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2 @ In Kashmir, India Is Witnessing Its General Dyer Moment By : Partha Chatterjee There are chilling similarities between the justifications advanced for the actions of the British Indian army in Punjab in 1919 and those being offered today in defence of the acts of the Indian army in Kashmir. It was my duty my horrible, dirty duty, the general explained. I had the choice of carrying out a very distasteful and horrible duty or of neglecting to do my duty, of suppressing disorder or of becoming responsible for all future bloodshed. It was no longer a question of merely dispersing the crowd, but one of producing a sufficient moral effect, from a military point of view, not only on those who were present but more specially throughout the Punjab. There could be no question of undue severity. Those are the words of Brigadier-General (temporary) Reginald Dyer, known in Indian history as the butcher of Amritsar. He was defending his orders in April 1919 when his troops fired 1,650 rounds for about ten minutes on an unarmed crowd of some 20,000 who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh. By official count, 379 people were killed, but local estimates claimed that the figure was over a thousand. Every schoolchild in India knows the momentous effect this incident had on the course of nationalist politics in India. An unpleasant reflection: There are times when one looks in the mirror and is shocked to see a face one doesn t recognise the repulsive face of a nasty stranger. Most Indians will find it hard to believe that as a nation state we have just arrived at our own General Dyer moment. But careful and detached reflection will show chilling similarities between the justifications advanced for the actions of the British Indian army in Punjab in 1919 and those being offered today, nearly a century later, in defence of the acts of the Indian army in Kashmir. Called upon to defend a polling station against a stonepelting crowd during the recent by-election in Jammu and Kashmir in which only 7% of voters showed up, Major Leetul Gogoi had Farooq Ahmad Dar, who was passing by on his motorbike, strapped to the bonnet of an army jeep and paraded through the streets for hours, supposedly to deter the crowds from throwing stones at the security forces. When video images of the event began to circulate in the media on April 14 (the same day, incidentally, when in 1919 the world came to know about the Jallianwala Bagh massacre), a horrified public began to ask questions. Taken aback, the army ordered a court of inquiry. But even before its report could be published, General Bipin Rawat, the army chief, stepped in to present Major Gogoi with a certificate of commendation for his distinguished services in counter-insurgency operations in Kashmir. Subsequently, in a press interview, Rawat offered an extended justification of Major Gogoi s tactics, making it clear that this was no one-off incident but part of a new phase in the army s campaigns. Strongly supported by statements from senior ministers of the Union government, Rawat s interview pointed to something like a new politico-military strategy to deal with the problem of Kashmir. It is a dirty war, the general said. That is where innovation comes in. You fight a dirty war with innovations. When Major Gogoi decided to use a civilian as a human shield, he had in fact invented an innovative tactic by which he could protect his men from the stone-throwing crowd without shooting at it. If my men ask me what do we do, should I say, just wait and die? I will come with a nice coffin with a national flag and I will send your bodies home with honour. Is it what I am supposed to tell them as chief? The difficulty was, of course, that the army had to deal with a civilian enemy that