogn] eg]sf] 5. o:tf k wfgfwofksn] t bnlo /fhglltdf r'n'{dd 8'a]sf :s"nnfo{ ;d]t p4f/ ug{ ;Sg] /x]5g\ Û rsn]6sf] nf]e b]vfp/ ljbfyl{nfo{ :s"n 8fSg'kg{ ] kl/l:ylt abn]/ cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k9fok lt cleefjs ;r]t x'g] cj:yf tof/ kfg{ ;Sg] /x]5g\. cleefjs, Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, ljbfyl{ / k wfgfwofks alrdf ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;DaGw sfod u/fpfbf /x]5g\. s]xl ug{ ;lsg5 egg] cftdljzjf; gepsf, c sf] ljzjf; klg u'dfpsf, lg/fz, pq/bflotj / cg'zf;g gepsf, v/fa lgot af]s]sf k wfgfwofks kfpsf] :s"nsf] kl/0ffd :jfefljs kd} g/fd f] lg:sg5. w]/} 7fpFdf 30 lzifs

35 cg'/f]w u/]. ædlgb/df k:bf h;/l h'qf aflx/} vf]n5f}f, To;} u/l :s"n k:bf /fhglltsf] yf]q] h'qf aflx/} vf]nf}f.æ Tolta]nf ljbfnosf] k7g kf7g Psbd} v:s]sf] lyof]. To;}n], ljbfyl{ ;a}egbf a9l sdhf]/ epsf ljifox lj1fg, ul0ft / cª\u ]hlsf yk siff rnfpg pgn] cleefjs, lzifs / ljbfyl{nfo{ dgfp. ol tlg ljifosf lzifs laxfg a]n'sf ljbfyl{ k9fpg /fhl ep. o:tf yk siffsf nflu Ps ljifosf] dfl;s?=!)) ltg{ cleefjs d~h'/ ep. cltl/qm siff lng] lzifsnfo{ dfl;s?=$ xhf/ lbg :s"n ;Ifd eof]. cltl/qm siff rnfpkl5 x/]s dlxgf ljbfyl{sf] hffr lng / hffrsf] kl/0ffd cleefjsnfo{ ;'gfpg yflnof]. o;af6 sdhf]/ ljbfyl{x n] cfkm" sdhf]/ 5' egg] yfxf kfp / yk d]xgt ug{ yfn]. :s"nn] ljbfyl{nfo{ h'g siffsf ljbfyl{n] sdtldf slt s'/f hfgg'kg{] xf] Tof] hflg;sbf dfq} csf{] siff r9\g kfog5 egg] ;Gb]z lbof]. nfdf] av{] ljbfegbf cufl8 hffr lnp/ To;sf] kl/0ffd ;'gfp/ pglx nfo{ ljbfsf a]nfdf yk d]xgt ug{ cj;/ lbof]. of] lgod!) siffdf k'u]kl5 xf]og tn kffr 5 siffb]lv g} nfu" eof]. :s"nn] x/]s tlg dlxgfdf k/liff lnp/ ljbfyl{sf] cj:yf cleefjsnfo{ ;'gfpg] rng clxn] klg sfod} 5. :s"nsf] k9fo ;'w ]kl5 y'k } cleefjsx lghl :s"ndf k9\g] cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ o; :s"ndf ;fg{ yfn]sf 5g\. clxn] o; :s"ndf Psxhf/ hgf ljbfyl{ k9\5g\. ltgsf cleefjs cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k9fok lt a]jf:tf ub{}gg\. k wfgfwofks 6]sgfy lzjfsf]6l eg5g\, æcleefjs pt;fxl ;fn k/liffyl{ pql0f{ pql0f{ #& &$! %@ $# &# ^% %% #* &( 5g\. cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k9fosf] af/]df / :s"nsf] cj:yf ;'wfg{ s] ug{ 'k5{ egg] ljifodf rf;f] /fv5g\.æ oxffsf cleefjs slt;dd ;lqmo 5g\ eg] pglx n] ;xof]u h'6fp/ :s"nsf j6f sdko'6/ lsg]. clxn] sdko'6/ lziff k9fo x'g] fkfsf yf]/} :s"ndwo] Ps epsf] 5 of]. sdko'6/ lzifssf] tna klg :yfglo ; f]taf6} Joxf]l/Psf] 5. cleefjsx n] :s"nnfo{ ;xof]u ug{ z}lifs ;fdu L Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g u/]sf 5g\. o; jif{b]lv Kn; 6'Ú siff ;~rfng ug{ h'6]sf 5g\. ut jflif{s e]nfdf :s"nn] cfˆgf ;an kifx o;/l k :t't u/]sf] lyof] of]uo / cg'ejl lzifs, pt;fxl / rgfvf cleefjs, /fhgllts lvrftfgl d'qm :s"n xftf, ;lqmo Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, ;lqmo lzifs cleefjs ;+3.Ú ttsfnlg k c l/hfn eg5g\, æof] :s"nnfo{ g/fd f] cj:yfaf6 /fd f] cj:yfdf k' ofpsf] h; dnfo{ cfpg] u5{ t/ vf;df rflxf cleefjs, lzifs, Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / lhnnf lziff sfof{no ;a}sf] of]ubfg 5.Æ o:tf] ug{ ;lspsf]df pgl ;Gt'i6 5g\. eg5g\, ætl;jif{] lzifs hljgdf kfpsf] ;a}egbf a9l ;Gt'li6 oxl xf].æ :s"n ;k ]sf]df pgl dfq xf]og :s"n / ufpf ;d]t ;Gt'i6 5. To;}n], k wfgfwofks / lzifs hljgaf6 cjsfz lnpsf] cf7 jif{kl5 klg l/hfn To; :s"n / To; ufpfsf x]8;/ú 5g\ h;nfo{ /fhgllts Oiof{sf sf/0f kms{]/ cfˆg} 7fpFdf hfcf];\ eg]/ z'?df!@ lbg;dd xflh/ ug{ lbopsf] lypg. pd]/n] ubf{ k wfgfwofks pt;flxt gepsf] u'gf;f] ug{ ] ul/psf] 5. t/ skfn km'nb}df pt;fx g36\g] s'/f cwoogn] b]vfpsf] 5. o; k6ssf] cwoogsf nflu 5flgPsf :s"nx nfo{ /fd f] agfpg] ;a} k wfgfwofksn] lgs} nfdf] ;do;dd sfd ul/;s]sf 5g\. t/ k wfgfwofks PSn}n] :s"nsf] cj:yf ;'wfg{ ;Sb}gg\. P;Pn;L cwoog ;d"xn] eg]sf] 5 ljbfyl{sf] glthf /fd f] x'g'df ;a}egbf 7"nf] of]ubfg lzifssf] /xg5 / /fd f lzifs bnut /fhglltdf nfub}gg\. g]kfnsf clwsf+z lzifsx of]uotd hgzlqm dwo]af6 5flgPsf xf]ogg\. t/ of] g]kfnsf] dfq ;d:of klg xf]og. ;+;f/sf clwsf+z b]zdf o:t} x'g] u/]sf] 5. t/ dwod:t/sf] hgzlqmaf6 g} klg lziff If]qdf 7"nf sfd epsf b[i6fgt kfog5g\. dwod vfnsf hgzlqmn] klg OdfGbf/L ;fy sfd u/]sf] v08df g]kfnl :s"nx sf] cj:yf clxn]sf] egbf stf xf] stf ;'w g ;Sg] b]lvg5. k wfgfwofks / lzifs bqlrq ep/ nfu]df :s"ndf lgoldt kdf k9fo x'g5. lzifs dfl;ssf] cwoogdf ;d]l6psf s]xl :s"ndf t /fhgllts p2]zo k"lt{sf nflu ul/g] agbdf klg k9fo rfn' /x]sf] kfog5. c dfq xf]og, cfˆgf dfu k"/f u/fpg lzifssf ;+3 ;Ë7gx n] ug{ ] cfgbf]ngaf6 ;d]t To:tf :s"ndf k9fo gljyf]lnpsf] kfpg' Pp6f ;'vb cfzro{ g} xf]. lgoldt k/liff /fd f :s"nsf] csf{] ljz]iftf xf]. /fd f :s"nsf k wfgfwofks / lzifsn] ljbfyl{sf] lgoldt hffrsf] Joj:yf ldnfpsf] kfog5. jif{sf] cgtodf up/ ljbfyl{nfo{ hfgg'kg{] hlt hflgg;\ú eg]/ km]n u/fpg] jf hah{:tl kf; u/fpg'sf] ; f klxno} ;r]t u/fp/ hfgg] agfpg] rng epsf :s"nn] /fd f ljbfyl{ tof/ u/]sf 5g\. æklxnf] / bf]; f] q}dfl;sdf $) k ltzt cí Nofpg g;sg] ljbfyl{nfo{ To;kl5sf] hffrdf ;xeful u/fpfb}gf} FÆ, lrtjgsf] gf/fo0fl prr dfljsf cª\u ]hl lzifs k"0f{k ;fb bjf8l eg5g\. ;f] :s"nn] clgtd k/liff egbf cufl8 Psk6s df}sf k/liff lng5. siff r9\gsf nflu sdtldf $) k ltzt cí Nofpg} k5{. sdhf]/ ljbfyl{sf nflu sltko :s"nn] g} cltl/qm siffsf] ;d]t Joj:yf ug{ ] u/]sf 5g\. o:tf] Joj:yf ljzjd} :s"n] lziff /fd f] epsf l;ëfk'/ h:tf b]zn] klg ub{ } cfpsf 5g\. w]/}h;f] :s"nn] tnnf] siffsf] k9fodf Wofg lzifs 31

36 cfj/0f ;fd'bflos ljbf ^!!(!% # ^)& $& $)&!! / pq (# (%& #!@ $!!!!!@!)!!^ &! #*& &) #^!))) #%@ ** $ #)( %$!@!!% &$ * #* *@@!$(^#$&!)%@!$)$ ^%( (!^ #$% ^!$ %@# #@$ &$%!#@ ^@ (#% ^!%!^& &* $$$ &) %@* %@^!@( @*&!$& (#@ ^((!)#% #^) *#^@!# ^($!*( %)% $&@!&@ $(! ^*% @@#( *&$ %@)!&!*!%^! ^&^ 5fq %$# *$@ $$$ pql0f{ 5fq 5fqf k/liffyl{ pql0f{ 5fqf 32 ; f]tm tyofí k/liff lgogq0f sfof{no, ;fgf]l7dl, ;fnkl5 o:tf] k':ts k sflzt epsf] 5}g. lzifs

37 fnoaf6 P;Pn;L k/liffdf ;xeful L0f{ ljbfyl{ **$ %(*!!!# ^#% *%& %^)!)#! (%& *#^ (#!$# $^!%^! ^ %*# ^)# (@!@^! &!) (*@ $!!!@@! **@ $$%!%$!*(@ (*@ ##*!)*!&$!!@*^!*@(!^#& (!% $%%!)^*!)** %^% #)! %!$!#)!!&# &$!!(&% ()( $&@ *%^ %) $**!!* #(& &*!#&(!@$) *@ %#$!($!)& ^$(!^$ ^!& (#& #$# #^*$ ()) **& #%# #)# ##*( $#@ ^)!!*$ %)* &&!)!&!)$$ $!!&!^@)!!^@ #&@$ $)% (!!!#^^ #$! lzifs 33

38 cfj/0f blks cf]nl ;'b"/klzrdsf] zfg u Psf] ;fn a fª, ef]k'/l:yt ;TojfbL prr dfljsf!)$ hgf ljbfyl{n] P;Pn;L k/liff lbpsf]df *@ hgf kf; up. P;Pn;L k/liffdf lhnnfd} /fd f] glthf NofPsf] eg]/ lziff ljefun] ;f] :s"nnfo{?=$ nfvsf] /fli6«o lziff k'/:sf/ lbof]. cl3nnf] jif{ klg o; :s"nn] ;f] k'/:sf/ kfpsf] ;fndf P;Pn;Lsf] glthf /fd f] NofPsf] eg]/ lhnnf ljsf; ;ldltn]?=% nfv lbpsf] lyof]. of] :s"nsf ^ j6f ejgdf!) sf]7f zf}rfno 5g\. b'o{ j6f v]nd}bfg /fd f] cj:yfdf 5g\. k of]uzfnf 5. k':tsfnodf rflxf k':ts w]/} 5}gg\. k fom lzifsx tflnd k fkt 5g\. pglx c :s"nsf lzifs egbf a9l k9fpf5g\ xktfdf #@ lkl/o8. pglx ;dodf sf];{ ;S5g\. k of]uftds siff rnfpf5g\. ljbfyl{nfo{ dfof u/]/ l;sfpf5g\. oxffsf ljbfyl{x lzifs;fu v'n]/ s'/f ug{ ;S5g\. ;/sf/l cg'bfg / ljbfyl{af6 p7\g] z'ns afx]s o; :s"nn] 3/hUufsf] ef8faf6 klg cfdbfgl u5{. cleefjsn] klg :s"nnfo{ cfly{s ;xof]u u/]sf 5g\. :s"nsf ptkfbg k fwofkg, /fhgllts, lghfdtl k zf;g, s"6gllt, lrlst;f cflb If]qdf b]z ljb]zdf 5fPsf 5g\. g]kfndf :s"n sd epsf a]nfdf ef/tlo lzifs /fdbq cj:ylaf6 u'?s'nsf] h:tf] s8f cg'zf;gdf lziff kfpsf] :d/0f u5{g\, k"j{ /fhodgql ;'/]z dnn. cfkm" k9]sf] :s"nn] hufpsf] lziffk ltsf] dfofn] ubf{ xfn pgl sf7df8f} Fsf] ultfdftf prr dfljsf Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cwoif 5g\. of] :s"n /fhf hok[yjlaxfb'/ l;+xsf] ;lqmotfdf Ps;o jif{cl3 sf7df8f}fsf] gs;fn b/af/df v'n]sf] lyof].!((& b]lv of] :s"n a fªl /fhfsf] k'/fgf] b/af/ r}gk'/df ;~rfng epsf] xf]. blks cf]nl lbfb}gg\ / Ps}rf]l6 P;Pn;L k/liff lbg] a]nfdf dfq} ljbfyl{sf] k9fok lt hfu?s x'g yfn5g\. tnnf] siffdf hfgg'kg{ ] s'/f ghflgsg siff r9\b} upsf ljbfyl{nfo{ hlt d]xgt u/fp klg ;kmn agfpg ufx f] k5{. t/ /fd f :s"nn] o; ljifodf tnnf] siffb]lv g} ;f]rg] u/]sf] kfog5. æxfdln] P;Pn;L cfpg] a]nfdf dfq xf]og z'?b]lv g} ljbfyl{sf] k9fodf Wofg lbpsf 5f} FÆ, sf7df8f}fsf] ultfdftf dfljsf Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cwoif ;'/]z dnn eg5g\. ;+v'jf;efsf] c?0ff]bo dfljdf ^ siffb]lv dfq k9fo x'g5. To;}n] j/k/sf k fylds :s"n kf; u/]sf ljbfyl{nfo{ ^ siffdf egf{ lng'cl3 k j]z k/liff lng] rng 5. o:tf] k/liff lng'sf] p2]zo sdhf]/ ljbfyl{sf] k9fo 5'6fpg' xf]ogù a? p;nfo{ yk d]xgt ug{'k5{ eg]/ atfpg' xf]. To;}n] ToxfF Psk6s km]n epsf ljbfyl{sf nflu bf]xf] ofp/ k/liff lnog5. o:tf] rngn] ubf{ j/k/sf k fylds :s"nx nfo{ klg k9fo ;'wfg{ afwo kf/]sf] 5. /fd f :s"nn] k9fodf dfq xf]og zf/ll/s tyf dfgl;s Ifdtf sd epsf ljbfyl{x sf nflu ;d]t k9\g] jftfj/0f ldnfpg]tkm{ klg Wofg lbpsf 5g\. lrtjgsf] gf/fo0fl prr dfljn] ;':tdgl:yltsf nflu ljz]if siff / g]qxlgx sf nflu ;dflxt lziffú sfo{qmd rnfpsf] 5. pglx sf nflu 5fqfaf;sf] Joj:yf klg 5. Ko"7fg vnëfsf] dx]gb dfljdf g]qxlgx nfo{ ;lhnf] x'g] vfnsf] zf}rfnosf] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. ;du df egg'kbf{, g]kfnsf] :s"n lziffsf] :t/ cyjf P;Pn;L k/liffsf] kl/0ffdnfo{ jfl~5t tx;dd psf:g w]/} 7"nf] cfly{s ef}lts nufgl of qmflgtsf/l lziff glltú g} klv{/xg' cfjzos 5}g. vffrf] 5 d u5'{ú eg]/ cl3;g{] b[9lgzrol JolQmsf]. Tof] JolQm Pp6f x]8dfi6/, lhnnf lziff clwsf/l, ljbfno lg/lifs, :yfglo ;dfh;]jl, ljj]szln g]tf, Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] cwoif jf s'g} lzifs of s]xl lzifsx sf] ;d"xdwo] hf] sf]xl klg x'g;s5. ;/sf/lú jf ;fd'bflos g} /x]/ klg pts[i6 kl/0ffd;lxt /fd f] :s"nsf] sf]l6df k/]sf :s"nx logldwo] kg{] s'g} JolQm jf ;d"xs} k of;sf k ltkmn x'g\. oyfy{df Pp6f dflg;sf] Odfg / hffu/ g} Pp6f :s"nsf] b'/j:yf sfofkn6 u/fpg kof{kt /x]5 egg] cg'ej tnsf s]xl b[i6fgtn] u/fpf5g\. 34 lzifs

39 lagf k/liff k j]z 5}g cfggb >]i7 n uftf/ tlg jif{;dd c?0ff]bo dfljsf s'g} klg ljbfyl{ P;Pn;Ldf pql0f{ epgg\. lhnnf lziff sfof{non] :s"nnfo{ gl;xt lbof]. To;kl5 ;f] :s"nnfo{ cfˆgf] cj:yf ;'wfg{ s/ ;fndf cfwf ljbfyl{n] P;Pn;L kf; ;fndf #^ hgfn] hffr lbpsf]df cf+lzs k/liff ;d]t u/]/ ;a}n] kf; u/]. ;+v'jf;efsf] ;b/d'sfd vffbaf/lb]lv ^ lbg k}bn lxf8]/ dfq k'lug] r]k'jf, ln+udsf] ;f] :s"n clxn] b'u{d ufpfsf] gd'gf ag]sf] 5. c :s"nsf ljbfyl{ ;d]t oxff cfpg yfn]sf 5g\. of] jif{ dfq x]bfª\gfsf] lxdfno dflj k9\b} u/]sf rf/ hgf / ;b/d'sfd vffbaf/ldf k9]sf kffr hgf ljbfyl{ o; :s"ndf cfp. vffbaf/l 5f]8]/ cfpsf lsdfyfª\sfsf ljbfyl{ jfª5] ef]6] eg5g\, æ/fd f] k9fo gepsf] ep oxff cfpg] lyogf.æ o; :s"ndf siff ^ b]lv dfq k9fo z'? x'g5. ljbfyl{ egf{ lng'cl3 k j]z k/liff lnog5. o;nfo{ k rlnt lgod ljk/lt eof] eg]/ w]/}n] lj/f]w klg u/]. lhnnf lziff sfof{non] k wfgfwofks;fu :ki6ls/0f dfuof] t/ k wfgfwofks lsª\;g nfdf cfˆgf] lg0f{odf cl8u /x] / k j]z k/liffdf ;kmn gx'g]nfo{ kmsf{olbp. nfdfsf] of] sbdn] k9fpfb} gk9fosg kffr siff kf; u/fpg] j/k/sf :s"ndfly k9fo ;'wfg{] bafa kg{ yfnof]. o;}sf] k efjn] ubf{ r]k'jfsf] zflgt k fljn] klg ljbfno Joj:yfkgnfO{ r':t kf/]sf] 5. ;f] :s"nsf k wfgfwofks 6f;L z]kf{ eg5g\, æotflt/ :s"n epsf] ufpfsf lzifs 3/s} sfddf tnnlg, 6f9fsf] lzifs 3/ upkl5 kmls{g l9nf] ug]{ rng lyof]. xfdln] l9nf] cfpg] lzifs lzlifsfsf] hlt l9nf] cfpf5, 306fsf] lx;fan] tna s6fp/ :s"nsf] sf]ifdf /fvg yfnof} F. o;f] ubf{ ;fx } h?/l sfd k/]sf a]nf afx]s c a]nf lzifsx :s"n 5f8\b}gg\.Æ c?0ff]bo dfljsf ;ftdwo] kffr hgf lzifs fkf, lj/f6gu/, ef]hk'/ / wg'iffaf6 cfpsf 5g\. kffr}hgf lzifs Pp6} sf]7fdf a:5g\. laxfg / ck/fgx cf7, gf} / bz siffsf sdhf]/ ljbfyl{sf nflu ljz]if siff / lbpf;f] lgoldt siffdf k9fpf5g\. a]n'sf cwoog u5{g\, ef]lnkn6sf nflu tof/l u5{g\, ljbfyl{sf] sfkl hffr5g\. :s"n / k9fo afx]s c WofpGg gepsf oxffsf lzifsnfo{ k wfgfwofksn] c vfnsf ;'ljwf lbpsf 5g\. 6f9fsf lzifsn] bz}f ljbfdf 3/ upkl5 ltxf/ ;s]/ dfq cfp x'g5. df3sf] klxnf] xktf jflif{s k/liff ;lspkl5 j}zfvdf dfq :s"n kmls{p x'g5. :s"ndf bnlo lvrftfgl 5}g. ælzifs ;Ë7gn] cfxjfg u/]sf] x8\tfn / lj/f]w sfo{qmdsf a]nf klg xfdln] lg/gt/ k9fof} +Æ, lzifs uf]kfn e /fo{ eg5g\. ædfcf]jfbl, c ;+3 ;Ë7g jf cfˆg} lzifs ;Ë7gn] bafa lbfbf klg oxff :s"n agb x'fb}gæ, k wfgfwofks nfdf uj{ u5{g\. c w]/} 7fpFdf :s"n v'n5, xflh/ x'g5 clg 5' L x'g5. oxff :s"n v'ng' eg]sf] k9fo x'g' xf]. dlxgfsf]?=%) z'ns ltg{' k/]kl5 cleefjsn] klg cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] k9]sf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eg]/ rf;f] lbg yfn]sf 5g\. cltl/qm lqmofsnfkdf klg of] :s"n cufl8 g} 5. ;ËLt, jfbljjfb, xflh/lhjfkm, v]ns'b oxffsf lgoldt ljz]iftf ag]sf 5g\. oxff k9]/ upsf ljbfyl{n] ;b/d'sfd vffbaf/ldf vf]n]sf] ef]l6of o'y Snan] ;+v'jf;efdf /fd f] gfd sdfpsf] 5. :s"nsf] ^ sf]7] 3/ etsg nfu]sf] 5. rkl{ eggsf nflu dfq} 5. 6f9f6f9fsf ljbfyl{ k9\g cfpf5g\. pglx a:g] 7fpF 5}g. ul/a ufpfsf] :s"n x'gfn] oxff k9\g] ljbfyl{x ul/a 5g\. w]/} ljbfyl{n] ;fx'sf] cn}frl af]sg'k5{. c sfdn] ubf{ Tolt Wofg lbp/ k9\g ;Sb}gg\. t/ klg lzifs, ljbfyl{ / cleefjssf] ;fd'lxs d]xgtn] ubf{ cfpsf] kl/0ffdaf6 pglx nfo{ yk sfd ug{] k ]/0ff ldn]sf] 5. æ:s"nnfo{ /fd f] prr dflj agfp/ / 5fqfaf;sf] Joj:yf u/]/ dfq l/6fo8{ x'g5'æ, k wfgfwofks lsª\;g nfdf eg5g\. cfggb >]i7 lzifs 35

40 F cfj/0f ;'v] {tsf] gd'gf ;' v{]t, /fd3f6sf] lzv/ dfwolds ljbfno ufpfdf 5. k':tsfno ejg 5, t/ k':ts 5}gg\. w]/} cleefjs lg/if/ 5g\. ul/a 5g\. sfdsf nflu ef/t hfg5g\. dfwolds txdf ^ hgfsf] b/agbl ep klg b'o{hgf dfq lzifs 5g\. :s"n sdkfpg8 af/a]/ ul/psf] 5}g. k9fo eo/x]sf a]nf dflg; cfpg] hfg] ul//x]sf 5g\. x]bf{ :s"nsf] glthf /fd f] gx'g'kg{] xf]. t/ klg o; :s"nsf] k9fo t'ngftds kdf /fd f] ;fnsf] P;Pn;L k/liffdf of] :s"n dwoklzrdf~rn ljsf; If]qsf] bf]; f] eof].? $ nfvsf] k'/:sf/ kfof]. To;sf] kl5nnf] jif{ dwoklzrdsf] klxnf] eof]. lhnnf :t/lo v]ns'b k ltof]lutfdf ;w}+h;f] k yd x'fb} cfpsf] 5. k lts"n cj:yf x'fbfx'fb} klg o; :s"nn] /fd f] ug{'sf k5fl8 s]xl vf; sf/0fx 5g\. cgoq x'g] u/]sf agbsf a]nfdf klg oxff k9fo x'g5. bz} ltxf/ / av{] ljbfdf ljz]if siff rnfog5. k To]s xktf hffr x'g5. k9fpg] a]nfdf AofVofg egbf k of]uftds ljlwdf hf]8 lbog5. lzifsx cfˆgf] siff 5}g / csf{] lzifssf] siff vfnl 5 eg] k9fpg hfg5g\. yk siff lnpafkt yk kfl/>lds kfpf5g\. k fom ;a} lzifs tflndk fkt 5g\. lgoldt kdf :s"n cfpf5g\. lzifs, ljbfyl{ / cleefjsalr dgd'6fj 5}g. :s"n Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] u7gdf /fhgllts ugw kfofb}g. Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] a}7s lgoldt a:5. cfjzos k/] :s"nsf nflu k};f p7fpf5. hg>dbfg rflxp Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] Tof] klg h'6fpf5. cleefjs e]nf ep/ s;n] slt rgbf lbg] ;f] s'/fsf] jrg lbg5g\. o; uflj;sf ;a} j8fsf ljbfyl{ laxfg :s"n cfp/ a]n'sf 3/ kms{g ;S5g\. To;n] ubf{ k"/f ufpfsf] ;xof]u lng ;lhnf] epsf] 5. ljbfyl{x lgoldt kdf :s"n cfpf5g\. u[xsfo{ u5{g\. nugzln / cg'zfl;t 5g\. :s"nsf ul/a ljbfyl{nfo{ ;'v{]t l:yt u}/;/sf/l ;+:yfn] lhg;l / gub ;xof]u u/]sf 5g\. lhnnf ljsf; ;ldlt / ufpf ljsf; ;ldltn] klg ;xof]u h'6fpfb} cfpsf 5g\. :s"n kl/;/df kmn]sf] cffk / 3fF; a]r]/ :s"nn] a;{]lg 08}?=%) xhf/ cfdbfgl ug{ ] u5{. ol ;a} sf/0fn] ubf{ c ufpfaf6 klg ljbfyl{ o; :s"ndf cfpg] u/]sf 5g\. klxn]sf ;kmntfsf sf/0fn] ubf{ of] :s"nn] cfufdl z}lifs ;qb]lv prr dflj rnfpg] of]hgf agfpsf] 5. k sfz kgt k'/:sf/} k'/:sf/ Ko' 7fgsf #! j6f dfwolds :s"ndwo]df /fd f] ulgg5 vnëfsf] dx]gb prr dflj. o;n] kfpsf k'/:sf/x sf] ;"rl nfdf] ;fnsf] P;Pn;L k/liffdf dwoklzrdsf] ;a}egbf /fd f] ep/ kfpsf] jl/]gb If]qLo l;n8 clg lziff dgqfnoaf6 k fkt ;fndf prr dflj lziff kl/ifbaf6 pts[i6 k'/:sf/. k9fo / cltl/qm lqmofsnfkafkt kfpsf k'/:sf/sf] ;ª\Vof ^@ k'u]sf] ;fndf o; :s"nsf (& k ltzt ;fndf (@ k ltzt ljbfyl{n] P;Pn;L kf; u/]sf lyp. ;ftj6f :s"n ejg 5g\. Pp6f ejg b[li6ljxlg ; f]t siffsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] 5. lj1fg k of]uzfnf 5. k':tsfnodf *)) egbf a9l k':ts 5g\. zf}rfno, vfg]kfgl, v]n d}bfgsf b[li6n] klg :s"n /fd f] cj:yfdf 5. Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cwoif lzj/fh >]i7sf cg';f/ :s"nn] yk siffsf]7f, zf}rfno / goff 5fqfaf; agfpg nfu]sf] 5. ;a} :s"ndf x'g] u/]sf q}dfl;s, cw{jflif{s / jflif{s k/liffsf cltl/qm ljifo lzifsn] xkt}lkr5] hffr lng] u/]sf 5g\. x/]s dlxgf :s"nn] k/liff lng] u5{. k9fpg / hffr lng lzifsn] hffu/ rnfpf5g\. :s"nn] klg lzifsnfo{ ;s];ddsf] ;'ljwf lbpsf] 5. lghl ; f]tsf lzifsn] klg ;/sf/l b/agblsf lzifs;/x tna kfpf5g\. Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, cleefjs / k"j{ ljbfyl{x ;Fu :s"nn] af/daf/ 5nkmn ug{ ] u5{. cltl/qm lqmofsnfksf nflu :s"ndf cf7 j6f ;ldlt 5g\. x/]s xktf Pp6f g Pp6f cltl/qm lqmofsnfk x'g5ù h;df b[li6ljxlg klg ;xeful x'g] u5{g\. :s"nsf nflu ;xof]u h'6fpg], :s"n kl/jf/nfo{ cg'zfl;t agfpg], cleefjs / Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug]{ h:tf sfddf k wfgfwofksn] a9l ;do lbg5g\. ljdnf kf08] 36 lzifs

