cgt/f{li6«o PsLs[t kj{tlo ljsf; s]gb

Transcription

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2 Ol;df]8 af/] cgt/f{li6«o PsLs[t kj{tlo ljsf; s]gb (ICIMOD) cgt/f{li6«o PsLs[t kj{tlo ljsf; s]gb (ICIMOD) Ps :jtgq kj{tlo cwoog tyf 1fgsf] s]gb xf]. o; ;+:yfn] lxgb" s'z lxdfno If]qsf cf7 /fi6«x -ckmuflg:tfg, aënfb]z, e'6fg, rlg, ef/t, Dofgdf/, g]kfn / kfls:tfg _ / ljzje/lsf] kj{tlo ;d'bfonfo{ ;]jf k bfg ul//x]sf] 5. -;g\!(*#_ df :yfkgf epsf] (ICIMOD) sf] k wfg sfof{no sf7df08f}, g]kfndf cjl:yt 5. o; ;+ +:yfn] cfkm\gf If]qLo ;b:o /fi6«x, ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx / bftf /fi6«x nfo{ ljsf; lqmofsnfkx sf nflu k lta4 eo{ lxgb" s'z lxdfno If]qsf] eljio ;'/lift /fvg Pp6} ;fe]mbf/ldf Nofpg] ub{5.

3 Plk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbg k lzif0f ; f]t k'l:tsf ;'/]Gb /fh hf]zl clg?4 gfy z'sn ;tfggb pkfwofo cgt/f{li6«o PsLs[t kj{tlo ljsf; s]gb (ICIMOD) v'dn6f/, nlntk'/

4 k sfzg cgt/f{li6«o PsLs[t kj{tlo ljsf; s]gb ;jf{lwsf/ ;'/lift k sfzs cgt/f{li6«o PsLs[t kj{tlo ljsf; s]gb lh=lk=cf]= as; #@@^ sf7df08f}, g]kfn v'dn6f/, nlntk'/ ISBN ;Dkfbs d08n cfzfsfhl ys" -;Dkfbs_ wd{/tg dxh{g -k fljlws ;xof]u tyf k f?ksf nflu_ d'b 0f Sjfln6L lk G6;{ -k f=_ lnld6]8 sf7df08f}, g]kfn The views and interpretations in this paper are those of the author(s). They are not attributable to the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) and do not imply the expression of any opinion concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

5 k fssyg cgt/f{li6«o PsLs[t kj{tlo lasf; s]gb (ICIMOD) n] kj{tlo If]qsf] bluf] lasf;sf nflu lalegg sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ub}{ cfo{/x]sf] 5. aftfj/0fdf s'g} klg lsl;dsf] gsf/ftds c;/ gkg]{ u/l kj{tlo If]qdf pknjw ;fwg / ; f]tx?sf] ;d'lrt k of]u ug] { / kj{tlo s[ifssf] hlljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] ICIMOD sf] d'vo p2]zo /xl cfpsf] 5. o;} ;Gbe{df ICIMOD n] lxgb" s'z lxdfno If]qdf kfog] /}yfg] k hfltsf df}/lx?sf] bluf] Joj:yfkg / tlgsf] ;+/If0fdf d2t k' ofpg] sfo{ klg ub}{ cfo{/x]sf] 5. Plk; ;]/fgf 3f/df kfng ;lsg] /}yfg] k hfltsf] df}/l xf]. of] df}/ln] o; If]qsf] s[lif k 0ffnL, jg:klt, h}ljs ; f]t / xfjfkfgl;+u /fd f] ;Gt'ng sfod u/]sf] x'g5. ul/alsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf clwsf+z s[ifsx?sf nflu of] df}/l cfo cfh{gsf] Ps k d'v ; f]tsf?kdf /xl cfpsf] kfog5. oblk xfn cfp/ o;sf] hg;+vofdf lgs} x«f; cfo{/x]sf] 5. Plk; ;]/fgfsf] bluf] Joj:yfkgdf 6]jf k' ofpg] p2]zon] ICIMOD sf] df}/lkfng kl/of]hgfn] ljljw sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ub}{ cfo{/x]sf] 5. tl dwo] a9l ptkfbgzln / /fd f] u'0f epsf] uf]nfx?sf] 5gf}6 ug] {, 5gf}6 ul/psf uf]nfaf6 /fg' ptkfbg ug]{ / tl /fg'sf] k of]u u/l uf]nf ljefhg ug]{ sfo{ k d'v?kdf /xl cfpsf] 5. ;f] sfo{nfo{ df}/l kfns s[ifsx?n] cfk}m klg ;~rfng ug{ ;s'g\ egg] pb]zon] of] k'l:tsf k sfzg ug{ nflupsf] xf]. k :t't k'l:tsfdf # cwofox? 5g\. cwofo! df Plk; ;]/fgfsf] dxtj, o;sf s]lx :jefjx, x"n

6 lgof{;, u[xtofu, /fg'sf] dxtj, df}/l uf]nfdf x'g] k hgg\, uf]nfdf /fg' agg] cj:yfx? ;DaGwL rrf{ ul/psf] 5. df /fg' ptkfbg s] xf], of] lsg, slxn] / s;/l ug] { egg] ljifodf ;lrq a0f{g ul/psf] 5. cwofo # df uf]nf laefhgsf] kl/ro / uf]nf laefhg ug]{ lalw ;DaGwL rrf{ ul/psf] 5. o; k'l:tsfsf] n]vg sfo{ ;'/]Gb /fh hf]zl, clg?4 gfy z'sn / ;tfggb pkfwofon] ug'{ epsf] xf]. pxffx?sf] cwoog tyf cg'ejsf] pkof]un] tof/ kfl/psf] of] k'l:tsf df}/lkfns s[ifs / df}/l Aoj;fodf ;+nug k fljlws Pj+ k lzifsx?sf nflu ctogt} pkof]ul l; x'g]5 egg] d}n] ljzjf; lnpsf] 5'. ;/n efiff / pko'qm lrqx?sf] k of]un] of] k'l:tsfnfo{ lgs} cfsif{s agfpg'sf ;fy} ;fdfgo n]vk9 ug{ hfgg] ax';+vos df}/lkfnsx?sf nflu klg pkof]ul l;4 x'g] s'/fdf ljzj:t 5'. cgtdf, Plk; ;]/fgfsf] ptkfbstjdf a[l NofO{ df}/lkfns s[ifsx?sf] cfo cfh{gdf 6]jf k' ofpg] p2]zon] k sflzt o; k'l:tsfsf] ;kmntfsf] nflu z'e sfdgf JoQm ub{5'. kmf?s cxdb k f]h]s6 sf]cl8{g]6/ df}/lkfng kl/of]hgf cgt/f{li6«o PsLs[t kj{tlo ljsf; s]gb (ICIMOD)

7 s[t1tf o; æplk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbgæ k'l:tsfsf] k sfzg ug{ cfjzos ;xof]u k' ofo{ lbg' epsf]df cgt/f{li6«o PsLs[t kj{tlo ljsf; s]gb (ICIMOD) sf dxflgb]{zs 8f= h]= u]la on SofDka]n, pkdxflgb]{zs 8f= lagfos eb f, s[lif tyf u fdl0f cfo ljljwls/0f sfo{qmd (ARID) sf k agws 8f= sdn aff:sf]6f / df}/lkfng kl/of]hgfsf ;+of]hs 8f= kmf?s cdxb k lt xfdl s[t1 5f}+. of] k'l:tsfsf] ljsf;qmddf cfjzos ;'emfj k bfg ug'{ x'g] 8f= pdf ktf{k / >L dlg a= u'?, 6fOlk df ;xof]u k' ofpg' x'g] zf]ef e08f/l / >L /fh]gb zfx / o;sf] ;fh ;Hhf / cfa/0f l8hfog tyf k sfzgdf ;xof]u k' ofpg' x'g] ODsf]sf ;fylx? wd{/tg dxh{g, cfzfsfhl ys", la6«]; d'/] >]i7nfo{ xfdl wgojfb lbg rfxg5f}+. o; k'l:tsfsf] k sfzg ug{ k"j{ o;sf] pkof]lutf k/lif0f ug{ ;xof]u k' ofpg' x'g] sf:slsf] cd{nfdf cfof]lht tfnldsf ;xefulx?, ;xhstf{ >L rgb u'? / tfnldsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ ;+:yf ljgk f] (BEENPRO) sf k lt xfdl cfef/l 5f}+. To;}u/L of] k'l:tsfsf] /rgf ug'{ k"j{ ICIMOD n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] /fg' ptkfbg tfnlddf k lzif0f lbg cfpg' epsf kfls:tfgsf] df}/l cg';gwfg ;+:yf (HBRI) sf k fljlws >L s'jf{g cnl k lt klg xfdl cfef/l 5f}+. o; k'l:tsfsf] k sfzg ug]{ sfo{ cli6«of ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt ICIMOD sf] df}/lkfng kl/of]hgf cgt/ut c:6«f] k f]h]s6n] k bfg u/]sf] cfly{s ;xof]un] ;Dej eof]. o; ;xof]usf nflu xfdl lgs} s[t1 5f}+.

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9 ZfAbfy{ ;"rl cfdfuf]nf Ö /fg' ptkfbg ug{sf nflu h'g 3f/af6 nfef{ lno{g5, To;nfO{ cfdfuf]nf elgg5. 3f];8{ Ö $ % j6f k"/fgf d}gsf rdrf hlt hf}+ e'6]sf] ;ft'! rdrf w'kl / P]/Lsf] k"mnnfo{ /fd /L lk;l $ rdrf dxdf d'5]/ agfpsf] 8Nnf]. 5fp/f Ö df}/ldf 5fp/fsf] ltg cj:yfx? x'g5g\m k'mn, nfef{ / Ko"kf. ;fdfgotof tl tlgj6} cj:yfsf nflu ;fd"lxs?kdf 5fp/f zabsf] k of]u x'g5. Go"lNso; 3f/ Ö rf/ j6f dfq k m]d c6fpg] ;fgf] 3f/. o;nfo{ g"s klg elgg5. g;{/l uf]nf Ö /fg'sf]if x'sf{pgsf nflu k of]u ul/g] df}/l uf]nf. Ko"kf Ö nfef{ kl5sf] 5fp/f cj:yf h'g 6fn]sf] sf]if leq x'g5. k/fu;]rg Ö k"mnsf] efn] c df epsf k"+s]z/ -k/fus0f_ nfo{ Tolx+ k"mnsf] kf]yl c df jf Tolx+ k hfltsf lj?jfsf] cgo k"mnsf kf]yl c df k' ofpg] sfo{nfo{ k/fu;]rg elgg5. df}/lsf] uf]nf Ö xhf/f}+ sdl{ df}/lx?, Pp6f /fg' / s]lx efn]x? ldn]/ a;]sf] Pp6f ;fdflhs kl/jf/.