did not use firearms. In fact, he said, I wish these people, instead of throwing stones at us, were firing weapons at us. Then I would have been happy. Then I could do what I, he said, leaving the sentence unfinished but making his thought eerily transparent. When dealing with an insurgent populace an amorphous and unconventional enemy he had to think of the army s morale. That is my job, he said. I always tell my people, things will go wrong, but if things have gone wrong and you did not have mala fide intent, I am there. General Rawat was fully backing what Major Gogoi had done. Dyer s innovative ways :- Dyer too thought he was faced with an insurgent populace. His principal duty was to establish order and restore the authority of the government. As in the rest of the country, there had been agitations in Amritsar against the Rowlatt Act, but when Satyapal and Saifuddin Kitchlew, the main organisers, were arrested and deported from Punjab, events took an ugly turn. Crowds assembled at various points and threw stones at the troops which then fired back. Twelve people were killed. By the evening, crowds set fire to numerous public buildings, five Europeans were beaten to death and an English woman a doctor was left for dead though she later recovered in hospital. Two days later, Dyer arrived in Amritsar, declared all public assemblies illegal and when people gathered for the baisakhi festival at Jallianwala Bagh, decided they must be taught an exemplary lesson. Dyer too devised innovative ways to establish the authority of British arms in Punjab. Martial law was declared, summary trials were held and over a hundred people were sentenced to death, of whom 18 were hanged in public before the practice was stopped. The most common form of punishment for the violation of curfew rules was public flogging. Dyer s most notorious innovation was the crawling lane the street where Miss Sherwood, the English doctor, had been beaten. Those wishing to pass through the street, including its residents, were made to crawl on all fours, sliding on their bellies as soldiers kicked them or prodded them with their bayonets. He explained his action with a bizarre flourish of Orientalist knowledge: The order meant that the street should be regarded as holy ground, and that, to mark this fact, no one was to traverse it except in a manner in which a place of special sanctity might naturally in the East be traversed. Dyer was clear that his job as an army man was to create a moral effect throughout the province. These were rebels and I must not treat them with gloves on. Yes, throughout the Punjab, I wanted to reduce their moral; the moral of the rebels. (One assumes that he meant their morale.) He was also mindful of the need to make his actions that day have a lasting effect on the people: merely dispersing the crowd was not enough. I could disperse them for some time, then they would all come back and laugh at me and I considered I would be making myself a fool. What was at stake was the very authority of the Raj. General Rawat too was forthright about maintaining the authority of the army over a potentially restive civilian population. Adversaries must be afraid of you and at the same time your people must be afraid of you. We are a friendly army, but when we are called to restore law and order, people have to be afraid of us. Hence, innovative methods of dealing with violent crowds had to be devised with the future in mind. Tomorrow elections have to be held in Anantnag and similar things may happen. If the army does not respond to calls for assistance, then the trust between the people whom we are protecting police and army will break. That is something I cannot allow to happen. When does a nation s army start to believe that to preserve its authority, it must be feared by its own people? We