41 P] Zjo{ ljbf lgs]tgaf6 kf]xf]/ ;fn!$* hgf ljbfyl{n] P;Pn;L lbpsf]df!$& hgf kf; ep. tldwo]!# hgf ljlzi6 >]0fLdf pql0f{ epsf lyp. g]kfndf ;fdfgotof bf]; f] >]0fLdf kf; x'g] ljbfyl{sf] dfqf a9l x'g] u/]sf] 5. t/ o; :s"ndf To:tf] hgfn] bf]; f] >]0fLdf kf; ubf{!)% hgf k yd >]0fLdf cfpsf ;fndf!% hgf bf]; f] >]0fLdf kf; x'fbf!)$ hgf k yd >]0fLdf pql0f{ epsf lyp. ljlzi6 #* j6f t zf}rfno Û k sfz zfx >]0fLdf kf; ug{ ]!! hgf lyp. wgu9l, s}nfnlsf] of] :s"n ;'b"/ klzrdsf cf};t :s"negbf cufl8 5. k/liff lgogq0f sfof{non] u/]sf] d"nofíg -o:tf] d"nofíg :s"nsf s'n k/liffyl{, ljlzi6, k yd, låtlo / t[tlo >]0fLdf pql0f{ k/liffyl{ ;ª\Vof, s'n cg'ql0f{ k/liffyl{ ;ª\Vof, s'n pql0f{ ljbfyl{ ;ª\Vof / /fli6«o cf};tnfo{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ul/g5_ ;fnsf] P;Pn;L k/liffdf ;'b"/ klzrdf~rnsf] cf};t #* cí /x]sf]df P]Zjo{ ljbf lgs]tgsf] %# cí /x]sf] lyof]. ;Dddf nuftf/ gf} jif{;dd If]qLo lziff lzn8 xft kf/]sf] lyof]. To;kl5 t gx' Fsf] ;TojtL prr sf] P;Pn;L k/liff lbg] (( hgf ;a} kf; ep. ^ hgf ljlzi6 >]0fLdf cfp. k yd >]0fLdf kf; ug{ ] ^! hgf lyp. t]; f] >]0fLdf sf]xl klg kg{' ;fndf!!$ hgfn] k/liff lbpsf]df!)# hgf kf; epsf lyp. æ:s"nsf] jftfj/0f, ljbfyl{sf] cff6, cleefjs / Joj:yfkgsf] ;xof]un] ubf{ k/liffsf] glthf /fd f] epsf] xf],æ cª\u ]hl ljifo ;DaGwL k9fo x]g{] clgn >]i7 eg5g\. of] :s"ndf cf7 siff;dd Ps ;]S;gdf cª\u ]hl dfwoddf k9fo x'g5 h'g qmdzm cufl8 prr dflj;dd k' ofpg] nio 5. æcgoq agb epsf a]nfdf klg oxff k9fo x'g5. ljbf sd 5g\. zx/l jftfj/0f 5. lzifs nugzln 5g\Æ, lzifs xf]dgfy vgfn eg5g\. vgfn k flj b/agblsf lzifs x'g\ t/ prr dflj;dd} k9fpf5g\ yk ;'ljwf glnosg. æd]/f] k]zf xf]. h'g siffnfo{ ep klg k9fpg kfpfbf v'zl sf] lzn8 klg lhtof]. ef}lts k"jf{wf/df klg of] :s"n caan bhf{sf] 5. bz j6f ejgdf &) j6f siff sf]7f 5g\. tlgsf]7] k of]uzfnf ejg 5. sdko'6/ k of]uzfnf, k':tsfno cflbsf] Joj:yf 5. zf}rfno dfq} #* j6f 5g\. x/]s xktf x/]s ljifodf lzifsn] cled'vls/0f tflnd kfpf5g\. pglx siffdf nugzln ep/ k9fpf5g\. ;/sf/l :s"ndf x'g] afx]s x/]s dlxgf ljbfyl{sf] yk hffr lng5g\. gu/kflnsf, / lhnnf lziff sfof{nosf k ltlglw, dlxnf, rgbfbftf cleefjs / lzifs ;b:o /x]sf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] a}7s x/]s dlxgf a:5. cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k9fo a' g cleefjs lgoldt kdf :s"n cfpf5g\. /fd f] cleefjsnfo{ klg k'/:sf/ lbg] Joj:yf ;fndf cf7 hgf ljbfyl{af6 z'? epsf] of] :s"ndf clxn]!^%) ljbfyl{ 5g\.!@ siff ;Ddsf] k9fo x'g5. jflif{s cfdbfgl 8]9 s/f]8 hlt 5. k sfz zfx ;lqmo Joj:yfkg ;ldlt km"6an, xflh/lhjfkm, nf]sult / nf]s g[to, nf]sbf]xf]/l ult k ltof]lutf eo/xg5g\. jif{df kffr k6s ljbfyl{sf] hffr x'g5. a]nfa]nfdf lnog] Snf; 6]i6 5' } 5. Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ;lqmo 5. ;ldltsf ;b:ox n] k To]s xktf kfnf] u/]/ :s"n lg/lif0f u5{g\. 58\s] hffrdf cfkm"n] b]v]sf s'/f ;Gtf]if u'nd]nl /lhi6/df n]v5g\. o:tf ljifodf cleefjs e]nfdf 5nkmn u5{g\. dxœjk"0f{ s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug{sf] nflu cleefjsx sf] e]nf af]nfog5. Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cwoif /fdgfy e /fo{ eg5g\, æd c :s"ndf x'fbf Joj:yfkgn] eg]sf s'/f lzifsn] dfgb}gy]. t/ oxff Joj:yfkgn] u/]sf] lg0f{o lzifsn] dfg5g\, lzifsn] eg]sf] ljbfyl{n].æ pgl o; :s"nsf klxn]sf lzifs klg x'g\. cª\u ]hl dfwoddf klg k9fpg yfn]kl5 / :s"nn] If]qLo k'/:sf/ kfpkl5 oxff ljbfyl{sf] rfk a9]sf] 5. æ:s"nn] y]ug g;sg] epkl5 kmsf{pg' k/]sf] 5Æ, lzifs lgd{nf vgfn elg5g\. j;gtl af:tf]nf lzifs 37

42 cfj/0f lr pql0f{ k ltztm z"goaf6 (( lrtjg lhnnfsf] ;a}egbf /fd f] ;fj{hlgs :s"n gf/fo0fl prr dflj xf]æ, lhnnf lziff clwsf/l uf]kfns[i0f kf}8]n cfhsn ;a};fu o;} egg] u5{g\. o;sf] cfwf/ xf] ut ;fnsf] P;Pn;L k/liffsf] glthf. of] :s"nn] o; jif{ ;]G8ck 6]i6df klg /fd f] glthf NofPsf] 5. lhnnf lziff sfof{non] lhnnfsf pts[i6 :s"nnfo{ lbg]?=@ nfvsf] k'/:sf/ o; :s"nn] kf]xf]/ / k/f/ u/l nuftf/ b'o{ k6s kfpsf] 5. æcfpg] ;fnsf] k'/:sf/ klg xfdln] g} kfpf5f}fæ, k wfgfwofks c?0f s'df/ -tl:a/_ eg5g\. o; jif{sf] ;]G8ck 6]i6df o; :s"nsf!%* hgf k/liffyl{dwo]!%& hgf kf; epsf 5g\. e/tk'/sf] gf/fo0fl dfljsf] P;Pn;L k/liffsf] glthf /fli6«o :t/egbf w]/} dfly ;fndf b]ze/sf ljbfyl{dwo] $^ k ltztn] P;Pn;L kf; u/]sf]df gf/fo0fl dfljsf (^ k ltzt ljbfyl{ kf; epsf df rflxf (( k ltzt ljbfyl{ kf; ep. of] :s"nsf goff / k'/fgf] u/l kffr j6f ejgdf $$ j6f sf]7f 5g\. ;fosn :6\of08, v]n d}bfg, au} Frf / k':tsfno 5. zf}rfnoaf6 #% 3gld6/sf] jfof]uoff; KnfG6 ;~rfng epsf] 5. o;af6 lg:s]sf] UofF;n] 5fqfaf;df a:g] g]qxlg ljbfyl{sf nflu vfgf kfs5. #) jif{b]lv ;f]xl :s"ndf k9fpfb} cfpsf k wfgfwofks c?0f s'df/ eg5g\, æ@)#* ;fndf Ps hgf klg ljbfyl{ pql0f{ gepkl5 o; :s"nsf] k9fo ;'wfg{ ljlegg pkfo yfn]sf] xf], ;a}sf] k of;n] :s"nsf] cj:yf /fd f] epsf] xf].æ knknsf] va/ lxdfnva/ tfhf ;dfrf/ l/kf]6{ { cgtjf{tf{ l6kk0fl lhnnf lziff clwsf/l kf}8]nsf cg';f/ cg'ejl lzifs, ;fd"lxs efjgf / k/liff k 0ffnLn] ubf{ o; :s"nsf] glthf /fd f] epsf] xf]. o; :s"nn] Go"gtd Ifdtf gepsf ljbfyl{nfo{ zfgtf clwsf/l df}sf lbg5 t/ k/liffdf pql0f{ geo{ siff r9fpfb}g. lzifsx sf cg';f/ s'zn k zf;sdf x'g'kg]{ u'0f k wfgfwofksdf epsfn] :s"nsf] u'0f:t/ a9]sf] xf]. of] :s"nn] ;/sf/l kf7\oqmd afx]s ul0ft / cª\u ]hldf yk siff rnfpsf] 5. o;sf nflu ljbfyl{n] yk z'ns ltg' {k5{. xflh/lhjfkm, lxhh] k ltof]lutf, lj1fg k bz{gl, kfs lziff, nf]sult k ltof]lutf h:tf cltl/qm lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ub}{ cfpsf] 5. lghl ; f]tsf lzifs lgo'qm ubf{ v'nf k lt:kwf{ u/fog5. o;/l lgo'qm lzifsn] ;/sf/l cg'bfgsf lzifs;/x ;'ljwf kfpf5g\. ljifout lzifsnfo{ k f]t;fxg / eqfsf] Joj:yf ul/psf] 5. oxffsf cleefjs klg ;lqmo 5g\. cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] nawfí kq lng pglx :s"n cfpf5g\. 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k9fosf af/]df ;f]wk'5 u5{g\. lbge/ sfd ug]{ dflg;x n] /flt k9\g kfpg ;fndf of] :s"n vf]lnpsf] xf]. olta]nf ;/sf/l sd{rf/ln] :s"ndf k9fpg] uy]{. Tolta]nf o;sf] gfd g} /flq xfo{:s"nú lyof]. of] :s"nsf] Ps lsnf]ld6/ j/k/!! j6f lghl / ;fd'bflos :s"n 5g\. t/ oxff rf/ lsnf]ld6/ k/sf ljbfyl{x k9\g cfpf5g\. k c c?0fs'df/ eg5g\, æ:s"ndf kg]{ rfk 36fpg k j]z k/liffdf s8f k Zg ;f]wg] u/]sf 5f}F.Æ zfgtf clwsf/l 38 lzifs

43 cgtjf{tf{ dft[efiffdf k fylds lziff h?/l 5, ;Dej klg 5 k f= 8f= of]u]gb k ;fb ofbj k d'v, efiff lj1fg ljefu, lq=lj=lj= afnaflnsfnfo{ dft[efiffdf lziff lbog'k5{ egg] dfgotfk lt ca Tolt ljdlt b]lvfb}g. t/ Tof] cfjzos lsg k of] < of] k fylds lziffsf] ;Gbe{df xf]. siff % ;Ddsf lziff dft[efiffsf] dfwodaf6 g} lng' lbg'k5{. To;kl5 afnaflnsfnfo{ ;Dks{ efiff l;sfpg yfng'k5{. dfwolds txdf k'u]kl5 rflxf ljzjjofkl ;Dk ]if0f / lj1fg k ljlwsf] 1fgf]kfh{gsf] nflu cª\u ]hl efiff l;sfpg} k5{. g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df sdtldf tlg efiff l;sg}k5{. ha afnaflnsf :s"n hfg5g\, To;a]nf pglx nfo{ cfˆgf] dft[efiff dfq yfxf x'g5. dft[efiff;fu} pglx n] cfˆgf] kl/jf/ / ;d'bfosf] /xg;xg, /Lltl/jfh, ;+:s[lt cflbsf af/]df klg Ps:t/sf] hfgsf/l k fkt u/]sf x'g5g\. clxn] ha pglx :s"n hfg5g\, ToxfF w]/}h;f]df g]kfnl / lghl :s"ndf cª\u ]hldf k9\g'k5{. cfˆgf] efiffd} /fd f];fu ;~rf/ / ;+jfb ug] { cj:yf gagb} pglx n] ckl/lrt efiffdf k9\g'k5{. k fom ;a}h;f] :s"ndf g]kfnl dfwoddf k9fo x'g5. d}lynl dft[efifl afnaflnsfn] g]kfnl s;/l a' g ;S5g\ < of] k ;Ëdf, lziff dgqfnosf pk;lrj njb]j cj:yln] cfˆgf] ljbfjfl/lw zf]wkqdf o;};fu ;DalGwt Pp6f dfld{s s]; -36gf_ /fvg'epsf] 5. Pp6f siffdf s]xl ljbfyl{ u}/ g]kfnlefifl lyp. siffdf k9fo eo/xfbf g]kfnl dft[efifl ljbfyl{x ;lqmotfsf ;fy efu lno/x]sf lyp, /dfo/x]sf lyp eg] csf] { dft[efifl s]xl ljbfyl{x rflxf s'gfdf f]qmfp/ r'krfk a;]sf lyp. o;sf] ;f] f] cy{ xf], tl afnaflnsfn] s]xl klg l;sg ;s]gg\ / ToxfF l;sg] jftfj/0f klg lypg. of] ;fwf/0f cj:yf x}g. o; lsl;dsf] sxfnlnfubf] cj:yf cfh b]ze/ 5. olt uxg / ;+j]bgzln ljifodf lzifs / cleefjs hlt ;hu / ;r]t x'g'kg] { xf], Tof] epsf] b]lvfb}g. o:t} u/l, lzifs / cleefjsnfo{ Ph's]6Ú ug] {b]lv dft[efiffdf lziff lbg];ddsf] bflotj af]s]sf] ;/sf/n] klg of] ljifodf /lqe/ ;+j]bgzlntf b]vfpsf] 5}g. of] Hofb} g} b'ef{uok"0f{ s'/f xf]. slt siff;dd dft[efiffdf lziff lbg'k5{ < siff % ;Dd lbfbf k'u5. Tolta]nf arrfsf] pd]/ ;fwf/0ftof!) jif{ k'u]sf] x'g5. of] pd]/;dd p;n] dft[efiff klg w]/}h;f] hflg;s]sf] x'g5 eg] p;sf] dfgl;s ljsf; klg /fd };Fu ls/0f kf08] lzifs 39

44 cgtjf{tf{ efiff l;sfpg] 7Ls 9Ësf] tl/sf k of]u ug] { xf] eg] # $ jif{df sf]xl klg g]kfnl cª\u ]hl efiffdf kf]vt x'g;s5. To;sf] nflu cfˆgf] klxrfg ;d]t u'dfp/ cª\u ]hlsf] kl5 nfug'kg] { s'g} sf/0f 5}g. epsf] x'g5. siff ^ b]lv dft[efiff Pp6f ljifosf] kdf k9fpg ;lsg5, dfwodsf] kdf rflxf siff % ;Dd k of]u u/] k'u5. tkfof dfwolds txdf k'u]kl5 dfq cª\u ]hl k9fpg'k5{ egb} x'g'x'g5. t/ ;/sf/ siff! b]lv g} cª\u ]hl k9fpg] Joj:yf ub}{5 lg Û ToxL ep/ g} xfdln] o;sf] lj/f]w ul//x]sf 5f}+. of] Psbd 7"nf] untl xf]. xf] cª\u ]hl k9fpg'k5{. cfhsf] hdfgfdf cª\u ]hldf bif geo{ ahf/df sfd kfpg klg ufx f] 5. Tof] s'/f xfdln] klg a' ]sf 5f} +. t/ To;sf] cy{ s]6fs]6lsf] :jfefljs / k fs[lts ljsf;sf] qmdnfo{ a]jf:tf ug{ ldnb}g. % jif{sf] s]6fs]6l dfgl;s ljsf;sf] k f/ldes cj:yfdf x'g5 / p;n] cfˆgf] dft[efiff g} l;ls/x]sf] x'g5. ;j{k yd s'g} klg arrfn] Pp6f efiffdf s'g} klg s'/f a' g'k5{. ToxL efiffdf ;f]rg] / ;~rf/ ug{ ;Sg] eo;s]kl5 dfq p;nfo{ csf] { efiff l;sfpg z'? ug{ 'k5{. xf], olb sf]xl cfˆgf] arrfnfo{ ;fg}b]lv cª\u ]hl l;sfpg rfxg5 eg] p;n] af]nl km'6\g] a]nfb]lv g} 3/df arrf;fu cª\u ]hl af]ng'k5{. To;f] eof] eg] arrfsf] nflu cª\u ]hl g} dft[efiff x'g5. o;f] ubf{ s]xl lau Fb}g. lziff ljefun] u/]sf] cg';gwfgn] s] b]vfpsf] 5 eg], u}/ g]kfnl efifl ljbfyl{x sf] :s"n 5f8\g] b/ w]/} a9l 5. dft[efiff ;DaGwL o'g]:sf]sf] Pp6f l/kf]6{n] eg5, ckl/lrt efiffdf ckl/lrt ljifoj:t' k9foof] eg] p;nfo{ dgf]j}1flgs ;sú x'g5. oxl sf/0fn] ubf{ sltko ljbfyl{x df lziffk lt g} gsf/ftds efjgf ptkì x'g5 / ltglx :s"n hfg klg 5f8\5g\. s]xl ;docl3 d}n] b]v]sf] Pp6f 36gf oxff pnn]v ug{ rfxg5'. ltxf/df sf7df8f}f / kxf8lt/ klª v]ng] rng x'g5. ToxL ep/ siff! sf] lstfadf klªsf] j0f{g 5. t/ d]/f] ufpfnufot k"jl{ t/fo{sf d}lynl ;dfhdf klª g} x'fb}g. clg d}lynlefifl afnaflnsfn] of] s'/f s;/l a' 'g\ Tof] klg g]kfnldf < o;sf] s] cy{ xf] eg]/ ;f]wbf arrfx 6\jfNn k/]/ x]l/dfq /xg5g\. kf7\oqmdn] /fv]sf] p2]zo xfl;n x'g] u/l :yfglo / kl/lrt ljifoj:t' k9fpfbf kf] arrfx n] s'/f klg a' 5g\Ù /dfonf] klg dfg5g\. afnaflnsfnfo{ dft[efiffdf k9fpg' hlt cfjzos 5, kl/lrt / :yfglo ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t k9fo plq g} ckl/xfo{ 5. o;f] epdf dfq afnaflnsf / lzifssf alrdf cgt/lqmof a9l x'g5, l;sfosf] k jl[q klg w]/} x'g5. afnaflnsfn] Ps;fy dft[efiff, ;Dks{ efiff / cª\u ]hl l;sg ;Sb}gg\ / < efiff lj1fgsf b[li6n] ;a}egbf dxœjk"0f{ s'/f xf] dflg;n] ;j{k yd Pp6f efiff hfì'k5{. lsgeg] s'g} klg s'/f a' g ;j{k yd efiffs} cfjzostf k5{. xfd f] k To]s a' fo / ;f]rfo g} efiffdf cfwfl/t x'g5. xfd f] h'g efiff 5 ToxL efiffdf xfdl ;f]r5f} F. s] s;}n] lagf efiff klg ;f]rg ;S5 < ;Sb}g. ha s'g} klg arrf Pp6f efiffdf ;f]rg / ;~rf/ ug{ ;Ifd x'g5, To;kl5 csf]{ efiff l;sg p;nfo{ w]/} sl7g x'fb}g. ;aegbf sl7gfo{ t arrfnfo{ klxnf] efiff a' g / l;sgd} x'g5. lsgeg] ToxfF p;n] efiffsf] dd{ a' g'k5{. pbfx/0fsf nflu ha arrfn] kfgl s] xf] eì] a' 5, To;kl5 p;nfo{ cª\u ]hldf jf6/ú eg]/ ;xh} l;sfpg a' fpg ;lsg5. ha arrfn] Pp6f efiffsf] :j?k, z}nl / ;+/rgf -sg;]k6_ a' 5, To;kl5 p;nfo{ c efiffdf af]ng s'g} sl7gfo{ x' Fb}g. lsgeg] sg;]k6ú a' ]kl5 t p;n] s]jn goff zab hfg] dfq k'uof]. hlt a]nf;dd arrfn] sg;]k6ú a' ]sf] x' Fb}g, Tolta]nf;Dd pxl efiffdf dfq p;fu Jojxf/ ul/g'k5{. ;fwf/0ftof arrfn] % jif{;dd sg;]k6ú a' 5 / * ( jif{sf] pd]/;dddf pm Tof] efiffdf ;~rf/ ug{ bif eo;s]sf] x'g5. To;kl5 h'g efiff l;sfp klg arrfn] ;xh} l;s5g\. k foe]6 :s"ndf g;{/lb]lv g} cª\u ]hl l;sfpg] ul/psf] 5. o;sf] c;/ s] x'g5 < To:tf afnaflnsf ;d:ofdf 5g\. lsgeg] pglx n] efiffsf] sg;]k6ú g} b'o{j6f efiffdf a' g] k of; ug{ 'k/]sf] 5. klxnf] s'/f of] ;+;f/ pglx sf nflu goff xf]. bf]; f]ù pglx Psbd} ;fgf 5g\, h;sf sf/0f pglx sf] dfgl;s ljsf; Psbd} z'?sf] cj:yfdf 5. t]; f], pglx n] s'g} klg j:t' jf s'/fnfo{ Pp6f efiffdf klg a' g EofO;s]sf x' Fb}gg\. To:tf] cj:yfdf g;{/ldf egf{ ul/psf # jif{sf xfd f arrfn] 3/df kfglú eg]/ a' ]sf] s'/fnfo{ :s"ndf jf6/ú elglbfbf ol b'j} s'/f Pp6} x'g\ ls km/s x'g\ eg]/ ljzn]if0f ug{ ltgnfo{ sl7g x'g5. o;af6 pglx sf] dfgl;s ljsf;df afwf k'lu/x]sf] x'g5. 3/df dft[efiffdf af]ng] :s"ndf rflxf g]kfnl / cª\u ]hldf k9fog] clxn]sf] kl/kf6ln] arrfnfo{ xflg dfq u/]sf] 5}g, p;dfly c3f]/} cgofo klg epsf] 5. tlg rf/ jif{sf] slnnf] / caf]w arrfdfly xfdl cleefjs / ;/sf/ b'j} ldn]/ h3go ck/fw ul//x]sf 5f} +. To; b[li6n] x]bf{, kxf8sf] s'gfsgb/f xf];\ jf dw]zsf] lk5l8psf] ufpfdf tf]t]af]nl af]ng yfn]sf afnaflnsf efuodfgl 5g\. lsgls ltgn] Pp6} efiffdf ;f]rg / ;+jfb ug{ kfpsf 5g\, ltgn] zx/sf] h:tf] HofbtLsf] ;fdgf ug{' k/]sf] 5}g. ;a} afnaflnsfnfo{ dft[efiffdf k fylds lziff lbg lzifsb]lv ;a} goff agbf]a:t ug{'kg]{ / To;lglDt b]zn] wfgg} g;sg] vr{ nfug] atfog5 lg < of] ts{ / cfzíf lg/y{s 5. lsgls dft[efiffdf lziffsf] cfjzostfdf ;xdt eo;s]kl5 o;sf] nflu rflxg] vr{sf] hf]xf] ug{' /fhosf] k fylds st{joleqsf] s'/f x'g5. o;lgldt lziffdf nfug] s'n ah]6sf] $ k ltzt dfq vr{ a9l nfug] s]xl cwoogn] b]vfpsf 5g\. ljleì b]zx df epsf] t'ngftds cwoogsf] glthfn] klg ToxL eg5. xfd f] b]zdf lziffdf?=@* ca{ jflif{s vr{ eo/x]sf] 5. To;sf] $ k ltzt eg]sf]?=! ca{!@ s/f]8 x'g cfpf5. * k ltzt g} yk vr{ nfubf 40 lzifs

45 klg xfd f] ;/sf/n] Tof] vr{ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;S5. ;a} 5f]8]/ cª\u ]hlnfo{ g} lziffsf] dfwod agfof} + eg] s] x'g5 < of] k Zgsf] pq/ d blif0f k"jl{ Pl;ofsf] Pp6f ;fgf] /fi6«kk'jf Go"lugLsf] pbfx/0fdfkm{t lbg rfxg5'. ToxfF 08} ( ;o efiffx rngrntldf 5g\. ToxfF klxnf z'?b]lv g} cª\u ]hl dfwodaf6 k9fo x'gyof]. kl5 up/ ToxfF sl/a $ ;o dft[efiffdf k fylds txdf k9fpg yflnof] / cª\u ]hl rflxf k fylds tx k"/f u/]kl5 dfq k9fpg] ul/of]. cwoogn] s] b]vfof] eg], z'?b]lv g} cª\u ]hl dfwoddf k9fpfbfsf] t'ngfdf k fylds tx dft[efiffdf k9]sf ljbfyl{x sf] l;sfosf] :t/ prr b]lvof], lziffsf] :t/ klg klxn]egbf a9]sf] kfoof]. egfo g} 5, olb ltdl s;}nfo{ cfˆgf] bf; agfpg rfxg5f} eg] p;nfo{ ltd f] ;+:s[lt k5\ofpg afwo kf/.ú efiff g} ;+:s[lt k5\ofpg afwo kfg] { cr's c:q xf]. ha cª\u ]hl efiff dft[efiffsf] kdf xfd f afnaflnsfn] af]n5g\ / k of]u u5{g\ eg] ltglx cª\u ]h ;Eotf / ;+:s[ltsf] :jfefljs kdf cg'ofol x'g5g\. cª\u ]hl efiffdf /fd f] bvvn eof] eg] tldwo] s]xln] /fd f] hflu/ klg kfpnfg\ t/ pglx sf] cfˆg} klxrfg eg] /xg] 5}g. cª\u ]hl efifl ep klg ltglx g]kfnl g} x'g]5g\. cfhsf] b'lgoffdf klxrfg g\ ;a}egbf 7"nf] / s]gb Lo d'2f ag]sf] 5. sf]xl klg dflg; cfˆgf] klxrfg u'dfpg rfxì, a? ;s];dd a9l plhnofpg rfxg5. cª\u ]hl efiffdf kf]vt x'g hgd]b]lv g} cª\u ]hl af]ng' / l;sg'k5{ eì] h'g dfgotf xfd f] ;dfhdf 5, Tof] e d l;jfo s]xl xf]og. efiff l;sfpg] 7Ls 9Ësf] tl/sf k of]u ug]{ xf] eg] # $ jif{df sf]xl klg g]kfnl cª\u ]hl efiffdf kf]vt x'g;s5. To;sf] nflu cfˆgf] klxrfg;d]t u'dfp/ cª\u ]hlsf] kl5 nfug'kg] { s'g} sf/0f 5}g. To;f] xf] eg] k fylds txdf cª\u ]hl gk9fp klg t eof] lg < xf]. k9fpg cfjzos 5}g. t/ lxhf]cfh lziff Jofkf/ Joj;fo epsf]n] cª\u ]hl lziff ahf/df las]sf] dfq xf]. h;n] cª\u ]hl hfg]sf] 5, To;sf] ;fdflhs k lti7f / x}l;ot dfly x'g] cj:yf 5. tftsflns nfe / cf}klgj]lzs dfgl;stfsf sf/0f xfdln] cª\u ]hldf a9l hf]8 ul//x]sf 5f}+. d cª\u ]hl k9\g} kb}{g klg elg/x]sf] 5}g. cª\u ]hl cfhsf] cgt/f{li6«o ;Dks{ efiff dfq /x]g, of] efiff ghflgsg af}l4s:t/df sfd} grng] eof]. of] l;sg} k5{ t/ % jif{sf] afnosfndf x}g, cln 7"nf] epkl5. :s"n txsf] k9fo ;lsfbf Ps ljbfyl{n] slt efiff l;sg ;S5 < 9Ë k' ofp/ l;sfpg] xf] eg] :s"n lziff kf/ ubf{ xfd f ljbfyl{n] dft[efiff, ;Dks{ efiff / s'g} ljzj efiffdf /fd f] bvvn xfl;n ug{ ;S5g\. clxn] siff! b]lv cª\u ]hl efiff l;sg z'? u/]/!) siffdf k'lu;sbf klg cª\u ]hl efiffdf /fd f];fu n]vg / af]ng g;sg'sf] sf/0f efiff l;sg] / l;sfpg] b'j} tl/sf g} 7Ls gx'g' xf]. xfd f :s"ndf ljbfyl{nfo{ cª\u ]hl efiff l;sfpg]egbf a9l 3f]sfOG5. efiff 3f]s]/ hflgg] s'/f xf]og. of] t ceof;af6 l;lsg] s'/f xf]. h'g efiff l;sg] xf], ToxL efiffdf af]nfo, n]vfo, ;'gfo / k9fo x'g'k5{. t/ xfd f w]/}h;f] lzifsn] cª\u ]hl klg g]kfnld} k9fpf5g\. siffsf]7fsf] l;sfo jftfj/0fn] klg l;sfodf km/s kf5{. ufpf3/sf w]/}h;f] ljbfnox df Go"gtd l;sfosf] jftfj/0f ;d]t 5}g. ;du df eì'kbf{, lzif0fsnf ;xl gx'g' / z}lifs ;fdu Lsf] cefjsf sf/0f ljbfyl{n] cª\u ]hl l;sg g;s]sf x'g\. k ;Ë abnf}+, dft[efiffdf lziff lbg ;/sf/ /fhl epsf] 5 /!% j6f efiffdf kf7\oqmd klg alg;s]sf] 5. t/ efiff k9fpg] lzifssf] 7"nf] cefj 5. of] cj:yfdf b]ze/sf bzf}+ nfvsf] ;ª\Vofdf /x]sf afnaflnsfnfo{ pglx s} dft[efiffdf lziff s;/l lbg ;lsg5 < d ;a}sf] nflu lziffúsf] cnk;ª\vos efiff;dagwl ;ldltdf ;+of]hssf] x}l;otdf sfo{/t 5'. ToxfF klg of] ljifodf 5nkmn eo/xg5. klxnf] s'/f, :yfglo kl/k ]Io / ;Gbe{nfO{ s]gb df /fv]/ kf7\ok':tsx tof/ x'g'k of]. clxn] g]kfnlsf] kf7\ok':tsnfo{ ;DalGwt efiffdf cg'jfb ug] { sfd a9l eo/x]sf] 5. o;/l dft[efiffdf lziff lbg ;lsì. kf7\oqmd cg';f/ :yfglo efiff / ;Gbe{df cfwfl/t /x]/ kf7\ok':ts n]lvg'k5{. To:t} lzifssf] klg cefj 5. sxff s'g dft[efifl lzifs 5g\ / ltglx nfo{ sxff sxff k7fpg cfjzos 5, ToxfF k7fpg'k of]. To;kl5 hlt lzifs ck'u x'g5g\, goff lzifs egf{ ug{ 'k of]. t/ ;/sf/n] 3/df dft[efiffdf af]ng] :s"ndf rflxf g]kfnl / cª\u ]hldf k9fog] clxn]sf] kl/kf6ln] arrfnfo{ xflg dfq u/]sf] 5}g, p;dfly c3f]/} cgofo klg epsf] 5. tlg rf/ jif{sf] slnnf] / caf]w arrfdfly xfdl cleefjs / ;/sf/ b'j} ldn]/ h3go ck/fw ul//x]sf 5f} +. o;tkm{ vf;} s]xl u/]sf] 5}g. lagf tof/l h;/l clxn] dft[efiffdf lziff lbg] sfo{qmd nfu" eo/x]sf] 5, o;/l g} cufl8 a9\g] xf] eg] s]xl ;dokl5 g} dft[efiffdf lziff lbg] s'/fk lt g} ;DalGwt ;d'bfodf ljt[i0ff cfpg] vt/f b]lvg5. o;f] eg]/ dft[efiffdf lziff lbg] ;jfndf d}n] ;d'bfosf] rflxf s]xl klg e"ldsf 5}g eì vf]lh/x]sf] 5}g. :yfglo txdf :s"nsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;xof]u ug] {, :s"ndf s;/l k9fo eo/x]sf] 5 eg]/ cg'udg ug] { / ;/sf/nfo{ lg/gt/ va/bf/l ug] { sfd pglx sf] xf]. o; lbzfdf, s]xl /fd f s'/f klg z'? epsf 5g\. lziff ljefusf] ;dfj]zl lziff zfvfn] lkmgnof08 ;/sf/sf] cfly{s ;xof]udf * j6f efiff -tfdfª, cf7kxl/of, ;Gyfn, p/ffj, d}lynl, /fgf yf / du/_ df ax'eflifs lziff kl/of]hgfsf] kfon6 :68LÚ cf/de u/]sf] 5. To:t}, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]gb n] ljleì dft[efiffdf kf7\o;fdu L lgdf{0f yfn]sf] 5. ax'eflifs lziffsf] If]qdf o'g]:sf] h:tf ;+:yfx klg ;xof]u h'6fo/x]sf 5g\. o'g]:sf]sf] k of;df ax'eflifs lziff;dagwl ;fdu L g]kfnldf kfgt/ ep/ k sfzf]gd'v 5. ol ultljlwx n] /fhosf] ;+3Lo k'g;{+/rgfkzrft c ;lqmotf / Jofkstf kfpf5g\ eì] s'/fdf xfdl cfzfjfbl 5f} +. k :t'ltm ;'bz{g l3ld/] lzifs 41