10 df}/lsf] r/g Ö df}/ln] k'ik/;, s'6 Pj+ cgo u'lnof] kbfy{ -xgl8\o"_ ; ng ug{sf nflu cko'qm lj?jfx?. /}yfg] Ö zlbof}+b]lv b]z leq} kfog] u/]sf] aflx/l d'n'saf6 leq\ofopsf] s'/f s;}sf] klg hfgsf/ldf gepsf]. nfef{ Ö k'mn -c08f_ ljsl;t e} ;s]kl5 lg:sg] 5fp/f h'g ;]tf] 6Nsg] t/n lemlnndf a;]sf] x'g5 j}jflxs p8fg Ö /fg' 3f/af6 aflx/ lg:sl efn];+u nfug cfsfzdf p8]/ hfg'. l;+lrt k"mn Ö efn]sf] z'qmls6 / /fg'sf] c08sf]ifsf] alrdf uef{wfg ;DkGg e} ag]sf] k'mn. x"n lgof{; Ö x"n lgof{; eg]sf] %) ^) k ltzt jo:s sdl{ df}/lx? Pp6f /fg' / s]lx efn]sf ;fydf 3f/ 5f]8]/ u} cs}{ 7fpFdf a:g'.

11 ljifo ;"rl k fssyg s[t1tf zabfy{ ;"rl cwofo!m Plk; ;]/fgfsf] ;fdfgo kl/ro! Plk; ;]/fgfsf] dxtj! Plk; ;]/fgfsf s]lx :jefjx? # /fg'sf] dxtj # df}/l uf]nfdf x'g] k hgg\ % k fs[lts?kdf uf]nfdf /fg' agg] cj:yfx ^ /fg' ptkfbg /fg' ptkfbg eg]sf] s] xf] <!& /fg' ptkfbg lsg ug]{ <!& /fg' ptkfbg ug]{ pko'qm ;do!* /fg' ptkfbg sfo{ tflnsf!( s[lqd sf]ifsf] k of]u u/l /fg' ptkfbg ug]{ pts[i6 uf]nfsf] efn] df}/lsf] kl/rfl/sf -g;{/l_ uf]nfsf] nfef{ ;fg{ -u flç6 _ sf nflu cfjzos kg]{ ;fdu nfef{ ;fg]{ tl/sf #! g;{/l uf]nfdf ;]naf/ /fvg] #% /fg'sf]ifx? #* /fg'sf]ifnfo{ lk+h8fdf /fvg] tl/sf $)!&

12 cwofo #M 3f/ a9fpg] lalw $# uf]nf laefhg $# uf]nf ljefhg ug]{ lalw $$ Kofs]h uf]nfsf] ptkfbg $* uf]nf ljefhg u/l;s]kl5 ug'{ kg]{ sfo{ $( ;Gbe{ ;"rl %)

13 cwofo! Plk; ;]/fgfsf] ;fdfgo kl/ro (General Introduction to Apis cerana) Plk; ;]/fgfsf] dxtj Plk; ;]/fgf Pl;of dxfb]zdf dfq} kfog] epsf]n] o;nfo{ Pl;ofnL 3f/df}/L klg egg] ul/g5. of] df}/l g]kfnsf] k fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] clegg c sf] kdf /xl cfpsf] 5. of] /}yfg] df}/l (native bee) epsf] x'gfn] h ndf,?vsf 6f]8\sfdf, 9' fsf sf]kdf / 3/df /flvpsf d'9] Pjd\ vf]k] 3f/x df ;lhn} kfpg ;lsg5. cwofo!m Plk; ;]/fgfsf] ;fdfgo kl/ro 1

14 of] df}/ln] o; If]qsf] s[lif k 0ffnL, ag:klt, h}ljs ; f]t / xfjfkfgl;+u /fd f] ;+t'ng sfod u/]sf] x'g5. :yfglo :t/df ptklq epsf sltko k/lhjl Pj+ zq'x?;+u of] df}/l ;lhn} h'em\g ;S5. ;'n;'n] -e/f]jf tyf 6«f]kLn]n]K;_, cl/+ufn, ar5\of " cflbaf6 of] df}/ln] ;lhn} kf/ kfpg ;S5. t/ a9l dx ptkfbgsf nflu g]kfn leœofopsf] o"/f]k]nl hftsf] Plk; d]lnkm]/f df}/lnfo{ eg] tl ;'n;'n] hljx?n] 7"nf] Iflt k' ofpf5g\. Plk; ;]/fgf df}/lsf] r/g ;do nfdf] x'g5 / o;n] k lts"n df};ddf klg sfd ug{ ;S5. lxpfb ;lspsf] nuq} kl5 km'ng] sltko lj?jfx?df of] df}/ln] Plk; d]lnkm]/fsf] egbf /fd /L k/fu;]rg ug{ ;S5. of] df}/ln] k lts"n df};ddf klg cfkm\gf] cfxf/sf] Joj:yf cfkm} u5{. To;sf/0f o;nfo{ d]lnkm]/fsf] hlt lrgl rf:gl / cf}iflwsf] cfjzostf kb}{g. Plk; ;]/fgfaf6 yf]/} nufgl / sd d]xgt u/]/ klg pnn]vglo nfe lng ;lsg5. of] df}/l Pl;ofsf s]lx efudf dfq} kfog] epsf]n] o;sf] dxnfo{ Ps cg'kd ptkfbgsf?kdf laqml ug{ klg ;lsg5. 2 Plk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbgm k lzif0f ; f]t k'l:tsf

15 Plk; ;]/fgfsf s]lx :jefjx? Plk; ;]/fgfsf s]lx :jefjx? o; k sf/ 5g\ Plk; ;]/fgfn] cwoff/f] 7fpF dg k/fpf5. of] df}/ln] uf]nf agfpfbf Ps egbf a9l ;dfgfgt/ rfsfx? agfpf5g\. Pp6f rfsfb]lv csf]{ rfsf;ddsf] b"/l * dl=dl= x'g5, h;nfo{ df}/l cf]xf]/ bf]xf]/ ug{ rflxg] 7fpF (Bee space) elgg5 -lrq g+=!_. Plk; ;]/fgfnfo{ 6kaf/ tyf rf}s; epsf] 3f/df /fvg / cfkm"n] rfx] cg';f/sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsg5. t/ tl rf}s;x?sf] gfk / cfsf/ 7LSs ldn]sf] x'g' kb{5 -lrq of] df}/lsf] uf]nfdf cf};tdf ^ * j6f 5fp/f epsf ;Dd sdl{ df}/l, Pp6f /fg' #)) hlt efn]x? x'g5g\. Plk; ;]/fgfdf x"n 5'6\g], sdl{n] km'n kfg] { / df}/ln] 3f/} 5f]8]/ hfg] sfo{ a9l x'g5. Plk; ;]/fgfsf] efn] sf]ifsf] 6'Kkfdf ; ;fgf l5b x? x'g5g\. Plk; ;]/fgf ;'n;'n]af6 ;lhn} arg ;S5. sdl{ df}/ln] Psn] csf]{sf] hlpdf epsf ;'n;'n]nfo{ x6fpgdf d2t ub{5g\. /fg'sf] dxtj df}/lsf] uf]nfdf Pp6f dfq} /fg' x'g5 h;sf] d'vo sfd km'n kfg{ ' xf]. /fg'n] rfsfdf epsf ;fgf sf]ifx?df kf/]sf l;+lrt k'mnx?af6 sdl{ df}/l hgdg5g\ eg], cln 7"nf] sf]ifdf kf/]sf cl;+lrt km'naf6 efn] hgdg5g\. l;+lrt km'nx?nfo{ laz]if k sf/sf] sf]ifdf x'sf{o kf]l;nf] cwofo!m Plk; ;]/fgfsf] ;fdfgo kl/ro 3

16 lrq g+=!m Plk; ;]/fgfn] ;dfgfgt/ rfsf agfpf5 / x/]s rfsfx?sf] alrsf] b"/l a/fa/ x'g5. lrq 3f/df 6dSs;+u k m]d ldnfp/ /fvg hfg]g eg] df}/ln] k m]dx?nfo{ af f] jf 7f8f];+u (vertically) hf]8]/ klg rfsfx? agfpf5g\. t;y{ Pp6f 3f/df epsf ;a} k m]dsf] ndafo{, rf}8fo{ / df]6fo{ a/fa/ x'g' kb{5. 4 Plk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbgm k lzif0f ; f]t k'l:tsf

17 cfxf/ lbpdf To;af6 /fg' agb5g\. /fg'n] df}/l uf]nfsf ;Dk"0f{ u'0fx?nfo{ ;fg]{ sfo{ ub{5. /fg'n] kf/]sf km'ndf p;sf cfkm\gf cg'z'q (genes) / p;fu ;dfud ug{ cfpsf efn] df}/lsf cg'z'qx? x'g5g\. tl cg'z'qx? g} j+zfg'ut u'0fsf ;+jfxs dflgg5g\. /fg' ;Dk"0f{ df}/l uf]nfsf] hggl epsf] x'gfn] o;sf] km]/abnaf6 uf]nfdf hftlo ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsg5. /fg'n] df}/lsf] kl/jf/nfo{ PsqLt ug{df klg d2t k' ofpf5. o;sf] z/l/af6 Ps lsl;dsf] ugw af:gf cfpf5, h;sf sf/0fn] df}/ln] cfçgf] / c? uf]nfsf] df}/lnfo{ lrgb5g\. /fg'sf] ugwn] sdl{ df}/lsf clwsf+z lqmofsnfkx?nfo{ Aojl:yt klg ub{5. df}/l uf]nfdf x'g] k hgg\ df}/lsf] uf]nfdf b'o{ lsl;dsf k hgg\ x'g5g\ -!_ uf]nfdf lgoldt?kdf df}/lsf] hgd x'g', -@_ Pp6f k"0f{ goff uf]nf agg'. cwofo!m Plk; ;]/fgfsf] ;fdfgo kl/ro 5

18 df}/lsf] uf]nfdf sdl{ df}/lx? lgoldt?kdf lg:sl /xg5g\. xfjfkfgl / r/gsf] cg's"ntf Pj+ df}/l3f/sf] cj:yf cg';f/ /fg'n] Ps lbgdf #)) *)) ;Dd km'n kfb{5. s'g} s'g} 7fpFdf /fg'n] aif}{e/l km'n kf/l /xg5 eg] s'g} 7fpFdf aif{sf] *!) dlxgf dfq km'n kfg]{ ub{5. prr kxf8l e]sdf ctolws hf8f]sf $ dlxgf /fg' km'n gkf/]/} a:5]. 7fpF cg';f/ jif{sf] Ps k6s jf b'o{ k6s uf]nfdf df}/lsf] ;+Vof ptsif{df k'ub5. /fd f] r/g / ;'ljwfo'qm tfkqmd epsf] df};ddf /fg'n] k z:t dfqfdf efn]sf] km'n kfb{5 / sdl{ df}/ln] /fg'sf]ifx? agfpg yfnb5g\. /fg'sf]ifaf6 /fg' lg:s] kl5 %) ^)Ü sdl{ df}/l, s]lx efn] df}/l / k'/fgf] /fg' 3f/ 5f]8]/ efub5g\ / goff uf]nf agfpf5g\. o;/l Pp6f 3f/af6 b'o6f uf]nf df}/l agg k'ub5g\. k fs[lts?kdf uf]nfdf /fg' agg] cj:yfx k fs[lts kdf df}/ln] lgdg tlg cj:yfdf /fg' ptkfbg ub{5g\ M -!_ x"n lgof{;sf a]nf, -@_ /fg' k lt:yfkg ug{sf nflu, -#_ cfsl:ds cj:yfdf. x"n lgof{; x"n 5' Lg' x"n lgof{; eg]sf] Pp6} 3/df a:b} cfpsf bfh'efo{ 5' LP/ cnu cnu 3/df a:g up h:t} xf]. x"n lgof{; df}/lsf] a+z a[l4sf] Ps k fs[lts k lqmof xf]. of] 7fpF cg';f/ km/s km/s ;dodf x'g] ub{5. ;fdfgotof k z:t dfqfdf 6 Plk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbgm k lzif0f ; f]t k'l:tsf