should remember that even though most Indians today believe that the Jallianwala Bagh killings were unprovoked and unwarranted, the British authorities in Punjab, led by the governor Michael O Dwyer, were convinced that a major conspiracy had been laid by Congress leaders to create massive disorder throughout the country leading to a revolt against British rule on a scale not seen since O Dwyer and other senior officials in India fully backed Dyer, calling him the saviour of the Punjab. Political reactions in Britain, however, were less charitable. The secretary of war, Winston Churchill, no lover of Indian nationalists, was appalled by such wanton and needless violence: it was a monstrous event, he said, an event which stands in sinister and singular isolation. Asquith said: It is one of the worst outrages in the whole of our history. Edwin Montagu, as secretary of state for India, formed a committee of inquiry which, some months later, censured Dyer for a mistaken conception of his duty and called his crawling order an act of humiliation which punished innocent as well as guilty and caused bitterness and racial ill-feeling. But Tory imperialists and those with India connections kept up their full-throated support for Dyer when he returned to Britain, feting him and raising for him a fund of some 26,000, not a small sum those days. In fact, Dyer became for some time a popular national hero in Britain. Mixing politics and the military:- In Major Gogoi s case, even though the army has set up a court of inquiry, it is the political leadership that has most vociferously defended his cause. Arun Jaitley, the defence minister, said that when there was a war-like situation, military officers should be allowed to make their own decisions. Venkaiah Naidu totally agreed with General Rawat that there was a dirty war going on in Kashmir. And Rajnath Singh hinted that a new strategy was being devised that would ensure a permanent solution to the Kashmir problem. Major Gogoi himself was allowed, perhaps even encouraged, to defend his action in the public media even as the inquiry against him was on, something that is unprecedented in the history of the armed forces of independent India. Only a few retired military personnel, representing a disappearing old guard, have expressed their horror at such outrageous behaviour by a professional army. Lieutenant-General H.S. Panag, the most distinguished among them, said that Major Gogoi s act was illegal and inhuman and that the image of Dar tied to the jeep s bonnet could end up, like the napalm girl of Vietnam, as the defining image of the Indian army in Kashmir. But such voices of sanity are being drowned by the patriotic cacophony of political cheerleaders. These events seem to point to an impending transformation in the relation of the military with the civilian wing of the government, on the one hand, and society, on the other. For nearly seven decades, the professional armed forces of India, a country in which there is no compulsory military service, have been kept firmly under civilian control and out of politics. There is little by way of public celebration of the exploits of the national army and even a victory such as that in 1971 has few memorials. Until very recently, retired generals have almost never entered politics. This is particularly significant because of all democracies in the world, India has had the longest and most extensive counter-insurgency operations within its own national territory of which Jaitley s war-like situation is only a euphemism. The problem that Indian rulers have faced is how to keep the army constantly deployed in combating domestic unrest without letting military leaders make political decisions. An impartial observer would have to admit that thus far both political and military leaders have