46 ] lrgtg ls/0f kf08] lziff / rl/q lgdf{0f lz Iffsf w]/} p2]zox x'g5g\. tl ;a}nfo{ Pp6f zabdf egg g;lsp klg rl/q lgdf{0fú n] tldwo] w]/}nfo{ ;d]6\5. cfbz{ rl/qú eggfn] of]uotf, ljj]s, g}ltstf h:tf u'0fx sf] ;Gt'lnt ;+of]hg a'l G5. rl/qjfg JolQmn] dfq ;dfhnfo{ cl3 a9fpg ;S5. rl/q lgdf{0f Pp6f cgj/t k lqmof xf]. of] 3/df z'? x'g5 / o;sf] Pp6f 7"nf] efu :s"ndf k"/f x'g5. t/, rl/q lgdf{0fsf] k lqmof To;kl5 klg hf/l g} /xg5. afnaflnsfsf] rl/q lgdf{0f k lqmofl;t ;DalGwt ;a}n] a' g'kg{] s'/f xf] cfbz{ rl/q d"ntm rf/ j6f s'/fdf cfwfl/t x'g5. Ifdtf, ;fx;, ;+j]bgzlntf / a'l4dqf cfbz{ rl/qsf] 3/sf rf/ ;'/ x'g\. cfbz{ rl/qú eg]sf] s] s] xf] jf s] s] xf]og egg] ;"rldf c s'/f klg ykg ;lsg5 t/ ol rf/ j6fsf] cefjdf c s'/f plt ;fy{s x'g ;Sb}gg\. oxff IfdtfÚ eg]/ af}l4s jf dfgl;s Ifdtf geo{ zf/ll/s Ifdtfsf] / tgb'?:tlsf] s'/f ul/psf] xf]. tgb'?:tl zf/ll/s pmhf{sf] ; f]t xf]. o;n] dflg;nfo{ cftdljzjf;l / cffl6nf] agfpf5 / O{iof{n' x'g lbfb}g. t/ ;a} cë ;Unf epsf JolQm dfq tgb'?:t x'g5g\ egg] xf]og. ckfë JolQmx klg pmhf{zln / sltko cj:yfdf cltl/qm Ifdtf ;DkGg x'g ;S5g\. lziffnfo{ kf7 / l;4fgtdf dfq ;Lldt gu/fp/ :jf:yo lziff, Jofofd, v]ns'b cflbl;t ;dflxt u/fopsf] afnaflnsfsf] zf/ll/s Ifdtf / tgb'?:tl a9fpgs} nflu xf]. :jf:yo, lziff, zf/ll/s Jofofd / v]ns'bn] afnaflnsfnfo{ pmhf{zln, cffl6nf, ;d"xdf sfd ug{ ;Sg] / cfkm"egbf a9l Ifdtf epsfnfo{ dfgg ;Sg] agfpf5. ljbfyl{x sf] Ifdtf / ;Ldf lrg]/ pglx nfo{ pko'qm zf/ll/s ultljlw jf v]ns'bdf ;fd]n u/fpg ;s]df rl/qjfg\ gful/s tof/ kfg{] cleofgsf] Pp6f r/0fsf] /fd f] yfngl x'g;s5. tgb'?:tlkl5 x'g'kg{] csf{] dxœjk"0f{ u'0f ;fx; xf]. ;fx;sf cg]s?k x'g5g\. lg8/ x'g' o;sf] Pp6f kif xf] eg] 8/nfO{ lgogq0f ug{ ;Sg' csf{ kif xf]. t/ ;fx;sf] cy{ g8/fpg' dfq klg xf]og. ;fx;l JolQm 8/fpFb}g dfq xf]og, p;n] 8/nfO{ cfˆgf] xltof/ klg agfpfb}g. p;n] c df s[lqd qf; ptkgg u/fp/ / 8/ km}nfp/ cfˆgf] :jfy{ k"lt{ ug{] sfo{ klg ub{}g. dflg;x nfo{ /fli6«otf, wd{, O{Zj/, k fs[lts k sf]k, d[to', e"tk ]t cflbsf af/]df 8/ b]vfpg] eosf] pbf]u ;+;f/df nfdf] ;dob]lv :yflkt 5. k'?ifn] dlxnfdf lg/gt/sf] vt/f b]vfp/ cfkm"nfo{ pglx sf] ;+/Ifs l;4 ug{] k of; ug'{ o;sf] Pp6f k ToIf pbfx/0f 42 lzifs

47 xf]. oxl sfd ;/bf/, ;]gfkltb]lv ;d f6x n] ul/cfpsf 5g\. ;fx;l JolQmn] eosf] k s[lt a' 5. eo c;fgble{s 5 eg] pm 8/fpFb}g. eo ;fgble{s 5 eg] pm To;nfO{ lgogq0f u5{ / ;'/Iffsf pkfo vf]h5. lziff / ;fdflhsls/0fsf] k lqmofdf 8/nfO{ Pp6f dxœjk"0f{ cf}hf/sf kdf k of]u ul/psf] kfog5. kmnfg' hft lg8/ / kmnfg' hft sfo/ egg] s'/f :yflkt ul/psf] xfdl ;a} ;dfhdf kfpf5f}f. dflynnf] ju{sf dflg;nfo{ 8/ b]vfpg gx'g]ú, cfo{dfo{n] h:tf] cff;' fg'{ gx'g]ú, lk7\o"f kmsf{p/ efug gx'g]ú lziff lbogyof] eg] tnnf] ju{sf JolQmnfO{ 8/fpg / 8/fP/ dflynnf] ju{sf z/0fdf hfg l;sfogyof]. lge{otf / ;+odsf] k/liff lng] tl/sf ctogt qm"/ ;d]t x'gyof]. a fxd0fú x'f eg]/ k/z'/fdsxff lziff lng cfpsf s0f{sf] zf}o{ b]v]/ afx'g olt ;fx;l x'g ;Sb}gÚ eg]/ k/z'/fd :jo+n] k/liff lnpsf] / s0f{n] To;nfO{ ;fx;k"j{s kf/ u/]kl5 tf afx'g xf]og;\, dnfo{ 9fFl6;\Ú eg]/ >fk lbpsf] dxfef/tsf] syf ;fx;sf] /fhglltsf] Pp6f 3tnfUbf] pbfx/0f xf]. t/ cfw'lgs lziffn] s;}nfo{ ;fx;l x'g}k5{ú / s;}nfo{ ;fx;l gep klg x'g5ú egb}g. To;}n] o;n] ;a} ljbfyl{nfo{ 8/Ú af6 dfly p7\g / l:yltsf] d"nofíg ug{ l;sfpg'k5{. dxfg\ k flktsf nlfu ctogt 7"nf hf]lvd ;d]t lng k ]l/t ug{ ] cf}krfl/s cgf}krfl/s lziffs} sf/0f ;+;f/ clxn]sf] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] xf]. ;fx; gx'fbf] xf] t kj{tx gfl3g] lypgg\, ;d'b x tl/g] lypgg\, dfg5] cfsfzdf p8\g] lypg, rgb dfdf k'ug] lypg, ;+;f/df qmflgtx x'g] lypgg\, zxlbx x'g] lypgg\. ;+;f/nfo{ affrg nfos 7fpF agfpsf] g} ;fx;l dflg;x n] xf]. rl/qjfg\ JolQmsf] t]; f] u'0f xf] ;+j]bgzlntf. ;+j]bgzlntfn] rf;f] hgdfpf5 / rf;f] sd{sf kdf d"t{ x'g5. snf, ;flxto, ;ËLt, l;h{gf, dfw'o{, k ]d, ;b\efj ;a} ;+j]bgzln dgsf pkh x'g\. ;+j]bgzlntf ;a} k f0fldf x'g5 t/ Tof] a9l kl/dflh{t ta x'g5, ha Tof] cfkm" / cfˆgf]ú sf] ;ff3'/f] ;Ldfaf6 d'qm x'g5. cfˆgf ;Gtfg, cfˆgf] 3/, cfˆgf] cfh{g, cfˆgf] ;fdfgk ltsf] ;+j]bgzlntf :jfefljs xf] / ;a}df x'g5. t/ dflg;sf] dg hlt cunf] / km/flsnf] x'fb} hfg5, p;sf] ;+j]bgf dú / d]/f]ú af6 d'qm x'fb} hfg5. dnfo{ h:t} p;nfo{ klg b'v5, dnfo{ h:t} p;nfo{ klg ef]s nfu5, dnfo{ h;/l g} p;nfo{ klg lhtg dg nfu5 egg] lsl;dsf To:tf efjgfn] dflg; dflg; alrsf å]if / ågånfo{ sd u/fpg ;S5g\. dflg;n] o'4df cfˆgf cfkmgt dfl/g' / csf{sf cfkmgt dfl/g' Pp6} xf] egg] ;f]r] zfob o'4 x'fb}g. d]/f] kifn] lhtbf d h:t} csf{] dfg5]sf] kifn] xf/]sf] x'g5 egg] s'/f ;f]r] ;DejtM b]z b]z / kif kifx alrsf alrdf xltof/ p7\b}g. c;n lziffn] pbfqtf l;sfpf5. pbfqtfn] ;+j]bgzlntfnfo{ cxíf/af6 5'6fP/ pbf/tfl;t ldnfpf5. pbf/tfl;t ldn]sf] ;+ +j]bgzlntfn] dfg5]nfo{ jf:tljs dfg5] agfpf5, h;sf] dg cfˆgf nflu dfq xf]og, c sf nflu klg sf]dn x'g5. cfbz{ rl/qsf] csf{] u'0f xf] a'l4dqf. a'l4dqf ;"rgfx sf] y'k f] xf]og a? ;"rgfsf] k of]u u/]/ plrt cy{ jf 1fg u x0f ug{ ] v'al xf]. jf:tjdf a'l4dqf eg]sf] ;"rgfsf] e08f/0f xf]og, 1fgk ltsf] cle?lr / 1fg u x0f ug{] Ifdtf xf]. a'l4sf] hgd pt;'stfaf6 x'g5. pt;'stf hgfj/x df klg x'g5 / dflg;df klg. o;nfo{ klg ;+j]bgzlntfnfo{ h:t}, ckl/dflh{t / kl/dflh{t eg]/ 5'6\ofpg ;lsg5. xhfdsf] b]vfl;vl u/]/ bfx L agfpfbf ufnf sf6\g] syfsf] affb/sf] pt;'stf / csf{sf JolQmut dfldnfdf rf;f] lng] sg;'tn]ú pt;'stfb]lv ljzj a Xdf08sf s'/f hfgg] / a' g] rfxgf ;a} pt;'stf x'g\. oldwo] s'g lsl;dsf] pt;'stf xfdln] rfx]sf] xf] egg] s'/f 6'Ëf] nufpg klg ufx f] 5}g. c;n pt;'stf eg]sf] jf:tjdf 1fgsf] tla clenfiff g} xf]. s]xl l;sf} + egg] dgf]efj xf]. o;nfo{ ;fdfgotof :jr5 l:yltdf b]vg ;lsg5. Pp6f la/fnf]nfo{ gf}nf] sf]7fdf /fvbf sf]7fsf] x/]s s'gf rxf5{, x/]s s'/f ;'F 5. To:t} Jojxf/ arrfdf klg b]vg ;lsg5. k fom agb ul/g] b/fh jf 3/f{ vf]nbf arrfn] ToxfFsf ;/;fdfg pt;'stfk"j{s x]g]{ u5{. hgfj/, ljlegg lsl;dsf d]lzg/l ;fdfg, cfsfzdf x'g] d]3uh{g nufotsf ljlegg s'/fn] arrfsf] Wofg cfslif{t ul//x]sf] x'g5. arrfsf] cle?lrk"0f{ pt;'stf b]v]/ slxn]sfxlf 7"nfa8f ;d]t nlhht x'g5g\. t/ o:tf] tla pt;'stf afnosfndf hlt a9l x'g5, pd]/ a9\b} upkl5 qmdzm 36\b} hfg5 / s'g} a]nf t dflg;df s]xl goff s'/f l;sg] clenfiff g} /xfb}g. pt;'stf ;dfkt x'g' eg]sf] Tof] s'/f l;sg] k lqmof ;dfkt x'g' xf]. olb pt;'stfnfo{ Jofjxfl/s kd} kmnbfol kfg]{ rfxgf /fvg] xf] eg] To;nfO{ 1fg k fkt ug] { dfwod agfpg ;Sg'k5{. lg/lif0f ug] { afgl x'g'k5{. 1fg cfh{g ug]{ ;+efjgf /flv/xg'k5{ / o;sf nflu w}o{ rflxg5. kl/dflh{t pt;'stfaf6 hgd]sf] a'l4dqf cfbz{ rl/qú sf] rf}yf] cfwf/ :tde xf]. t/, o;sf] klg k f/de afnssfnd} x'g] xf]. h]d;jf6nfo{ lstnlsf] kfglsf] afkmn] jf Go"6gnfO{ :ofpn] lbpsf] pt;'stf afndgsf pt;'stfsf cd/ pbfx/0f x'g\. lziff ugtjo xf]og, ofqf xf]. cfbz{ rl/qsf]ú lgdf{0f rfxg] ljlqs} x'g] s'/f xf]og. t/, lzifsx n] o; k lqmofnfo{ a' ]kl5 Pp6f goff yfngl eg] cjzo x'g5. c;n lziff g} goff ;+;f/sf] ;ffrf] xf]. of] n]v pdf e08f/ln] ug'{epsf] a6«{]g8 /;]nsf] lgagw b PD; ckm Ph's]zgÚ sf] efjfg'jfbdf cfwfl/t 5. lziff ugtjo xf]og, ofqf xf]. cfbz{ rl/qsf]ú lgdf{0f rfxg] ljlqs} x'g] s'/f xf]og. t/, lzifsx n] o; k lqmofnfo{ a' ]kl5 Pp6f goff yfngl eg] cjzo x'g5. c;n lziff g} goff ;+;f/sf] ;ffrf] xf]. lzifs 43

48 siff sf]7f s]bf/ zdf{ sljtfsf] :jfb 44 lzifs s ljtf cif/df ptfl/psf] dgsf] efiff xf]. sljtfsf dfwodaf6 dgsf s'/f elgg5. c sf] dg 5'g ;Sg' sljtfsf] ;aegbf 7"nf] ljz]iftf xf]. ;Lw} eì g;lsg] jf ;Lw} egbf /dfonf] gx'g] s'/f JoQm ug{sf nflu sljtf n]lvg5. sljsf] ;+j]bgzlntfn] ;Todf snkgfsf] hnk nufolbg5, ux 'Fuf] oyfy{df efjsf] kv]6f hl8lbg5 / zabx nfo{ cníf/ -uxgf_ x n] ;hfp/ eì ;lhnf] / ;'Ì dl7f] agfolbg5. pvfg cfxfgdf jf ;fdfgo sygdf æh:tf] cfkm" p:t} Rofk'Æ, æh:tfnfo{ t:t} l9f8fnfo{ lg:t}æ, ærf]/n] ;a}nfo{ rf]/} b]v5æ jf æcfkm" enf] t hut enf]æ eì] xfdln] ;w}f ;'g]sf / a' ]sf s'/f sljsf sndaf6 o;/l lg:sg5m km"nsf] cffvfdf km"n} ;+;f/ sff8fsf] cffvfdf sff8} ;+;f/ afnaflnsfsf] dg sf]dn x'g5. pglx sljtf dg k/fpf5g\. lszf]/fj:yfsf k f/ldes a]nfb]lv g} pglx df s]xl ug]{, 7"nf] dfg5] x'g] k fs[lts rfxgf d'v/ x'g yfn]sf] x'g5. To;n] pglx sljtf n]v]/ cfˆgf] klxrfg agfpg klg Psbd} pt;'s x'g5g\. o:tf] a]nfdf lzifsn] clnslt xf};nf / ;fy lbpdf pglx n] /fd f sljtf n]vg ;S5g\. s;/l lbg] t xf};nf < sljtf n]vg l;sfpg] tl/sfsf] ;aegbf klxnf] / dxœjk"0f{ r/0f xf] ljbfyl{x sf nflu sljtf kl9lbg] / pglx df sljtfk lt k ]d / ljzjf; hufolbg]. To;}u/L sljx sf] hljgl, JolQmTj tyf pglx sf s[ltsf] rrf{ u/]/ pglx k lt ;Ddfg hufolbgfn] klg ljbfyl{x sf] l;h{gfsf] ef]s hfu5. sljtf dg k/fpg] / sljx nfo{ ;Ddfg ug]{ k fom ;a}n] sljtf n]vg] sf]lzz u5{g\. ljbfyl{x n] n]v]sf k To]s sljtf k9\g], c nfo{ ;'gfpg k ]l/t ug]{ / ;' fjx lbg] u/]df pglx sf] cftdljzjf; a9]/ hfg5. sljtf n]vg] s]xl ;/n ljlwx o; n]vsf] kl5nnf] efudf lbopsf 5g\. lstfa lsì'xf];\ / lsì xf};nf lbg'xf];\ efj elëdfsf ;fy, no xfn]/ sljtf k9\g'xf];\ / To;/L g} k9\g xf};nf lbg'xf];\ klxn] sljtf k9\g / dg k/fpg l;sfpmf ljbfyl{n] sljtfdf slt rfv lng5g\ eì] s'/f lzifsn] s:tf sljtf kl9lbg5g\ / s;/l kl9lbg5g\ eì] s'/fdf w]/} e/ k5{. s]xl jif{ otf g]kfndf afn ;flxtosf /fd f /fd f lstfa lg:s]sf 5g\. w]/} sljx n] afn sljtf n]v]sf 5g\. tkfofsf] ;lhnf]sf nflu xfdln] oxff s]xl :yflkt sljx sf afn sljtf ;fef/ u/]sf 5f}F. oldwo] s]xl df}lns sljtf 5g\, s]xl ;dfhdf rlncfpsf sygx ;Íng ul/psf klg 5g\. tkfof cfˆgf ljbfyl{x sf nflu ljleì afn sljtfsf lstfaaf6 sljtfx kl9lbg ;Sg'x'G5. sljtf kl9;s]kl5 ljbfyl{x nfo{ of] sljtfdf s] s'/f dg k of] jf s] gf}nf] s'/f kfof} eì] h:tf k Zg ug{ ;lsg5. o:tf] k Zgf]Q/af6 ol s'/fx df 5nkmn z'? x'g ;S5M

49 sljtfsf] no s:tf] nfuof] < ub sljtf ep k9\g slqsf] ;lhnf] 5 < zlif{s s:tf] nfuof] < csf] { zlif{s s] x'g ;SYof] < sljn] 5fg]sf zabx -zab rog_ s:tf 5g\ < a'l G5g\ < sljsf] efjgf /fd /L clejoqm epsf] 5 < eì vf]h]sf s'/f jf ;Gb]z s] s] x'g\ < ga'l g] s'/f s]xl 5g\ ls < of] sljtfdf ltdlnfo{ dg gk/]sf jf lrq ga' ]sf s'/f s]xl 5g\ < o:tf] k Zgf]Q/af6 ljbfyl{sf] ;xeflutf a9\5. pglx n] lzifsn] cfˆgf ljrf/nfo{ dxœj lbpsf] cg'ej u/] eg] cftdljzjf;l x'g5g\. ol sljtfaf6 ljbfyl{x nfo{ lgdg s'/f l;sfpg ;lsg5m k To]s sljtfsf] Pp6f zlif{s x'g5. sljtfsf]! zlif{s dfg5]sf] gfd h:t} geo{ gx'g] s'/f xf]. t/ sljtfsf] zlif{s / dfg5]sf] gfddf Pp6f km/s x'g5. dfg5]sf] gfdaf6 p;sf] JolQmTj jf u'0f g lnsg ;S5. b'anf] dfg5]sf] gfd anaxfb'/ x'g;s5. abdf;sf] gfd 1fgk ;fb klg x'g;s5. t/ k fom sljtfsf] zlif{s To;sf] ljifoj:t'l;t ldnbf] h'nbf] g} x'g5, h;n] ubf{ kf7snfo{ sljtfdf s] 5 eì] s'/fsf] ;fdfgo hfgsf/l # $ /fd f] sljtf ;lhn} n]v] h:tf] nfu5. oxff lbopsf ;a} sljtf o:t} 5g\. b'o{ Psd\ b'o{ b'o{ b'gf rf/ s]6fs]6l /dfpg] eg s'g af/ zlgaf/ sljtfn] sljsf dgsf s'/f jf sljn] cg'ej u/]sf s'/f eg5. gl6kg' x]/ sf]lknf Û grf'8\g' kfk nfub5. groftg' km"n gfgl xf] Û bof / wd{ efub5.. sljtf h'g;'s} ljifodf klg n]vg ;lsg5. sljtf Psbd udel/ ljifob]lv Psbd} xnsfkm'nsf ljifodf klg x'g;s5. oxff lbopsf l;of], r'/f]6 -vfg'x'ì_, cn5l nfug', 'l;nsl/f, km"n, sv/f h:tf ljifodf n]lvpsf sljtf o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\. % sljtfdf zabsf] hyfefjl k of]u ul/psf] x'fb}g. zabsf] lskmfotl sljtfsf] Pp6f kfk nfu5 gl6kg' x]/ sf]lknf Û grf'8\g' kfk nfub5. groftg' km"n gfgl xf] Û bof / wd{ efub5.. g5f]kg' x} r/l a/l ;/fk cff;' nfub5. gdfg'{ hgt' x} s'g} a;]/ sfn hfub5.. g 3fp rf]6 nfpg" ;8]/ lrq kfsb5. w"nf] gkm]sg' gfgl xf] Û p8]/ leq 9fSb5.. lxnf] gv]ng' kmf]x/l v/fa bfu nfub5. g lrq x} b'vfpg' 8;]/ cff;' aub5.. ag]/ km"n }F ;w}f xf;fpg" ;'jf; bl. ;w}f /dfpg" hut /d]/ lgto cfz bl.. htftt} 5 O{z /] 5 ;'Gg' Tof] ljrf/ /]. 5sfpg] n'sfpg] g/fv efj So} u/] Û #_ k':tsm ;'gsf] laxfg n]vsm dxfslj nidlk ;fb b]jsf]6f cfj/0f snfm 6]saL/ d'lvof, lrqsnfm s]zj b'jf8l, k sfzsm ;f f k sfzg ;+:s/0fm kffrf} 5}6f} lzifs 45

50 siff sf]7f 7"nf] ljz]iftf xf]. ubdf eg]sf] ep Pp6f l;ë} cg'r5]bdf dfq eì ;lsg] s'/f sljtfdf yf]/} zabdf g} elgpsf] x'g5. tn lbopsf] jf oxff lbopsf c sljtf klg zabsf] lskmfotlsf pbfx/0f x'g\. ^ zq' egl lrg]kl5 b/f] c7f]6 u/]kl5 lhtg lsg ;lsgg / ;Stf] sf]l;; u/]kl5 <\ sljtf hqf] klg, h:tf] klg x'g;s5. 5Gbdf jf lagf 5Gb, ultsf] kdf ufog] jf gufog], nfdf] jf 5f]6f] sljtf h:tf] / hqf] klg x'g;s5. sljtfsf] ;aegbf 5f]6f] k!& cif/sf] hfkfgl sljtf xfos" xf] eg] sljtfdf l;ë} dxfsfjo klg n]lvg5. & sljtfdf snkgfzlntf x'g5. ;a}h;f] sljtfdf sljsf] snkgfsf] hnk nfu]sf] x'g5. æ 'l;nsl/f Ko"kfsf kdf s]xl ;do a:5 / k'tnl ag5æ eì] hlj lj1fgsf] ;fdfgo s'/fnfo{ 'l;nsl/fl;tsf] k Zgf]Q/sf kdf k :t't ug{' snkgfzlntfsf] Psbd} ;'Gb/ gd'gf xf]. sxff hfg] 'l;nsl/f < Wofg ug{ Û lsg hfg] 'l;nsl/f < h'gl km]g{ Û To;}u/L, 3fdkfgL df cfsfzaf6 v;]sf] kfglsf] yf]kfn] k'tnll;t s'/f u/]sf] jf csf] { sljtfdf æx/fpsf] l;of] n'sl u5{ lrof]æ h:tf j0f{g snkgfzlntfsf /fd f pbfx/0f x'g\. * w]/} sljtfdf af]6la?jf, km"n, r/f, gbl, hgfj/ klg dfg5] h;/l g} af]n5g\, dfg5]s} h:tf] Jojxf/ u5{g\. dfgjls/0fú sf] Pp6f pbfx/0fsf kdf æx/fpsf] l;of], n'sl u5{ lrof]æ xf]. o;sf c pbfx/0f oxff lbopsf cgo sljtfdf klg b]vg ;lsg5. uf]7] nf}/l uf]7} hf e]8f x]g{ n]s} hf. y'daf nuf] rf]/n] lxsf{ob]g nf}/fn]. ( xfdln] To;} u'gu'gfpg] u/]sf sltko s'/f klg ; ;fgf afn sljtf g} x'g\. o:tf sljtfsf n]vs sf]xl x'fb}gg\. lhtg lsg ;lsgg / < w"jff xfd f] zq' xf] r'/f]6 lsg vfpsf] < yfxf kfo kfosg d"v{ lsg epsf] < Xjf:; ;f; ugxfpg] vf]sl nfug], 5ftL b'vg] bdn] e]6\g], cfo' 36\g] ckr x'g], cn;/ x'g] zq' egl lrg]kl5 b/f] c7f]6 u/]kl5 lhtg lsg ;lsgg / ;Stf] sf]l;; u/]kl5 < kmf]s;f] lau L SofG;/ x'g] o:tf] s'/f gvfpm egg] ;fylnfo{ ps'; d's'; x'g] u/l r'/f]6 vfg] < k':tsm xfdl x'g5f}f alnof] -afnult_ n]vsm Zofdk ;fb, lrqm s'ndfg l;+x k sfzsm ;f f k sfzg bf]; -%!)) k lt_ 46 lzifs