19 r/g epsf] / ;'ljwfhgs -pko'qm_ tfkqmd epsf] df};ddf x"n lgof{; x'g] ub{5. x"n lgof{;sf nflu df}/ln] lgs} klxn]b]lv g} of]hgf agfpsf x'g5g\. x"n lgof{; x'g' lbg klxn]b]lv g} /fg'n] efn]sf]ifdf km'n kfg{ yfn5] / (!) lbg klxn]b]lv g} sdl{n] /fg'sf]if agfpg yfn5g\ -lrq g+= # / $_. x"n lgof{; x'g' # lbg k"j{ /fg'n] km'n kfg{ agb u5]{ / 3f/df k z:t efn] df}/lx? b]lvg5g\. s'g} s'g} 3f/df t /fg'sf]ifaf6 /fg' lg:sg' k"j{ g} x"n 5'6\g] ub{5. x"n lgof{;sf] a]nf %) ^) k ltzt sdl{ df}/lx?, Pp6f /fg' / s]lx efn]sf ;fydf 3f/ 5f]8]/ u} cs}{ 7fpFdf a:b5g\. x"n lgof{; df}/lsf] a+z a[l sf] nflu /fd f] dflgp tfklg df}/lkfnssf nflu Tolt /fd f] dflg+b}g. olb 5'6]sf] x"nnfo{ ;dftg ;s]g jf cfkm";fu yk 3f/ 5}g eg], x"n 5'6fO{af6 df}/lkfnsnfo{ 7"nf] gf]s;fg x'g hfg5. x"n lgof{; x'fbf uf]nf ;fgf] / sdhf]/ x'g5, h;n] ubf{ dx ptkfbgdf g/fd f] c;/ kb{5. t;y{ x"n lgof{;af6 s;/l kmfobf lng] / o;sf] /f]syfd s;/l ug] { egg] ljifodf df}/lkfnsnfo{ hfgsf/l x'g' cfjzos dflgg5. o; af/] yk hfgsf/lsf nflu ;Gbe{ df pnn]v epsf k':ts k9\g' xf]nf. x"n lgogq0f ug] { lalwm olb cfk"m;+u cltl/qm 3f/ 5}g / uf]nf a9fpg] rfxgf klg 5}g eg] df}/lnfo{ x"n lgof{; ug{ lbg' egbf o;sf] lgogq0f ug' { /fd f] x'g5. x"n lgogq0fsf nflu lgdg pkfox? ckgfpg ;lsg5. cwofo!m Plk; ;]/fgfsf] ;fdfgo kl/ro 7

20 dx e08f/ s'6 e08f/ efn] sf]if lrq g+= #M x"n 5'6\g] k"j{ tof/lsf nflu df}/ln] efn]sf]ifx? agfpf5g\. efn]sf]ifx? v; f x'g5g\ / logsf] 6'Kkfdf ;fgf] Kjfn h:tf] b]lvg5. sdl{ df}/lsf sf]ifx? s'6 e08f/ /fg' sf]ifx? lrq g+= $M rfsfsf] lk+wdf k z:t /fg'sf]ifx? x'g' g} x"n 5'l g] cu Ld hfgsf/lsf] nif0f xf]. /fg'sf]ifx? ufo{sf] y'g h:t} b]lvg5g\. 8 Plk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbgm ; f]t k'l:tsf

21 x"n lgof{;sf] ;do cfpg' k"j{ 3f/sf] /fd /L lg/lif0f ug] {, df}/l3f/sf] arrf sifdf vfnl 7fpF ep rf}s; /fvl lbg] / dfly dx sif ykl lbg], k'/fgf] rfsf 5g\ eg] x6fo{ lbg], efn]sf]if agfpg z'? u/]sf] ep ;f] rfsfnfo{ x6fo{ lbg], /fg'sf]if agfpsf ep effrl lbg], 3f/df /fd f] e]l06n]zgsf] Joj:yf u/l lbg], dx a9l 5 eg] dx lgsfng]. x"n ;dftg] lalwm x"n lgof{; eo{ efug] df}/l w]/} h;f] st} glhs}sf]?v, 3/sf] 5fgf, kvf{n cflbdf a:g] ub{5g\. olb glhs a:g vf]lh/x]sf 5}gg\ eg] kfgl, v/fgl, w"nf] 5s]{/ klg df}/lnfo{ a;fpg ;lsg5. df}/l a;l ;s]kl5 uf]nf] 8Nnf] agfpf5g\ h;nfo{ ;lhn};+u ;dfpg / 3f/df /fvg ;lsg5 -lrq g+= % *_. df}/lnfo{ uf]nf agfp/ a:g lbg] -lrq g+= %_ df}/lsf] uf]nf jf e'm08sf] dfly aff;sf] 8fnf] /fvg], 8fnf] gepdf To:t} lsl;dsf] c? eff8f jf emf]nf k of]u ug{ ;lsg5. -lrq g+= ^_ df}/lnfo{ xftn] la:tf/} 8fnf]lt/ ws]ng], ;a} df}/l 8fnf]leq uo{;s]kl5 8fnf]nfO{ cfwof/f] sf]7fdf n}hfg], -lrq g+= &_ ;dft]sf] x"nnfo{ /fvg] 3f/ tof/ kfg] { / csf] { s'g} 3f/af6 5fp/f epsf] Pp6f /fd f] rfsfnfo{ To;df lbg], 8fnf]df epsf] df}/lnfo{ em6\sf lbp/ 3f/df vgofpg] / df}/l gp8'g\ eggfsf nflu 3f/nfO{ t'?gt?dfnn] 5f]kL lbg], -lrq g+= *_ df}/l 5fp/f sifdf uo;s]kl5 3f/ agb u/l lbg], a]n'slkv lrgl rf:gl lbg]. cwofo!m Plk; ;]/fgfsf] ;fdfgo kl/ro 9

22 lrq g+= %M x"n 5'l P/ upsf df}/l 3/sf] glhs} uf]nf agfp/ a:5g\. lrq g+= ^M x"n 5'6]/ upsf] df}/lsf] uf]nfdfly aff;sf] 8fnf] /fv]/ tnaf6 la:tf/} df}/lnfo{ dflylt/ ws]nof] eg] df}/l 8fnf]leq k:g yfn5g\. 10 Plk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbgm k lzif0f ; f]t k'l:tsf

23 lrq g+= &M df}/l 8fnf]leq k;l ;s]kl5 8fnf]nfO{ To; lbgsf] lbpf;f] c+wof/f] sf]7fdf /fvg] / a]n'slkv 3f/df vgofpfbf /fd f] x'g5. lrq g+= *M df}/lnfo{ 8fnf]af6 3f/df vgofpg' egbf klxn] 3f/df 5fp/f epsf] Pp6f rfsf lbg' k5{ / a]n'sl lrgl rf:gl lbg' k5{. To;f] ubf{ df}/l efug] ;+efjgf /xfb}g. cwofo!m Plk; ;]/fgfsf] ;fdfgo kl/ro 11

24 x"n cfslif{t ug{ 3f/ yfkg]m aemf, afh'/f, h'dnf cflb 7fpFsf df}/l kfnsx?n] x"n cfslif{t ug{sf nflu vfnl 3f/nfO{ RofFv] yfkg] u/]sf x'g5g\. 3fd nfug] v'nnf 7fpFsf s'g} le/d'gl /LQf 3f/x? /fvg] / tl 3f/df dx, d}g tyf df}/lnfo{ cfslif{t ug{ agfopsf] 3f];8{ bng] ul/g5. 3f];8{ eg]sf] $ % j6f k'/fgf rdrf hlt hf} e'6]sf] ;ft',! rdrf w'lk / P]/Lsf] k"mnnfo{ /fd /L lk;]/ $ rdrf dxdf d'5]/ agfopsf] 8Nnf] xf]. 3f];8{sf] 8Nnf]nfO{ vfnl 3f/sf] leqk L / df}/l leq aflx/ ug]{ 9f]sfdf /fd /L bng] ul/g5. ha df}/lsf] x"n 5'6\g] ;do cfpf5 ta s'g} s'g} uf]nfx? 3f];8{ bn]/ /fv]sf tl 3f/df up/ a:g] u5{g\. RofFv] yfk]sf] 3f/df df}/l cfpsf] yfxf kfpkl5 3f/nfO{ 3/df Nofpg] / cfk"mn] rfx]sf] 7fpFdf /fvg] ul/g5. df}/lsf] 5'6]/ upsf] x"n k fom h;f] Ps} :yfgdf / vf; lsl;dsf] 7fpFdf a:g] u5{. 3/sf] jl/kl/ $ % j6f?v eptfklg x"n 5'6]/ upsf] df}/ln] s'g} lglzrt?vsf] lglzrt xffufnfo{ a9l dg k/fpfb5g\. klxnf] x"n h'g?vdf a:5 k fom h;f] bf]; f] x"n klg To;}?vdf a:5. h'dnfsf s]lx cg'ejl df}/lkfnssf] egfo{ cg';f/ kf]xf]/ ;fn h'g?vdf df}/lsf] x"n a;]sf] lyof], o; jif{ klg Tolx?vdf df}/lsf] x"n a:g] ;+efjgf a9l x'g5. t;y{ To:tf]?vsf] xffufdfly aff;sf] 8fnf] c8\ofpg] / ;f] 8fnf]df clnslt dx / d}g jf 3f];8{ bng] xf] eg], df}/lsf] x"n 5' LP/ ;f] 8fnf]leq k:5 -lrq g+= (_. df}/l uf]nf] agfp/ 8fnf]leq k;l;s]kl5 8fnf]nfO{ Nofpg] / cfk"mn] rfx]sf] 3f/df df}/l vgofpg] ul/g5. 12 Plk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbgm k lzif0f ; f]t k'l:tsf

25 lrq g+= (M x"n 5'6]/ upsf df}/lx?n] s'g} s'g}?vsf] xf+ufnfo{ w]/} dg k/fpf5g\. To:tf] xf+ufdfly clnslt dx / d}g nufpsf] 8fnf] /fv]df df}/ln] ;f] 8fnf]leq g} uf]nf agfpf5g\. /fg' k lt:yfkg a'9f], czst, 3fOt] jf /f]ul /fg'nfo{ df}/l :jo+n] x6fo{ p;sf] 7fpFdf goff /fg' :yfkgf ug'{nfo{ /fg' k lt:yfkg elgg5. rfsfdf 5l/Psf jf clgoldt km'n Pj+ 5fp/f b]lvpdf, sdl{sf] egbf efn]sf 5fp/f a9l epdf tyf /fg'sf] af:gfdf sdl cfpdf sdl{df}/ln] /fg' czst jf sfd gnfug] epsf] 7x/ ub{5g\. To;kl5 pglx?n] rfsfsf lsgf/df /fg'sf]ifx? agfpg yfnb5g\ h;df pxl k'/fgf] /fg'n] km'n kfb{5]. o;/l agfpsf /fg'sf]ifx?sf] ;+Vof x"n lgof{;sf nflu agfpsf sf]if egbf sd x'g5 / b'o6f sf]ifsf] alrsf] b"/l a9l x'g5. /fg'sf]ifaf6 /fg' lg:sl;s]kl5 s]lx lbg;dd goff / k'/fgf] /fg' ;Fu} klg a:g] ub{5g\. t/ ha goff /fg' efn];fu nfu]/ km'n kfg{ yfnb5] ], ta p;n] k'/fgf] /fg'nfo{ df/l lbg5]. /fg' k lt:yfkg slxn] sfflx dfq x'g] cwofo!m Plk; ;]/fgfsf] ;fdfgo kl/ro 13