done a fairly good job. That situation seems to be changing. Retired military officers are being invited to join political parties, run for elections and become ministers. The army s exploits, both within and outside the country s borders, are loudly and spectacularly projected in the media to bolster the ruling party s hyper-nationalist ideology. Serving officers are encouraged to appear in public forums and echo the political line. This is being done, we are told, in order to give the armed forces their much deserved place of honour in society. What is not being realised is that there is only a small gap between a privileged place of honour and the paternalist claim to the power to punish, especially for a branch of the state that has an overwhelming superiority in the use of armed violence. When does a nation s army start to believe that to preserve its authority, it must be feared by its own people? It would be unfair to suggest that General Rawat s motives are the same as those of Dyer. Rather, the similarity in their words stems from a structural feature that is now being revealed in the way in which the Indian army is permanently deployed in regions under the Armed Forces Special Powers Act like an occupying force in a conquered colony. The example of Israel that is often cited these days as the model from which India should learn is, in this context, particularly troubling. Israel is, properly speaking, a settler colony that regards Palestinians as a hostile and rebellious other that must be subdued and kept apart. Is that what India s political leaders believe their relation must be to the people of Kashmir or Manipur or Nagaland?

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SUBHA LAXMI Head Office Sundhara,Kathmandu Phone : Arjun: , Branch Office Birgunj,Ghantaghar Phon : , Shekhar : , Raju jee : , Birgunj : Bus Park Sitaram jee : BIRGUNJ KATHMANDU GAUSHALA dlxnf, l;dfgts[t hflt, lk58f au, dfgjflwsf/ ;+r]tgf, e]befj, 5'jf5'g h:tf sfofqmd lnp/ rn]sf 5g\ / tl ;a} sfoqmd sfuhdf ;DkGg ug] / 7"nf xf]6ndf kf6l u/]/ la6 dfl/g5. hfg'kg] 3/3/df, hfg5g\ tf/] xf]6ndf. o:tf] las[lt / la;+ultn] g]kfnsf] cflys / dfgl;s ljsf; slxn] xf]nf < ol ;a} kl/b[zon] g]kfn ;f]dflnof alg;s]sf] cg'e"lt u/fpg] u/]sf] 5. t}klg k4lt rln/x]s} 5. rfn' jifdf cflys j[l4b/ &=% k ltzt ul/of] eg]/ upsf] k r08 ;/sf/n] lgs} vf]sof].!((# df cflys j[l4b/ *=^) lyof] / Tof] 36]/ )+!) df 36]sf] lyof] df egg] lognfo x]ssf g} /x]g. g]kfn ;fs d'n'sx?df a+unfb]zkl5sf] Hofbf ul/alsf] /]vfd'gl hgtf /x]sf] b]z klg xf]. ;/sf/l tyof+s eg5 M k ltjolqm cfdbfgl!=() 8n/dfq k ltzt hgtf ul/alsf] /]vfd'gl 5g\. oyfydf of] tyof+s ;xl xf]og. #% k ltztegbf a9l hgtf ul/alsf] /]vfd'gl 5g\ / ;/sf/ ul/asf] ul/al b"/ ug xf]og ul/jx?nfo k df0fkq af 8]/ 7"n} sfd u/]sf] b]vfp b}5. ul/alsf /]vfd'glsf ul/ax?sf] lbgsf] cfdbfgl hddfhddl %@?k}of dfq xf]. h;nfo tf]8df]8 u/]/ ;/sf/!=() 8n/ elg/x]sf] 5. /, rfn' cfjsf]!) dlxgfdf g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ 3f6f ah]6sf] cfwfegbf a9l lx:;f cyft ;fj & va gfl3;sof]. o;af/]df ltgsf] Wofg upsf] jif cl3 ;/sf/l tyofª\n] phfu/ u/]sf] t:jl/ xf] k ltzt hgtfsf] b}lgs cfdbfgl %@?k}of egbf sd 5. ptkfbg a9]sf] 5}g, a]/f]huf/l a9]sf] 5, s'g} rdtsf/ epsf] 5}g eg] s;/l ul/al 36\of] < ;/sf/ df}g 5. olqs} hg;+vofsf] b}lgs cfdbfgl!&!?k}of 5. of] ul/ax?sf] tyofª\s xf]. dwod audf klg ul/j 5g\, ol ;a} lx;fj hf]8\bf vfg]k'ug] dwod / ;De fgt wgl slt xf]nfg\ < To;df klg cfdgful/s slt < lgjfrg x'g', ;+ljwfg agg' cflys a[l4sf] dfks xf]og. /fhgllts l:y/tf cfps} 5}g, nufglegbf a9l k' hl knfog eo/x]sf] 5. o:tf] c:yfol k s[ltsf] ;/sf/n] 5. % jifdf of] cª\s!