51 3fd kfgl 3fd kfgl, 3fd kfgl cfsfzsl /fgl yf]knfaf6 vl:5g\ e'ofleq al:5g\ kfn'jfsf] "ndf d':s'/fpfl5g\ km"ndf afbn ;/\, afbn ;/\, afbn ;/\ ;/\ wf/f /\, wf/f /\ wf/f /\ /\ w"nf] d/\, w"nf] d/\, w"nf] d/\ d/\ Tjf/{ t'/{ an]f;l Tjf/\ Tjf/\ Tjf/\ xf/{ x'/{ afl56f Xjf/\ Xjf/\ Xjf/\!) s'v'/l sff, af;l eft vff. vf]o d]/f] af;l eft la/fnfn] vfof]. vf]o la/fnf] d';f] dfg{ uof]. jf uf]7] nf}/l uf]7} hf g"g lng ef]6} hf s'nf] nuf] k}/f]n] y'gg hf nf}/fn]. 5Gb x'g klg gx'g klg ;S5 t/ sljtfdf s'g} g s'g} lsl;dsf] no eg] x'g5. no jf s'g} efsfdf k9\g jf ufpg ;lsg] sljtfx ;D g klg ;lhnf] x'g5. To;}u/L cg'k f;n] sljtfnfo{ c dl7f] agfpf5. tnsf kª\lqmx df cgtodf /x]sf ;dfpm / nufpm jf kfgl / /fgl jf k/\ k/\ / ;/\ ;/\ jf vfpsf] / epsf] jf ofp / cfp h:tf p:t} prrf/0f x'g] zab / cif/x n] sljtf l;fufg] { snfnfo{ cg'k f; jf cgtofg'k f; elgg5. no / cg'k f;sf sf/0f sljtf PSn} k9\g klg / ;d"xdf kf7 ug{ klg /dfonf] x'g5. sk'/l of] sn] eg5 snd ;dfpm leqkn6] vn] eg5 vsg nufpm jf 3fd kfgl, 3fd kfgl cfsfzsl /fgl jf kfgl k/\, kfgl k/\, kfgl k/\ k/\ afbn ;/\, afbn ;/\, afbn ;/\ ;/\ k'tnlsf ;fy ul5{g\ dl7f aft -kfgf!_ kfgl k/\ kfgl k/\ kfgl k/\, kfgl k/\, kfgl k/\ k/\ l/d lemd wf/f l/d\ l d\ l/d\ kfl/ kfvf OlGb gl jfl/ tflglnd\ -kfgf %_ k':ts 3fd kfgl, n]vsm dfwj l3ld/] lrqm b'uf{ a/fn Psf/fd, k sfzsm afn;flxto k j4{g s]gb, lxdfn P;f]l;P;g lzifs 47

52 siff sf]7f sljtfdf efiffsf cg]s snf k s6 epsf x'g5g\. ljleì sljsf sljtf k9\b} hffbf pglx n] k of]u u/]sf y/l y/lsf efiffsf rdtsf/ b]lvg5. lzifsn] cfˆgf ljbfyl{x nfo{ o:tf s'/f atfolbg] u/]df pglx cfkm}f klg rgfvf x'g5g\. k fom ;a} sljtfdf sljx n] efiffsf s'g} g s'g} snf b]vfpsf x'g5g\. of] Pp6f gd'gf x]/f} F hxff sljn] efiff / ljifoj:t'sf] ;f/} /fd f] tfnd]n /fv]sf 5g\. /fd /L jfrg ug] { xf] eg] sljtf k9\bf g} kfgl k/]sf] cg'ej x'g5. Tjf/{ t'/{ an]f;l Tjf/\ Tjf/\ Tjf/\ xf/{ x'/{ afl56f Xjf/\ Xjf/\ Xjf/\ 1fg lbg] 1 sk'/l of] sn] eg5 snd ;dfpm leqkn6] vn] eg5 vsg nufpm ufo{uf]8] un] eg5 udnf ;hfpm 3/h:tf] 3/n] eg5 3/af/ a;fpm gfs]yf]knl ªn] eg5 gfs]:j/ ;'gfpm r/lr'rr] rn] eg5 nf} rvf{ rnfpm 5ftfcf]9 5n] eg5 5xf/L a9fpm 8f8'h:tf] hn] eg5 hxfh rnfpm gf{ em of] n] eg5 G8f kmx/fpm uf]?l;ª] `n] eg5 uf]?uf]7 hfpm -kfgf & / *_ cg'k f; w]/}h;f] dfynf] x/km / tnnf] x/kmdf g} ldnfopsf] x'g5. t/ sltko nodf eg] Ps x/km 5f8]/ dfq ldnfopsf] x'g5. no ldn]sf] sljtfdf h;/l /flvpsf] cg'k f; klg dl7f] ;'lgg5. w"jff xfd f] zq' xf] r'/f]6 lsg vfpsf] < yfxf kfo kfosg d"v{ lsg epsf] < jf sxff nfuof] cn5l < sxff nfuof] ofp < hxff nfu] klg kmflnlbg5' cfpm k':tsm slt /fd f] s -afnult ;ª\u x_ s[ltsf/m 5fofbQ Gof}kfg], k sfzsm hdsf] k sfzg k f=ln= lrqm pd]zrgb clwsf/l, ;+:s/0fm klxnf] -@)^#_!! l/d l d wf/f l/d\ l d\ l/d\ kfl/ kfvf OlGb gl jfl/ tflglnd sljtfdf ;Gb]z x'g} k5{ eì] 5}g. ;Gb]z g} gepsf sljtf klg /dfonf x'g5g\. oxff lbopsf dwo] a" Fb /fgfsf] sxff nfuof] / dfly klg s'/f cfo;s]sf s'v'/l sff / uf]7] nf}/l To; lsl;dsf sljtf x'g\. t/ sltko sljtfx ;Gb]zn] g} el/psf klg x'g ;S5g\. nidlk ;fb b]jsf]6fsf] kfk nfu5 / Zofdk ;fbsf lhtg lsg ;lsì / < ;Gb]zd"ns sljtf x'g\. slxn] eg] sljtfdf n'sfp/, clnslt dfq ;Gb]z lbopsf] x'g5. dfwj l3ld/]sf] l;of] vf]o l;of] sf ol kª\lqmx x]/f}f, h;df rnfo;s]kl5 ;/;fdfgsf] htg ug{ 'k5{ eì] s'/f elgpsf] 5.!@ ===k}n] To;} kmfnof}, P]n] eì yfnof}=== sljtfsf dfwodaf6 k9fpg klg ;lsg5. lhtg lsg ;lsì / < zlif{s sljtf xfdl x'g5f} F alnof] eì] lstfaaf6 lnopsf] xf], h;df ;Ílnt ;a} afnultx :jf:yo / kf]if0f ;DaGwL 5g\. 5fofbQ Gof}kfg]sf] 1fg lbg] 1 n] sv/f lrgfpf5 / ;D fpf5. a" Fb /fgfsf] b'o{ Psd\ b'o{ n] Psbd} /dfonf] u/l u'0fg t k9fpsf] 5 g}, ul0ft h:tf] ljifodf klg /dfonf] sljtf n]vg ;lsg5 eì] klg b]vfpsf] 5. To;/L g} a"fb /fgfs} csf]{ sljtf sxff hfg] n] k'tnlsf] hljg rqmnfo{ Psbd} snftds 9Ën] k :t't u/]sf] 5.!# k fom cgtodf Pp6f rf]l6nf] / /dfonf] s'/f jf snkgf x'g5. l/d l d wf/f l/d\ l d\ l/d\ kfl/ kfvf OlGb gl jfl/ tflglnd 48 lzifs

53 lzifsn] sljtf kl9lbp/ ljbfyl{sf dgdf sljtfk ltsf] rfv hufolbpkl5 pglx nfo{ cfkm}f g} sljtf n]vg dg nfu5. pglx n]vg klg yfn5g\. oxl a]nfdf lzifsn] clnslt af6f] b]vfolbg ;s]df pglx sf] l;h{gzlntfn] c df}nfpg] df}sf kfpg ;S5. ca sljtf n]vg l;sfpmf sljtf k ltefzfnl dfg5]n] dfq n]vg ;S5g\ To;}n] of] l;sfp/ l;lsg] s'/f xf]og eì] s'/fdf ljzjf; ug]{ dfg5] w]/} 5g\. t/ cfw'lgs lziffsf] cg'ej a]un} 5. lqmpl6e /fol6ªú jf æl;h{gftds n]vgæ ;+;f/el/ g}, ;fg} pd]/b]lv k9fog5 / To;sf] kl/0ffd klg /fd f] kfopsf] 5. sljtf n]vg] ceof;sf] klxnf] / ;aegbf dxœjk"0f{ v'8\lsnf] sljtf k9\g' g} xf] eg]/ xfdln] o;cl3sf kfgfx df nfdf] rrf{ u of}f. To;}n] ca To;eGbf kl5sf r/0fx sf af/]df rrf{ u/f}f. eg]/ cfsfzsf] OGb]0fLnfO{ tfì] snkgf xf];\ jf lhtg lsg ;lsgg / ;Stf] sf]l;; u/]kl5 < jf kvl{ a:g" P rª\uf Û rgb dfdf ku]/, xfdl e]6\g cfcf} Fnf /s]6df r9]/. jf a;] x'gg 'l;nsl/f 8fF8fjfl/ < gfof Û dnfo{ hfg" 5 km"naf/l Û Û eì] h:tf] cfˆgf] niosf] pb\3f]if xf];\, sljtfsf] cgtodf s'zntfsf ;fy al6 dfl/psf] x'g5.!$ /fd f] sljtf kl9;s]kl5 Tof] sljtf n]vg] sljnfo{ lrì, sljsf af/]df hfì dg nfu5. lzifsn] ljbfyl{x df of] pt;'stf hufolbg / sljx sf af/]df hfgsf/l lbg klg cfjzos x'g5.!% sljtf g]kfnl efiff / ;flxtosf siffdf dfq k9fpg] s'/f xf] eì] g7fgl ul0ft, lj1fg, :jf:yo lziff, ;fdflhs lziff cflb k9fpfbf klg ;fgble{s sljtfsf] k of]u u/]df k9fo w]/} lrs/ x'g;s5. d n]sf] r f x]/ xfjf nfu]sf] ;/// s;/l, rª\uf xfd f] p8\of] nf} d}gfr/l h;/l wfuf] 5f8\bf kmgg tntn b{5, wfuf] a]bf{ 6s6s cfsfzdf r9\b5. s:tf] xfjf nfu]sf] wfuf] klg ;lssof], afbndfly ku]/ rª\uf klg lanfof]. kvl{ a:g" P rª\uf Û rgb dfdf ku]/, xfdl e]6\g cfcf} Fnf /s]6df r9]/. k':ts dª\un]sf] rëf, n]vsm k'0ozln uf}td k sfzsm /ftf] aënf lstfa, kf6g9f]sf lzifs 49

54 siff sf]7f ff]nf slt /fd f] x]/ ;fyl ;fgf] ;fgf] f]nf Tof] f]nf vf]nl x]/ To;df s] s] xf]nf vf]nl x]bf{ b]v5f} ltdln] 1fgsf] vfgl htg u/l /fv To;nfO{ hfgl # slnnf cf} +nf 6f]sL ga; af]s f]nf l56f] u/l lx+8 :s'n km]l/ ca]/ xf]nf l56f] up ;/ ld;n] dfof ug'{x'g5 Tof] ubf{ d]/f] ;fgf] x[bonfo{ x'g5 e/t kf]v/]n, siff * k"0f{ ;~hljgl df=lj, w'lnv]n, sfe ] -;a} afnsljtf sflgtk'/ú sf] sf]lknfaf6 ;fef/ ul/psf x'g\_! xf};nf lbg]. sljtf n]vg] leql k ]/0ff c n] cfkm"nfo{ lrg"g\, cfˆgf] gfd rnf];\, tfl/km kfoof];\ eì] efjgfaf6 cfpf5. To;}n] ljbfyl{nfo{ k ToIf / ghflgfbf] u/l klg sljtf n]vg xf}:ofpg]. c goff tyf k'/fgf sljsf] jf sljtf n]vg yfnb} u/]sf JolQmx sf] rrf{n] pglx leqsf] rlr{t x'g] rfxgf g\ hfu[t x'g5. sljtf n]vgs} nflu s]xl lkl/o8 jf ;Dej epdf :s"n 5' L epkl5sf] ;do ldnfpg]. dfly ul/p } F sljtfsf ljz]iftfx sf af/]df rrf{ ug] {. klxnf] lbgdf :jtgq n]vg ug{ lbg]. pglx nfo{ 8]:s a]graf6 d'qm x'g lbg]. rf}/df jf hxff dg nfu5 ToxfF a;]/ kffr ldg]6;dd, cfkm"n] n]v]sf] s'/f ;Dkfbg gu/l, s]/d]6 gu/l, g;rofo h] dg nfu5 ToxL n]vg nufpg]. o;/l n]v]sf] s'/f sljtf gep klg x'g5. o:tf] :jtgq n]vgn] afnaflnsfsf] dg km's5. cfˆgf] n]vg g/fd f] xf]nf ls eg]/ 8/fpg glbg]. $ o;/l pglx n] :jtgqtfk"j{s n]v]sf] s'g} jfso jf ljrf/nfo{ sljtfsf kdf ndaofpg, 5f]6\ofpg jf ldnfpg nufpg]. of] sfd pglx n] :jtgq n]vg u/]sf] nuq}, Tof] ljrf/ pglx sf] dg tfh} 5Fbf ug{ nufpg h /L x'g5. % ^ lbg]. & * ( z'?df æh] n]v] klg x'g5æ eì]. pglx n] 8/fP/ jf wsfp/ cfkm"nfo{ cfkm} Fn] lgogq0f ug{ -;]Nkm ;]G;/;Lk_ ug{ gyfn"g\ eì]df rgfvf] /xg]. n]v]sf s'/f ;d"xdf ;'gfpg nufpg]. tfl/km / ;' fjx nfo{ :jfut ug]{. sf]xl klg xtf]t;flxt gxf]pmg\ eì] s'/fdf ljz]if Wofg o;/l n]lvpsf sljtfx nfo{ c /fd f kf/]/ / 6NsfP/ Nofpg] u[xsfo{ lbg]. o;/l tof/ epsf] bf]; f] v]; f klg ;d"xdf jfrg ug{ nufpg]. klxnf]l;t bffh]/ x]g]{ / k'gn]{vg ubf{ x'g] kmfobf pbfx/0f;lxt b]vfpg]. s;}n] n]vg] jf bf]xf] ofpg] sfd u/]g eg] ufnl gug] {. p;sf] dg km's]sf] gx'g ;S5 jf p;nfo{ n]vg dg g} gnfu]sf] x'g;s5. sljtf n]vgnfo{ OR5fwLg g} /xg lbg]. sljtfsf] d';nwf/] jiff{ eg] gu/fpg]. o; lsl;dsf] ceof; kl5 b'o{ rf/ lbg;dd cfkm"n] sljtfsf] rrf{ gug] { / ljbfyl{x n] rrf{ u g\ eg]/ af6f] x]g] {. o;af6 pglx n] c ljifo / lqmofsnfksf nflu klg ;do kfpf5g\. To;sf ;fy;fy} To;cl3sf ceof;x af6 sljtfk lt pglx nfo{ slqsf] rfv hfuof] eì] klg yfxf x'g5. pglx n] km"naf/l r/fr'?ël cfpf5g\ RofO{ RofO{ s/fo{ ;a} cfpf5g\ km"naf/ldf ;w}f /dfo{ k'tnl klg cfpf5g\ p8]/ oxff k"hfkf7df sfd nfu5 of] km"n hxff ls/0f sf]o/fnf, siff ^ ;g ;fog OËln; :s"n, ;'g;/l -@)^! sf] sf]lknfaf6_ 50 lzifs

55 w]/} rfv /fv]gg\ eg] cfkm"n] cl3nnf r/0fx nfo{ c /f]rs 9Ën] bf]xf] ofpg].!)!!!@!#!$!%!^ :s"n jf ;d'bfodf k':tsfno 5 jf glhs} lstfa jf kqklqsf lsì kfog] 7fpF 5 eg] yk sljtf k9\g k ]/0ff lbg]. ;lsg5 eg] cfwf lbgsf] æsljtf ofqfæ ug]{. ;a}nfo{ cfkm"nfo{ dg k/]sf sljtf ;'gfpg / ofqfdf b]v]sf jf cg'ej u/]sf s'/fsf cfwf/df sljtf n]vg nufpg]. zf:qlo 5Gbdf n]lvpsf sljtf Psbd} /fd f x'g5g\. t/ 5Gbsf] ;fwgf ug{ ufx f] 5. z'?df 5Gbd'Qm jf 5f]6f 5f]6f nf]snodf dfq n]vg l;sfpg]. ljljw 5Gbsf w]/} sljtf k9]kl5 dfq 5Gb v]nfpg ;lsg5. ljbfyl{x nfo{ no, cg'k f; h:tf s'/f ldnfpg ;3fpg], t/ pglx df æ;/n] ldnfolbpsf]æ eì] efjsf] ;f6f] æ;/n] ldnfpg l;sfpg' epsf]æ eì] efj cfcf];\. snkgfzln x'g, t'ngf ug{, j0f{g ug{ / snftds x'g k ]/0ff lbg]. pglx n] OGb ]0fLnfO{ u'n]nl agfpg\, afbnaf6 wfuf] sft'g\, n7\7ln] gblnfo{ af6f] agfolbpmg\, afn'jfnfo{ rfdn agfp/ ;+;f/af6 ef]sd/l cgto u5{g\ eg] klg u g\. pglx n] ufo{nfo{ cfdf, s's'/nfo{ ;fyl, r'gf}tlnfo{ ;u/dfyf, j]unfo{ gbl, b'i6nfo{ AjfF;f] / zflgtnfo{ k/]jf dfq xf]og goff / gf}nf pkdfx lbg l;s'g\. afnaflnsf ljb f]x u5{g\ eg] Tof] klg u g\. tnsf] sljtf o:t} Pp6f gd'gf xf]. Ps lbgsf] xf]djs{ gubf{ 8]:sdfly peofo{ ^ ;ok6s p7a; u/fpg] < cxf To:tf] lzifs rflxgg eljiosf] s0f{wf/ 7fG5g\ ;a}n] xfdlnfo{ To} klg oltljwg oftgf lbg5g\ lsg xfdlnfo{ To;}n] To:tf] lzifs rflxgg ;'dg zfx, siff % ;g ;fog Oª\ln; :s'n, vgf/, ;'g;/l -@)^@ r}t $ sf] sf]lknfaf6_ afnaflnsfnfo{ ;fdflhs kdf ;r]t / ;+j]bgzln x'g k ]l/t ug] {. tnsf] sljtf+zsf] t]; f] kª\lqmdf k of]u epsf] zab vft]ú ;8s afnaflnsfnfo{ x]nf u/]/ elgg] zab xf]. o:tf, s;}nfo{ xf]rofpg] zabx sf] k of]u gug{ ;' fj lbg]. eff8fs'6l k frl, :d[lt, c:d' / d ;fyl ;fyl ldn5f} F :s'naf6 cfp/ eff8fs'6l v]n5f} F slxn] cfdf ag5f} F slxn] 5f]/L x'g5f}f!& afa' cfdf 5f]/f5f]/L agl xfdl v]n5f} F cl:dtf k/fh'nl, siff # ;g ;fog :s"n, eqmk'/ kl9n]vl 7"nf] agg] xfd f] of] a]nf ;fgf] 5' eg]/ gu/ x} x]nf lxf8\lbg d c h:tf] vft] x]/ agl clxn]b]lv ;f]r]sf] 5' 8fS6/ ag5' egl -@)^! sf] sf]lknfaf6_ :s"ndf leq] klqsf z'? ug]{. leq] klqsfaf6 tkfofx sf] ceof;sf af/] c n] yfxf kfpf5g\. afnaflnsf pt;flxt x'g5g\. leq] klqsfdf 6fF:gsf nflu sljtf / n]vx n]vbf x:tfif/ klg /fd f] x'g;s5. lzifsn] ol ;a} r/0fx df Wofg lbp/ ljbfyl{nfo{ xf};nf lbpdf pglx n] /fd f /fd f sljtf n]vg ;S5g\ / pglx sf] ;[hgzlntfsf] 9f]sf ;w}fsf nflu v'ng ;S5. lzifs 51

56 F cftd ;dliff vu]gb ;ª\u f}nf d cgfbz{ lzifs lziffnodf cfdf afa'sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug] { :yfgdf /xg] lzifs ha kifkftl x'g5, pm cfˆgf] st{jodf g/fd /L r's]sf] 7xl/G5. xf], d r's]sf] 5'. clg d s]sf] cfbz{ lzifs < ;f gf] 5Fbf d]/f] hljgsf cfbz{ gfos b'o{y/l dflg; lypù Pp6f nfx'/], csf]{ df:6/. lnda" hfltsf] nfx'/] 5] dlxg] 5' LÚdf dnfof 5fpgLaf6 3/ cfpfbf v'nb'nl / O{iof{ el/psf ufpfel/sf cffvf p;dfly ky]{. lz/dfly 5q] 6f]kL, kfpdf a'6 / cfªdf h;l{ nufpsf] nfx'/] ;gss sf]/]sf] h'nkml 6NsfpFb} a8f] zfg;fu cfpfyof]. p;n] s'ddf le/]sf] /]8'O{ afhfún] p;sf] cfsif{0f a9folbgyof] / p;sf] JolQmTjdf rdsbf/ cfef el/lbgyof] ]. p;sf] vntlaf6 l Ns]?dfn 'l08psf] x'gyof], pm rf}tf/l / xf6ahf/df ;f]ln6glx nfo{ lh:sofpfb} r'/f]6 aff8\yof]. slxn]sfxlf t /S;Ln] l6n\ k/]/ xf6ahf/5]psf] rp/df pm OGt' g lrgt' ep/ ndtgg kln6fbf klg p;sf] /]8'O{ afhf eg] alh/x]s} x'gyof]. nfx'/]sf] wg, lrl6sskg, zfg / ;f]v b]vbf dnfo{ klg nfx'/] x'g /x/ nfu]/ cfpfyof]. t/ r'rr] gfsn] dnfo{ nfx'/] x'g lbpg. To;kl5 d]/f] hljgsf] cfbz{ gfos df:6/ agof]. 8fF8fkfl/ la/fgf] 7fpFaf6 cfpsf] ;'lsnf] / k'mlt{nf] df:6/ glnf] cfsf;d'lgsf 1fgu'gsf ;a} s'/f hfgg] dflggyof]. cfw'lgs 1fg, k ljlw / ;'ljwfsf] gfsd'v b]vg gkfpsf] d]/f] ufpfdf df:6/ e/ce/sf] j}b, } u8f l5gf]kmfgf] ul/lbg] GofofwLz, ctl{ a'l4 rflxfbf ;/;Nnfx lbg] gllt lgb]{zs / cfwof/f]df lwklwk] phofnf] 5g] { h"gls/l ;a}yf]s lyof]. pm nfx'/] } ;a}sf] cfsif{0fsf] s]gb t x'gyof] g}, ;Fu;Fu} pm ;a}sf] cufw ;Ddfgsf] kfq klg x'gyof]. uff7l t s'/f] s] eg] k};fsf] rntllkmtl{ ;fx} sd x'g] ufpfdf df:6/n] dlxg}lkr5] 7"nf] y}nf] yfkyof]. To:tf 1fgjfg\, r'daslo cfsif{0fsf vfgl, /sd sndsf wgl / dfg ;Ddfgsf clwsf/l df:6/nfo{ b]vbf d nf]lefb} dgdg} ud vfgy] F k9lu'gl sfd}sfd wg, dfd / r}g} r}g. gegb} d]/f] ;kgf ;fsf/ x'g a]/ nfu]g. ufpfsf] ldl8n :s"ndf ;ft siff kf/ u/]f. 3/af6 wfpg ldng] b"/ldf xfo{:s"n lypg. To;}n] k9fo yftl /fv]/ Ps jif{ cfk"mn] k9]s} :s"ndf d df:6/ epf. v' fdf h'qf gep klg d k'mrr] df:6/sf] xftdf 58L eg] x'gyof]. 58L xnnfpfb} siffdf k:bf ljbfyl{x Ps} tfndf h'?ss p7]/ Ps} nodf dnfo{ u'8 dlg{ª ;/Ú egy]. / d xft 3f]K6f] kf/]/ a8f] zfgn] a;ú egy] F. pm a]nf df:6/ / ljbfyl{sf] gftf df:6/sf] wfs / ljbfyl{sf] wssf] hudfly plegyof]. df:6/ 52 lzifs

57 { v' f xnnfpfb} dfly s';l{df a:yof], ljbfyl{x 8Nnf] k/]/ tn w'n]e'ofdf u'gb Ldf a:y]. df:6/ kf7\ok':ts kn6fp/ Psf]xf]/f] e6\ofpfyof], ljbfyl{x df}g d"lt{ ep/ ;'Gy]. e6\ofo;s]kl5 df:6/ a' of} <Ú eg]/ ;f]wyof], ljbfyl{x ;dj]t :j/df a' of} F ;/Ú eg]/ ;w} F Psgf;sf] pq/ kmsf{pfy]. a' ]sf] s] xf] k fom ljbfyl{nfo{ yfxf x' Fb}gYof], s] a' of} <Ú eg]/ df:6/ slxno} yk k Zg ub} {gyof]. Tof] df:6/sf] Psfnfk / ljbfyl{sf] lgliqmo >j0fdf cfwfl/t lziff lyof] k'/fgf] u'?s'n k/dk/fsf] kf]of]df 'l08fb} d]/f] ufpfdf cfok'u]sf] k'/fgf] lziff Û x'g t ;'vb\ ;+of]ujz d}n] snkgfzln / l;h{gzln lzif0fljlw cfufn]/ k':tssf] kf7\oj:t'nfo{ hljgsf hl6n ;d:of / xffsx ;Fu hljgt tl/sfn] uff:g otg ug] { s]xl lzifs gkfpsf] xf]og. t/ tl lzifssf] uf]nf]leq cfd kfq eg] lypgg\. tl t lrnfpg]sf] vdf kmn]sf cffkh:tf ckjfbhgo kfqx lyp. prr lziffsf l;f9lx l5rf]n]/ klg d df:6/} epf. d ;fgf] siffsf] ljbfyl{ 5Fbfsf] df:6/ Tof] a]nf;dddf lzifs eo;s]sf] lypf. t/ d}n] k9fpg] slyt goff lziffú eg] k'/fg} lje]bsf/l j0f{ Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t dx]gb Lo /fi6«jfbaf6 lgb]{lzt lyof]. Tof] lziffsf] cgtlg{lxt cfbz{ ;fdgtl elqmjfb / bf;tf lyof]. lziffsf] Tof] elqmjfbl / bf;tfd'vl rl/q / d}n] k9]sf] cfnf]rgfzln / d'lqmdful{ dfs;{jfbalrdf 7"nf] cgt/lj/f]w lyof]. Tof] cgt/lj/f]w d]/f] cwofkg sfnel/ g} d]/f] nflu dfgl;s lvrftfgl / kl8fsf] ljifo eo/xgyof]. To;}n] dfgl;s lvrftfgl / kl8faf6 d'lqm vf]hg d}n] sfo{gllts rft'o{ ckgfpf. kf7\oj:t'df k]mnf k/]sf] l5b df dfs;{jfbsf] ljb f]xl r]tgf 3';fpg yfn]f. ljbfnoaflx/ /ft ;ff cgwsf/sf] asf]{leq n's]/ lgs6 ;Dks{df /x]sf ljbfyl{x sf dg dfg;df ;fdflhs ;dfgtf / Gofosf] jful r]tgf 3';fpg] otg t d]/f] lbgrof{sf] clegg cë g} agof]. t/ d]/f] rft'o{ hutsf] s'l6n Jojxf/;fd' plt k efjsf/l 7xl/Pg. 5gnfO{ d s'g} klg sdo'lgi6 ;d"xdf cfa4 lyogf. p;f] t Jofjxfl/s /fhglltdf d]/f] pqf] rfv klg lypg. t/ /fhwfglb]lv b"/jtl{ ufpfdf bdgsf/l k zf;g, lgx' F vf]hfxf hf;'; / sltko cg'bf/ sfª\u ];Lx sf gh/df d vt/gfs nfn sdo'lg:6 b]lvpf. pma]nf dx]gb Lo lziffaf6 lgm;[t ;+:sf/ tyf sfª\u ]; / sdo'lg:6 :jo+sf] cfk;l c;lxi0f'tfsf sf/0f ltgsf alrsf] ;DaGwdf kf/:kl/s å]if / lgif]wsf] b'ef{j 6gf6g el/psf] lyof]. dnfo{ nfn}nfn b]vg]x n] es'08f] xfg] }F dnfo{ 3l/3l/ of] ljbfnoaf6 pm ljbfno, pm ljbfnoaf6 Tof] ljbfnodf ;?jf ul//x]. d]/f] u' F8sf] vfgtnf;l ubf{ hf;';x n] b'o{ tlg k6s t d]/f ;f/f lk o k':tsx g} n'6]/ nu]. t/ d]/f] j}rfl/s lbgrof{ / /ftrof{ eg] p;}u/l rlng} /Xof]. kl5 nv]6'jfx sf] /ftf]lbgsf] nv]6foaf6 cflht ep/ d}n] cwofkg g} 5fl8lbPF. goff Ondsf] d]nf]d];f]ljgf 5FbfvfFbfsf] hflu/ 5f8\bf cfm hflu/ gfy] s]xl xf]og, hljg cfbz{ kf] 7"nf] xf] egg] efjgfn] dnfo{ ;fx; / zlqm k bfg u/]sf] lyof]. clxn], lgs} nfdf] ;dokl5, kl5lnt/ kms]{/ cftd;dliff ubf{ dnfo{ cfˆgf] lzifs hljg gfgfjnl c;ëltx n] el/psf] dx;'; x'g5. d cª\u ]hl k9fpfy] F. g]kfnlsf lzifs uon k/]sf] df}sf 5f]k]/ d obfsbf g]kfnl klg k9fpfy] F. cfk"mn] k9fpg] ljifodf d]/f] bvvn /fd } lyof]. k fom cfn6fn / 7u7fu ug] { d]/f] afgl lypg. k9fonfo{?lrs/ agfpg d kf7\oj:t'sf] alralrdf syf s'y'ª\u L uff:y] / 7 f dhfs klg uy] +. /fd f] k9fpg] lzifs eg]/ d]/f] 8]/fdf 6\o';g k9fo dfug]x sf] nsf] { g} nfuyof]. xf], d cfbz{ lzifs dflggy] +. pma]nf ddf d cfbz} { x' F egg] efjgf gepsf] xf]og. t/ clxn] dnfo{ Tof] ;a ldyof /x]5 egg] nfu5. sf/0fx 5g\ 1fgzf:qs} s'/f ug] { eg] d}n] dfs;{jfb / lziff dgf]lj1fg;d]t klg /fd };Fu k9]sf] lypf. t/ ctltnfo{ lgofnbf clxn] dnfo{ lzif0fsf] k lqmofdf cfˆgf wf/0ffut dfgotfx nfo{ d}n] ;+:sf/sf] txdf cftd;ft\ ug{ g;s]sf] dx;"; x'g5. nfu5, lzifssf] e]ifdf cs;/ d xftdf 58L af]sg] xnl lypf / d ljbfyl{x nfo{ h'jfd'lg gf/]/ ;f] f] l;of]df Psf]xf]/f] hf]lt/xgy] F. cfssn 'Ssn ljbfyl{x sf sfg lgdf]7]sf] / ltgsf ufnf r8\sfpsf] dnfo{ c } ;D gf 5. tl s'?k If0fx ha ;D G5', dnfo{ cfˆgf] cftdf g} snlít eph:tf] nfu5. cr]n, afudtlsf] k'nd'lg w]/} kfgl alu;s]kl5, af6f3f6fdf, ;ef ;df/f]xdf jf ef]h et]/df slxn]sfxlf klxn]sf cfˆgf ljbfyl{x ;Fu ck Tofl;t kn] d]/f] e]6 x'g5. sf]xl 8fS6/ epsf 5g\, sf]xl OlGhlgo/. sf]xl lzifs epsf 5g\, sf]xl pbdl jf Jofkf/L. tl k ;Ggtf / cfb/ efjsf ;fy cl3 ;/]/ d;fu lrgf/l gjls/0f u5{g\. / tldwo] sf]xlsf]xl cf]7df Joª\Uoefj n'sfp/ ljgozln efsfdf dnfo{ :d/0f u/fpf5g\ ;/n] slxn]sfxlf sfg glgdf]7]sf] ep d a/flnp/ lalu Gy] F x' Fnf. :s]/ x]5' {, ltgsf cffvfdf dk lt qmf]w, 3[0ff jf k ltzf]wsf] nif0f n];dfq klg b]lvbgf. t}klg d nhhf / Unflgn] leqleq} v'ldrp/, un]/ To;} To;} ddf{xt x'g5'. To:t} ^ dlxgfcl3 c:tjo:t k'm6kfydf Ps;'/n] lxfl8/xfbf Pp6L dlxnfn] dnfo{ udnë cfufnf] dfl/g\. Tof] cgk]lift cídfnaf6 d rlst / ljl:dt epf. /fd f] k9fpg] lzifs eg]/ d]/f] 8]/fdf 6\o';g k9fodfug]x sf] nsf] { g} nfuyof]. xf], d cfbz{ lzifs dflggy] F. pma]nf ddf d cfbz} { x' F egg] efjgf gepsf] xf]og. t/ clxn] dnfo{ Tof] ;a ldyof /x]5 egg] nfu5. lzifs 53