26 ;fwf/0f 36gf xf]. o;af6 df}/lkfnsnfo{ w]/} 7"nf] gfkmf gf]s;fg Joxf]g'{ kb}{g. /fg'nfo{ sldtdf klg b'o{ jif{df Ps k6s km]g]{ u/]df / 3fOt] Pj+ /f]ul /fg'nfo{ t'?gt} km]g]{ u/]df of] cj:yf cfpfb}g. cfsl:ds /fg'sf]if slxn]sffxl df}/lkfnssf] nfk/jfxl jf cgo s'g} sf/0fn] cfsl:ds?kdf /fg' d/l lbg5. /fg' d/]sf] 306f kl5 sdl{df}/ln] /fg' gepsf] yfxf kfpf5g\ / goff /fg' agfpgsf nflu cfsl:ds /fg' sf]ifx? agfpg yfnb5g\. cfsl:ds sf]ifx? rfsfsf] lsgf/df xf]og ;txdf agfopsf x'g5g\. logsf] cfsf/ / agfj6 x"n lgof{;sf nflu jf /fg' k lt:yfkgsf nflu agfopsf] sf]ifx?sf] egbf sd;n x'g5. o;/l agfopsf /fg'sf] u'0f:t/ klg sd x'g5. df}/l uf]nfdf /fg' dbf{ df}/lkfnsn] 7"nf] gf]s;fg Aoxf]g'{ kb{5. /fg' d/]sf] lbgb]lv goff /fg' lg:s]sf] lbg;ddsf] cjlw hddf!# lbg hlt x'g5 eg], /fg' lg:s]kl5 efn];fu nfu]/ km'n kfg{ z'? u?gh]n ;Ddsf] cjlw & lbgsf] x'g5. o;sf] cy{ lbg uf]nfdf km'n kfg]{ sf]xl klg x' Fb}g. Ps lbgdf /fg'n] cf};tdf %)) km'n kf5] { lbgdf p;n]!),))) km'n kfg{ ;S5]. o;nfo{ csf] { efiffdf egg' kbf{ cfsl:ds?kdf /fg' dgf{n] df}/lkfnsnfo{ s/lj!),))) df}/lsf] gf]s;fg k'ug hfg5. df}/l3f/sf] lgoldt / ;fjwfglk"j{s lg/lif0f u/]df cfsl:ds?kdf /fg' dg]{ ;Defjgf lgs} sd /xg5. cfsl:ds?kdf /fg' d/]sf] yfxf kfpg] lalqs} ;Dej ep s'g} csf] { c;n uf]nfaf6 /fg'sf]if lb+bf /fd f] x'g5. olb /fg'sf]if pknaw 5}g eg] ;f] uf]nfnfo{ csf]{ s'g} /fg' epsf] uf]nf;+u ld;fo{ lbg] ug' { kb{5. 14 Plk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbgm k lzif0f ; f]t k'l:tsf

27 { sdhf]/ uf]nf sfuh alnof] uf]nf lrq g+=!)m uf]nf ld;fpg] sfd a]n'sl lt/ ug' { k5{. uf]nf ld;fpfbf ;a} df}/l r/gaf6 kmsl{;s]kl5 alnof] 3f/sf] 5fp/f sifdfly cvaf/ /fvg] / To;dfly sdhf]/ uf]nf epsf] 5fp/f sif /fvg' k5{. uf]nf ld;fpg] tl/sfm sdhf]/ jf /fg' laxlg uf]nfnfo{ alnof] uf]nf;+u lgdg adf]lhd ld;fpg ;lsg5 -lrq g+=!)_m sdhf]/ uf]nfnfo{ la:tf/} la:tf/} b'o{ b'o{ kml6sf] lx;fan] ;fb} alnof] uf]nftkm{ n}hfg] / b'a} uf]nfnfo{ clnslt lrgl rf:gl vfg lbg], b'a} 3f/ glhs cfo{k'u]kl5 uf]nf ld;fpg' kg]{ 3f/sf] 9sgL tyf leql 9sgL lemsl lbg], cwofo!m Plk; ;]/fgfsf] ;fdfgo kl/ro 15

28 alnof] 3f/sf] 5fp/f sifnfo{ Pp6f sfuh -klqsf_ n] 5f]kL lbg] / ;f] sfuhdf ; ;fgf Kjfnx? kfg] {, To;kl5 sdhf]/ uf]nfsf] 5fp/f sifnfo{ pqm sfuh /fv]sf] 5fp/f sifdfly /fvl lbg] / 9sgL Pj+ leql 9sgL nufo{ lbg], uf]nf ld;fpfbf a]n'slkv ld;fpg' k5{ lsgeg] /fte/ldf b'a} uf]nfsf] ugw ldl;g5 / dflynnf] 5fp/f sifsf df}/l cfkm} klg tnnf] siflt/ hfg yfn5g\, o;/l Ps b'o{ lbg leq} b'a} 5fp/f sifsf df}/l ldl;o{;s]kl5 dflynnf] 5fp/f sifdf epsf /fd f rfsfnfo{ tnnf] sifdf lbg] / k'/fgf sfd gnfug] rfsfnfo{ / dflynnf] 5fp/f sifnfo{ x6fo{ lbg]. 16 Plk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbgm k lzif0f ; f]t k'l:tsf

29 /fg' ptkfbg (Queen Rearing) /fg' ptkfbg eg]sf] s] xf] < df}/lkfnsn] cfk"mn] rfx]sf] ;dodf s[lqd tl/sfaf6 /fg'sf]ifx tof/l u/l To;df 5flgPsf] uf]nfaf6 nfef{ ;fg]{ -u fç6 ug]{_ / ltg} nfef{af6 df}/lnfo{ /fg' agfpg nufpg] sfo{nfo{ /fg' ptkfbg elgg5. x'g t xfjfkfgl / r/gsf] cg's"ntf Pjd\ 3f/sf] cfjzostf cg';f/ lglzrt cj:yf / df};ddf df}/ln] cfk}m klg /fg'x agfpf5g\. t/ tl /fg'x df}/lkfnssf] O{R5f / cfjzostf egbf klg k fs[lts cj:yf / df}/l uf]nfsf] cfjzostf cg';f/ k}bf x'g5g\. /fg' ptkfbg lsg ug] { < df}/l uf]nfsf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ Ifdtf ;fdfgotof /fg'df g} lge{/ x'g] x' Fbf uf]nfdf /fg'sf] km]/abnn] w]/} 7"nf] cgt/ cfpf5. t;y{ rflxpsf] u'0fo'qm /fd f] gznsf] uf]nfx a9fpgsf nflu s[lqd tl/sfaf6 /fg' ptkfbg ug' { cfjzos x'g cfpf5. s[lqd tl/sfaf6 /fg' ptkfbg ugf{n] lgdg p2]zox k"lt{ ug{ ;lsg5. /fg' ptkfbg 17

30 /fg' ptkfbgsf p2]zox? /fg' laxlg uf]nfdf /fg' pknaw u/fpg], 5gf}6 ul/psf] uf]nfaf6 /fg' ptkfbg u/l /f]usf] lg/fs/0f ug]{ / dx ptkfbgdf a[l Nofpg], czqm, sdhf]/, /f]ul / sd ptkfbgzln uf]nfdf epsf /fg'nfo{ la:yflkt u/l df}/ldf hftlo ;'wf/ Nofpg], x"n lgof{; x'g' cufj} uf]nf laefhg ug] { / uf]nf ;+Vof a9fpg], /fg' laqml ug]{, zfxl v'/fs ptkfbg ug] {. /fg' ptkfbg ug] { pko'qm ;do /fg' ptkfbg ug]{ ;do d'votm ef}uf]lns l:ylt, df};d / r/gdf e/ kg] { eptfklg o;sf nflu pko'qm ;do Tolx xf], h'ga]nf df}/ln] x"n lgof{;sf nflu tof/l z'? ul//x]sf x'g5g\. 3f/df k z:t dfqfdf df}/l epsf], k'ik/; / s'6sf] k jfx epsf] / rfsfdf kmf k'm efn] sf]ifx? b]lvg yfn]sf] ;dodf /fg' ptkfbg sfo{ z'? ubf{ a9l ;kmntf kfog5. g]kfnsf] lalegg 7fpFdf r/gsf] pknawtf / xfjfkfgl cg';f/ 5' f5' } ;dodf /fg' ptkfbg ug] { ul/g5. sf7df8f} pktosfdf /fg' ptkfbgsf nflu pko'qm ;do kmfu'gsf] klxnf] xktfb]lv r}qsf] klxnf] xktf;dd dflgg5 eg] 88]Nw'/fsf] lrp/l x'g] If]qdf c;f]hdf /fg' ptkfbg ubf{ a9l ;kmntf kfog5. To;}u/L sf:sldf kmfu'g / h'dnfdf a}zfv!% b]lv h]7!% ;Dddf /fg' ptkfbg ubf{ /fd f] x'g5. /fg' ptkfbg sfo{ z'? ug'{ egbf klxn] Pp6f sfo{ tflnsf agfpg' pko'qm x'g5. 18 Plk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbgm k lzif0f ; f]t k'l:tsf

31 /fg' ptkfbg sfo{ tflnsf klxnf] lbg ;a} 3f/x sf] /fd /L lg/lif0f u/l clen]v tof/ kfg]{ / /fg' ptkfbg ubf{ cfjzos kg]{ ;fdu Lx tof/ ug]{. bf]>f] lbg t]>f] lbg rf} +yf] lbg kffrf} + lbg 5}7f} + b]lv P3f/f}+ lbg af xf} + lbg t]x f}+ lbg /fg' x'sf{pg] g;{/l uf]nfnfo{ /fg' laxlg kfg]{ -/fg' epsf] rfsf / sd pd]/sf nfef{ Pj+ k'mn epsf rfsfnfo{ lemsl cs}{ 3f/df /fvg] / ;f] 3f/nfO{! ls=ld= hlt 6f9fsf] 7fpFdf n}hfg]_ / lrgl rf:gl v'jfpg]. 5flgPsf] -cfdf_ uf]nfaf6 nfef{nfo{ ;]naf/df 6fF;]sf /fg' sf]7ldf ;fg]{ -u fç6 ug] {_ / g;{/l uf]nfnfo{ lbg]. cl3nnf] lbg nfef{ ;f/l /fv]sf af/nfo{ lemsl df}/ln] slt nfef{nfo{?rfpsf] 5 x]g]{,?rfpsf] 5}g eg] k'gm nfef{ ;fg]{. nfef{ ;f/]sf] af/nfo{ ;/;tl{ x]/l slt j6f /fg' agb}5g\ ugg] / 3f/df lrgl rf:gl lbg]. uf]nf laefhgsf nflu cfjzos kg]{ ;fdfgsf] tof/l ug] { / cgo afþo sfo{x ug]{. sltj6f /fg'sf]if 6fn]sf] 5 5}g x]g]{ / cfçgf] cfjzostf cg';f/ Go"lSno; 3f/x tof/ ug] {. uf]nf ljefhgsf nflu agfopsf Go"lSno; 3f/df /fg'sf]if lbg] / lrgl rf:gl v'jfpg]. affsl /x]sf /fg'sf]ifnfo{ arfo{ /fvgsf nflu /fg'sf]ifnfo{ lk+h8fdf /fvg]. cfçgf] cg's"ntf cg';f/ /fg' lk+h8fnfo{ /fg' laxlg kfl/psf] dha't uf]nfdf lbg] jf laqml ljt/0f ug]{. /fg' ptkfbg 19