@ ;o 8n/ k' ofpg] s'g of]hgf 5, s'g k ltj4tf 5, s'g tfst 5 < dfu]/ ljsf; of]hgf t}of/ ug] b]z, To;df klg s]xl dlxg] ;/sf/n] km'tl nufpsf] b]vbf nfu5 x'l66\ofp n] cfsfz yfd]5. cj cflys ljsf; u5' egg]x?n] /]ld6fg;df km'os L nfo/x]sf] b]vbf xfd f g]tfx?nfo ukm ug s;}n] ;Sb}g. cfdbfgl x]/]/ g]kfn ljsf;zln /fi6«sf] nx/df a9'jf x'g;sb}g. cf};t cfon] ;du cflys If]qsf] dfkg ug' unt x'g]5. ljb]zdf o'jfhdftn] a]r]sf] /ut kl;gfaf6 cflys If]qsf] dha'tl b]vg] bf]ifl cf vfn] r:dfsf] /ª\cg';f/ b[zo b]v]h:t} xf] of]. To;}n] lbgsf] %@?k}of sdfpg]nfo ljsf;zln xf]og, h+unl hljg latfpg afwo 3f]if0ff ul/lbof] ;Dddf g]kfnnfo ljsf;zln /fi6«df k' ofog] 5. lgbn jf lgbnlox?n] x'g]ep ax'bn cfpg] g} lypg, ax'bn klg grn]kl5 cfpsf] nf]stgq. nf]stgqnfo klg lgb]zg ug] km]l/ lgbnlo / ljb]zk/:t kfqx?. 3'Db}lkmb}?Dhf6f/ eg]sf] oxl xf]. g]kfn cem} gf6s d~rg ug] gfr3/dfq} xf] < lsgls o:t} b]lvg5. ljsf;zln /fi6«aggsf nflu k ltjolqm cfo jflifs!@ ;o 8n/ k'ug'k5. /fi6«a}s + / cydgqfnosf] tyofª\s k9\g] h;n] klg k9\g ;S5, g]kfnlsf] cfo & ;o!& 8n/dfq xf], nfvb]lv %) nfv tnj vfg], lbgd} nfvf}+ sdfpg] sdrf/l, Jofkf/L, pbdl klg 5g\. logsf] gfo6f] t:s/, dflkmof, sldzgvf]/x?; u hf]l8psf] klg b]lvg5. of]egbf klg vt/gfs va/ s] 5 eg] hf] ;f+;b 5g\, ;/sf/df a:5g\, k zf;g rnfp 5g\, ltglx?sf] cfgb f dfgjt:s/; u a9l hf]l8g yfn]sf] b]lvg5. cjf}+sf] Eof6 5Ng]b]lv ;'g, jgohgt', /QmrGbg, r/];sf] rnv]n ug]x? lsg d'qm 5g\, k efjzfnl 5g\, sf/jfxl x'gg egg] s'/f /fhgllts ck/flws/0f a'em]kl5 yk a'em\g} kb}g. ltgsf] kfl/psf] /fhon] xf] egg] klxn] a'em\g'k5. /fi6«nfo ljsf;zln /]vfdfly k' ofpg] xf] eg] klxn] 6]«8 o'lgog, x8\tfn, agb, tfnfagbldf lgogq0f ug'k5. ;a} /fhgllts bnx?n] cflys ljsf; / ljlwsf] zf;gdf k ltj4tf hgfpg' k5. 5 lxddt < phfsf] ljsf; / ptkfbg lgsf;ldf /fhgllts OR5fzlQm b]lvg'k5. sfuhl 3f]8f bf}8fp/ g]kfn ljsf;zln /fi6«agg ;Sb}g. ;kgf gb]vf}+. ;f]emf hgtfnfo ;kgf gb]vfcf}+. xf], /fhglltnfo Joj;fo agfpg] / /fhgllt; u ldn]/ a]odfgl ug] s]xl k lztzt wgl ag]sf 5g\.

4 + k9\yof}+ xfdl a;lsg ;Fu} j]b, afoan, gdfh k;]s]xl g/kz'x Wj:t kf/] ;dfh. d of} Ho"Fb} Tof] h:n] lal;of] b]zsf] df6f] affrof] Tof] d/]/ klg h:n] ;ldemof] b]zsf] df6f]. hgtfsf] clwsf/ vf]hg] k of; gu/f}+ $ sfo/ ep/ k6s k6s dg'egbf axfb'/ ep/ Ps} k6s dg ;sf}+. cleofgjf0fl s] hgtf ;jfef}d;qf ;DkGg ep t < Rff}yf]k6s ;/sf/sf] g]t[tj lnp nuq} k wfgdggql z]/axfb'/ b]pjfn] s]xl ;+snk / k lta4tf hgfpsf 5g\. h;df tf]lspsf] ;do cyft\ c;f/!$ ut] :yfglo txsf] bf]; f] r/0fsf] lgjfrg ug] / cfpfbf] df3 & ut] leq k b]z;ef / ;+3Lo ;+;bsf] lgjfrg ;DkGg u/fpg]. t/ b]pjfnfo k wfgdgql agg ;xof]u u/]sf] /fli6«o hgtf kf6ln] clxn] cfp/ af]nl km]/]sf] 5. ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg geo :yfglo txsf] bf]; f] r/0fsf] lgjfrgdf efu glng]. s] ca k wfgdgql b]pjfn] /fhkf ljgf g} :yfglo txsf] bf]; f] r/0fsf] lgjfrg u/fpg ;Snfg t < ;+;bdf /x]sf] k d'v k ltkifl bn Pdfn] clxn]sf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug tof/ 5}g, p;n] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg xf]og sfofgjog elg/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg u/fp/ s] b]pjfn] /fhkfnfo lgjfrgdf ;xeful u/fpg ;Snfg t < ;+;bdf b]pjfsf] k wfgdgql pdd]bjf/lnfo ;+;bd} ;dyg hgfp/ /fhkfn] ;+;b alxisf/nfo lkmtf lnpsf] 5. ljutdf ;fn ;fpg!( ut] ttsflng k wfgdgqlsf pdd]bjf/ k'iksdn bfxfnnfo dw];l df]rfn] ;dyg hgfp/ bfxfnsf] kifdf dtbfg u/]sf] lyof]. clxn] klg pglx?n] To;}u/L b]pjfsf] kifdf dtbfg u/]sf 5g\. t/ pglx?n] ;+;bdf dtbfg u/]klg dw];sf hgtfnfo eg] cfkm\gf k ltlglw r'ggaf6 pglx? /f]sg vf]hb}5g\. hgtfn] dt xfn]/ cfkm\gf k ltlglwx? /f]hg kfpg] clwsf/ vf]:g lsg /fhkf nfnflot eof], ca o;sf] hjfkm vf]hg' kg] cj:yf cfpsf] 5. s]xl ;do klxnf sf+u ]; / dfcf]jfbl s]gb sf] g]t[tj;fusf] jftfdf /fhfkfn] r'gfjdf hfg] ;+s]t lbpsf] lyof]. To;}n] ;/sf/n] r'gfjl k lqmof k"jlgwfl/t ;doegbf km/s 9+un] :yfglo lgsfo lgjfrg P]gdf s]xl ;+zf]wg ;d]t ;+;baf6 kfl/t epsf] 5. P]g ;+zf]wg epkl5 /fhkfn] P]g ;+zf]wg xf]og, ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg x'g'k5 egg] c8fg lnpsf] x'gfn ToxL ljifo ;/sf/sf] nflu clxn] 6fpsf] b'vfo ;d]t epsf] 5. b]pjf ;/sf/n] klg km]l/ k"jjtl ;/sf/n] u/]sf untlx?nfo bf]xf] ofpsf] 