58 cftd ;dliff ha o:tf syfx ;'G5', dnfo{ t'kmfgl ultdf up/ lzifs gfdwf/l tl cfttfolx nfo{ xnsf hgsf/afxlú u/]/ ctltdf cfk"mn] u/]sf e"nx k lt k folzrt ug{ dg nfu5 dnfo{ ;xh agfpg vf]hb} ltgn] xqkq elgg\ d kmnfg7fpfsl kmnfgl, ;/sl Kof/L r]nl. d]/f] dl:tissf] g]kyodf af; a;]sf] ltgsf] cg'xf/ lj:tf/} d]/f cffvf;fd' plqof]. / d}n] ltgsf] skfn d';f/] F. :d[ltsf] kgt'/f] vf]n]/ ltgn] dnfo{ :d/0f u/fog\ ;/, kf7 a' fpg g;sbf d]/f] 6fpsf]df ;/n] rf]/cf} Fnfn] 6Ss/L nfpfbfsf] 6'6'Nsf] c } klg xf]nf. 5fd]/ x]g' {;\ t. d :s] F. ltgl d]/f] kfv'/f] ;dft]/, d]/f cffvfdf ckns x]b{ } d]/l 5f]/L } F caf]w efjn] d':s'/fo/x]sl lyog\. d]/f] cgtd{gdf lwssf/sf] efjgf u'ghof] ;'lg;\ gfy] Û tf 6Ss/LsdL{ s]sf] cfbz{ lzifs Û cfj/0f k]ml/psf] ep klg xfd f] lziffsf] r'/f] s'/f] c } k]ml/psf] 5}g. lzifs gfpfsf a'4'x n] ljbfyl{sf sfg Roft]sf, ljbfyl{nfo{ d"lr5{t x'g] u/l p7 a; u/fpsf jf rkl{df y'g]/ ltgsf] x'd{t lnpsf alet; syfx 5fkfdf cfpg 5f8]sf 5}gg\. ha o:tf syfx ;'G5', dnfo{ t'kmfgl ultdf up/ lzifs gfdwf/l tl cfttfolx nfo{ xnsf hgsf/afxlú u/]/ ctltdf cfk"mn] u/]sf e"nx k lt k folzrt ug{ dg nfu5. d]/f] lzifs hljgsf] csf] { Pp6f clk o ;D gfn] dnfo{ af/daf/ luhofo/xg5. d]/f] siffdf tlgy/l cf:yf epsf ljbfyl{ x'gy]. tl jfd, sfª / k~rd'vl lyp. clxn] d cfkm}fnfo{ ;f]w5' s] d}n] jfd ljbfyl{x nfo{ sfvf / sfª / k~rd'vl ljbfyl{x nfo{ kfvfsf] Jojxf/ u/] F x' Fnf < legg dt epsf ljbfyl{x k lt siffdf, v]n d}bfgdf, af6f 3f6fdf, rf}tf/l b]p/fnldf, xf6 ahf/df jf cgt st} To:tf] Jojxf/ eof] xf]nf egg] efjgfn] 8;]/ clxn] dnfo{ pbf; agfpf5. cfˆgf 5f]/f 5f]/Lx sf] :jefj,?lr jf nt km/s x' Fb}df cfdf afa'sf] ltgk ltsf] Jojxf/df kifkft x' Fb}g. lziffnodf cfdf afa'sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug] { :yfgdf /xg] lzifs ha kifkftl x'g5, pm cfˆgf] st{jodf g/fd /L r's]sf] 7xl/G5. xf], d r's]sf] 5'. clg d s]sf] cfbz{ lzifs < hljg ofqfsf] k]m/f]df 3'Db} hffbf obfsbf legg dtsf d]/f ljbfyl{x klg e]l6g5g\. d ;"Id b[li6n] ltgsf cffvfsf] efjsf] cy{ s]nfpg vf]h5'. ltgsf d'b f, jrg jf elëdfdf cfqmf]z, 3[0ff jf k ltzf]wh:tf] efj dnfo{ b[li6uf]r/ x' Fb}g. / d lz/ 'sfp/ dx;"; u5'{, d]/f ;a} ljbfyl{x dk lt IfdfzLn 5g\. d cgfbz{ lzifssf ;d bf/ ljbfyl{x Û lzifs hljgsf nf]snfo{ ;'gfpfbf cfˆgf] ef/l dg xnsf x'g] o:tf s6' cg'ejx d;fu y'k } 5g\. nfu5, s'g} lbg efftl kf/]/ egg ;s] d]/f ol cg'ejx cfhsf lzifsx sf nflu pkof]ul x' Fbf x'g\. clxn] eg] 38Ln] nf]8;]l8ª?kl vt/fsf] 306L ahfpg nfuof] Û dfl;s lj1fkg b/ :yfg cfsf/ -rf}šn_ /Ë /sd -?_ ;]G6Lld6/ -Eof6afx]s_ clgtd cfj/0f!(=%š@^ ;]dl /ËLg #),))). clgtd leql cfj/0f!(=%š@^ ;]dl leql cfj/0f!(=%š@^ ;]dl leql klxnf] kfgf!(=%š@^ ;]dl k"/f kfgf!(=%š@^ ;]dl cfwf kfgf!^=%š!! ;]dl /ËLg!@,))). ltxfo{ kfgf!^=%š*=% ;]dl /ËLg *,))). rf}yfo{ kfgf!^=%š%=% ;]dl /ËLg ^,))). 54 lzifs

59 1fg lj1fg ef]lnsf] s[lif k ljlwm lhpdcf] ljzjsf] a9\bf] hg;ª\vof / a9\bf] hljg:t/ wfgg ;'wfl/psf] cfg'j+lzs s[lif k ljlw -lhpdcf]_ Pp6f a/bfg ;fljt x'g;s5. t/, lrgtfsf] s'/f, of] k ljlw ljzjsf ul/a ls;fgsf] kx' FreGbf w]/} 6f9f, cd]l/sf / o'/f]ksf s]xl 7"nf ax'/fli6«o sdkglx?sf] d'7\7ldf ;Lldt 5. cf g'j+lzs u'0f kl/jt{gn] ljzjsf] s[lif If]qsf] :j?kdf cfd"n kl/jt{g NofO/x]sf] 5. df]g;fg6f] h:tf cd]l/sfsf h}ljs k ljlwdf nfu]sf ;+:yfx n] j+zfg'ut u'0f kl/jt{g ul/psf afnl -h]g]l6snnl df]l8kmfo8 cuf{lghd lhpdcf]_ sf] k j4{g ug{ u/]sf k of;nfo{ o'/f]kn] z'?b]lv g} c:jlsf/ ub{} cfpsf] 5. lhpdcf] k ljlwaf6 ptkflbt cgg pkef]u ubf{ s'g} xflg k'ub}g eg]/ j}1flgsx n] cfzjf;g lbp klg / ljzj Jofkf/ ;+3n] o:tf j:t'sf] cfoftdf nufpsf] k ltagw x6fpg o'/f]k]nl cfof]unfo{ cfb]z lbpsf] ep klg w]/} o'/f]k]nlx n] c } To:tf s[lifpkhsf] pkef]u ug{ kfpsf 5}gg\. t/ a]nfotsf] vfbfgg Jofkf/ sdkgl 6f6] PG8 lnn sf dflns Oofg kmu{';gsf] ljrf/df of] cj:yf l5 } ablng ;S5. pgl cfzfjfbl x' Fb} eg5g\, æxfdl Oltxf;sf] o:tf] df]8df 5f}F hxff lhpdcf]ú k ljlw hljgsf] ckl/xfo{ cë agg hffb}5.æ a]nfotsf] vfbfgg tyf k]o kbfy{;dagwl Jofkf/ ;+:yfx sf] dxf;+3sf cwoif ;d]t /x]sf kmu{ ';gsf] egfodf ljzjsf 7"nf vfbfgg lgof{ts sdkglx n] of] k ljlwnfo{ :jlsf/ ul/;s]sf] x'fbf o;nfo{ a]jf:tf ug{ ca ufx f] 5. x'g klg s]xl xktf klxn] dfq a]nfotl ls;fgx sf] ;d"x sf]kfsf]u]sún] lhpdcf] dflysf] k ltagw gx6fpdf o'/f]ksf] kz'kfng pbf]u tx;gx; x'g] r]tfjgl lbpsf] 5. xfn;fn} a;]sf] o'/f]ksf s[lif dgqlx sf] a}7s lhpdcf]ú ds} / cfn'sf] cfoftdf nufopsf] k ltagw x6fpg] ls gx6fpg] egg] ljifodf clgl0f{t g} 6'lËof] t/ l56} a:g] o'/f]k]nl cfof]usf] a}7sn] of] k ltagw x6fpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf w]/}lt/af6 JoQm ug{ yflnpsf] 5. o'/f]k]nl cfof]un] lhpdcf]dflysf] k ltagw x6fof] eg] df]g;fg6f] sf] :jfefljs ljho x'g]5. lsgeg] df]g;fg6f] n] of] If]qdf o;cl3 g} 7"nf] Jofkfl/s ;kmntf xfl;n ul/;s]sf] 5. ljut tlg jif{b]lv o;sf] cfdbfgl / gfkmf tla ultdf a9]sf] 5. df]g;fg6f] n] ut jif{ *=^ ca{ cd]l/sl 8n/sf] sf/f]af/ u/]/ 08} Ps s/f]8 ; f]tm b Osf]gf]ldS:6 8n/ gfkmf sdfpsf] lyof]. o;/l gfkmf a9\gdf ljzje/ vfbfggsf] efp cfssfl;g'n] an k' ofpsf] 5. t/ df]g;fg6f] sf prr clwsf/l a ]6 a]u]dofg df]g;fg6f] n] lhpdcf]df u/]sf] k ultsf sf/0fn] ;+:yfsf] gfkmf a9]sf] atfpf5g\. ;Dddf ;+:yfsf] gfkmf bf]aa/ x'g] pgsf] cfzf 5. o'/f]k afx]s cgoq lhpdcf] k ljlw ;kmn epsfn] df]g;fg6f] sf] gfkmf a9]sf] xf]. o; pbf]usf] ptf/r9fjnfo{ glhsaf6 lgofln/x]sf] u}/gfkmfd'vl ;+:yf OG6/Gof;gn ;le{; km/ PlSjlh;g ckm Plu 6]s PlKns];G; -cfo{p;ppp_ sf cg';f/ lhpdcf] k ljlw Jofj;flos kdf ahf/df cfpsf]!@ jif{df o;n] ktofpg} g;lsg] vfnsf] k ult u/]sf] 5. ut jif{ ljzjdf lhpdcf] v]tl epsf] If]qkmn!@ k ltztn] a9]/!! s/f]8 $) nfv x]s6/ k'u]sf] 5. lhpdcf] v]tl epsf] If]qkmn ;a}egbf a9]sf] b]z cd]l/sf xf] t/ ch{]lg6gf, a flhn, ef/t / rlgdf klg :6sM s/f]8 6gdf ljzjdf ux' Fsf] 36\bf] e08f/, a9\bf] d"no * k If]lkt cg'dfg * d"nom 8n/ a';]n! a';]n s]hl! 8n/=? ^# lzifs 55

60 1fg lj1fg ljzjdf h}ljs k ljlw -lhpdcf]_ df cfwfl/t v]tlsf] lj:tf/ ef/t / rlg wgl x' Fb} hffbf ljzjdf vfbfggsf] dfu c a9\g] t/ v]tlof]uo hldg, kfgl / pmhf{ b'n{e x' Fb} hfg] lglzrt 5. yf]/} kfgl, yf]/} pmhf{ / yf]/} dn k of]u u/]/ ptkfbg a9fpg] cfˆgf] jrg lhpdcf]ún] k"/f u of] eg] o;n] of] ;d:of ;dfwfg u5{. o;sf] b 'tultdf lj:tf/ eo/x]sf] 5. cd]l/sfsf] csf]{ ax'/fli6«o sdkgl 8'F kf] sf] Pp6f ljefu kfof]lgo/ xfo la 8 sf yf]d; j]:6 eg5g\, æo'/f]k rff8} o; a;df rl9;sg'k5{ gqeg] p;sf] a; 5'6\5.Æ cf}bf]lus k/fdz{bftf sdkgl qmf]kgf]l;; sf cg';f/ s[lif hlj -h]g]l6s_ k ljlwsf] ljzj ahf/ df tlg ca{ 8n/ df ^ ca{ 8n/ ;Dddf of] sf/f]af/ a9]/ cf7 ca{ 8n/ gf g] cg'dfg ul/psf] 5. hd{glsf] alppp;pkm KnfG6 ;fog; sf k d'v sfo{sf/l xfg; sf:6n] df lhpdcf] k ljlwsf] bf]; f] k':tf ahf/df cfpfbf o;sf] ahf/ a9]/ %) ca{ 8n/ k'ug] cg'dfg u/]sf 5g\. lhpdcf]sf ;dy{sx cfzfjfbl 5g\ lsgeg] ;fdflhs, Jofkfl/s / k fljlws zlqm ;a} o;sf] kifdf Psf]xf]l/Psf 5g\. ef/t / rlg wgl x'fb} hffbf ljzjdf vfbfggsf] dfu c a9\g] t/ v]tlof]uo hldg, kfgl / pmhf{ b'n{e x'fb} hfg] lglzrt 5. yf]/} kfgl, yf]/} pmhf{ / yf]/} dn k of]u u/]/ ptkfbg a9fpg] cfˆgf] jrg lhpdcf]ún] k"/f u of] eg] o;n] of] ;d:of ;dfwfg u5{. df]g;fg6f] sf] /fpg8 ck /]8LÚ ds} / e6df; h:tf of] k ljlwsf z'?sf ptkfbgnfo{ j+zfg'ut kl/dfh{g u/l ljiffbln] g5'g] agfopsf] lyof]. o;f] ubf{ ls;fgnfo{ afnldf Iflt gk' ofosg v]taf/ldf nfug] sl/f / f/ gi6 ug{ ;lhnf] epsf] 5. lhpdcf]sf] csf{ ] r/0fdf o:tf afnldf ;'Vvf k lt/f]w ug{ ;Sg] u'0f ylkg]5. df]g;fg6f] sf clwsf/lx of] k ljlwsf] ljsf; b 'tultdf x'g] atfpf5g\. pglx sf cg';f/ z'?df sdko'6/ k ljlw h'g cj:yfdf lyof] lhpdcf] k ljlw clxn] ToxL cj:yfdf 5. df]g;fg6f] sf clwsf/lsf cg';f/ sdko'6/sf] ;ˆ6j]o/ pbf]udf h:t} o;df klg af}l4s ;DklQsf] clwsf/ sfod x'gfn] o;sf] dxœj a9\5. t/ ;ˆ6j]o/ pbf]udf h:t} o; pbf]udf klg rf]/lsf] 8/ 5. ch{ ]lg6gf / rlgdf t ;/sf/n] g} o:tf] rf]/lnfo{ a9fjf lbpsf 5g\. sdko'6/ ;ˆ6j]o/ pbf]un] ;kmntf kfpg'sf] /x:o s] lyof] eg] p;n] cfˆgf] ;ˆ6j]o/ rf]/l x'fbf klg To;nfO{ r'krfk ;x]/ a;]sf] lyof] lsgeg] eljiodf rf]/l ug{ gkfog] sfg"g nfu" epkl5 klg u fxsx n] ToxL ;ˆ6j]o/ rnfpnfg\ / Tof] lsgg tof/ xf]nfg\ egg] cfzf sdkgln] u/]sf lyp. lhpdcf]sf] dfdnfdf klg oxl s'/f nfu" x'g;s5. o:tf sdkglsf dflnsnfo{ k ljlw rf]/l x'g] s'/f;fu 8/ nfu5 egl ;f]wbf pglx eg5g\, ænfu5 klg nfub}g klg.æ pglx sf cg';f/, tl b]zx wgl epkl5 cyjf ljzjjofkf/ ;+3sf] lgod nfu]kl5 ToxfFsf ls;fgn] of] k ljlw k of]u u/]afkt z'ns ltg{ yfn5g\. ch{ ]lg6gfn] t o;f] ug{ yfln klg ;s]sf] 5. lhpdcf]sf] eljio o;n] ls;fgnfo{ egbf klg pkef]qmfnfo{ lbg] kmfobfdf e/ kg]{5. pbfx/0fsf nflu kfof]lgo/ xfola 8 n] ;Dddf ahf/df Nofpg] nio /fv]sf] lhpdcf] k ljlwdf cfwfl/t e6df; c :jflbnf] / :jf:yoj4{s x'g] bfal u/]sf] 5. b km]a 56 lzifs

61 1fg lj1fg cf lhpdcf] afnlm 8/ / sf}t'xn g'j+lzs Ol~hlgol/ª bf]; f] cf}bf]lus qmflgt xf]. klxnf] cf}bf]lus qmflgtdf ef}ltszf:qsf] pkof]u epsf] lyof] / To;sf] c;/ pklgj]zjfb;fu} ljzje/ lj:tf/ epsf] lyof]. clxn]sf] qmflgt hljlj1fg;fu ;DalGwt 5 / of] ljzjfjofkls/0f;fu} lj:tf/ x'fb}5. hljk ljlw clxn];ddsf ;a} qmflgt egbf 7"nf] qmflgt x'g]5. clxn];ddsf ;a} qmflgt 9'Ë] xltof/ agfpg]b]lv lnp/ rgb dfdf k'ug] clg OG6/g]6sf] cfljisf/ df dflg;n] k s[ltn] lbpsf s'/fnfo{ tndfly, j/k/ kfg{] sfd dfq u/]sf lyp. t/ lhpdcf] cgtu{t k s[ltn] lbpsf j:t' g} abng ;Dej epsf] 5. of] dfgj Oltxf;sf] ;a}egbf 7"nf] ljsf; xf]. o;n] dflg;sf] g}ltstf / o;sf] kl/0ffd ;DaGwdf klg k Zg p7fpsf] 5. clxn];dd g}ltstfsf] k Zg dflg;n] dflg;;fu ug{] Jojxf/;Fu dfq ;DalGwt lyof]. ca dflg;n] k s[lt;fu ug{] Jojxf/;Fu klg of] ;DalGwt x'g k'u]sf] 5. cfg'j+lzs Ol~hlgol/ª;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} klg 5nkmn lj1fg;fu dfq} ;DalGwt x' Fb}g. o;df cgo kif klg ;DalGwt x'g5g\. la?jfsf] ljz]iftf ltgsf] lhgúdf e/ kb{5, h'g pglx n] cfˆgf k'vf{af6 u x0f u/]sf x'g5g\. Psfk;df ldng] la?jfx sf alrdf Pp6fsf lglzrt u'0f csf{ ]df /fvg] rng k'/fgf] xf]. o:tf] sfd dflg;n] v]taf/ldf ug{ ] uy{ ]. o;f] ug{ nfdf] ;do nfu]sf] lyof]. t/ s'g} la?jfsf] cfg'j+lzs u'0f km]g{ clxn] w]/} ;do kv{g'kb{ }g, t'?gt} x'g5, v]taf/ldf hfg'kb{ }g, k of]uzfnfd} x'g5. la?jfdf s'g} lhg ykg ;lsg5, s'g} lhgnfo{ lgliqmo agfpg ;lsg5. o;f]ubf{ o:tf] lhgú glhssf] gft]bf/s} x'g'k5{ egg] 5}g, h'g;'s} la?jfsf] ep klg x'g5, hgfj/sf] ep klg x'g5. s[lif hlj k ljlwsf] Jofkf/ s[lif hlj k ljlwsf] () k ltzt ljzj Jofkf/ cd]l/sl sdkgl df]g;fg6f] sf] xftdf 5. affsl l;gh]g6f, afo/ qmk ;le{;, 8fcf] / 8'F kf] n] lnpsf 5g\. clxn];dd e6df;, ds}, skf; / /]kl;8 u/l rf/ j6f afnlsf] dfq} lhpdcf] ahf/df pknaw 5. ;v/v08 ahf/df cfpg] qmddf 5. ol afnldf b'o{ lsl;dn] j+zfg'ut u'0f kl/jt{g ul/psf] 5. klxnf], Pp6f la?jfdf csf{ ] afnlsf] lhg xfn]/ logdf sl/f dfg{] u'0f ylkg5. bf]; f], o;/l OlGhlgol/ª kl/jt{g ul/g5 ls v]taf/ldf hljgfzs ljiffbl xfnbf c f/ d5{g\ t/ la?jf afnl db{}g. lhpdcf]n] xflg ub{}g t < gf]a]n k'/:sf/ ljh]tf lhglj1 a ]g/sf cg';f/ j}1flgsx lhpdcf]n] xflg ub{} ub{}g eg]/ vfbfgg h:tf] dflg;sf nflu geo{ gx'g] ttj;fu ;DalGwt / dfgj Oltxf;sf] ;a}egbf 7"nf] j}1flgs pknlaw dflgpsf] h}ljs k ljlw cfh dflg;sf] sf}t'xnaf6 xf]og ;fx'hlx sf] :jfy{af6 lgb{ ]lzt 5. egg 8/fPsf 5g\. pglx nfo{ cfkm" gdl/sg o;n] xflg u/]sf] b]vg'knf{ ls egg] 8/ nfu]sf] 5. lhpdcf] afnlsf] k/lif0f ug{ g;lspnf egg] klg nfu]sf] 5. j}1flgs k/lif0f ubf{ h] sf] k/lif0f ug{ nfu]sf] xf] To;nfO{ c sf] ;Dks{df cfpg lbg'x'fb}g. t/ lhpdcf] la?jfnfo{ c la?jfaf6 k"0f{ kdf cnu ug{ ldnb}g. r/f, dfx'/l, k'tnl / xfjf h:tf k/fu;]rg u/fpg] ttjx n] s'g lhpdcf] la?jf xf] s'g xf]og eg]/ jf:tf ub} {gg\. Jofkf/åf/f lgb{ ]lzt la8dagfsf] s'/f, vfbfgg h:tf] dflg;sf nflu geo{ gx'g] ttj;fu ;DalGwt / dfgj Oltxf;sf] ;a}egbf 7"nf] j}1flgs pknlaw dflgpsf] h}ljs k ljlw cfh dflg;sf] sf}t'xnaf6 xf]og ;fx'hlx sf] :jfy{af6 lgb{ ]lzt 5. lhpdcf] k ljlw dflg;sf] ;fd"lxs k of;sf] pkh xf] egg] s'/f dfgg sf]xl klg tof/ 5}g. o;sf] pn6f] o; k ljlwnfo{ Jofkfl/s :jfy{åf/f k ]l/t ;d"xsf] sfd egg] 7flgG5. o; k ljlwsf lj?4 lbog] clwsf+z ts{x k ljlw sfd gnfug] 5Ú egg] ljifo;fu xf]ogù 7"nf ax'/fli6«o sdkgln] cfˆgf] zlqmsf] b'?kof]u unf{g\ egg] lrgtf;fu ;DalGwt 5g\. of] k ljlw ljzjjofkls/0f / cd]l/sg k e'tj lj/f]wsf] ;Í]t agg k'u]sf] 5. s[lif dfgj ;Eotfsf] cfwf/ xf]. of] If]q s]xl 7"nf sdkglsf] lgogq0fdf /x]sf] prr k ljlwsf] cª\s'zdf h]lng k'uof] eg] :yfglo :jtgqtfsf] s] xfnt xf]nf < s[lif;fu ;DalGwt of] k ljlw dg nfug]n] ckgfpg kfpg] / dg gnfug]n] gckgfpg kfpg] ;fj{hlgs j:t' eolbpsf] ep dfdnf cs{ } x'g]lyof]. ljzj vfb tyf s[lif ;Ë7g h:tf cgt/f{li6«o ;Ë7gx n] of] k ljlw vl/b u/]/ ;a}nfo{ l;q}fdf pknaw u/fpg] Joj:yf ug{ ;s] eg] rflxf w]/} lrgtfsf] cgto x'g]5. To:t} of] k ljlwnfo{ cfˆg} ult / cfˆgf] cfjzostf cg';f/ kl/dfh{g ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ x/]s b]znfo{ lbg'k5{. xl/t qmflgtdf klg o:tf] :jtgqtf lbopsf] lyof]. hlj k ljlw sdkglx n] sljtf k9\nfg\ / ltgsf] :jfb n]nfg\ egg] nfub}g. pggfo;f} F ztfablsf h:tf j}1flgs epsf ep pglx n] ljlnod Aofssf] sljtf p4[t ub{ } hjfkm lbg] lyp xf]nfg\ æuntl x'g' / nf]k x'g' eujfgsf] nlnf xf].æ Jofkfl/s afnlsf b[li6n] r/f jf dfx'/l cyjf s'g} f/ nf]k x'g' s;}sf] untlsf pkh x'g ;Snfg\ t/ k s[ltsf] nlnfsf nflu eg] tl ckl/xfo{ lrh x'g\. /fh]z sf]rf/ -b km]a lzifs 57