32 s[lqd sf]ifsf] k of]u u/l /fg' ptkfbg ug] { lalw s[lqd tl/sfaf6 agfopsf /fg'sf]ifdf cfk"mn] rfx]sf] :t/lo uf]nfaf6 nfef{ ;fg] { / To;/L ;f/]sf nfef{af6 df}/lnfo{ /fg' agfpg ps;fpgsf nflu of] lalw ckgfog5. ;fdfgotof df}/ldf k hgg\ / 5gf}6 ljlwåf/f gzn ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu of] tl/sf ckgfpg] ul/g5. o; tl/sfaf6 /fg' ptkfbg ug]{ sfo{ Plk; d]lnkm]/fdf lgs} klxn]b]lv g} x' Fb} cfo/x]sf] 5 / ;f] ;DaGwL la:t[t ljj/0f ;Gbe{ ;"rl! / $ df pnn]v ul/psf k':tsx?df lbopsf 5g\. Plk; ;]/fgfdf o; k sf/sf] lalw k of]u u/]/ /fg' ptkfbg ug] { sfo{ Tolt w]/} k rngdf geptfklg xfn cfp/ rlg, yfon}08 cflb b]zx?df o;sf] ;kmn k of]u x'fb} cfo{/x]sf] 5. s[lqd sf]7lsf] k of]u u/]/ 5flgPsf] uf]nfaf6 /fg' ptkfbg ug] { / ptkflbt /fg'df s[lqd uef{wfg u/fo{ df}/ldf hftlo ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsg] s'/f Plk; ;]/fgfdf klg k dfl0ft e} ;s]sf] Plk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbgm k lzif0f ; f]t k'l:tsf

33 pts[i6 uf]nfsf] 5gf}6 /fg' ptkfbgsf nflu uf]nfsf] 5gf}6 ug{ cfk"m;fu jf cfçgf] ;d"x;fu epsf ;a} 3f/x df ;+s]t gda/ lbp/ sldtdf Ps jif{;ddsf] clen]v /fvg' kb{5. s'g 3f/sf] s'g dlxgfdf s:tf] Aojxf/ lyof], s'g 3f/af6 slt dx ptkfbg eof], s'g 3f/af6 slt x"n 5'6], s'g 3f/df /f]usf nif0f b]lvpsf lyp cflb s'/fx sf] cfwf/df uf]nf 5gf}6 ug]{ ul/g5. Pp6} 3/ sdkfp08df uf]nfx dwo]df klg s'g} lsnf] dx lgsng5 eg] s'g}af6! lsnf] klg lgsngb}g. s'g} ;fgf] uf]nfaf6 # uf]nf df}/l 5'l G5g\ eg] s'g} alnof] uf]nf ep/ klg x"n 5'l +b}g. s'g}df /f]u b]lvg5, s'g}df b]lv+b}g. Pp6} lsl;dsf] xfjfkfgl / r/g epsf] 7fpFdf ;dfg lsl;dsf] Aoj:yfkg x' Fbfx' Fb} klg s'g} uf]nfsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ctogt} /fd f] x'g5 eg] s'g} uf]nfsf] g/fd f] x'g5. To;f] x'g'df tl uf]nfx sf] a+zf0f'ut u'0fn] dxtjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgefpsf] x'g5. t;y{ j+zf0f'ut u'0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf] nflu :j:y, dhj't / a9l ptkfbgzln uf]nfsf] 5gf}6 ug'{ kb{5. uf]nf 5gf}6 ug{sf nflu cfk"m;fu jf cfçgf] ;d"x;fu epsf 3f/nfO{ rf/ efudf aff8\g /fg' ptkfbg 21

34 { ;lsg5. /fg' ptkfbg ubf{ tn tflnsf g+=! df pnn]v u/] cg';f/ 3 ju{df k/]sf uf]nfx af6 ug' { kb{5. To;/L ptkfbg ul/psf /fg'n] s / v ju{df k/]sf ;a} uf]nfx sf /fg'nfo{ la:yfkg ug' kb{5 / k'gm Ps jif{sf] clen]v /fv]/ of] k lqmofnfo{ bf]x ofpg' kb{5. o;/l /fg' ptkfbgsf nflu 5gf}6 ul/psf] uf]nfnfo{ cfdf uf]nf elgg5 -lrq g+=!!_. { tflnsf g+=!m ljlegg uf]nfsf cfwf/df uf]nfsf] jul{s/0f u/l pts[i6 uf]nf 5gf}6 ug] tl/sf uf]nf 5gf}6sf uf]nfsf] jul{s/0f cfwf/ s v u 3 dx ptkfbg! lsnf] lsnf] dx # % lsnf] dx % lsnf] egbf sd dx lbg] uf]nfx lbg] uf]nf lbg] uf]nfx a9l dx lbg] uf]nfx df}/ln] j6f rfsf # % j6f rfsf ^ * j6f rfsf * egbf a9l rfsf ;+Vof /f]usf] cj:yf /f]u nfu]sf / cf}iflw ubf{ klg lgsf] gepsf /f]u nfu]sf t/ cf}iflw u/]/ lgsf] epsf /f]usf nif0f b]lvpsf t/ cfk}m 7Ls epsf rfsf s'g} klg /f]usf nif0f gb]lvpsf uf]nfx efn] df}/lsf] ptkfbg /fg' ptkfbg sfo{sf] ;kmntf efn] df}/lsf] pkl:yltdf klg e/ kb{5. olb efn] df}/l 5}gg\ jf /f]ul Pj+ sd ptkfbgzln uf]nfaf6 ptkflbt efn] df}/l dfq 5g\ eg] /fg' ptkfbgaf6 ck]lift ;kmntf kfpg ;ls+b}g. t;y{ /fg' ptkfbg z'? ug'{ klxn] efn] df}/lsf] pkl:ylt jf ptkfbgdf klg ljz]if Wofg lbg' kb{5. olb 5gf}6 ul/psf] uf]nfaf6 efn] ptkfbg ug'{ k/]df lgdg tl/sf ckgfpg' kb{5. 22 Plk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbgm k lzif0f ; f]t k'l:tsf

35 lrq g+=!!m /fg' ptkfbgsf nflu cfdf uf]nfsf] 5gf}6 ubf{ a9l dx lbg], /f]u d'qm / jif} {e/l Psgf;sf] alnof]kgf epsf] uf]nfsf] 5gf}6 ug{ ' k5{. 5gf}6 ul/psf] uf]nfdf dx lgsfn]sf] k m]d /fvl lbg], efn] sf]if epsf] k'/fgf] rfsf ;Dxfn]/ /fv]sf] 5 eg] To;df clnslt lrgl rf:gl 5/]/ 3f/df /fvl lbg], sdl{ df}/lsf sf]if epsf] rfsfsf jl/kl/ 5]psf] efu sf6]/ kmfnl lbpdf ;f] 7fpFdf k'gm rfsf agfpfbf df}/ln] efn]sf]ifx? agfo{ efn]sf] ptkfbg ub{5g\, uf]nfdf k z:t lrgl rf:gl lbp/ df}/lnfo{ efn]sf]if agfpg ptk ]l/t ug]{. kl/rfl/sf -g;{/l_ uf]nfsf] tof/l h'g 3f/df nfef{ ;f/]sf] ;]naf/ lbg] xf], To;nfO{ kl/rfl/sf jf g;{/l uf]nf elgg5. g;{/l uf]nfn] g} tl nfef{ x'sf{pg] / /fg' agfpg] sfo{ ub{5g\. g;{/l uf]nfsf] 5gf}6 ubf{ lgdg b'o{ s'/fdf Wofg lbg' kb{5. /fg' ptkfbg 23

36 g;{/l uf]nf lgs} w]/} df}/l epsf] Pj+ /f]ud'qm x'g' kb{5, x"n 5'6\gsf nflu leq leq} cfgtl/s tof/l ul//x]sf] uf]nf lgs} /fd f] dflgg5. g;{/l uf]nfdf nfef{ ;f/]sf] sk epsf] k ]md lbg' egbf Ps lbg klxn] o;nfo{ /fg' laxlg kfg' { kb{5. cyf{t\ g;{/l uf]nfaf6 /fg' / g6fn]sf 5fp/f -nfef{ / k'mn_ epsf rfsfnfo{ lems]/ ;fgf] 3f/df /fvl cgoq} ;fg'{ kb{5 -lrq g+=!@_. 6fn]sf 5fp/f rfsf Pj+ clwsf+z sdl{ df}/l k'/fg} 3f/df 5f]8\g' kb{5. olb To;df /fg' sf]if ep x6fo{ lbg'k5{ / lrgl rf:gl v'jfpg' k5{. o;f] ubf{ g;{/l uf]nfnfo{ skdf epsf nfef{af6 /fg' agfpg' afx]s c? ljsnk x' Fb}gg\. nfef{ ;fg{ -u flç6 _ sf nflu cfjzos kg] { ;fdu Lx d}g ksfpg] eff8f] :6f]e jf r"nf] ;kmf d}g d}g 5fGg] sk8f rss' /fg'sf]7l agfpg] 58\ /fgl sf]7l 6fF:g] k m]d -;]naf/_ nfef{ ;fg] { ;"O/f] -u flç6 lg8n_ rdrf jf kmnfdsf] tf/ /fg' lkfh8f 24 Plk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbgm k lzif0f ; f]t k'l:tsf

37 lrq g;{/l uf]nfdf nfef{ ;f/]sf] k m]d lbg' egbf Ps lbg klxn] o;af6 /fg' / g6fn]sf 5fp/f rfsfnfo{ lems]/ s]lx df}/lsf ;fy cs} { 3f/df /fvl lbg' kb{5. /fg' epsf] 3f/nfO{ ;Dej ep! ls=dl= 6f9f n}hfg' kb{5. ;+ej 5}g kml6 glhs} klg /fvg ;lsg5. t/ sfddf upsf clwsf+z df}/l g;{/l uf]nfdf g} hfpg\ egg] lsl;dn] Aoj:yf ldnfpg' k5{. /fg'sf]if /fglsf]7l /fg'sf]ifx s[lqd tl/sfaf6 z'4 df}/lsf] d}gaf6 agfog5g\. em x]bf{ ol sf]ifx sf] cfsf/ tyf agfj6 x"n lgof{;sf a]nf df}/ln] cfk}m agfpg] sf]ifsf] h:t} b]lvg5. /fg'sf]if agfpgsf nflu /]vf lrqdf lbpsf] gfk ;fo{h cg';f/sf] sf7sf] 58L agfog5. h;nfo{ /fg'sf]if agfpg] 58\ -l8lk /8_ klg elgg5. /fg'sf]if agfpgsf nflu ;s];dd Tolx k hfltsf] df}/ln] ptkfbg u/]sf] d}g k of]u ug'{ kb{5. /fg' sf]if agfpgm Pp6f cln 7"nf] eff8fdf kfgl ttfpg' xf];\, kfgl tftg z'? epkl5 Tof] eff8f]dfly d}g epsf] csf] { eff8f] /fvg' xf];\, -lrq g+=!#_!% ;]=dl= * dl=dl= % dl=dl= ^ dl=dl= /fg' ptkfbg 25