5. o;df ;/sf/ dfq xf]og, 7"nf elgsf ;Qfwf/L bxn? sf+u ]; / dfcf]jfbl s]gb n] ;d]t untldfly untl ub} upsf 5g\. /fhkf ;d]t c;gt'i6 kif;fu ;/sf/n] / 7"nf bnn] lnlvlt ;dlt ug] t/ c;gt'i6 kifaf6 s'g} lnlvt k lta4tf glng]. To;}n] ubf c;gt'i6 kifn] Psdfly csf] dfu ;/sf/;fu ykb} upsf 5g\. c;gt'i6 kifsf dfux? ;d]t ;Daf]wg ub} upklg c;gt'i6 kifn] lgjfrgdf efu lng] k lta4tf ghgfpsf] cj:yfdf pglx?nfo lgjfrgdf ;eflutf hgfpg ;/sf/n] ca s] unf < ;+;baf6} c;gt'i6 kifsf dfux? ;Daf]wg epsf klg 5g\, t/ c;gt'i6 kifnfo g} c:jlsf/ ug] lg0ffos clwsf/ lbo/xg] k j[lqn] ubf ;/sf/sf] Ifdtf / ljzj;glotf dfly g} k Zg lrgx ;d]t nfu]sf] 5. c;gt'i6 kifn] clxn] klg ToxL k j[lq bf]xf] ofpg] vt/f a9]sf] 5. lsg eg] /fhkfn] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg gep;dd r'gfjdf ghfg] c8fg lnpsf] 5. ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug clxn] ;/sf/sf nflu kmnfdsf] Ro'/f rkfpg' ;/x 5 egg] yfxf x'fbfx'fb} /fhfk lsg ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] d'2fnfo lgjfrg;fu hf]l8/x]sf] 5. k wfgdgql b]pjfn] k6s k6s :yfglo txsf] bf]; f] r/0fsf] lgjfrg cufl8 ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg x'g g;sg] atfo;s]sf 5g\. o;egbf klxnf klg k wfgdgql k'iksdn bfxfnn] ;d]t :yfglo lgjfrgkl5 dfq ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug ;lsg] pb\3f]if u/]sf lyp. /fhkfsf g]tfx? k6s k6s ef/tlo /fhb"tfjf; k'ug] / cfkm\gf dfux? ;Daf]wg ul/lbgsf nflu ;/sf/nfo bafa lbg ef/tlo b"tfjf;nfo cfu x u/]sf lyp. ef/tlo b"tfjf;n] ;d]t /fhkfsf g]tfx?nfo lgjfrgdf ;xeful x'g ;'emfpsf lyp, t/ /fhb"tsf] ;'emfjnfo /fhkfsf g]tfx?n] cj1f u/]sf] h:tf] b]lvp klg lelq?kdf /fhb"tfjf; / /fhkfsf] c8fg Pp6} eph:tf] b]lvpsf] 5. s] ef/tlo /fhb"t klg klxnf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgs} kifdf /x]sf 5g\ t < /fhkfnfo lgjfrgdf ;xeful u/fpg] af/]df ;flrrs} /fhkfn] lgjfrg alxisf/ u/]sf] v08df s] b]pjf ;/sf/n] lgjfrg u/fpf5 t < /fhkfsf] ;xeflutf ljgfsf] lgjfrgn] s] cy /fvnf < o; ljifodf 7"nf elgpsf bnx? sf+u ];, Pdfn] / dfcf]jfblsf] wf/0ff s] < dw];jfbl bnx?nfo b]ptf 7fg]/ klxnfb]lv g} k'nk'nofpsf x'gfn] clxn] pglx?n] hgtfn] lgjfrg rfx] klg lgjfrgdf ;xefultf ghgfpg] c8fg lnfb} cfpsf 5g\. hgtfn] dt xfn]/ cfkm\gf k ltlglw 5fGg kfpg] clwsf/ vf]:g] clwsf/ s] dw];jfbl bnx?nfo 5 < klxnf] r/0fsf] :yfglo txsf] lgjfrg ;DkGg eo lgjflrt hgk ltlglwx?n] sfd;d]t yfln;s]sf] cj:yfdf bf]; f] r/0fsf] lgjfrg u/fpg] bflotjaf6 b]pjf ;/sf/ s'g} xfntdf klg r'sg' x'fb]g. c;f/!$ ut] g} bf]; f] r/0fsf] lgjfrg u/fpfb} hgtfnfo ;fjef}d;qf ;DkGg epsf] k dfl0ft u/fpg} k5 egg] xfdln] 7fg]sf 5f}+. ;+ljwfg lgdf0fs} a]nf ;+ljwfg;ef 5f8]/ dw]; cfgbf]ngdf upsf ljlegg ^ /fhgllts bnx? ldn]/ kl5nnf] k6s /fli6«o hgtf kf6l lgdf0f u/]sf 5g\. clxn] ToxL /fhkf km]l/ :yfglo txsf] lgjfrgdf ghfg] c8fgdf /x]sf] 5. :yfglo txsf] klxnf] r/0fdf epsf] lgjfrgdf ;d]t /fhkfn] ;xeflutf hgfpsf] lypg. ToxL sf/0f ;/sf/n] /fhkfsf] dfu adf]lhd lgjfrg P]g b'o b'o k6s ;+zf]wg ;d]t u/]sf] 5. /fhkfn] lgjfrgsf] nflu cfkm\gf] kf6l g} btf x'g gkfpsf] b'v];f] kf]v]sf]df ;+;bn] P]g kl/dfhg ubf ;d]t /fhkf lgjfrg cfof]udf bn btf g} ug gupsf] x'gfn] /fhkf lgjfrgdf efu lng rfxfb}g egg] ljzn]if0f ;d]t ug yflnpsf] 5. df3 & ut]leqdf tlg} txsf] lgjfrg u/fo;sg' kg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf /x]sf]df ut j}zfv #! Ut] klxnf] r/0fsf] :yfglo lgjfrg ;DkGg eo lgjflrt hgk ltlglwx?n] cf cfkm\gf] lhdd]jf/l ;d]t ;Dxfln;s]sf 5g\. ;/sf/n] rfx]sf] ep d'n'se/d} Ps} r/0fdf lgjfrg x'g ;Sg] cj:yf x' Fbfx' Fb} ;/sf/sf] egfodf /fhkfsf] dfu cg';f/ g} b'o r/0fdf lgjfrg u/fpg] lg0fo epsf] lyof]. t/ clxn] cfp/ km]l/ /fhkfn] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg / hg;+vofsf cfwf/df :yfglo txsf] ;+Vof yk gepsf] v08df lgjfrgdf ghfg] h'g c8fg lnpsf] 5 Tof] cfkm} +df unt /x]sf] 5. k'iksdn bfxfn g]t[tjsf] ;/sf/n] dw];sf s]xl lhnnfdf :yfglo txsf] ;+Vof a9fpg] lg0fo u/]klg To;nfO ;jf] Rr cbfntn] /f]s nufpsf] 5. ;Ldf lgwf/0f