62 l/kf]6{ cg'zln Mt lzifssf] kk Aof08 kffr hgf lzifs ldn]/ z'? u/]sf] ;fëllts Jof08 Pd6L **$*Ú qmdzm g]kfnl kk ;ËLt ljwfsf] prfotkm{ ndsfbf] 5. t/ kk ufogaf6 Voflt sdfp klg pglx cfkm" lzifs x'g'd} a9l uj{ u5{g\. klxn]sf lzifs clxn]sf kk ufosx ljbfyl{nfo{ ;fëllts 1fg aff8\g kfpfbf a9l ;Gt'li6 ldng] atfpf5g\. g] kfnl kk ;ËLtsf] If]qdf b'o{ jif{otf b]vf k/]sf] Pd6L **$* (Mt. 8848) Aof08 5f]6f] ;dod} :yflkt epsf] 5. Aof08sf kffr o'jf ;ËLtsdL{ ;a} k]zfn] lzifs x'g\. pglx ;a} hgf kk Aof08 :yfkgf x'g'cl3b]lv g} /fhwfglsf] Uofn]S;L :s"ndf ;ËLt lzifssf] kdf sfo{/t 5g\. Aof08sf ;b:odwo] j]; lu6fl/i6 km0f]gb lnda" ;f] :s"ndf!) jif{b]lv sfo{/t 5g\ eg] ufos bz{g /fo{ ^ jif{b]lv, ln8 lu6fl/i6 lgd{n u8\tf}nf $ jif{b]lv lzifs 5g\. Aof08sf 8«d/ ljgf]b nfdf / lutf/ jfbs lzj lnda"n] ljbfyl{nfo{ ;ËLt l;sfpg yfn]sf] tlg jif{ eo;s]sf] 5. kffrhgf dwo] km0f]gb w/fgsf / bz{g bfhl{lnªsf x'g\ eg] c ljgf]b, lgd{n / lzj tlg} hgf sf7df8f}fsf x'g\. of] ;+;f/ gfds ullt cnad lnp/ ;ËLt If]qdf b]lvpsf] of] ;d"xsf a"9];sfnsf] nf7\7l===, d:sl d:sl ts]{/ lxf8\g]n]===, /ft u'hfg{=== cflb ult / o;sf Do'lhs lel8of] kk ;ËLtk ]dldf lgss} rlr{t 5. ut jif{ Od]h Rofgnn] k bfg u/]sf] ;ËLt cjf8{df of] Aof08sf] ultn] j]i6 kk ef]sn kkm{d]g; cjf8{ú / ;jf]{ts[i6 Do'lhs lel8of] lgb]{zgsf] cjf8{ xft kf/]sf] lyof]. g]kfnsf gfd rn]sf kk Aof08x!(&$ P8L, PS; Aof08 / ;fo; Ao08 nfo{ pl5g]/ ;f] cjf8{ xft kfbf{sf] If0fnfO{ ol ;ËLt lzifsx ;f]rb} g;f]r]sf] ;kmntf 7fG5g\. Tof] a]nf cjf8{ kfpg] cfz} gepsf] atfpfb} lgd{n eg5g\, æ!(&$ P8L h:tf] ;d"x;fu gf]ldg]zgdf kg'{ g} xfd f] nflu 7"nf] s'/f lyof].æ klzrdf ;ËLtnfO{ g]kfnldf 9flnPsf] tyf df}lns g]kfnl zab k of]u ul/psf] cfˆgf] klxnf] cnad g} ;kmn epsf]df ol ;a} dfi6ú;fax bë epsf] kfog5g\. z'?df cfˆg} ;fyl / kl/jf/sf nflu agfpsf] cnad o;/l cfd >f]tfdf rn5 eg]/ glrtfpsf] km0f]gb atfpf5g\. pgl eg5g\, æklzrdf ;ËLtnfO{ g]kfnldf u/]sf] ˆo'hg >f]tfn]?rfp.æ of] ;d"xsf ultx df klzrdf Hofh, An"h, /s, kk;fu} g]kfnlkgsf] nf]s kk klg ;d]l6psf] kfog5. lzifssf] kdf sfo{/t /x]/ lzif0f k]zfaf6} hlljsf]kfh{g ul//x]sf ol % hgf lzifsnfo{ clxn] cfkm"x nfo{ ;]lnla 6LÚ alg;s]sf] h:tf] nfub} nfub}g. ljgf]b eg5g\, æxfd f] ultsf w]/} >f]tf ylkpsf 5g\, 7fpF 7fpFdf sg;6{ eo/x]5g\ t/ klg xfdlnfo{ vf;} kl/jt{g dx;"; epsf] 5}g, lxhf] h:tf] lyof] To:t} nflu/x]5.æ lzj yk5g\, æxfd } ljbfyl{x sf] x]/fodf eg] s]xl kl/jt{g kfpsf 5f}F, klxn] xfdl pglx sf lzifs dfq} lyof}fù clxn] pglx n] xfdlnfo{ 3/sf] 6]lnlehg / zx/df epsf sg;6{df klg b]v]/ xf]nf cln km/s Jojxf/ u5{g\.æ ljbfnosf] jflif{s pt;jsf a]nf ljlegg!^ efsfsf ult / afnult agfpg] qmddf tlg j6f kk ult klg tof/ kf/]kl5 cnad lgsfng] rfxgf a9]sf] km0f]gb atfpf5g\. pgl eg5g\, æb'o{ jif{cl3 ;fd"lxs kdf o;/l ult tof/ ubf{ xfd f] Aof08 ag]s} lypg.æ tlg j6f ultdf c kffr j6f yk]/ cnad lgsfng] epkl5 Pd6L **$* gfd /fv]/ kk Aof08 agfpsf] 58 lzifs

63 8Da/s[i0f >]i7 pgl atfpf5g\. ljzjsf] ;jf]{rr lzv/ ;u/dfyfsf] prfoaf6} cfˆgf] Aof08sf] gfd /fvg'sf] sf/0f atfpfb} pgl eg5g\, æg]kfnlkgdf j]i6g{ 6r lbgnfo{ Pd6L **$* gfd /fv]sf xf}f.æ cfˆgf ult rlr{t ag]kl5 of] ;d"xsf] rrf{ / lrgf/l ljbfnosf] rf}3]/faf6 lgss} 6f9f;Dd km}ln;s]sf] 5. /fhwfgldf x'g] clwsf+z ;fëllts sg;6{x df of] ;d"xnfo{ b]vg, ;'Gg kfog5. kl5nnf] ;dodf /fhwfgl / aflx/sf ag]kf, kf]v/f, w/fg, a'6jn, gf/fo0fu9 cflb :yfgx sf ;fëllts ;df/f]xdf ;d]t Pd6L **$* Aof08sf] dfu lgss} a9]sf] 5. :6]h zf] sf nflu xfn;dd kf]v/f dfq} ( k6s k'lu;s]sf] of] ;d"x oxl r}t dlxgfdf lgdf?daf, ;ljg /fo{ h:tf rlr{t kk ufosx sf ;fy ;'v]{t, g]kfnu~h, wgu9ldf cfˆgf] ;fëllts k :t'lt lnp/ hfg] tof/ldf 5. ldzg k};f gfds g]kfnl rnlrqsf] of] ;+;f/=== af]nsf] ult klg oxl Aof08n] tof/ u/]sf] 5. clxn] pglx xktfsf] ^ lbgù laxfg ( ah]b]lv $ ah];dd lzifssf kdf Jo:t /xg5g\. To;kl5 ;ff * ah];dd ljbfnoxftfleq}sf] Pp6f sf]7fdf Aof08sf ultsf] ceof;df d:t x'g5g\. km0f]gb eg5g\, æ:s"nleq k;]kl5 ( b]lv $ ah];ddsf] ;dodf xfdl sf]xl klg kk Aof08sf ;b:o /xggf} FÙ Tolta]nf lzifs dfq} x'g5f}f.æ /fhwfgl / aflx/sf sg;6{x sf nflu a9]sf] dfun] pglx nfo{ Psflt/ ljbfnoaf6 5' L ldnfpg'kg] { cj:yf 5 eg] csf] {lt/ b]z ljb]zdf ;fëllts klxrfg;fu} cfly{s kmfobf klg eo/x]sf] 5. nuftf/sf] ;kmntfn] of] ;d"xsf] xf};nf a9]sf] 5. To;}n] clxn] pglx cfˆgf] goff cnadsf] tof/l klg ul//x]5g\. ljbfnosf] lzif0f / sg;6{x sf] Jo:ttfn] ubf{ goff cnad ahf/df Nofpg l9nfo epsf] pglx atfpf5g\. klxnf] cnadsf ult gktofpfbf] kdf >f]tfn]?rfpkl5 ca goff cnaddf Tof]eGbf /fd f] l;h{gf k:sg'kg]{ r'gf}tl cfkm"x ;fd' /x]sf] ljgf]b atfpf5g\. pgl eg5g\, æxfdln] Jofj;flostf ;f]r]/ cnad lgsfn]s} lypgf} F t/ rnof]ù ca of]egbf /fd f] lgsfng] r'gf}tl ylkpsf] 5. To;}n] klxn]egbf w]/} ldlxg]t ul//x]sf 5f}F.Æ ;a}hgf ldn]/ ;fd"lxs kdf zab / ;ËLt l;h{gf ug] { epsf]n] klg cfkm"x sf ult >f]tfn]?rfpsf] 7x/ pglx sf] 5. klxn] lzifs clxn]sf kk Aof08sf ;b:o ;d]t /x]sf kffr} hgf cfkm" lzifs ep/ ljbfyl{x nfo{ hfg]sf] 1fg aff8\g kfpsf]df cftd;gt'li6 ldng] u/]sf] atfpf5g\. lzif0f / ufog If]q Pscsf{df w]/} km/s /x]sf] cg'ej pglx sf] 5. ;fëllts sfo{qmdsf] d~rdf kk ult ufpfbf pk mg], lrrofpg] ol lzifsx cfˆgf] ljbfno aflx/ / leq b'o{ rl/q epsf] atfpf5g\. aflx/ ult ufpfbf cfˆg} :jtgqtf / ;ËLtsf] d:tldf 'd] klg ljbfnoleqsf] lhdd]jf/l a9l dxœjk"0f{ epsf] pglx sf] 7DofO 5. cfkm"x lzifs epsf]df uj{ ug]{ ;d"xsf km0f]gb eg5g\, æljbfyl{sf] eljio lzifssf] xftdf /x]sfn] x/]s lzifs lhdd]jf/ / pbfx/0flo agg' h?/l 5.Æ ljgf]b nfdf, lgd{n u8\tf}nf, bz{g /fo{, lzj lnda" / km0f]gb lnda" -afoffaf6_. lzifs 59

64 ;dliffm k':ts df]xg d}gfnl /fho k'g;{ +/rgfsf nflu ;Gbe{ ;fdu L p g]kfnsf slt lhnnf, uflj; jf gu/kflnsfdf s'g} Pp6f hflt ax'dtdf 5 < s'g efiff af]ng] dflg; sxff a:5g\ < o:tf k Zgsf] cflwsfl/s hjfkm kltfda/ zdf{sf] k':ts cg ofelnë b df]hføsm :Kof;n P:k]S6\; ckm PlYgl;6L Og g]kfn n] lbg5. /f Ho k'g;{ +/rgfsf] tof/ldf /x]sf] g]kfnsf nflu s'g hfthflt sxff slt dfqfdf a:5g\ < s'g efiff sxffsf slt dfg5]n] af]n5g\ < h:tf k Zgsf] hjfkmn] lgs} dxœj /fv5. o;cl3 klg o:tf k Zgsf] hjfkm vf]hg] k of; gepsf xf]ogg\. ljutsf cwoogn] /fli6«o jf lhnnf txdf kmnfgf hfthfltsf] ;ª\Vof olt 5 eg]/ atfpsf lyp. t/ ;f/f ;+/rgf km]l/g nfu]sf a]nfdf lhnnfsf] k':tsm cg ofelnë b df]hføsm :Kof;n P:k]S6\; ckm PlYgl;6L Og g]kfn, n]vsm kltfda/ zdf{ ;+:s/0f M k yd -@))*_, k sfzsm ;f];n ;fog; axfm lxdfn a's;, k[i7!!@ -!@_ l;dfgf klg km]l/g ;S5. lhnnfsf] l;dfgf km]l/pkl5 kmnfgf lhnnfdf kmnfgf hfthflt olt 5g\ egg] s'/f klg km]l/g ;S5. To;}n] lhnnf txsf] o:tf] tyofª\s Tolt pkof]ul x'fb}g. o;sf nflu ufpf ljsf; ;ldlt gu/kflnsfsf] txdf up/ sxff, s;sf] ax'dt 5 < sxff sf] ;a}egbf 7"nf] ;d"xsf kdf /x]sf] 5 < sxffsf, slt dflg;n] s'g efiff af]n5g\ egg] s'/f x]g{ ' h?/l x'g5. of] sfd s;sf] af;:yfg sxff <M g]kfnsf d'vo hft hfltsf] ef}uf]lns ljt/0f sf] hgu0fgfdf cfwfl/t_ afx'g 5]qL u'?ª lnda' du/ d'l:nd g]jf/ /fo{ z]kf{ tfdfª yf ofbj cgo tyofí pknaw gepsf!)) lsld 60 lzifs

65 p otf / ptfm g]kfnsf] t/fo{sf lhnnf / tl;fu} hf]l8psf ef/tlo lhnnfx sf] hg3gtj -k lt ju{lsdl_ kxf8l lhnnf t/fo{ lhnnf l5d]sl ef/tlo lhnnf ) &%!%) lsld xfn} k sflzt kltfda/ zdf{sf] k':ts cg ofelnë b df]hføsm :Kof;n P:k]S6\; ckm PlYgl;6L Og g]kfn n] u/]sf] 5. ;ft v08df ljeflht o; k':tsdf g]kfnsf hfthfltsf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld, ljlegg lhnnf / uflj; gu/kflnsfdf a;f]af; ug{] hfthfltsf] dfqf clg ToxfF af]lng] efiff, d'vo hfthfltsf] g]kfne/ ;fnsf hgu0fgfn] k :t't u/]sf] g]kfnsf] hftlo / eflifs lrq / clxn]sf] /fhgllts ;Gbe{df ol hfgsf/ln] b]vfpsf] af6f] pnn]v ul/psf 5g\. ;a}egbf klxn] n]vsn] g]kfndf dflg;sf] cfudgsf] k ;Ë p7fpsf 5g\. c ljåfg\x sf] ;xf/f lnfb} pgn] g]kfn d"n kdf pq/af6 cfpsf dëf]n / blif0f klzrdaf6 cfpsf ss]l;ofnl hfltn] ag]sf] s'/f pnn]v u/]sf 5g\. g]kfndf ss]l;ofnlx sf] cfudg klg b'o{ j6f af6f / k lqmofaf6 epsf] b]lvg5. clxn]sf g]kfnl efifl kj{tlox blif0faf6 klxn] g]kfnegbf klzrdsf] kxf8 r9]/!@cf}fb]lv!$cf}f ztfablsf] alrdf g]kfndf cfp. o;/l cfpg] qmddf pglx n] cfˆgf] ;fljssf] efiff / ;+:s[lt h:tfsf] t:t} /fvg'sf] ; f goff efiff / ;+:s[lt cg';/0f u/]. t/fo{df ;a}egbf klxn] cfpg] ss]l;ofndf clx/ kb{5g\. c:yfol ufo{uf]7 lnp/ cfpsf clx/x n] lj:tf/} ot} :yfol a:tl agfp. To;kl5 ls;fg / d';ndfgx cfp. pglx ef/taf6 kxf8 grl9sg ;f] } clxn]sf] g]kfnl e"efudf cfpsf x'g\. pglx n] laxf/ / pq/ k b]z;fusf] cfˆgf] ;f+:s[lts / eflifs ;Dks{ sfod} /fv]. o;/l ss]l;ofnlx t/fo{df cfpkl5 ToxfF pglx cfpg'egbf klxno}b]lv a;f]af; ul//x]sf yf x lj:tf/} s'gf k:b} up. o; k':tssf cg';f/ g]kfndf Ps;o y/l hfthflt b]ze/ 5l/P/ 5\of;ld; ep/ a;]sf 5g\. Pp6f ;fgf] lhnnfdf klg krf; j6f egbf a9l hfthflt a:5g\. o;/l ljlegg hfthflt 3'nldn x'g] qmd nfdf] ;dob]lv rlncfpsf] lyof] / of] qmd lg/gt/ rln/x]sf] 5. krf; jif{cl3 s'g efiff af]ng] slt k ltzt dflg; s'g e]udf a:y] / clxn] slt a:5g\ egg] tyofín] klg of] s'/fnfo{ k'li6 u5{. o; k':tsn] g]kfnl, tfdfª, lnda", /fo{ ls/fftl, du/ cflb efifl pglx sf] k'vof{}nl ynf]af6 cgoq ;b{} upsf] b]vfpsf] 5. pbfx/0fsf nflu krf; jif{cl3 ((=^ k ltzt lnda"x k"jl{ kxf8df a:y], t/ clxn] s'n lnda" efiflsf] &@ k ltzt dfq ToxfF a:5g\. affsl cgoq 5l/Psf 5g\. d}lynl efifl o;sf ckjfb x'g\. pglx k"jl{ t/fo{sf] cfˆgf] ynf]af6 r6k6fpsf 5}gg\ eg] x'g5. zdf{sf] ljzn]if0fn] s] b]vfpsf] 5 eg] hfthflt / efiffsf] ljljwtfsf b[li6n] g]kfnsf] t/fo{ ;a}egbf pj{/ / ;'b"/klzrdl kxf8 ;a}egbf ul/a If]q xf]. df]/ª ;a}egbf a9l hftlo ljljwtf epsf] lhnnf ;fnsf] hgu0fgfdf g]kfnln] (@ j6f efiff af]ny] elgpsf] 5. df]/ªdf ;a}egbf a9l () j6f efiff af]lngy] eg] sfnlsf]6df ;a}egbf sd gf} j6f efiff af]lngy]. lzifs 61

66 F ;dliffm k':ts k':tsn] b]vfpsf] csf{] kf6f] cg';f/ g]kfn cnk;ª\vosx sf] b]z xf]. oxffsf!* j6f hflt dfq} b]zsf] s'n hg;ª\vofsf] Ps k ltztegbf a9l ;ª\Vofdf 5g\.!( j6f hfltsf] hg;ª\vof t kffr xhf/ egbf sd 5. oxff s;}sf] ax'dt 5}g. l;/xfsf] afw/dn uflj; o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf]. o; uflj;df If]qL ;a}egbf 7"nf] ;d"xsf kdf /x]sf] 5. t/ ToxfF If]qLsf] hg;ª\vof To; uflj;sf] s'n hg;ª\vofsf]!) k ltzt klg 5}g. g]kfnsf yf]/} dfq uflj; gu/kflnsfdf s'g} Ps hfthfltsf] ax'dt 5. If]qL #*& uflj;df, du/!&% uflj;df, tfdfª!%( uflj;df, yf!)^ uflj;df / afx'g!)@ uflj;df ax'dtdf 5g\. hg;ª\vofsf] kl5nnf] lj:tf/ / ljt/0fn] a;fof;/fosf] cfd zdf{n] k Zg u/]sf 5g\ g]kfndf hftlotfsf cfwf/df ;+3Lo zf;g x'g ;S5 < hjfkm pg}n] lbpsf 5g\ s'g} Pp6f hflt a9l epsf] ef}uf]lns k b]z agg ;S5. t/ To; k b]zdf s'g} klg hfthfltsf] ax'dt eg] x' Fb}g. t;y{ g]kfndf agg] ;+3Lo OsfO ax'hftlo / ax'eflifs x'g5, x'g5. k j[lqnfo{ k i6 kf5{. sf7df8f}f pktosfnfo{ ckjfb dfgg] xf] eg] g]kfndf k fom pq/af6 blif0flt/ a;fof;/fo epsf] 5. t/fo{sf ^ j6f lhnnf lrtjg, fkf, bfª, s~rgk'/, gjnk/f;l / df]/ªdf kj{tlo lxdfnl d"nsf dflg;sf] ax'dt 5. ;dfh j}1flgsx n] t/fo{nfo{ hg;ª\vof tfgg] r'dassf kdf k :t't u/]sf 5g\. k ]m8l/s u]ohn]!(&% df ;Ldfkfl/ ef/tsf lhnnfsf] t'ngfdf g]kfnsf t/fo{sf lhnnfsf] hg3gtj Psbd} sd epsf] b]vfpsf lyp. clxn] zdf{n] u/]sf] t'ngfdf klg o:t} lrq b]lvpsf] 5. blif0faf6 pq/lt/ ;fx } yf]/} dfq a;fof;/fo epsf] 5. To;}n], kxf8df dw]zl d"nsf dflg;sf] :yfol pkl:ylt ctogt sd 5. dw]zlx sf] pkl:ylt epsf lhnnfx df pbok'/ -s'n hg;ª\vofsf]!!=$ k ltzt_, a}t8l -^=^ k ltzt_, ;'v{]t -^=^ k ltzt_ / sf7df8f} -%=% k ltzt_ kb{5g\. o;/l a;fof;/fon] oxffsf ljlegg hfltnfo{ 5\of;ld; kf/]sf] ep klg c } klg lglzrt 7fpF lglzrt hfltsf] xf] egg ;lsg5 egg] s'/f o; k':tsn] b]vfpsf] 5. pbfx/0fsf nflu afun'ª klzrdsf!& j6f kxf8l lhnnfnfo{ If]qL k b]z egg ;lsg5 lsgeg] oxff If]qLsf] hg;ª\vof c sf] egbf a9l 5. afx'g dwo g]kfn -?kgb]xl, c3f{vffrl, u'ndl, kj{t, :ofª\hf / sf:sl_ / k"jl{ g]kfn - fkf / df]/ª_ sf b'o{ j6f If]qdf hg;ª\vofsf b[li6n] ;a}egbf alnof] 5. o:t}u/l, du/ DofUbL, afun'ª, /f]nkf / Ko'7fgsf] Pp6f If]q / tgx'f, gjnk/f;l / kfnkfsf] csf{] If]qdf 7"nf] hfltsf kdf /x]sf] 5. sf7df8f}fnfo{ 3]/f xfn]/ a;]sf sfe ], l;gw'nl, dsjfgk'/, wflbª, g'jfsf]6, /;'jf / l;gw'kfnrf]sdf tfdfª hflt ;a}egbf 7"nf] xf]. ;Kt/Lb]lv ;nf{xl;ddsf kffr j6f lhnnfdf ofbj ;a}egbf a9l hg;ª\vof epsf] hflt xf]. zdf{sf] of] k':tssf] ljzn]if0f ;fnsf] hgu0fgfdf cfwfl/t 5 h;nfo{ w]/}n] ck"0f{ / ;a}y/lsf] ;xeflutf gepsf] egl cfnf]rgf ug]{ u/]sf 5g\. g]kfnsf clxn];ddsf hgu0fgfsf] ;d:of s] xf] eg] oxff ul/psf hfthflt / efiff;dagwl jul{s/0f j}1flgs 5}gg\. eflifs / dfgjzf:qlo ;j{ ]If0f gepsfn] o;f] x'g' :jfefljs xf]. To;dfly dfcf]jfbln]!@ j6f lhnnfsf (%& j6f jf8{x df hgu0fgf ug{ lbpsf lypgg\. Tolt x'fbfx'fb} klg ol tyofín] g]kfnsf] ;du cj:yf NsfPsf 5g\. zdf{n] eg]sf 5g\ tyofín] s'g hfthflt s'g If]qdf a:5 egg] ljifodf cfd dflg;sf] h:tf] wf/0ff lyof] To:t} lrq k :t't u/]sf] 5. ef}uf]lns kn] fkfb]lv s~rgk'/;ddsf] ;dy/ e"efu cljlr5gg kdf km}lnpsf] 5}g. o;nfo{ lrtjg / bfª pktosfn] 6'qm\ofPsf 5g\. o;n] ubf{ ef}uf]lns kn] t/fo{ lrtjgegbf k"j{ cyf{t\ fkfb]lv k;f{;ddsf] Ps v08, lrtjg / bfª alrsf tlg j6f lhnnfsf] Ps v08 / bfª klzrdsf affs], alb{of, s}nfnl, s~rgk'/ Ps v08 x'g\. eflifs kn] klg t/fo{ cnu cnu 5. oxff rf/ j6f k d'v efiff af]lng5g\ d}lynl, ef]hk'/l, cjwl / yf. cfˆgf] cwoog lgrf]8 zdf{n] cf7 j6f lrq j6f tflnsfdfkm{t k :t't u/]sf 5g\. c e"uf]nljb\n] h:t} pgn] klg w]/} cyf{t\ $# j6f /lëg gs;f lbpsf 5g\. pgn] e"ldsfdf eg]sf 5g\ Pp6f gs;fn] Ps} nsdf w]/} k]hdf 5l/Psf cif/n] egbf a9l s'/f atfpg ;S5. k':tssf] cgtodf zdf{n] k Zg u/]sf 5g\ g]kfndf hftlotfsf cfwf/df ;+3Lo zf;g x'g ;S5 < hjfkm pg}n] lbpsf 5g\ s'g} Pp6f hflt a9l epsf] ef}uf]lns k b]z agg ;S5. t/ To; k b]zdf s'g} klg hfthfltsf] ax'dt eg] x'fb}g. ToxfF /x]sf] ;a}egbf 7"nf] hfthflt klg cnkdtdf x'g5. t;y{ g]kfndf agg] ;+3Lo OsfO ax'hftlo / ax'eflifs x'g5, x'g5. zdf{sf] k':ts jt{dfg g]kfnsf] k'g;{ +/rgf / ;du g]kfnsf af/]df hfgg rfxg] hf] sf]xln] klg gk9l gx'g] k':ts xf]. To;}n] xf]nf, o;sf] g]kfnl ;+:s/0f klg rff8} g} ahf/df Nofpg nfu]sf] s'/f k sfzsn] atfpsf 5g\. 62 lzifs

67 Pp6f k ]/s clen]v hf]g p8n] ;'ljwf;dkgg 7fpFdf hgdg]n] :jtm lziffsf] cj;/ kfpg] / ul/a d'n'sdf hlgdg] JolQm lziff kfpg] cj;/af6} jl~rt x'g'kg] { kl/l:yltnfo{ cgofosf kdf lnpsf 5g\ / To;nfO{ km]g{sf nflu cfˆgf] cleofg cl3 a9fpsf 5g\. uf pf3/sf dflg;sf] dl7f] jrg / ; ;fgf] Jojxf/df Pp6f k/b]zlsf] dg kufng] tfut x'g5 / To;af6 Pp6f cleofgn] g} hgd lng ;S5 egg] s'/fsf] :ki6 pbfx/0f xf] d 6' l/8ú cleofg / To;sf k 0f]tfsf] cftdsyf dfoqmf];ˆ6b]lv afx'g8ff8f;dd. r/d ef}ltsjfbl klzrdl b'lgoffdf dlnnpsf] Pp6f o'js g]kfn 3'Dg] qmddf ndh'ªsf] Pp6f nhdf a;]sf a]nf gbldf 8'afP/ lao/ lr:ofpg] :yfglo afnssf] h'lqmaf6 tlg 5Ss k5{, ToxLF e]l6psf ljbfno ; f]t JolQmsf s'/fx af6 leqleq} xlnng5ù clg afx'g8ff8fsf] ljbfnosf] k':tsfno elgpsf] sf]7fdf tfnfagb afs;df /flvpsf cy{ g ay{sf lstfa b]v]/ dgdg} G5. /, ToxLFaf6 z'? x'g5 p;sf] kfgt/0fsf] k lqmof. dfoqmf];ˆ6b]lv afx'g8ff8f;dd dfoqmf];ˆ6 sdkglsf] clt cfsif{s hflu/ vffbfvffb} 5' L dgfpg g]kfn cfpsf a]nf hf]g p8df k/]sf] k efj / To;sf] kl/0ffd / k ltkmnx sf] clen]v xf]. k]zfut ;kmntfsf] dflynnf] v'6\lsnfdf /x]sf JolQmn] Pp6f lgtfgt gf}nf] / ;kmntfsf] 6'Ëf] gepsf] sfddf xfdkmfnbfsf hl6n / dd{:kzl{ cg'ejx ;FuflnPsf] of] lstfa ctogt k efjf]tkfbs 5. cfˆg} b'lgoffdf dugd:t dflg;x nfo{ c sf nflu klg s]xl ug{ 'k5{ eg]/ S Sofpg] ;fdyo{ klg 5 o; lstfadf. w]/} u}/;/sf/l ;+:yf -u};;_ / ltgsf] lqmofsnfksf sf/0f u};; cfgbf]ngk lt g} ;dfhdf gsf/ftds wf/0ff a9\b} upsf a]nf p8sf] lstfan] u}/;/sf/l ;+:yfx k lt ljzjf; a9fpg] sfd klg u/]sf] 5. lstfa k9\bf hf]g p8n] klzrdf hutdf g]kfnsf] ul/al a]r]sf] b]lvfb}g. pgn] ;'ljwf;dkgg 7fpFdf hgdg]n] :jtm lziffsf] cj;/ kfpg] / ul/a d'n'sdf hlgdg] JolQm lziff kfpg] cj;/af6} jl~rt x'g'kg] { kl/l:yltnfo{ cgofosf kdf lnpsf 5g\ / To;nfO{ km]g{sf nflu cfˆgf] cleofg cl3 a9fpsf 5g\. afnaflnsfnfo{ lziff lbg] cleofgdf nfubf pgn] cfˆgl k ]ldsf u'dfp, ;'vr}g, ;DklQ / c w]/} s'/f u'dfp. t/ pgsf nflu o; qmddf u'dfpsf w]/} s'/fegbf kfpsf] Pp6f s'/f dxœjk"0f{ 5. pgn] o; sfdaf6 ul/a b]zsf afnaflnsfsf] eljio lgdf{0fdf ;xeful x'g kfpsf]df cftd;gtf]if k fkt u/]sf 5g\ / ToxL cftd;gtf]ifsf nflu clxn] lg/gt/ nflu/x]sf 5g\. pgn] klzrdf ef}ltsjfbl ;+;f/sf dflg;x nfo{ kl/rflnt ug{ ;Sof] eg] ul/a d'n'sdf w]/} yf]s ug{ ;lsg5 egg] ;Gb]z klg lbpsf 5g\. log} sf/0fx n] of] dfoqmf];ˆ6b]lv afx'g8ff8f;dd k7glo / dgglo lstfa ag]sf] 5. ca clnslt o;sf] g]kfnl ;+:s/0f / cg'jfbdf v6\lspsf s'/f u/f}f. ;a}egbf klxnf] s'/f t of] s'g k':tssf] cg'jfb xf] egg] g} kf7sn] yfxf kfpg ;Sb}gg\, cyf{t\ o;df d"n k':tssf] gfd st} pnn]v 5}g. s'g} klg ;fdu Lsf] cg'jfb ubf{ cg'jfbs d"n efiff / cg"lbt efiff;fu k"0f{ kl/lrt x'g'k5{. o:tf s'/fdf cg'jfbs r's]sf b]lvg5g\. #%)?k}off bfd lt/]sf] lstfadf s'g} ;:tf] pkgof;sf h:tf q'l6x kfpfbf kf7ssf] dg b'v5, o;n] cfkm" x]lkpsf] 7fG5. Pp6f pbfx/0f xf], klqsfdf uf]nlú. æ;fgf] cf]df/;fu tlgj6f klqsf lnpsf sfnflzgsf]e 5g\. x/]s klqsfdf al; j6f uf]nl 5g\Æ -kfgf!^@_. of] x]nr]qm\ofof / q'l6sf] k/fsfi7f xf]. pgn] cg'jfb ug{ vf]h]sf] rflxf æ;fgf] cf]df/;fu Ps] $& /fokmnsf tlg j6f Dofulhg 5g\. x/]s Dofulhgdf al; j6f uf]nl 5g\Æ egg] x'g'k5{. cg'jfbdf /x]sf o:tf q'l6sf sf/0f sltko 7fpFdf n]vsn] o;f] egg vf]h]sf] lyof] xf]nf eg]/ cg'dfg g} ug{'kg]{ cj:yf cfpf5. hah{:tl ul/psf zab lgdf{0f, h:tf] 6«fen Ph]G6nfO{ -xf]nf_ ofqf ;DaGwL bnfnú / df]6/;fosnsf] 9f8df a;]/ ul/g] e d0fú -kfgf!$$_ h:tf e2f zflabs cg'jfbsf pbfx/0f cg]sg 5g\. lstfadf k 'kmsf untl klg y'k } 5g\, Pp6} kfgfdf Pp6} JolQmsf] gfd st} ltgf 5 / st} l6gf. olt udel/ k':tssf] cg'jfb epkl5 Pp6f /fd f] ;Dkfbsaf6 ;Dkfbg u/fpsf] / b'o{ rf/ hgf /fd f kf7snfo{ clgtd skl k9\g lbp/ 5fk]sf] ep d"n lstfasf] ul/df hf]lug ;SYof]. k':tsm dfoqmf];ˆ6b]lv afx'g8ff8f;dd n]vsm hf]g p8 cg'jfbsm vu]gb ;+u f}nf ;+:s/0fm bf]; f] k sfzsm kmfog lk G6, k[i7 #@) -*_ /fh]z l3ld/] lzifs 63

lxhf]sf lzifs lxhf]sf ljbfyl{ I #$ a]nfotsf :s"n lzifs ;Ddfg / cfsif{0f b'j} a9\bf]

lxhf]sf lzifs lxhf]sf ljbfyl{ I #$ a]nfotsf :sn lzifs ;Ddfg / cfsif{0f b'j} a9\bf] k yd cí cfj/0fm nlntk'/sf] kxf8l e]usf Ps lzifs. tl:a/m ls/0f kf08]. dfl;s df3 @)^$ SHIKSHAK Monthly January 2008 c;'/lift pk]lift lzifs g]kfnsf ljbfno:t/sf clwsf+z lzifsx zf/ll/s cfqmd0fsf] qf; of k]zfut