38 kfgl pdn]kl5 d}g kung5, d}g klun;s]kl5 sf7sf] 58\nfO{ lr;f] kfgl epsf] eff8f]df /fd /L 8'afpg' xf];\, kfgl 6S6SofP/ 58\nfO{ kun]sf] d}gdf # k6s rf]kg' xf];\, d}gdf rf]kbf 58\nfO{ l;wf kf/]/ ;dftg' xf];\ / o;sf] uf]nf] lrnnf] kf/]sf] efunfo{ % ^ dl=dl= ;Dd 8'Ag] u/l rf]kg' xf];\, -lrq g+=!$_ 58\af6 sf]ifx?nfo{ la:tf/} lemsg';\ / Psl5g kfgldf /fvg' xf];\, tof/ epsf sf]ifx? dwo] /fd f hlt 5fGg';\ / g/fd fnfo{ k'gm kufng' xf];\ Ps} k6s w]/} sf]ifx? agfpg rfx]df dln6kn k ]md klg k of]u ug{ ;lsg5 -lrq g+=!%_. 58\af6 sf]ifx? lemsbf v]/l Pp6f xftsf] a'9l cf} +nf, rf]/ cf} +nf / dfeml cf} +nfn] sf]ifnfo{ la:tf/} ;dftg] / csf] { xftn] 58\nfO{ ptfkl tfgg] ug' { kb{5. o:t} tl/sfn] y'k } sf]ifx? agfo{ /fd f] cfsf/ ldn]sf sf]ifnfo{ cnuu} 5'6\ofpg' kb{5 -lrq g+=!^_. /fg'sf]7l 6fF:g] k ]md -;]naf/_ /fg'sf]7l 6fF:g] k ]mdsf] gfk / cfsf/ klg 5fp/f k ]mdsf] h:t} x'g5, t/ o;df tf/sf] ; fdf sf7sf b'o{j6f 808L x'g5g\ h;nfo{ ;]naf/ elgg5. ;]njf/sf] df]6fo{ *!) ld=ld=, rf}8fo{!( dl=dl= / dl=dl= x'g5 / ltgnfo{ 3'dfpg klg ;lsg5. b'o{6f ;]naf/sf] alrsf] b"/l %) dl=dl= x'g5. tl ;]naf/df /fg'sf]if 6fF:g ;lhnf] xf];\ eggfsf nflu lrqdf b]vfpsf] h:t} u/l kun]sf] d}g vgofp/ d}gsf] tx agfpg' k5{ 26 Plk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbgm k lzif0f ; f]t k'l:tsf

39 lrq g+=!#m d}gnfo{ w]/} ksfpg' x' Fb}g. o;nfo{ l;wf cfuf]df jf lvof nfug] vfnsf eff8fdf /fv]/ klg ttfpg' x' Fb}g. lrq g+=!$m /fg'sf]7l agfpg] 58\nfO{ klxn] kfgldf lehfpg] clg kfgl 68\sfP/ kun]sf] d}gdf rf]kg' k5{. /fg' ptkfbg 27

40 lrq g+=!%m Ps} k6s w]/} sf]7l agfpg' k/]df dln6kn k m]d klg k of]u ug{ ;lsg5. lrq g+=!^m 58\af6 /fg'sf]7lnfo{ lemsbf Ps xftsf] a'9lcf} +nf, rf]/cf} +nf / dfemlcf} +nfn] sf]ifnfo{ ;dftg] / csf] { xftn] 58\nfO{ ptfk L tfgg' k5{. 28 Plk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbgm k lzif0f ; f]t k'l:tsf

41 -lrq g+=!&_. d}g vgofpg' egbf klxnf ;]njf/nfo{ kfgln] lehfpdf kl5 sf]; pksfpg ;lhnf] x'g5. d}gsf] tx dl=dl= hlt afsnf] / ;Dd x'g' k5{. d}gsf] tx agl ;s]kl5 Pp6f 808Ldf!)!@ sf]if c6fpg ;Sg] u/l # ;]=dl= sf] b"/ldf sf]if 6fF:g' k5{ -lrq g+=!*_. sf]if 6fF:bf kun]sf] Ps yf]kf d}gnfo{ d}gsf] ;txdf vgofpg] / Tof] hdg' egbf klxno} To;df sf]if lrksfpg' k5{. ;a} sf]if lrksfo{ ;s]kl5 k'gm Ps k6s tlgsf] k]mbdf clnslt kun]sf] d}g vgofpg] h;n] ubf{ sf]ifx kssf;fu 6fFl;G5g\. 6kaf/ 3f/df /fg'sf]7l 6fF:g] tl/sf 6kaf/ 3f/df klg s[lqd tl/sfn] agfopsf /fg'sf]7lx? 6fF;]/, tlgdf nfef{ ;f/l /fg' ptkfbg ug{ ;lsg5. 6kaf/df lgdg k sf/n] /fg'sf]ifx? 6fF:g ;lsg5. Pp6f k'/fgf] rfsfsf] tnlt/sf] efu l;wf kf/]/ sf6\g] / To;df d}gsf] tx agfo{ sf]7lx? 6fF:g] ul/g5 -lrq g+=!(_. 6kaf/df k m]d epsf] 3f/sf] h:t} b'o{ j6f 808Lx? c8\sfp/ ;]naf/ klg agfpg ;lsg5 -lrq t/ tl 808Ldf k m]d epsf] 3f/sf] hlt w]/} /fg'sf]7lx? 6fF:g ;ls+b}g. nfef{ ;fg]{ ;"O/f] -u flç6 lg8n_ nfef{ ;fg{sf -u fç6 ug{sf_ nflu ahf/df ljz]if k sf/sf] ;"O/f] kfog5 h;nfo{ u flç6 lg8n elgg5. ;nfosf] sfff6l, aff;sf] rf]of, bfft sf]6\ofpg] l;gsf jf sf7sf] 6'qmfaf6 klg u flç6 lg8n agfpg ;lsg5. ;f]sf nflu nfef{ ;fg{ k of]u ul/g] efunfo{ rss'n] tf5]/ dl;gf], lrknf] / rdrf h:tf] cfsf/sf] agfpg' kb{5. /fg' ptkfbg 29

42 lrq g+=!&m ;]naf/df epsf 808LnfO{ 3'dfP/ To;dfly kun]sf] d}g vgofpg' k5{. lrq g+=!*m ;]naf/df epsf 808Ldf d}gsf] tx agfo{ ;s]kl5 To;dfly /fd f 5fg]sf /fg'sf]7lnfo{ 6Ff:g' k5{. 30 Plk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbgm k lzif0f ; f]t k'l:tsf

43 lrq g+=!(m ;]naf/ 5}g eg] k'/fgf] rfsfsf] tnnf] efu sf6]/ k\mofsg] / To;df d}gsf] tx agfp/ klg sf]7lx? 6fF:g ;lsg5. lrq 6kaf/ 3f/df klg ;]naf/ agfpg ;lsg5. nfef{ ;fg] { tl/sf nfef{ ;fg{sf nflu 5flgPsf] uf]nfaf6 a9l g6fn]sf 5fp/f -nfef{ / k'mn_ epsf] rfsf lemsg' xf];\. rfsfdf epsf df}/lnfo{ x6fpg' xf];\ / rfsfnfo{ a:g ;lhnf] x'g] 7fpFdf n}hfg' xf];\. kf]n6fdf s[lqd sf]if 6fF;]sf] k m]d /fvg' xf];\ / affof xftn] nfef{ epsf] rfsfnfo{ ;dftg' xf];\. /fg' ptkfbg 31

44 bfoff xftdf nfef{ ;fg] { ;"O/f] ;dftg' xf];\. ;"O/f]sf] r]k6f] efunfo{ nfef{ epsf] Pp6f sf]ifdf 8'afpg' xf];\ / nfef{sf] 3'ld Psf] k5fl8sf] efuaf6 un xfn] h:t} u/l prfng' xf];\. nfef{nfo{ s[lqd sf]ifsf] alrdf kg]{ u/l 3'ld Psf] efuaf6 /fvg' xf];\. -lrq lrq nfef{nfo{ 3'ld Psf] lk7\o"lt/sf] dwoefuaf6 lgsfng' k5{ / la:tf/} /fg'sf]7lsf] dwo efudf kg] { u/l /fvg' k5{ nfef{ ;fbf{ ;s];dd cw{rgb ( ) cfsf/sf]! lbgsf] nfef{nfo{ 5fGg' k5{, epg eg] c+u ]hl ;L (C) cfsf/sf] lbgsf] nfef{nfo{ 5fGg' k5{. nfef{sf] pd]/ # lbg k'ul;s]kl5 To;af6 sdl{ df}/l agg]sl /fg' agg] egg] cfgtl/s nif0fx? b]lvg yfln;s]sf x'g5g\ / To;af6 ag]sf /fg' Tolt /fd f x'fb}gg\. t;y{ hlt ;fgf] pd]/sf] nfef{nfo{ u fç6 ug{ ;Sof], Tolt w]/} ;kmntf kfog5. nfef{ ;fbf{ a:g] 7fpF 32 Plk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbgm k lzif0f ; f]t k'l:tsf

45 xfjf grng], rsf]{ 3fd gnfug] t/ phofnf] / Gofgf] -@% ) ;]= tfkqmd epsf]_ x'g' k5{. nfef{ ;fg] { dflg;sf] cffvf nfef{ / km"nnfo{ k i6;fu b]vg ;lsg] t]lhnf] x'g' k5{. nfef{ ;fbf{ ;"O/f]sf] r]k6f] efun] nfef{sf] k5fl8sf] efunfo{ la:tf/} prfn]/ Nofpg' k5{. -lrq Pp6} rfsfdf klg lalegg pd]/sf k'mn, nfef{ / Ko"kfx? x'g5g\ -lrq olb lbgsf] nfef{ lrgg ;s]g eg] cfdf uf]nfdf k'/fgf] rfsfsf] k of]u ubf{ klg x'g5. nfef{ ;fg' { egbf rf/ lbg klxn] Pp6f k'/fgf] sfnf] t/ :j:yo uf]nfaf6 lnopsf] rfsfdf clnslt lrgl rf:gl 5g]{ / To;nfO{ cfdf uf]nfdf epsf 5fp/f rfsfsf] alrdf /fvl lbg]. sdl{ df}/ln] ;f] k'/fgf] rfsfnfo{ t'?gt} ;kmf ub{5g\ / /fg'n] To;df k'mn kfg{ yfn5]. k'mn kf/]sf] rf}+yf] lbgdf Tof] rfsfdf 7Ls! lbgsf nfef{ x'g5g\ -lrq lrq nfef{ ;fbf{ ;"O/f]sf] r]k6f] efun] nfef{sf] k5fl8sf] efunfo{ la:tf/} prfn]/ Nofpg' k5{. Wofg lbg';\ nfef{ ;fbf{ ;s];dd cw{ rgb fsf/sf] Ps lbgsf] nfef{ ;fg'{ k5{. nfef{ ;fg{ vf]hbf Ps k6sdf cfpg jf To;df wssf nfuof] eg] To:tf] nfef{nfo{ s[lqd sf]ifdf ;fg'{ x 'b}g. /fg' ptkfbg 33