cfof]uafx]s cgo s'g} kifn] :yfglo txsf] ;+Vof yk ug g;sg] / lgjfrg 3f]if0f eo klxnf] r/0fsf] lgjfrg ;d]t eos;]sf] cj:yfdf :yfglt txsf] ;+Vof yk ug' plrt gx'g] ;jf] Rrn] 7x/ u/]/ clxn] :yfglo txsf] ;+Vof ykg] ;/sf/sf] lg0fo sfofgjog gug cfb]z lbo;s]sf a]nf /fhkfn] eg] h;/l epklg dw];df :yfglo txsf] ;+Vof ykg' kg] c8fg lng'sf] cy s] < obl hg;+vofs} cfw/fdf :yfglo txsf] ;+Vof ykg] xf] eg] ;a}egbf a9l hg;+vof epsf] df]/ª / sf7df8f} +df :yfglo txsf] ;+Vof ykg' kg] x'g5. df]/ªsf] hg;+vof % nfv ^# xhf/ /x]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8f} +sf] % nfv %( xhf/ /x]sf] 5. df]/ªdf :yfglo txsf] ;+Vof ykg' kg] dfu /fhkfn] lsg ub} g < sf7df8f} +sf] gfd} lng dfgb}g lsg < /fhkfnfo k b]z g+ sf * lhnnf / k b]z g+= % sf s]xl lhnnfdf dfq :yfglo txsf] ;+Vof ykg' kg] afwotf s;/l cfok of]. s] g]kfn eg]sf] k b]z g+ / % sf s]xl lhnnfdfq x'g\ < dw];jfbl bnx?nfo :j= ;'zln sf]o/fnf g]t[tjsf] ;/sf/s} kfnfb]lv k'nk'nofpg] sfd eof]. dw];jfbl bnx?nfo prfn]/ cfkm\gf] kf6lut :jfy k'/f u/fpg] v]nfdf sf+u ]; / dfcf]jfbl g} ;lqmo ep. h'ga]nf cfjzos k of] ToxL a]nf s]xl dw];jfbl bnx?nfo pglx?n] k of]u u/]sf x'gfn] clxn] ltg} dw];jfbl bnx? sf+u ];, dfcf]jfblsf nflu unkf;f] ;fljt epsf 5g\. pk]gb ofbj / ljho ur5bf/n] g]t[tj u/]sf kf6lx? afx]s cgo dw];jfbl bnx?nfo sf+u ]; / dfcf]jfbln] k of]u gu/]sf ep ;'zln sf]o/fnf, k'iksn bfxfn x' Fb} z]/axfb'/ b]pjfnfo k wfgdgql agfpg lsg pglx?n] dtbfg u/] < ;+ljwfgnfo k"0f :jlsf/ u/]sf 5}gf} +, ;+ljwfgnfo dw];l hgtfn] :jlsf/ ug ;Sb}gg\ egg] xfnsf /hkfsf g]tfx?n] ToxL ;+ljwfg cgtut epsf] k wfgdgql lgjfrgdf dtbfg ug] clg hgtfnfo b]j]gb r'8fn devendrachudal@gmail.com dtbfg ug glbg] k j[lq nf]stflgqs k2lt x'g ;Sb}g. /fhkfsf] dfu cg';f/ clxn]sf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf Go"g /x]sf] 5. ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf nflu ;/sf/nfo #(^ hgf ;+;bsf] cfjzostf k5. z]/axfb'/ b]pjfnfo k wfgdgql agfpfbf b]pjfsf kifdf #** dt dfq /x]sf] 5. cem} b'o ltxfo dtsf nflu ;/sf/nfo * dt cfjzos k5. Tof] * dt slxfst}af6 cfpg ;Sg] cj:yf Psflt/ b]lvfb}g eg] csf]lt/ k wfgdgql agfpfbf ;dyg u/]sf bnx?n] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ubf ;d]t dt lbg5g egg] s'g} Uof/]G6L gepsf] x'gfn] ;/sf/n] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] k :tfjnfo cufl8 a9fpg rfx]sf] 5}g. k d'v k ltkifl bn Pdfn]n] ;+;bsf Ps ltxfo ;f+;bx?sf] ;dyg lnp/ a;]sf] 5. Pdfn]nfO g]skf dfn], /fli6«o hgdf]rf, g]dlskf, ax'hg ;hdfjfbl kf6lnufotsf cgo s]xl ;fgf bn?n] ;dyg ul//x]sf / ;/sf/nfo rflxg] * dt g]skf Pdfn] afx]s cgo ;fgf bnx?;fu gepsf] x'gfn] g]skf Pdfn]sf] ;dyg ljgf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg x'g] ;Defjgf b]lvfb}g. x'g t k wfgdgql z]/axfb'/ b]pjf cfkm\gf] g]t[tjsf] ;/sf/nfo arfpg h:tf] ;'s} xys08f ckgfpg kl5 kb}gg egg] pgsf] ljutn] b]vo;s]sf] 5. Pdfn] afx]ssf cgo dfn], g]dlskf / hgdf]rfnfo k wfgdgqln] dgqlsf] nf]e b]vfp/ cflys k nf]egdf kf/]/ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgdf cfkm\gf] kifdf kfg ;Sg] ljzn]if0f ug yflnp klg cfkm\gf] /fhgllts l;4fgtnfo g} ltnf~hnl lbp/ lt bnx? b]pjfsf] dltof/ x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf klg Hofb} Go"g /x]sf] 5. kl5nnf] ;dodf /fk kfleq ;d]t ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgdf ;dyg hgfpg gx'g] cfjfh p7\g yfn]sf] x'gfn] To; ljifodf ;d]t /fk kf g]t[tjn] ;f]rg afwo epsf] 5. ;+;bsf] k d'v k ltkifl bn / /fk kfsf] ;Vof hf]8\bf k'ug] / dfn], g]dlskf, hgdf]rfnufot cgo bnx?sf] ;+Vof hf]8\bf k'ug] epsfn] clxn]s} cj:yfdf b'o ltxfo dtn] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg x'g ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvfb}g. u0fllto lx;fa o:tf] x'fbfx'fb} lsg /fhkfn] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgnfo lgjfrgdf hfg] a6d nfog agfo/x]sf] 5 Tof] g} /x:ofsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5. /fhksf] dfu cg';f/ g} ;/sf/n] b'o b'o k6s lgjfrg P]g ;+zf]wg