More information

k Tofe"ltsf] cfjzostf

k Tofeltsf] cfjzostf ;DkfbsLo k Tofe"ltsf] cfjzostf clwsf+z cleefjs cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ dg6]zj/ld} egf{ ug{ cft'/ 5g\. ljbfnodf egf{ ul/lbp cfˆgf] lhdd]jf/l k"/f epsf] dfgg] cleefjssf] wf/0ffdf qmdzm kl/jt{g klg cfo/x]sf]

More information

tkfo{+n] k9]sf] :s"n / k9fpg] lzifsx nfo{ ;D g'x'g5 <

tkfo{+n] k9]sf] :sn / k9fpg] lzifsx nfo{ ;D g'x'g5 < tkfo{+n] k9]sf] :s"n / k9fpg] lzifsx nfo{ ;D g'x'g5 < olb ;D g rfxg'x'g5 eg] lzifs sf] u fxs alglbg'xf];\ù xfdl k' ofolbg5f}+, pxffx kss} v'zl x'g'xf]nf Û Û tkfofsf] ;kmntf / pknawlsf] klxnf] v'6\lsnf]

More information

hg;+vof tyf jftfj/)f cg";gwfg k of]uzfnf

hg;+vof tyf jftfj/)f cg;gwfg k of]uzfnf pq/bftfsf] ;+s]tf uf]ko cg";gwfgsf] nflu dfq hg;+vof tyf jftfj/)f cg";gwfg k of]uzfnf lrtjg lrtjg pktosfsf] kfl/jf/ls cwoog 2059 *f^f OG^«Lsf] nflu cgt/jftf{ ln+bfsf] ljj/)f ljj/)f klxnf] k^s bf]>f] k^s

More information

a f08 eg]sf] k};f xf]og

a f08 eg]sf] k};f xf]og A Brief Introduction to Everest School Prominent for its academic excellence, EVEREST SCHOOL was founded in 1983 in Mibachhein, Bhaktapur in order to impart education to children of irrespective of caste,

More information

l;dlk G6;n] s] s] JolQmut 8f6f lng5, / tlgsf] k of]u s]df x'g5<

l;dlk G6;n] s] s] JolQmut 8f6f lng5, / tlgsf] k of]u s]df x'g5< l;dlk G6;n] s] s] JolQmut 8f6f lng5, / tlgsf] k of]u s]df x'g5< l;dlk G6;n] s] s] JolQmut 8f6f lng5, / tlgsf] k of]u s]df x'g5 < o; glltut b:tfa]hn] l;dlk G6;sf tl ultljlwx?sf af/]df JofVof u5{ h;af6 c;fdfgo

More information

gfglx sf] efudf hí km"8ú

gfglx sf] efudf hí km8ú dfl;s 1fg lj1fg z}lifs ;xsf/l ;+:yf lnld6]8sf nflu cwoif blks yfkf åf/f k sflzt ;Dkfbs /fh]gb bfxfn ;Nnfxsf/ ;Dkfbs s]bf/ zdf{ ;xfos ;Dkfbs ;'bz{g l3ld/] jl/i7 ;+jfbbftf afa'/fd ljzjsdf{ ;+jfbbftf k df]b

More information

k"0ff{í!( Evolution of English Imran Saifur %^ lkmndm lb /]8 a]n'gú k 1f ltldln;gf %*

k0ff{í!( Evolution of English Imran Saifur %^ lkmndm lb /]8 a]n'gú k 1f ltldln;gf %* lhk sf nk' bg+ %# )^% )^^ dfl;s jif{ @ k"0ff{í!( sflqs @)^^ Oct-Nov 2009 :s"n ;'wfg{] goff pkqmd k[i7 @^ #! ;'bz{g l3ld/] /fli6«o lziff k'/:sf/ @)^^ /fd fú n] dfq kfpgg\ l/kf]6{ @) afa'/fd ljzjsdf{ ultljlw

More information

afn ;+;f/sf s]xl k sfzgx

afn ;+;f/sf s]xl k sfzgx agr/f sf7sf t:s/x ck/fwl x'g\, hf] sf7 rf]g] { ck/fw u5{g\. pglx v sf6\5g\ / o;f] u/]/ hª\un df:g] sfd ub{5g\. hª\un dfl;of] eg] hljhgt' dfl;g5g\. k fs[lts jftfj/0f vnalng5. clg dfgj;eotfsf] hu xlnng5.

More information

;]jfyl{x?sf s]xl egfox?

;]jfyl{x?sf s]xl egfox? c+s'/ k/fdz{ s]gb sf ljlzi6 ;]jfx sf] Ps fns k m]08\; ckm lg8l lrn8«]g (Friend of Needy Children -FNC) sf] dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{ sfo{qmdcgtu{tsf] c+s'/ k/fdz{ s]gb (Ankur Counseling Center -ACC) ljut tlg

More information

;+ljwfg;ef. ;+ljwfg clen]v cwoog tyf lgsof}{n ;ldlt

;+ljwfg;ef. ;+ljwfg clen]v cwoog tyf lgsof}{n ;ldlt ;+ljwfg;ef ;+ljwfg clen]v cwoog tyf lgsof}{n ;ldlt cnk;+vos tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] xs clwsf/ ;+/If0f;ldltsf] k ltj]bgdf plnnlvt ljifodwo] ;xdltsf ljifox?sf] lgsof}{n ;DaGwL k ltj]bg, @)&! ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfjnl,

More information

jftfj/0flo clwsf/sf] nflu n8\g sfg'gsf] k of]u

jftfj/0flo clwsf/sf] nflu n8\g sfg'gsf] k of]u cg';"rl @M jftfj/0flo clwsf/sf] nflu n8\g sfg'gsf] k of]u dfgjclwsf/ / slxn]sfxlf jftfj/0flo clwsf/ -:jr5 / :j:yo jftfj/0fsf] clwsf/_ w]/} b]zsf sfg'gn] ;+/If0f u/]sf x'g5g\. o; k':tsdf dflg;x n] cfkm\gf]

More information

lvof k'5f}+, w"nf] 6S6SofpmF

lvof k'5f}+, wnf] 6S6SofpmF dfl;s jif{ $ k"0ff{í #& j}zfv @)^* Apr-May 2011 1fg lj1fg z}lifs ;xsf/l ;+:yf lnld6]8sf nflu cwoif blks yfkf åf/f k sflzt ;Dkfbs /fh]gb bfxfn ;Nnfxsf/ ;Dkfbs s]bf/ zdf{ ;xfos ;Dkfbs ;'bz{g l3ld/] jl/i7

More information

k'l:tsf lgdf{0f M Boise ljbfno lhnnf, km]8/n k f]u fd;\ -;+3Lo sfo{qmd_ Boise, cfo8fxf]

k'l:tsf lgdf{0f M Boise ljbfno lhnnf, km]8/n k f]u fd;\ -;+3Lo sfo{qmd_ Boise, cfo8fxf] Final English BSD.doc Nepali tkfo{+sf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] ljbfno ;xof]ul Boise ljbfnosf nflu afa'cfdfsf] xft] lstfa k'l:tsf lgdf{0f M Boise ljbfno lhnnf, km]8/n k f]u fd;\ -;+3Lo sfo{qmd_ Boise, cfo8fxf] k sfzg

More information

jif{ % k"0ff{í %% hljg / l;sfo

jif{ % k0ff{í %% hljg / l;sfo dfl;s 1fg lj1fg z}lifs ;xsf/l ;+:yf lnld6]8sf nflu cwoif blks yfkf åf/f k sflzt ;Dkfbs /fh]gb bfxfn ;Nnfxsf/ ;Dkfbs s]bf/ zdf{ ;xfos ;Dkfbs ;'bz{g l3ld/] jl/i7 ;+jfbbftf afa'/fd ljzjsdf{ ;+jfbbftf k df]b

More information

;'rgf tyf ;~rf/ k ljlw ;]jf kx'fr of]hgf

;'rgf tyf ;~rf/ k ljlw ;]jf kx'fr of]hgf ;'rgf tyf ;~rf/ k ljlw ;]jf kx'fr of]hgf ;fgf]b'ddf dfwolds ljbfnodf cfw'lgs ;'rgf tyf ;~rf/ k ljlw ;DjlGw ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] kx'fr k' ofpgsf lgldt >L lhnnf lziff sfo{no, ef]hk'/ dfkm{t cfly{s ;xotf -hf]8

More information

;"rgfsf] xs / k ]; ljgos'df/ s;h"

;rgfsf] xs / k ]; ljgos'df/ s;h k ]; sfplg;n g]kfnåf/f ;+rflnt ldl8of ;+jfb sfo{qmd, @)^% r}q &, df k :t't ;"rgfsf] xs / k ]; ljgos'df/ s;h" ;"rgfsf] xs dflg;sf] df}lns clwsf/ ;g\!($^ df ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3n] cfkm\gf] k f/ldes cj:yfdf Pp6f

More information

cleefjs ;lqmo ep ;lk G5 :s"n /f]rs ax; cltlysf] ctofrf/ jif{ # lzifs / nf7l Û Jun Jul 2010 :tde

cleefjs ;lqmo ep ;lk G5 :sn /f]rs ax; cltlysf] ctofrf/  jif{ # lzifs / nf7l Û Jun Jul 2010 :tde lhk sf nk' bg+ %# )^% )^^ dfl;s jif{ # k"0ff{í @& c;f/ @)^& Jun Jul 2010 cleefjs ;lqmo ep ;lk G5 :s"n cfj/0fm /ljg ;fo\ld ljbfno ;'wf/ of]hgf b]vfpfb} wflbª, d'/nle~hofªl:yt d]nldnfk s+sfnl k fljsf Joj:yfkg

More information

s[lif cj{df ^ cj{ lk mh

s[lif cj{df ^ cj{ lk mh x/]s If0f x/] s lbg dfq s[lif ;dfrf/sf] nflu www.krishionline.com g]kfnsf] klxnf] Nepal's First Agriculture Weekly jif{ ^ cí! @)&$ s[lifsf] nufgl kf/bzl{ agfcf}+, ;fpg ( ut] ;f]daf/ July 24, 2017 k/dk/fut

More information

xfd f] af/]df ;]Sof]/ nfoenlx'8 l/;r{ sg;f]l6{od cf]e/l;h l8enkd]g6 ANofslk mo;{ /f]8, ng8g SE1 8NJ, la 6]g

xfd f] af/]df ;]Sof]/ nfoenlx'8 l/;r{ sg;f]l6{od cf]e/l;h l8enkd]g6 ANofslk mo;{ /f]8, ng8g SE1 8NJ, la 6]g xfd f] af/]df ;'/lift hlljsf]kfh{g cg';gwfg ;+sfo -P;Pncf/;L_ sf] p2]zo eg]sf] ågå k efljt cj:yfdf cfdhgtfn] s;/l cfkm\gf] hljg lgjf{x, ;Gtfgsf] lziff, :jf:yo ;DaGwdf Vofn u/]sf lyp / pglx df cgo cfwf/e"t

More information

lu g xfp;df wfgsf] Aof8

lu g xfp;df wfgsf] Aof8 ls;fg g]kfn s[lif sdkglsf] dfl;s klqsf ls;fg ;Gb]z complimentary copy jif{ # c+s!@, cfiff9!%, @)&@ [30 June 2015] lu g xfp;df wfgsf] Aof8 w w w. n e p a l k r i s h i. c o m 5fgf xfn]/ To;leq uf]ne] +8f

More information

g]kfn art tyf C0f s]gb Lo ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= NEPAL FEDERATION OF SAVINGS & CREDIT CO-OPERATIVE UNIONS LTD. NEFSCUN

g]kfn art tyf C0f s]gb Lo ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= NEPAL FEDERATION OF SAVINGS & CREDIT CO-OPERATIVE UNIONS LTD. NEFSCUN g]km\:s"g :dfl/sf g]km\:s"g :dfl/sf NEFSCUN SMARIKA 2018 g]kfn art tyf C0f s]gb Lo ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= NEPAL FEDERATION OF SAVINGS & CREDIT CO-OPERATIVE UNIONS LTD. NEFSCUN s]gb Lo sfof{nom goff afg]zj/, sf7df8f}+

More information

;Dkbf Joj:yfkgsf] ^) jif{

;Dkbf Joj:yfkgsf] ^) jif{ Baha Occasional Papers 7 g]kfnl /fho / u}/ /fhosf] cu ;/tf /d]z /fo{ Baha Occasional Papers 7 g]kfnl /fho / u}/ /fhosf] cu ;/tf /d]z /fo{ Occasional Papers Series editor: Deepak Thapa /d]z /fo{, @)!%

More information

ADDCN ;fnsf] z'e lbkfjnl, g]kfn ;Dat\ tyf 57 kj{sf] xflb{s d+undo z'esfdgf. pmhf{ nufgl kmf]/dsf] a}7s ;DkGg

ADDCN ;fnsf] z'e lbkfjnl, g]kfn ;Dat\ tyf 57 kj{sf] xflb{s d+undo z'esfdgf. pmhf{ nufgl kmf]/dsf] a}7s ;DkGg \\ ADDCN a'n]l6g Association of District Development Committees of Nepal lhnnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfn Vol. 1 [Issue - 4] -lhnnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] dfl;s O{ a'n]l6g_ 2011 Sept/October. {2068

More information

g]kfn art tyf C0f s]gb Lo ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= NEPAL FEDERATION OF SAVINGS & CREDIT CO-OPERATIVE UNIONS LTD. NEFSCUN

g]kfn art tyf C0f s]gb Lo ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= NEPAL FEDERATION OF SAVINGS & CREDIT CO-OPERATIVE UNIONS LTD. NEFSCUN g]km\:s"g :dfl/sf g]km\:s"g :dfl/sf NEFSCUN SMARIKA 2018 g]kfn art tyf C0f s]gb Lo ;xsf/l ;+3 ln= NEPAL FEDERATION OF SAVINGS & CREDIT CO-OPERATIVE UNIONS LTD. NEFSCUN s]gb Lo sfof{nom goff afg]zj/, sf7df8f}+

More information

;Dkfbs Editor >L lbjfs/ s]=;l= Mr. Deewakar K.C. >L eldaxfb/ kgy Mr. Bhim Bahadur Pantha

;Dkfbs Editor >L lbjfs/ s]=;l= Mr. Deewakar K.C. >L eldaxfb/ kgy Mr. Bhim Bahadur Pantha k sfzg ;Nnfxsf/ d08n / Publication Advisory Board k d'v ;Nnfxsf/ Chief Advisor >L lszf]/ s'df/ nfdf Mr. Kishor Kumar Lama cwoif Chairperson ;Nnfxsf/ Advisor >L af;'b]j anl Mr. Basudev Oli lgat{dfg cwoif

More information

The Voice of Madhesh. xfdln] g]skf;fu tlg bzsb]lv dw]z d'2f af]s]/ dw]zs]lgb t. xfdl ;dfof]hgsf lgs} rf;f]sf ;fy x]l/psf] 5.

The Voice of Madhesh. xfdln] g]skf;fu tlg bzsb]lv dw]z d'2f af]s]/ dw]zs]lgb t. xfdl ;dfof]hgsf lgs} rf;f]sf ;fy x]l/psf] 5. jif M!$, cs M #%, sf7df8f}, 21 December 2018, Friday k[i7 M *, d"no M!) /fli6«o Pstf, /fli6«otf / dw]zjfbk lt ;dlkt www.madheshvani.com /fli6«o ;fktflxs zltnx/n] hghljg si6s/ l;/xf. df};ddf cfpsf] kl/jtg

More information

cdfs{ ;Gb]z ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x sf] cfjfh cdfs{ cdfs{ cdfs{ Plzof k zfgt cwoif Eff/tbQ sf]o/fnfsf] ;fd'bflos :yfglo /]l8of]m ; 6sfnb]lv clxn];ddsf emns

cdfs{ ;Gb]z ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x sf] cfjfh cdfs{ cdfs{ cdfs{ Plzof k zfgt cwoif Eff/tbQ sf]o/fnfsf] ;fd'bflos :yfglo /]l8of]m ; 6sfnb]lv clxn];ddsf emns jif{! cí! h]7 @)^@ ;fd'bflos :yfglo /]l8of]m ; 6sfnb]lv clxn];ddsf emns Plzof k zfgt cwoif Eff/tbQ sf]o/fnfsf] ;Gb]z df3!(, @)^! zfxl 3f]if0ff x'fbfx'fb} PkmPd k ;f/0f ;+:yfx df ;z:q ;]gfsf] k j]z / dgf]/ghg

More information

d]/f] /]8qm; syf ;Nnfxsf/ ;~hlj yfkf b]j/tg wfvjf nlnt h+u zfxl d's'gbaxfb'/ k wfg OGb axfb'/ s]=;l=

d]/f] /]8qm; syf ;Nnfxsf/ ;~hlj yfkf b]j/tg wfvjf nlnt h+u zfxl d's'gbaxfb'/ k wfg OGb axfb'/ s]=;l= d]/f] /]8qm; syf ;Nnfxsf/ ;~hlj yfkf b]j/tg wfvjf nlnt h+u zfxl d's'gbaxfb'/ k wfg OGb axfb'/ s]=;l= ;Dkfbg k'ik/fh kf}8]n lji0f'xl/ b]jsf]6f lbjo/fh kf}8]n ;+sng ;Dkfbg ;xof]ul g/]gb >]i7 k'ikf vgfn Zofdxl/

More information

cflbjf;l hghflt cfgbf]ngdf /fho ;+ogqúsf] ;Gbe{

cflbjf;l hghflt cfgbf]ngdf /fho ;+ogqúsf] ;Gbe{ gllt 5nkmn kq - @/@)!# cflbjf;l hghflt cfgbf]ngdf /fho ;+ogqúsf] ;Gbe{ /d]z /fo{ PnfoG; km/ ;f];n 8fonu gllt cwoog km]nf]l;k @)!# l8;]da/ @)!# www.asd.org.np s[t1tf gllt;dagwl cg';gwfg d]/f nflu ljns'n

More information

Plk; ;]/fgfsf] ;fdfgo kl/ro

Plk; ;]/fgfsf] ;fdfgo kl/ro cwofo! Plk; ;]/fgfsf] ;fdfgo kl/ro (General Introduction to Apis cerana) Plk; ;]/fgfsf] dxtj Plk; ;]/fgf Pl;of dxfb]zdf dfq} kfog] epsf]n] o;nfo{ Pl;ofnL 3f/df}/L klg egg] ul/g5. of] df}/l g]kfnsf] k fs[lts

More information

g]kfn ef]s]zgn Ps]8]dL

g]kfn ef]s]zgn Ps]8]dL d=if]=x'=lg= b=g+=m!# )&# &$ CTEVT af6 ;DaGwg k fkt /ljgb k'/l kmfpg8];gåf/f ;+rflnt o; g]kfn ef]s]zgn Ps]8]dLdf! jif{sf] tflndkl5 Go'gtd dfl;s?!@,))) kfpg] Jofj;flos tflnddf lgmz'ns egf{ v'nof]. ljifox?

More information

lzifssf nflu c;n ceof;: siffsf]7fdf ljb\ofyl{x?sf] Jojxf/ s'zn l;k ljsf; lj mofsnfk

lzifssf nflu c;n ceof;: siffsf]7fdf ljb\ofyl{x?sf] Jojxf/ s'zn l;k ljsf; lj mofsnfk lzifssf nflu c;n ceof;: siffsf]7fdf ljb\ofyl{x?sf] Jojxf/ s'zn l;k ljsf; lj mofsnfk 1 != kl/ro @= kf7\oj mddf Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx? g]kfnl ljb\ofyl{x?sf] nflu s] s:tf] Jojxf/ s'zn l;kx? cfjzos 5g\< ljb\ofyl{x?nfo{

More information

e"sdkaf6 Àg ;Sg] hg wgsf] Iflt Go"lgs/0fsf nflu hfgsf/l k'l:tsf

esdkaf6 Àg ;Sg] hg wgsf] Iflt Golgs/0fsf nflu hfgsf/l k'l:tsf e"sdkaf6 Àg ;Sg] hg wgsf] Iflt Go"lgs/0fsf nflu hfgsf/l k'l:tsf The JICA Project for Assessment of Earthquake Disaster Risk for the Kathmandu Valley k f/de g]kfndf cfpsf] lj=;+= @)&@, a}zfv!@ ut]sf] ljgfzsf/l

More information

;+jfxs. Sambahak. dfgj clwsf/ klqsf. jif{ # cí *

;+jfxs. Sambahak. dfgj clwsf/ klqsf. jif{ # cí * lh=k =sf=n=k'=b=g+= #@* D.A.O. Lalitpur: R.N. 328 ;+jfxs Sambahak dfgj clwsf/ klqsf Human Rights Journal jif{ # h]7 @)&% cí * Year 3 June 2018 Vol. 8 cfof]usf kbflwsf/lx? cwoif, dfgglo cg"k /fh zdf{ ;b:o,

More information

:jb]zdf k jf;l sfdbf/sf] Gofodf kx'fr M g]kfn

:jb]zdf k jf;l sfdbf/sf] Gofodf kx'fr M g]kfn k jf;l sfdbf/sf] Gofodf kx'fr ljifos >[+vnf :jb]zdf k jf;l sfdbf/sf] Gofodf kx'fr M g]kfn ;f/f kfcf]n] L. Pn]gf]/ 6]n/ lgsn;g. algbtf l;hfktl. al:;gf kmfa{]gand :jb]zdf k jf;l sfdbf/sf] Gofodf kx'fr M

More information

tlg aiflo{ /0fg}lts of]hgf &)_

tlg aiflo{ /0fg}lts of]hgf  &)_ lhnnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] tlg aiflo{ /0fg}lts of]hgf -cf=j= @)^^ ^& @)^( &)_ tof/ ug]{ lhnnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfn ;fg]kf, nlntk'/ g]kfn lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn k]h 1 b:tfj]h lhnnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3sf]

More information

;fktflxs. xxx/bcijzboxfflmz/dpn

;fktflxs. xxx/bcijzboxfflmz/dpn ABHIYAN WEEKLY xxx/bcijzboxfflmz/dpn abhiyan.weekly@yahoo.com jif{ M #$ c+s M @# @)&# df3 & ut] z'qmaf/ 20 Jan., 2016 d"no =!) ;f+;bsf] d"no % s/f]8 < sf7df8f} +. h;/l klg ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg k :tfj kfl/t

More information

lbuf] s[lif / g]kfnsf] efjl s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt

lbuf] s[lif / g]kfnsf] efjl s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt lbuf] s[lif / g]kfnsf] efjl s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt ;}4flGts k[i7e"ld ælbuf]æ zabn] gnqlosg cljrlnt kdf lg/gt/ cufl8 al9/xg] cl:ttjsf] ljz]if0f hgfpf5. of] cfkm} +df cl:ttj gep/ s;}sf] u'0f jf sfo{ut Ifdtf;Fu

More information

cfdx8\tfn;ddsf ;+3if{sf sfo{qmd ;fj{hlgs

cfdx8\tfn;ddsf ;+3if{sf sfo{qmd ;fj{hlgs Bargadristi Weekly 8an g]skf kl/tofu @)&% u/l d+l;/ qmflgtsf/l @$ ut] dfcf]jfbldf ;f]daf/ k j]z Bargadristi Weekly k"0ff{ª\s!@@ Monday, Dec. 10, 2018 k[i7 * d"no?=!). cfdx8\tfn;ddsf ;+3if{sf sfo{qmd ;fj{hlgs

More information

o]z" v Li6sf] syf David C Cook

o]z v Li6sf] syf David C Cook o]z" v Li6sf] syf of] o]z" v Li6sf] ;ffrf] syf xf]. o]z" dflg; x'g'x'gyof], t/ dflg;egbf klg dxfg\ x'g'x'gyof]. pxff k/d]zj/sf Psdfq k'q x'g'x'g5. xf], pxff zlsqzfnl x'g'x'gyof]. atf; All / ;d'b n] Rights

More information

hfgsf/l kq If]qut lgodgstf{sf] e"ldsf BRIEFING PAPER :jr5 k lt:kwf{sf] k j4{gdf c+s

hfgsf/l kq If]qut lgodgstf{sf] eldsf BRIEFING PAPER :jr5 k lt:kwf{sf] k j4{gdf c+s :jr5 k lt:kwf{sf] k j4{gdf If]qut stf{sf] e"ldsf cfly{s lqmofsnfkx df /fhosf] ;+UnUgtfnfO{ sd u/l lghl If]qsf] ;xeflutf qmdzm j[l4 u/fo{ cy{ {tgqnfo{ ahf/df cfwfl/t agfpg] gllt k fozm ljzjsf ;a} /fi6«n]

More information

bfhl{lnªdf g]kfnl hflt / hghftlo lrgf/lsf gof c*fgx

bfhl{lnªdf g]kfnl hflt / hghftlo lrgf/lsf gof c*fgx bfhl{lnªdf g]kfnl hflt / hghftlo lrgf/lsf gof c*fgx s'df/ k wfg ;f];n ;fog; axfmåf/f 18 cu:6 2004 df sdnkf]v/ll:yt ;L ;f+:s[lts s]gb, sf7df8f} Fdf cfof]lht ;efdf 8f= s'df/ k wfgåf/f lbopsf] JofVofgsf]

More information

ls;fg 7Ug] k fëfl/s dn ;fx' k zf;gsf] kmgbfdf ;dfrf/ k efj g]kfnsf] klxnf]

ls;fg 7Ug] k fëfl/s dn ;fx' k zf;gsf] kmgbfdf ;dfrf/ k efj g]kfnsf] klxnf] x/]s If0f x/]s lbg dfq s[lif ;dfrf/sf] nflu www.krishionline.com g]kfnsf] klxnf] Nepal's First Agriculture Weekly jif{ ^ cí!@ @)&$ c;f]h #) ut] ;f]daf/ October 16, 2017 d"no?=!) s[lifsf] nufgl kf/bzl{

More information

/fhkfåf/f dw];nfo{ wf]sf

/fhkfåf/f dw];nfo{ wf]sf ABHIYAN WEEKLY xxx/bcijzboxfflmz/dpn abhiyan.weekly@yahoo.com jif{ M #$ c+s M $% 30 June, 2017 d"no =!) ;'j]bl d'vo /lhi6f/ sf7df8f}+. g]kfnsf] Oltxf;d} Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf] s]xl lbg klxnf a;]sf] a}7sn]

More information

a'n]l6g dfgl;s :jf:yo tyf k/fdz{ s]gb g]kfnsf] jflif{s a'n]l6g jif{!%

a'n]l6g dfgl;s :jf:yo tyf k/fdz{ s]gb g]kfnsf] jflif{s a'n]l6g jif{!% a'n]l6g dfgl;s :jf:yo tyf k/fdz{ s]gb g]kfnsf] jflif{s a'n]l6g jif{!% c+s @$ d] @)!& 2 PSn} a:g?rfpg], dg cflqo/xg], sfd ug{ hffu/ gnfug], c?sf] s'/f ;'Gb}df emsf]{ nfug], lgb f gkg]{ jf af/daf/ cftdxtofsf]

More information

kf7s / u fxssf] ;'ljwfsf] nflu ;fktflxs j]j;fo8df klg

kf7s / u fxssf] ;'ljwfsf] nflu ;fktflxs j]j;fo8df klg cleofg @)&# c;f/!) ut] z'qmaf/ ;fktflxs kf7s / u fxssf] ;'ljwfsf] nflu ;fktflxs j]j;fo8df klg www.abhiyanweekly.com ABHIYAN WEEKLY Email: abhiyan.weekly@yahoo.com ;fktflxs af6f] v'nof] lgo'lqmsf] sf7df8f}

More information

o;aif{ rf/;o d]l6«s 6g dfq ;'Gtnf laqml

o;aif{ rf/;o d]l6«s 6g dfq ;'Gtnf laqml { x/]s If0f x/]s lbg dfq s[lif ;dfrf/sf] nflu www.krishionline.com g]kfnsf] klxnf] Nepal's First Agriculture Weekly jif{ ^ cí @# @)&$ k';!& ut] ;f]daf/ January 1, 2018 d"no?=!) s[lifsf] nufgl kf/bzl{ agfcf}+,

More information

;+;bsf kf r 7"nf bn j}zfv #! d} lgjf{rg u/fpg ;xdt

;+;bsf kf r 7nf bn j}zfv #! d} lgjf{rg u/fpg ;xdt ABHIYAN WEEKLY xxx/bcijzboxfflmz/dpn abhiyan.weekly@yahoo.com jif{ M #$ c+s M #% @)&$ j}zfv * ut] z'qmaf/ 21 Apr., 2017 d"no =!) lgjf{rg ;fg]{ s+fu ];sf] v]n sf7df8f}. :yfglo txsf] lgjf{rg cfpg ca @@ lbgdfq

More information

cgt/f{li6«o PsLs[t kj{tlo ljsf; s]gb

cgt/f{li6«o PsLs[t kj{tlo ljsf; s]gb Ol;df]8 af/] cgt/f{li6«o PsLs[t kj{tlo ljsf; s]gb (ICIMOD) cgt/f{li6«o PsLs[t kj{tlo ljsf; s]gb (ICIMOD) Ps :jtgq kj{tlo cwoog tyf 1fgsf] s]gb xf]. o; ;+:yfn] lxgb" s'z lxdfno If]qsf cf7 /fi6«x -ckmuflg:tfg,