46 lrq Pp6} rfsfdf klg lalegg pd]/sf c08f / nfef{x? x'g5g\. /fg' ptkfbgsf nflu nfef{ ;fbf{ cw{rgb cfsf/sf nfef{nfo{ /f]hg' k5{. lrq Pp6} pd]/sf nfef{ epsf] k'/fgf] rfsf. 34 Plk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbgm k lzif0f ; f]t k'l:tsf

47 g;{/l uf]nfdf ;]naf/ /fvg] ;a} sf]ifdf nfef{ ;f/l;s]kl5 /fg'sf]ifnfo{ tn kmsf{p/ ;]naf/nfo{ g;{/l uf]nfdf /fvl lbg' xf];\. -lrq a]n'slkv pk/f]qm uf]nfdf lrgl rf:glsf] eff8f /fvl lbg' xf];\. ef]nl kn6 g;{/l uf]nfsf] ;/;tl{ lg/lif0f ug' { xf];\. ;]naf/df epsf slt j6f /fg'sf]ifnfo{ df}/ln] :ofxf/ ul//fv]sf 5g\, ugtl ug'{ xf];\. olb df}/ln] /fg' agfpg rfx]sf] ep sf]ifnfo{ /fd /L 5f]k]/ /fv]sf x'g5g\ / To;sf] cfsf/ klg a9fpfb} nu]sf x'g5g\. -lrq olb %) k ltzt sf]ifnfo{ klg :ofxf/]sf 5}gg\ eg] tl sf]ifnfo{ x6fo{ goff sf]if 6fF:g' xf];\ / ;a} sf]ifdf k'gm nfef{ ;fg' { xf];\. k'gm nfef{ ;f/]sf] ef]lnkn6 klg 3f/sf] lg/lif0f ug' { xf];\. -lrq olb g;{/l uf]nfsf df}/ln] c? s'g} rfsfsf] lk+wdf jf cgo efudf /fg'sf]if agfpsf 5g\ eg] ltgnfo{ effrl lbg' xf];\. o;/l ;f/]sf] nfef{nfo{ z'?sf $ % lbgdf df}/ln] k z:t zfxl ef]hg v'jfpf5g\. To;kl5 sf]ifnfo{ d}gn] 6fnL lbg5g\. sf]if 6fnL ;s]kl5 Ko"kf cj:yfdf /fg'sf] z/l/ k"0f{ kdf lasl;t x'g5. sf]if 6fn]sf] kffrf}++ lbgdf jf nfef{ ;f/]sf] bzf}+ jf P3f/f}+ lbgdf /fg' aflx/ lg:sg5. t;y{ sf]ifaf6 /fg' lg:sg] Ps b'o{ lbg cufj} 3f/sf] /fd /L lg/lif0f ug' { kb{5. slt j6f /fg'sf]ifx kl/ksj cj:yfdf 5g\, cfk"mnfo{ slt sf]ifsf] cfjzostf 5, affsl /fg'nfo{ s] ug] { xf] /fd /L larf/ ug'{ kb{5. / Tolx cg';f/sf Joj:yfkgdf nfug' kb{5, cgoyf ;a} /fg'x Ps} lbg lg:sg] / Psfk;df emu8f u/l dg{ klg ;S5g\. /fg' ptkfbg 35

48 lrq ;a} sf]7ldf nfef{ ;f/l;s]kl5 ;]naf/nfo{ tnlt/ kmsf{o{ g;{/l uf]nfdf lbg' k5{. lrq olb nfef{nfo{ :jlsf/]sf] 5 eg] df}/ln] /fg'sf]7lnfo{ /fd /L 5f]k]/ /fv]sf] x'g5 / To;df sfd klg z'? u/]sf] x'g5. 36 Plk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbgm k lzif0f ; f]t k'l:tsf

49 Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/f nfef{ ;fg] { ;do pko'qm epg, w]/} ;'Vvf eof] jf cgo s'g} jftfj/0flo sf/0fn] ubf{ slxn] sffxl df}/ln] lgs} sd nfef{nfo{ :ofxf5{g\ / ck]iff u/] hlt /fg'sf]ifx? agb}gg\ -lrq t;y{ /fg' ptkfbg ubf{ hlxn] klg cfkm"nfo{ rflxg] egbf lgs} a9l ptkfbg ug] { sf]lzz ug' { k5{. lrq g;{/l uf]nfdf ;]naf/ lbpsf] ef]lnkn6 3f/sf] ;/;tl{ lg/lif0f ug' { k5{, olb df}/ln] nfef{nfo{ :jlsf/]sf] 5}g eg] tl sf]7lnfo{ x6fo{ k'gm sf]7l 6fF:g] / nfef{ ;fg]{ sfd ug'{ k5{. /fg' ptkfbg 37

50 /fg'sf]ifx? nfef{ ;f/]sf] bzf}+ jf P3f/f}+ lbgdf /fg'x? sf]ifaf6 aflx/ lg:sg5g\. ctm /fg' lbg cufl8 g} sf]ifx?sf] Joj:yfkg ug' { /fd f] x'g5. /fg'sf]ifx?sf] d'v /ftf] eo{ ;s]sf] 5 eg] /fg'sf]ifx? epsf] k m]dnfo{ aflx/ lemsg' k5{. -lrq k ]md aflx/ lemsbf To;df epsf df}/lnfo{ la:tf/} xnsf a ';n] emf/]sf] x'g' k5{. df}/l emf/l;s]kl5 ;f] k m]dnfo{ sf7sf] kmnofs jf 3f/sf] leql 9sgLdfly /fvg' kb{5. To;kl5 Ps xftn] k m]dnfo{ /fd /L ;dftg] / csf]{ xftn] la:tf/} sf]ifdfly s'g} wssf gk'ug] u/l d}gsf] tx ;d]t pksg] u/l sf6\g' k5{ -lrq To;/L /fg'sf]ifx? epsf] d}gsf] tx ;d]tnfo{ pksfo{;s]kl5 Ps Ps u/l /fg'sf]ifx?nfo{ 5'6\ofpg' k5{. tl sf]ifx? dwo] /fd f sf]ifx? 5fg]/ cfk"mn] rfx]sf] 3f/df ;f]em} lbg ;lsg5. -lrq g+= #)_ :d/0f /xf];\ h'g 3f/df /fg'sf]if lbg vf]h]sf] xf], Tof] 3f/nfO{ Ps lbg klxnf g} /fg' laxlg kfl/psf] x'g' k5{. olb ttsfn cfk"mnfo{ /fg'sf]ifsf] cfjzostf 5}g eg] tl sf]ifx?nfo{ lk+h8fdf klg /fvg ;lsg5. 38 Plk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbgm k lzif0f ; f]t k'l:tsf

51 lrq nfef{ ;f/]sf]!) lbg kl5 /fg'sf]ifx? kl/ksj e} ;s]sf x'g5g\. lrq /fg'sf]ifnfo{ wssf gnfug] u/l rss'n] d}gsf] ;txnfo{ sf6\g] / Ps Ps u/l /fg'sf]if 5'6\ofpg' k5{. /fg' ptkfbg 39

52 lrq g+= #)M /fg'sf]ifnfo{ /fg' laxlg uf]nfdf ;f]em} klg lbg ;lsg5. /fg'sf]ifnfo{ lk+h8fdf /fvg] tl/sf /fg'sf]ifaf6 lg:s]sf /fg'x n] Psfk;df emu8f gu?g\ / /fg'x nfo{ laqml ljt/0f ug{ ;lhnf] xf];\ eggfsf nflu /fg'sf]ifnfo{ lk+h8fdf /fvg] ul/g5 -lrq g+= #!_. /fg'sf]ifnfo{ lrqdf b]vfp h:t} Ps Ps u/l Pp6f Pp6f lk+h8fdf /fvg] / lk+h8fx nfo{ nx/} ldng] u/l Pp6f sf7sf] k ]mddf /fvg' k5{ -lrq g+= #@_. lk+h8f leq $ % j6f sdl{df}/l / lrgl lk;]sf] w"nf]nfo{ dxdf d'5]/ agfopsf] Sof08L /fvg' k5{ / /fg'sf]if /fvg] Kjfnsf] aflx/kl df6f]n] kf]tl lbg' kb{5. To;f] ubf{ sf]ifaf6 /fg' lg:s] klg lk+h8fleq} /xg5, aflx/ cfpg kfpfb}g. 40 Plk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbgm k lzif0f ; f]t k'l:tsf

53 lrq g+= #!M /fg'nfo{ % & j6f sdl{df}/lsf ;fy lk+h8fdf /fv]/ klg 3f/df lbg jf otfptl n}hfg ;lsg5. lrq g+= #@M /fg'sf]ifnfo{ lk+h8fleq /fv]/ rflxpsf] a]nfdf k of]u ug{ ;lsg5. /fg' ptkfbg 41

54 42 Plk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbgm k lzif0f ; f]t k'l:tsf

55 cwofo # 3f/ a9fpg] lalw (Colony Multiplication) uf]nf laefhg 6kaf/ jf rf}s; epsf 3f/df df}/l kfnbf 3f/df df}/lsf] ;+Vof x]/l jf # efudf laefhg u/]/ uf]nf a9fpg ;lsg5. uf]nf a9fpg] sfo{ df}/lsf] k fs[lts kdf x"n 5'6\g] ;do egbf!)!% lbg klxnf g} ug' { /fd f] x'g5. 3f/ a9fpg] sfo{ cg's"n df};d / ;dodf ul/g5 / o;sf nflu & * k m]d 5fp/f rfsf epsf] dha't uf]nf x'g' cfjzos dflgg5. uf]nf laefhg ubf{ ;fdfgotof Pp6f alnof] uf]nfaf6 b'o6f uf]nf agfpg] ul/g5. t/ k z:t dfqfdf r/g pknaw epsf] / ;'lawfhgs -pko'qm_ tfkqmd epsf] 7fpFdf eg] Pp6f dha't uf]nfaf6 # uf]nf klg agfpg ;lsg5. uf]nf laefhg ug{ pko'qm x'g] ;do, xfjfkfgl, 3f/sf] cj:yf / uf]nf laefhg ug] { lalw af/] la:t[t ljj/0f ;Gbe{ / ^ df pnn]v ul/psf k':tsx?df kfpg ;lsg5. t;y{ o; k'l:tsfdf ;f] ;DaGwL 5f]6s/L hfgsf/l dfq lbopsf] 5. cwofo #M 3f/ a9fpg] lalw 43