More information

ljkb\df Ho]i7 gful/ssf] dxtj

ljkb\df Ho]i7 gful/ssf] dxtj ;DkfbsLo = = = ;Nnfxsf/ M /fh]gb bfxfn hlj/fd e08f/l ;Dkfbs k sfzs M s[i0fd'/fl/ uf}td -r6\ofª df:6/_ ;x ;Dkfbs M k sfz uf}td ;Dkfbg ;ldlt M e"ldbq kf}8]n dfl0fs /Tg zfso ;fljqf zdf{ Joj:yfks M ;~h' yfkf

More information

a'4jrgfd[t dqf ;'vkl/rrfuf k:;] r] ljk'n+ ;'v+. rh] dqf ;'v+ wl/f] ;Dk:;+ ljk'n+ ;'v+.. jflif{s =!%) Psk lt jflif{s u fxs agl ;xof]u u/f} +.

a'4jrgfd[t dqf ;'vkl/rrfuf k:;] r] ljk'n+ ;'v+. rh] dqf ;'v+ wl/f] ;Dk:;+ ljk'n+ ;'v+.. jflif{s =!%) Psk lt jflif{s u fxs agl ;xof]u u/f} +. @)&$ - Nx'lt k'lgx r}qk"l0f{df_ jif{ $% c+s!@ a'=;+= @%^! g]=;+=!!#* k d'v ;Nnfxsf/M leif' d}ql dxf:ylj/ -k d'v, cf= s'= lj=_ ;Nnfxsf/ M leif' wd{d"lt{ -sfo{jfxs k d'v, cf=s'=lj=_ ;Dkfbs k sfzg ;+of]hsm

More information

(=;~rf/ k yd dlxnf ;Dkfbs ;fwgf k wfg

(=;~rf/ k yd dlxnf ;Dkfbs ;fwgf k wfg (=;~rf/ k yd dlxnf ;Dkfbs ;fwgf k wfg g]kfnsf] kqsfl/tfsf] Oltxf;df k yd dlxnf ;Dkfbs ;fwgf k wfgsf] hgd ;g\!(*# df sf7df8f}+sf] c;gdf epsf] xf]. a'af z+s/nfn k wfg / dftf /Dafb]jL k wfgsf] h]i7 ;'k'ql

More information

ul/al lgjf/0f sf]if k/fdz{bftf M &! sf7df8f}+

ul/al lgjf/0f sf]if k/fdz{bftf M &! sf7df8f}+ ul/al lgjf/0f sf]if zx/l ul/alsf ljljw kifsf] ] cwoog tyf pko' 'Qm sfof{ {Gjog ;+ +ogqsf] ] klxrfg k/fdz{bftf M ljzjde/ Kofs' ' ofn cf]d\ \w/fggb /fhf]kfwofo cf=j= @)&) &! sf7df8f}+ 0 zx/l ul/alsf ljljw

More information

kl/toqm dw]; M lnvtåf/f s}b g]kfnl /fli6«otf

kl/toqm dw]; M lnvtåf/f s}b g]kfnl /fli6«otf kl/toqm dw]; M lnvtåf/f s}b g]kfnl /fli6«otf ef:s/ uf}td dw];;dagwl cwoog dw];l lj?4 ljutdf epsf] cgofo, pglx?sf] klxrfgdf ptkgg ;+s6, kl/toqm dw];lx sf] xsclwsf/ljxlg cj:yf, g]kfnl /fhodf pglx?sf] gu0o

More information

gful/s kqsfl/tf kqsf/ gf/fo0f sfsl{sf] 3/ -k5fl8 b]lvpsf]_ Go"/f]8 d"n ;8sdf hf]8]/ /flvpsf] sjf8l

gful/s kqsfl/tf kqsf/ gf/fo0f sfsl{sf] 3/ -k5fl8 b]lvpsf]_ Go/f]8 dn ;8sdf hf]8]/ /flvpsf] sjf8l + { cff6 tkfo{sf] ;fy xfd f] artdf jflif{s Aofhb/ ^=%)Ü sf:sl kmfogfg; lnld6]8 KASKI FINANCE LIMITED New Road, Pokhara Ph: 061-523011, 523733 Fax: 061-523699, P.B.: 244 e-mail: kafil@pinet.com.np tkfo{sf]

More information

g]kfndf e"ld /fhgllt / ågå

g]kfndf eld /fhgllt / ågå g]kfndf e"ld /fhgllt / ågå u fdl0f kfgt/0fsf oyfy{ / ;Defjgfx -g]kfnl cg'jfb_ c+u ]hl ;+:s/0f ;Dkfbg 8f= lji0f'/fh pk ]tl 8f= ;fu/ /fh zdf{ hut a:g]t g]kfnl cg'jfb ;kmn l3ld/] k sfzs cg';gwfgdf biftfsf]

More information

bf]/daf / df8l legg 36gf, ;dfg d'2f

bf]/daf / df8l legg 36gf, ;dfg d'2f M z[ª\vnf @ bf]/daf / df8l legg 36gf, ;dfg d'2f ågåsf] ;dodf epsf dfgjclwsf/ pnnª\3gsf k ltlglwd"ns 36gfsf] ;ª\lIfKt ljzn]if0f cg';gwfg n]vg sf]if/fh Gof}kfg] dfwjk ;fb uf}td ;~ho cof{n M z[ª\vnf @ bf]/daf

More information

Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vol. III (December 2014)

Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vol. III (December 2014) gf/ljfb / ltg 3'DtL pkgof;df gf/ljfbl lrgtg nidlz/0f clwsf/l!= ljifo p7fg Gff/Ljfb ;flxltos ;dfnf]rgf jt{dfg o'udf ;~rflnt To:tf] /fhg}lts cfgbf]ng xf] h;sf] p2]zo hljgsf] JofVof ug{' dfq gep/ lkt[;qfåf/f

More information

;/sf/l lgzfg 5fkd} sfnfkfgl ufoa

;/sf/l lgzfg 5fkd} sfnfkfgl ufoa qmflgtsf/l o'jf lnu @)&% @ g+= ebf} k b]zn] @% ut] a'emfof] ;f]daf/ 1fkg kq k"0ff{ª\s!!! Monday, Sept. 10, 2018 k[i7 * d"no?=!). ;/sf/l lgzfg 5fkd} sfnfkfgl ufoa ju{b[li6 ;+jfbbftf sf7df8f}+. jiff}{b]lv

More information

;+ljwfg c;kmn x'g] vt/f

;+ljwfg c;kmn x'g] vt/f «} ABHIYAN WEEKLY xxx/bcijzboxfflmz/dpn abhiyan.weekly@yahoo.com jif M #$ c+s M $# 16 June, 2017 d"no =!) eut l;+x ulh +bf xlnnof] l;+xb/jf/ emfdfly cfqmd0fsf] k of; sf7df8f}. ut cfotaf/ sfofnoaf6 cfkm\gf]

More information

sf+u ];nfo{dg gk/]kl5 rf}w/l s[lif dgql

sf+u ];nfo{dg gk/]kl5 rf}w/l s[lif dgql s[lif ;fktflxs x/]s If0f x/]s lbg dfq s[lif ;dfrf/sf] nflu www.krishionline.com @)&# ;fn ;fpg @$ ut] ;f]daf/ 1 jif % c # @)&# ;fpg @$ ut] ;f]daf/ Aug 8, 2016 d"no?=!). s[lifsf] nufgl kf/blz agfcf} +, k/dk/fut

More information

nf]stflgqs u0ftgq g]kfnsf] ;+3Lo /fhg}lts :j?k M Ps ljrf/

nf]stflgqs u0ftgq g]kfnsf] ;+3Lo /fhg}lts :j?k M Ps ljrf/ nf]stflgqs u0ftgq g]kfnsf] ;+3Lo /fhg}lts :j?k M Ps ljrf/ a[if]z rgb nfn s]xl aif{ cl3 k ltudg la?4sf] cfgbf]ngdf phf{ kfpg] cfzfdf g]kfnsf k d'v /fhg}lts kf6l{x?sf s]gb Lo g]t[œjju{ cf cfkm\gf kf6l{x?df

More information

r]kfª, lrp/l / rd]/f

r]kfª, lrp/l / rd]/f r]kfª, lrp/l / rd]/f r]kfª, lrp/l / rd]/f n]vg 8f= k'ik/fh cfrfo{ ;Dkfbg r'gaxfb'/ u'?ª of] ;+/If0f k'l:tsfsf] k'/} jf s'g} efu ;+/If0f k of]hgsf nflu k"j{ l:js[lt lnp/ s'g} klg?kdf k of]u tyf k'g k sfzg

More information

o;sf/0f hljgnfo{ /f]h Û

o;sf/0f hljgnfo{ /f]h Û kf:6/ tyf cu'jfx sf] k of]usf] lgldt o;sf/0f hljgnfo{ /f]h Û æclxn] hljg /f]h ls ltdl / ltd f afnarrf lhpg ;s"g\ / ltdln] k/d]zj/nfo{ dfof ug{ ;s. pxffsf] cfjfh ;'Gg / pxffdf /xg ;s.æ Joj:yf #)M!( izksdyse

More information

dgql / /fhodgqlsf] ;DjGw lrl;+b}

dgql / /fhodgqlsf] ;DjGw lrl;+b} { x/]s If0f x/]s lbg dfq s[lif ;dfrf/sf] nflu www.krishionline.com kblo bflotj k"/f gug' { eg]sf] ;dfh / /fi6«sf nflu wf]sf xf] @)&# ;fn k'; $ ut] ;f]daf/ 1 jif{ % c!( @)&# k'; $ ut] ;f]daf/ Dec. 19, 2016

More information

s[lifsf] nufgl kf/bzl{ agfcf} +, k/dk/fut xf]og Joj;flos agf} +, s'/fsf] v]tl xf]og, v]tlsf] s'/f u/f} +.

s[lifsf] nufgl kf/bzl{ agfcf} +, k/dk/fut xf]og Joj;flos agf} +, s'/fsf] v]tl xf]og, v]tlsf] s'/f u/f} +. s[lif x/]s If0f x/]s lbg dfq s[lif ;dfrf/sf] nflu www.krishionline.com ;fktflxs @)&$ ;fn j}zfv @% ut] ;f]daf/ 1 jif % c #* @)&$ j}zfv @% ut] ;f]daf/ May. 8, 2017 d"no?=!). s[lifsf] nufgl kf/bzl agfcf}

More information

cfufdl jif{ ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{ of]hgfdf bjfj

cfufdl jif{ ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{ of]hgfdf bjfj s[lif x/]s If0f x/]s lbg dfq s[lif ;dfrf/sf] nflu www.krishionline.com ;fktflxs @)&$ ;fn j}zfv!! ut] ;f]daf/ 1 jif{ % c #^ @)&$ j}zfv!! ut] ;f]daf/ April. 23, 2017 d"no?=!). s[lifsf] nufgl kf/bzl{ agfcf}

More information

g]kfnl blnt ;d'bfo;dagwl n]vgsf] ;dliff

g]kfnl blnt ;d'bfo;dagwl n]vgsf] ;dliff g]kfnl blnt ;d'bfo;dagwl n]vgsf] ;dliff.5 2. blnt n]vgsf] k j[lq g]kfnl blnt ;d'bfo;dagwl n]vgsf] ;dliff. 1 ;dtf ;dliff kq ;g\ @)!@ blnt n]vgsf] k j[lq g]kfnl blnt ;d'bfo;dagwl n]vgsf] ;dliff 2. blnt n]vgsf]

More information

sdnf ;?k xf]dgfy ;'j]bl

sdnf ;?k xf]dgfy ;'j]bl sdnf ;?k xf]dgfy ;'j]bl gf/l x:tfif/sf nflu :jul{o >L l8nnl/fd ltdl;gf :d[lt cgt/f{li6«o g]kfnl ;flxto ;dfh ;jf]{ts[i6 k':ts k'/:sf/ ljhol sdnf ;?ksf] kl/ro xf]. M cfhsl rlr{t syfsf/ / kqsf/, sdnf ;?k

More information

>L s'df/l a}+s lnld6]8sf] Affx«f}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efsf] lg0f{o ljj/0f

>L s'df/l a}+s lnld6]8sf] Affx«f}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efsf] lg0f{o ljj/0f >L s'df/l a}+s lnld6]8sf] Affx«f}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efsf] lg0f{o ljj/0f >L s'df/l a}+s lnld6]8sf] afx«f}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;ef ;~rfns ;ldltsf cwoif >L g"/ k tfk h=a=/f0ffho"sf] cwoiftfdf b]xfo adf]lhd ul/

More information

kf7s / u fxssf] ;'ljwfsf] nflu ;fktflxs j]j;fo8df klg Pdfcf]jfbLleq sf]tkj{sf] ;+s]t

kf7s / u fxssf] ;'ljwfsf] nflu ;fktflxs j]j;fo8df klg  Pdfcf]jfbLleq sf]tkj{sf] ;+s]t cleofg @)&) df3 # ut] z'qmaf/ ;fktflxs kf7s / u fxssf] ;'ljwfsf] nflu ;fktflxs j]j;fo8df klg www.abhiyanweekly.com ABHIYAN WEEKLY Email: abhiyan.weekly@yahoo.com ;fktflxs hf bf hf b} %) nfv em\jfd sf7df8f}

More information

April 2, c3f{vffrlsf Psn====

April 2, c3f{vffrlsf Psn==== x/]s If0f x/]s lbg dfq s[lif ;dfrf/sf] nflu www.krishionline.com g]kfnsf] klxnf] Nepal's First Agriculture Weekly jif{ ^ cí #% @)&$ s[lifsf] nufgl kf/bzl{ agfcf}+, gjf}+ /fli6«o cfn"==== r}q!( ut] ;f]daf/

More information

xfd f] kfqf]df goff ;'ljwf vfnlv' ] dlxnf 8fS6/ gflosfnfo{ Do'lhs lel8of]sf] e/ leotgfdsf] cfggbbfol 3'dfO HOT NEPAL Monthly

xfd f] kfqf]df goff ;'ljwf vfnlv' ] dlxnf 8fS6/ gflosfnfo{ Do'lhs lel8of]sf] e/ leotgfdsf] cfggbbfol 3'dfO HOT NEPAL Monthly Vol. 3, Issue 23, September-October, 2015 HOT NEPAL Monthly jif{ #, k"0ff{ª\s @#, c;f]h @)&@, d"no #). gflosfnfo{ Do'lhs lel8of]sf] e/ leotgfdsf] cfggbbfol 3'dfO xfd f] kfqf]df goff ;'ljwf vfnlv' ] dlxnf

More information

;'v] {tdf!) s/f]8sf] nufgldf zlt e08f/ lgdf{0f x'g]

;'v] {tdf!) s/f]8sf] nufgldf zlt e08f/ lgdf{0f x'g] www.krishionline.com df klg x]g ;Sg' x'g]5. jif # c #) @)&! r}q!% ut] cfotaf/ ( Mar. 29, 2015 d"no?=!). www.nimbusnepal.com x/]s If0f x/]s lbg d'n'sdf epsf s[lif ;dfrf/sf nflu www.krishionline.com ;'v]

More information

s[lifsf] nufgl kf/bzl{ agfcf} +, k/dk/fut xf]og Joj;flos agf} +, s'/fsf] v]tl xf]og, v]tlsf] s'/f u/f} +.

s[lifsf] nufgl kf/bzl{ agfcf} +, k/dk/fut xf]og Joj;flos agf} +, s'/fsf] v]tl xf]og, v]tlsf] s'/f u/f} +. { s[lif x/]s If0f x/]s lbg dfq s[lif ;dfrf/sf] nflu www.krishionline.com ;fktflxs @)&$ ;fn j}zfv!* ut] ;f]daf/ 1 jif{ % c #& @)&$ j}zfv!* ut] ;f]daf/ May. 1, 2017 d"no?=!). s[lifsf] nufgl kf/bzl{ agfcf}

More information

NEPAL NATIONAL SECTOR EXPORT STRATEGY TEA. Government of Nepal

NEPAL NATIONAL SECTOR EXPORT STRATEGY TEA. Government of Nepal NEPAL NATIONAL SECTOR EXPORT STRATEGY TEA 2017-2021 Government of Nepal This national sector export strategy was developed on the basis of the process, methodology and technical assistance of the International

More information

cw c o W og g k l k tj t ]b j g

cw c o W og g k l k tj t ]b j g cwoog k ltj]bg k sfzs g]kfn sfg"g ;dfh cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn kf]=a=g+=!#@!! ;jf{lwsf/ g]kfn sfg"g ;dfh k sflzt ldlt @)^^ h]i7 (June 2009) k sfzg k lt!))) d'b 0f jf0fl ckm;]6 d'b 0ffno 6]s', sf7df08f}

More information

/0fgLlt lgdf{0fdf ;+nug JolQmx? g} ljjfb lgsfnb} jl; aif] { s[lif /0fgLlt g]kfnl ls;fgsf kifdf gepsf] cf/f]k of]u]gb k tfk zfxl

/0fgLlt lgdf{0fdf ;+nug JolQmx? g} ljjfb lgsfnb} jl; aif] { s[lif /0fgLlt g]kfnl ls;fgsf kifdf gepsf] cf/f]k of]u]gb k tfk zfxl s[lif x/]s If0f x/]s lbg dfq s[lif ;dfrf/sf] nflu www.krishionline.com ;fktflxs @)&@ ;fn efb @) ut] cfotaf/ 1 jif $ c * @)&@ efb @) ut] cfotaf/ ( Sept 06, 2015 d"no?=!). /0fgLlt lgdf0fdf ;+nug JolQmx?

More information

;+:yfgn] b"w glslglbpkl5 ls;fgn] ;8sdf kf]v] ldns] xf]nl 8] agfpg] if8\ogq a'gb} b'uw ;+:yfgsf dxfk jgws of]ug] b k tfk zfxl

;+:yfgn] bw glslglbpkl5 ls;fgn] ;8sdf kf]v] ldns] xf]nl 8] agfpg] if8\ogq a'gb} b'uw ;+:yfgsf dxfk jgws of]ug] b k tfk zfxl s[lifx/]s If0f x/]s lbg dfq s[lif ;dfrf/sf] nflu www.krishionline.com @)&@ ;fn efb!# ut] cfotaf/ ;fktflxs jif{ $ c & @)&@ efb!# ut] cfotaf/ ( Aug 30, 2015 1 d"no?=!). ;+:yfgn] b"w glslglbpkl5 ls;fgn] ;8sdf

More information

;'ld/g s/n] dgf /fwf c /fwf /dgf..

;'ld/g s/n] dgf /fwf c /fwf /dgf.. btf{ g+= %^ )^@ ^# d=if]=x'=lg=b=g+= )& )^& ^* hub\u' Qd kbåf/f lje""lift hub\u'? >L s[kfn'' hl dxf/fh jif{!$, c ( -k"0ff{!$)_ E-mail: info@ssdham.org / media@ssdham.org / Website : www.divineclubworldwide.org

More information

df6f]sf] nflu pj{/fzlqm

df6f]sf] nflu pj{/fzlqm ' www.krishionline.com df klg x]g ;Sg' x'g]5. x/]s If0f x/]s lbg d'n'sdf epsf s[lif ;dfrf/sf nflu Û jif @ c $^ @)&! efb )! ut] cfotaf/ 17 August. 2014 d"no?=!). af9ln] %) la3fdf kflnpsf] df5f aufof] lrtjg.

More information

#* nfvsf] s[lif xfd f] hljg ljjfbdf

#* nfvsf] s[lif xfd f] hljg ljjfbdf { s[lif ;fktflxs x/]s If0f x/]s lbg dfq s[lif ;dfrf/sf] nflu www.krishionline.com @)&# ;fn ;fpg #! ut] ;f]daf/ 1 jif{ % c $ @)&# ;fpg #! ut] ;f]daf/ Aug 15, 2016 d"no?=!). s[lifsf] nufgl kf/blz{ agfcf}

More information

s[lif sd{df /dfp b}k"j{ dgqlx? ;ldiffsf gfddf s[lifsf] nfvf} + ah]6 vr{ sfd s'/f] Psflt/ emf]nf jf]sl lhnnflt/ vfb k ljlwdf klg cj}w v]n k]h * df

s[lif sd{df /dfp b}kj{ dgqlx? ;ldiffsf gfddf s[lifsf] nfvf} + ah]6 vr{ sfd s'/f] Psflt/ emf]nf jf]sl lhnnflt/ vfb k ljlwdf klg cj}w v]n k]h * df { { s[lif x/]s If0f x/]s lbg dfq s[lif ;dfrf/sf] nflu www.krishionline.com ;fktflxs @)&@ ;fn d+l;/ @) ut] cfotaf/ 1 jif{ $ c!( @)&@ d+l;/ @) ut] cfotaf/ ( Dec.6, 2015 d"no?=!). k zf;g ;+ogq lj?å pbf]u

More information

af}nfxf kf]v/l bf]nvf ;+/If)fdf wd{, ;+:s[lt / k/dk/fsf] dxtj

af}nfxf kf]v/l bf]nvf ;+/If)fdf wd{, ;+:s[lt / k/dk/fsf] dxtj af}nfxf kf]v/l bf]nvf ;+/If)fdf wd{, ;+:s[lt / k/dk/fsf] dxtj cui6 @))* 8An' 8An' Pkm g]kfn åf/f k sflzt o; k sfzgsf] k"0f{ cyjf cf+lzs c+z k'gm k sfzg ug{' k/] zlif{s tyf k sfzsdf lglxt ;jf{lwsf/ clgjfo{

More information

kf]v/fnfo{ cgt/f{li6«o ko{6slo ugtjo agfp 5f}+

kf]v/fnfo{ cgt/f{li6«o ko{6slo ugtjo agfp 5f}+ Vol. 1/No.1 s'gldª kf]v/f e d0f kmnbfol ldt]/l ko{6gsf] gof k of]udf xf]6nsdl{ March-April 2011 kf]v/fnfo{ cgt/f{li6«o ko{6slo ugtjo agfp 5f}+?kgf/fo0f 9sfn kf]v/f M ko{6slo kf]v/f / ;du g]kfnnfo{ cgt/f{li6«o

More information

s[lifsf] nufgl kf/bzl{ agfcf} +, k/dk/fut xf]og Joj;flos agf} +, s'/fsf] v]tl xf]og, v]tlsf] s'/f u/f} +.

s[lifsf] nufgl kf/bzl{ agfcf} +, k/dk/fut xf]og Joj;flos agf} +, s'/fsf] v]tl xf]og, v]tlsf] s'/f u/f} +. s[lif x/]s If0f x/]s lbg dfq s[lif ;dfrf/sf] nflu www.krishionline.com ;fktflxs @)&# ;fn kmfu'g @# ut] ;f]daf/ 1 jif{ % c @( @)&# kmfu'g @# ut] ;f]daf/ Mar. 6, 2017 d"no?=!). s[lifsf] nufgl kf/bzl{ agfcf}

More information

btf{ g} gepsf u'0f:t/lxg kz'k+iflsf cf}ifwl cfoft

btf{ g} gepsf u'0f:t/lxg kz'k+iflsf cf}ifwl cfoft s[lif x/]s If0f x/]s lbg dfq s[lif ;dfrf/sf] nflu www.krishionline.com ;fktflxs @)&@ ;fn kmfu'g ( ut] cfotaf/ 1 jif{ $ c @( @)&@ kmfu'g ( ut] cfotaf/ ( Feb. 21, 2016 d"no?=!). btf{ g} gepsf u'0f:t/lxg

More information

n3'ljqn] lxddt a9fof] x]dfsf]

n3'ljqn] lxddt a9fof] x]dfsf] ;do kl/jt{glzn 5, b'mv kl5sf] ;'v cg'ej ug{ d]xgt / OdfGbf/Ltf vffrf] x'g5 egg] s'/fsf] Ps HjnGt pbfx/0f x'g\ x]df s'df/l yfkf. ldlt @)#@ ;fn r}q @^ ut] :ofëhf lhnnf la?jf cr{n] uflj;sf]? gu]gb /fh kf}8]n

More information

sfnldf6l t/sf/l ahf/ leqsf] cg';gwfg /f]lsof]

sfnldf6l t/sf/l ahf/ leqsf] cg';gwfg /f]lsof] s[lif x/]s If0f x/]s lbg dfq s[lif ;dfrf/sf] nflu www.krishionline.com ;fktflxs @)&@ ;fn df3 # ut] cfotaf/ 1 jif $ c @% @)&@ df3 # ut] cfotaf/ ( Jan. 17, 2016 d"no?=!). k'ik Joj;fo k jbg ug] gfddf dgqfnosf]

More information

s[lifdf a} +sx?sf] nufgl kf r k ltzt egbf sd /fi6«a}ssf] lgb] {zg ntofp b} afl0fho a}sx? of]u]gb k tfk zfxl

s[lifdf a} +sx?sf] nufgl kf r k ltzt egbf sd /fi6«a}ssf] lgb] {zg ntofp b} afl0fho a}sx? of]u]gb k tfk zfxl { www.krishionline.com df klg x]g{ ;Sg' x'g]5. jif{ # c #@ ljiffbl o'qm Eff/tLo cf k ahf/df 5Øfk5ØfKtL sf7df8f}+. ;/sf/ ljiffblo'qm t/sf/l /f]s nufpg ;lqmo epsf a]nf sf7df8f} +sf ahf/df eg] ljiffblk of]u

More information

g]kfndf lxp lrt'jfsf] ;+/If0f s/g axfb'/ zfx x]d;fu/

g]kfndf lxp lrt'jfsf] ;+/If0f s/g axfb'/ zfx x]d;fu/ s/g axfb'/ zfx x]d;fu/ a/fn @)^( of] lstfa k sfzgsf nflu cfly{s ;xof]u :gf] n]k8{ g]6js{sf] :gf] n]k8{ sghe]{zg u fg6 cgtu{t pknaw u/fopsf] xf]. ;j{;fwf/0fdf lxdfnl If]qsf] k s[lt ;DaGwL cle lr a9fo{ ltgsf]

More information

sfg"gl ;xfotf lbubz{g lgdf{0fsf] Oltxf;

sfggl ;xfotf lbubz{g lgdf{0fsf] Oltxf; lgdf{0fsf] Oltxf; sf] ;f]r o'/f]lkog o'lgog Conflict Mitigation Programme II sf] kl/of]hgfsf] ;DaGwdf Partner organization ;Fu cfjzos u[xsfo{ eo/x]sf] ;dodf cfpsf] xf]. g]kfndf s/la @) jif{egbf a9l ;dob]lv

More information

Monthly. Vol. 2, Issue 11, September-October, k"0ff{ª\s!!, d"no #). HOT NEPAL N

Monthly. Vol. 2, Issue 11, September-October, k0ff{ª\s!!, dno #). HOT NEPAL N Vol. 2, Issue 11, September-October, 2014 HOT NEPAL N Monthly jif{ @, k"0ff{ª\s!!, c;f]h @)&!, d"no #). lsgd]n kj{ ;]lna ]6Lsf] bz}+ /f}gs df;' :j:yfs/ agfpg] Sept-October tl/sf t er 2014 ;'glnsf] HOT

More information

/fw] gfd n]g] jfnf uf]lj+b /fw]. ejl;gw' sf] el /;l;gw' agf b]..

/fw] gfd n]g] jfnf uf]lj+b /fw]. ejl;gw' sf] el /;l;gw' agf b].. btf{ g+= %^ )^@ ^# jif{!$, c ^ -k"0ff{!#&_ d=if]=x'=lg=b=g+= )& )^& ^* E-mail: info@ssdham.org / media@ssdham.org / Website : www.divineclubworldwide.org /fw] gfd n]g] jfnf uf]lj+b /fw]. ejl;gw' sf] el

More information

;lrj e /fon] lbp clvtof/nfo{ bf]if

;lrj e /fon] lbp clvtof/nfo{ bf]if s[lif ;fktflxs x/]s If0f x/]s lbg dfq s[lif ;dfrf/sf] nflu www.krishionline.com @)&# ;fn efb ^ ut] ;f]daf/ 1 jif{ % c % @)&# efb ^ ut] ;f]daf/ Aug 22, 2016 d"no?=!). s[lifsf] nufgl kf/blz{ agfcf} +, k/dk/fut

More information

FOOD AND LIFE STYLE FOR CANCER PATIENTS

FOOD AND LIFE STYLE FOR CANCER PATIENTS Appendix: I FOOD AND LIFE STYLE FOR CANCER PATIENTS Instructions to Patient Dear friends: I am conducting a research on use of Natural Food Products on Preventing Bone Marrow Depression in Cancer Patients

More information

lhnnfx?sf] sfo{;dkfbg d"nofíg

lhnnfx?sf] sfo{;dkfbg dnofíg lhnnfx?sf] sfo{;dkfbg d"nofíg -lhnnf:t/af6 k bfg ul/psf :jf:yo ;]jfx?sf] cfwf/df _ cf=j=@)^ ^^ hg:jf:yo k zf;g, cg'udg tyf d"nofíg dxfzfvf :jf:yo tyf hg;+vof dgqfno c;f/, @)^& Acronyms A&R AHW ANC

More information

ofqf a'4 c+s *, ) ) ^

ofqf a'4 c+s *, ) ) ^ ofqf a'4 c+s *, hgj/l @ ) ) ^ With Best Compliments From K.M. Dastur REINSURANCE BROKERS PRIVATE LIMIED Insurance and Reinsurance Specialist Brokerage Services Regd. Office : Tel : 91-22-2285 5855 Cambata

More information

o's]af ofsy'ixfc vf;fd nfddf]

o's]af ofsy'ixfc vf;fd nfddf] { k]nl X cg'/f]w ÛÛ cfglc cfb'ddlnn[ ofsy'i kfmgbfig' kffl. ci[msjff[ v'gplc dli ofsy'i kfmgbfig' o'sv'd. cflg< cfb'lddn]þ ofsy'ª kfmgbfª\g' kfl/.. cª]þsjf/]þ v'lg5< ldª\ ofsy'ª\ kfmgbfª\g' o'sv'd\.. dlsm'cnf

More information