56 uf]nf laefhg ug] { lalw df}/l uf]nfnfo{ lgdg cg';f/ b'o{ efudf laefhg ug{ ;lsg5m ;fdfgo lalw / Go"lSno; 3f/sf] k of]u u/]/ uf]nf laefhg ug]{ lalw. klxnf] lalw cg';f/ k fs[lts cj:yfdf alg/x]sf /fg'sf]ifx?sf] k of]u u/]/ uf]nf laefhg ug]{ jf uf]nf laefhg u/l;s]kl5 df}/lnfo{ /fg'sf]if agfpg k ]l/t ug]{ / tl /fg'sf]ifx?nfo{ /fg' laxlg uf]nfdf lbg] ul/g5 eg] bf]; f] lalw cg';f/ 5gf}6 ul/psf uf]nfaf6 nfef{ lemsg] / tl nfef{nfo{ s[lqd tl/sfaf6 agfopsf /fg'sf]7ldf ;f/l df}/lnfo{ /fg'sf]if agfpg nufpg] / To;/L ag]sf /fg'sf]ifx?nfo{ s]lx rfsf df}/l ;lxt Go"lSno; 3f/df /fvl uf]nf laefhg ug] { ul/g5. 3f/ laefhg ug]{ -5'6\ofpg]_ ;fdfgo lalw goff df}/l gepsf] vfnl 3f/nfO{ df}/lsf] uf]nf 5'6\ofpg] 3f/af6!!=% lkm6 bfoff /fvg]. df}/l epsf] 3f/nfO{ cfçgf] 7fpFaf6!!=% lkm6 afoff /fvg]. -lrq g+= ##_ df}/l epsf] 3f/af6 df}/l gepsf] 3f/df # $ j6f 5fp/f k ]md, Pp6f dx Pj+ s'6 epsf] k ]md / /fglnfo{ /fvl lbg]. /fg'sf] ;fydf g6fn]sf 5fp/f epsf] k ]mdnfo{ /fvbf /fd f] x'g5. k fs[lts?kdf df}/ln] /fg'sf]ifx? agfo{ /fv]sf] 5 eg] /fg'sf]if epsf] Pp6f rfsf lemsg]. To;df epsf /fg'sf]ifx? dwo] Pp6f c;n sf]ifnfo{ 5f]8]/ affslnfo{ effrl lbg] / Tof] rfsfnfo{ /fg' gepsf] 3f/df /fvl lbg]. -lrq g+= #$_ olb k fs[lts?kdf /fg'sf]ifx? alg/x]sf 5}gg\ eg] /fg' gepsf] 3f/df g6fn]sf, sd pd]/sf nfef{ Pj+ c08f epsf] rfsf lbg] h;af6 df}/ln] cfkm} /fg'sf]if agfpf5g\. 44 Plk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbgm k lzif0f ; f]t k'l:tsf

57 aflx/ sfdaf6 kms]{sf df}/lx k'/fgf] 7fpFdf cfpf5g\ / ToxfF cfçgf] 3f/ gb]v]kl5 sf]lx affoflt/sf] 3f/df / sf]xl bffoflt/sf] 3f/leq k:5g\. k'/fgf] 3f/ klxn]sf] :yfg goff 3f/ lrq g+= ##M df}/l epsf] 3f/nfO{ klxn]sf] 7fpFaf6! lkm6 affof / df}/l gepsf] 3f/nfO{! lkm6 bfoff /fv]/ uf]nf laefhg ug{ ;lsg5. cwofo #M 3f/ a9fpg] lalw 45

58 lrq g+= #$M uf]nf laefhg u/]sf] *!) lbgdf /fg' gepsf] 3f/df /fg'sf]if tof/ x'g5g\. tl sf]ifx? dwo] Pp6f /fd f] sf]ifnfo{ /fv]/ affsl c?nfo{ effrl lbg' k5{. Go"lSno; 3f/sf] k of]u u/l uf]nf 5'6\ofpg] lalw rf/ j6f 5fp/f rfsf c6fpg] ;fgf] 3f/nfO{ Go"lSno; 3f/ elgg5. cfk"m;fu epsf alnof uf]nfnfo{ laefhg u/l 3f/ a[l4 ug' { k/]df Go"lSno; 3f/sf] k of]u ul/g5. alnof] 3f/af6 sldtdf b'o{6f 5fp/f k ]md / Pp6f dx Pjd\ s'6 epsf] k ]mdnfo{ lemsl Go"lSno; 3f/df /fvg] ul/g5 -lrq g+= #%_. tl Go"lSno; 3f/nfO{ ls t! ls=ld= egbf 6f9fsf] cfk"mnfo{ kfos kg]{ 7fpFdf /fvg' k5{, ls tn lrq g+= #^ df b]vfp h:t} u/l ;f]xl 7fpFdf /fvg' kb{5. Go"lSno; 3f/df epsf alrsf] 5fp/f rfsfdf /ftf] 6'Kkf epsf] kl/ksj /fg'sf]ifnfo{ 6fF;L lbg' k5{. olb lgl:s;s]sf] /fg' lbg rfx]df *!) j6f sdl{ df}/lsf ;fy lk+h8fdf /fv]sf] /fg'nfo{ lbg' kb{5. lk+h8fsf] k of]u u/l /fg' lbg] tl/sf lgdgfg';f/ Plk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbgm k lzif0f ; f]t k'l:tsf

59 lhp ;nss k/]sf] /fg'nfo{ *!) j6f sdl{ df}/lsf ;fydf lk+h8fdf /fvg] / lk+h8fsf] d'v dxdf lehfpsf] skf;n] agb u/l lbg]. /fg'nfo{ lk+h8fdf 306f kl5 /fg' df}/lsf] ugw /fg' laxlg uf]nfdf ;lhn};+u ldl;g5. ugw ldl;p kl5 3f/df epsf c? df}/l lk+h8fsf] jl/kl/ 7Ls lsl;dn] 3'Dg yfn5g\, hjsl ugw ldl;g' egbf cufl8 pglx? cfqmfds b]lvg5g\. lk+h8fsf] d'vdf /fv]sf] skf; x6fp/ /fg'nfo{ aflx/ lgsfnl lbg]. lrq g+= #%M df}/l w]/} epsf] alnof] # j6f 5fp/f rfsfx? / df}/lx? lemsb} x/]s Go"lSno; 3f/df a/fa/ u/l lbg] / k To]s 3f/df Pp6f Pp6f /fg' sf]if /fvl lbg]. cwofo #M 3f/ a9fpg] lalw 47

60 lrq g+= #^M Go"lNso; 3f/sf] k of]u u/]/ Pp6f dha't uf]nfnfo{ laefhg # 3f/ klg agfpg ;lsg5. Kofs]h uf]nfsf] ptkfbg sf]ifaf6 lg:s]sf] $ % lbg kl5 /fg'df}/l j}jflxs p8fgdf hfg5] / lbg kl5 k'mn kfg{ yfn5]. /fg'n] k'mn kfg{ yfnl;s]kl5 df}/lsf] Kofs]h uf]nfx? agfp/ laqml ug] { jf cfk\mgf] df}/l vs{df nu]/ uf]nf a9fpg] sfd ug{ ;lsg5. Kofs]h uf]nfsf] ptkfbg ug{m Pp6f ;fgf] -#) ;]=dl= ;]=dl= rf}8f /!% ;]=dl=_ cunf] sf7 jf df]6f] uqfsf] afs; agfpg]. ;f] afs; agfpg] tl/sf ;Gbe{ ;"rl # df pnn]v ul/psf] k':tsdf lbopsf] 5. alnof] uf]nfaf6 5fp/f rfsf lemsl To;df epsf df}/lnfo{ em6\sf lbp/ afs;df vgofpg], df}/ldfly xnsf lrgl rf:gl 5s]{/ em6\sf lb+bf /fd f] x'g5, lk+h8fdf epsf] /fg'nfo{ s'g} tf/df c8\sfp/ afs;df /fvg], 48 Plk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbgm k lzif0f ; f]t k'l:tsf

61 afs;df lrgl rf:gl epsf] eff8f /fvg] / afs;nfo{ cfwof/f] sf]7fdf /fvg] jf cfjzos k/]sf] 7fpFdf n}hfg]. uf]nf ljefhg u/l;s]kl5 ug' { kg] { sfo{ 3f/ ljefhg u/]sf] $ % lbg kl5 uf]nf ;kmn ep jf gepsf] yfxf kfpg 3f/sf] /fd /L lg/lif0f ug' { kb{5. olb /fg'sf] k]6 nfdrf] 5, rfsfdf l56f] l56f] lxl8/x]sf] 5 / sf]ifdf x]bf{!! j6f k'mn kf/]sf] 5 eg] /fg' j}jflxs p8fgdf up/ efn];fu nful;s]sf] / uf]nf ;kmn e};s]sf] 5 egg] s'/f yfxf x'g5, t/ olb 3f/df /fg' 5 t/ To;n] k'mn kf/]sl 5}g eg] /fg' j}jflxs p8fgdf uo{;s]sl 5}g egg] ;+s]t kfog5. To:tf uf]nfnfo{ k z:t lrgl rf:gl v'jfpg' k5{ h;n] ubf{ /fg'nfo{ p8fgdf hfg pq]hgf ldnb5. olb 3f/df /fg' e]l6pg jf Pp6} sf]ifdf klg # $ j6f k'mn 5g\ / s]lx sdl{ df}/lsf] k]6 nfdrf] x'fb} upsf] h:tf] 5 eg] /fg' s]lx sf/0fn] d/]sf] / sdl{n] k'mn kfg{ yfnl;s]sf] ;+s]t kfog5. sdl{n] k'mn kfg{ z'? u/]sf uf]nfx la:tf/} gfl;p/ hfg5g\ t;y{ To:tf uf]nfsf df}/lnfo{ of t $) %) dl= 6f9f nu]/ 6s\6SofO{ goff 3f/df k;fpg' k5{ / /fg'sf]if jf /fg' lbg' k5{ of To:tf uf]nfnfo{ /fg' epsf] csf] { ;fgf] uf]nf;fu ld;fo{ lbg' k5{. cwofo #M 3f/ a9fpg] lalw 49

62 ;Gbe{ ;"rl (Further reading) In English!_ ARC (1995) Queen Management. Medina (USA): The AI Root Cook, V. (1986) Queen Rearing Simplified. Geddington, Northants (UK): British Bee Publication Ltd. #_ Punchihewa, R.W.K. (1994) Beekeeping for Honey Production (Sinhala/English). Peradeniya (Sri Lanka): Sri Lanka Department of Agriculture (and Canadian International Development Agency) $_ Suryanarayan, Mohan Rao, G., Subba Rao, K. (1998) Rearing of Queen Bees in India. Pune (India): All India Beekeeping Association %_ Wongsiri, S. (1995) 'Queen Production'. In Kevan, P.G. (ed) The Asiatic Hive Bee: Apiculture, Biology, and Role in Sustainable Development in Tropical and Sub-tropical Asia, pp Darul (Malaysia): Malindi Printers In Nepali ^_ z'sn, clg? gfy df}/lkfngm k lzifs ; f]t k'l:tsf. sf7df08f} +M Ol;df]8 &_ >]i7, gljg rf+bm s[lqd tl/sfaf6 prrsf]6lsf] /fg' ptkfbg. uf]bfj/l, g]kfnm df}/l ljsf; zfvf, nlntk'/ *_ s]=;l=, ho s'df/ 9sfn, rgb k ;fbm cfw'lgs df}/lkfng k'l:tsf. df}/l ljsf; zfvf, uf]bfj/l, nlntk'/, g]kfn 50 Plk; ;]/fgfdf /fg' ptkfbgm k lzif0f ; f]t k'l:tsf

63 /fg' ptkfbg 51