ul/;s]sf] 5. t/ Pg] ;+zf]wg ul/pklg /fhkfn] bn btfsf] nflu lgjfrg cfof]udf g} gupsf] x'gfn] ;/sf/n] ;d]t /fhkfsf] ;xl d"nof+sg ug ;s]sf] b]lvpg. h;sf nflu eg]/ P]g ;+zf]wg ul/of] p;n] g} Tof] k of]u gu/]s]f x'gfn] P]g ;+zf]wgsf] s'g} cy /x]g. /hkf;fu ;xdlt ubf ;/sf/n] k6s k6s untl ub} cfpsf] 5. ;/sf/n] rflxf lnlvt?kdf ;xdlt ug] t/ /fhkfnfo eg] lnlvt?kdf ;xdlt u/fpg g;sg' ;/sf/sf] untl xf]. kl5nnf] ;dodf dw];df clwsf/ dfub} cfgbf]ng ul//x]sf ;xofql dw];l bn bf]; f] r/0fsf] :yfglo tx lgjfrgnfo lnp/ clxn] Pscsflj?4 k bzg / cfqmd0fdf ;d]t plqpsf 5g\. dw]; cfgbf]ngdf agb"ssf] uf]nlsf] hjfkm dtkqaf6} lbg] egb} kmf]/d nf]stflgqs / ;+3Lo ;dfhjfbl kmf]/dn] :yfglo txsf] lgjfrgdf efu lnpkl5 pglx? lj?4 /fli6«o hgtf kf6ln] k;f / af/fdf Ps;ftf otf cfgbf]ng / k bzg ub} cfpsf] 5. dw]; cfgbf]ngnfo wf]sf lbpsf] egb} /fhkf k bzgdf plqpsf] 5. ;+3Lo ;dfhjfbl kmf]/dsf cwoif pk]gb obfjsf] k d'v cfltyodf x'g nfu]sf] sltko sfoqmdx? /fhkfsf sfostfx?n] cj/f]w ug yfn]sf 5g\. klxnf] dw]; cfgbf]ngdf Ps ep/ /fhksf] dfu cg';f/ g} ;/sf/n] b'o b'o k6s lgjfrg P]g ;+zf]wg ul/;s]sf] 5. t/ Pg] ;+zf]wg ul/pklg /fhkfn] bn btfsf] nflu lgjfrg cfof]udf g} gupsf] x'gfn] ;/sf/n] ;d]t /fhkfsf] ;xl d"nof+sg ug ;s]sf] b]lvpg. h;sf nflu eg]/ P]g ;+zf]wg ul/of] p;n] g} Tof] k of]u gu/]s]f x'gfn] P]g ;+zf]wgsf] s'g} cy /x]g. cfgbf]ngdf upsf dw];jfbl bnx? g} clxn] Psdfly csf] nfo cf/f]k k Tof/f]kdf plqpsf x'gfn] k b]z g+ df :yfglo tx lgjfrgdf cj/f]w l;hgf x'g ;Sg] epklg hgtf eg] lgjfrgdf ;eflutf hgfpg tof/ /x]sf 5g\. ca z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] ;/sf/sf cufl8 c;f/!$ ut] g} k b]z % / & df lgjfrg u/fpg'sf] s'g} ljsnk 5}g. /fho Joj:yfnfO ;kmn / ;'b[9 u/]/ /fhkfn] efu glnp klg :yfglo txsf] lgjfrg u/fpg} kg] bflotj b]pjfsf] sffwdf cfpsf] 5. c;f/!$ ut] bf]; f] r/0fsf] lgjfrg x'g g;s]sf] v08df To;kl5 jiffofd ;'? x'g] epsfn] cfpfbf] sflqsegbf cufl8 lgjfrg x'g g;sg] / sflqsdf lgjfr ep d+l;/ / dlxgfdf k b]z ;ef / ;+3Lo ;+;bsf] lgjfrg c;dej /x]sfn] ;+ljwfgnfo arfo/fvg klg c;f/!$ ut] g} bf]; f] r/0fsf] lgjfrg cfjzos /x]sf] 5. ;+ljwfg hf/l epsf] Ps;ftf glatb} klxnf] k6s ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ul/psf] ;To jf:tljstfnfo Wofgdf /fvb} cg's'n ;dodf km]l/ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg x'g ;Sg] epsfn] /fhkfn] cfkm\gf] dfunfo xfnnfo yftl /fvb} :yfglo txsf] lgjfrgdf hfg' g} pko'qm af6f] x'g]5. Ps} k6s cfkm\gf ;a} dfux? k'/f gepsf] egb} dw];sf hgtfnfo ef]6 xfng kfpg] clwsf/af6 jl~rt u/fpg] sfon] /fhkfnfo g} 7"nf] 3f6f x'g ;S5. pm hgtaf6 6fl9g ;S5 To;}n] lgjfrgdf hfg' g} pko'qm x'g]5.

5 % dw]z d'2fsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg cfjzos pk]gb emf /fhosf] ;flhz tyf dw]zsf /fhgllts bnx sf] Jojxf/n] dw]zsf] /fhgllt lgisifljxlg agb} upsf] 5. dw]znfo cfkmgf] k f]k6l a'em\g]x n] dgf]sffiff cg' k dw]znfo k of]u ub} cfof]. dw]z clwsf/ k flktsf] cfzdf zxfbt lb+b} uof]. /fho ;dif dw]zsf kf6lx n] dxtjk"0f 7fpF klg kfp. cfgbf]ng x'fb} /Xof]. cfjfh p7\b} /Xof]. zxfbtsf] ;"rl nfdf] x'fb} uof]. t/ lat]sf]!) jifdf dw]znfo g /fhokif g dw]zsf bnx s;}n] ;Gt'i6 kfg ;s]. /fhokifn] cg]s ;flhz /Rb} dw]znfo /fli6«o /fhgllts j[taf6 glltut tyf Jofjxfl/s kaf6 k5fl8 ws]nof} g}, efjgftds kaf6 klg cfxt kfl/ ;LdfGtLs[t agfof]. slxn] ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ffsf] gfpfdf t slxn] r'gfjsf] gfpfdf dw]zsf] cfjfhnfo bafpfb} cfof]. afwoftds cj:yf ;[hgf ul/ dw]znfo k5fl8 ws]ng] k of;df /fhokif ;kmn b]lvpklg oxff ågåsf] cgt epsf] sydlk dfgg ;lsgg. of] ågå h'g a]nf klg ;+ul7t ep/ ;txdf cfpg] lglzrt 5. p2]zo k fkt ug] tyf kf6l rnfpg] b'o km/s ljifo agfp/ lx+8\g] dw]zsf] g]t[tjn] kf6l rnfpg k lt:kwftds kdf 5n, sk6, hfn, km/]a, wf]vf h] ckgfp/ kf6lnfo cl:ttjdf /fv]sf] 5, ljrf/nfo klg ;f]xl k lqmofdf l3;fb} nx"n'xfg agfpsf] 5. ljrf/egbf kf6lsf] dxtj 7"nf] epsf]n] ljrf/ sdhf]/ x'g' :jfefljs} xf]. ;}4flGts gf/f lbp/ kf6lut :jfynfo pts[i6 agfpg] g]t[tj d08ndf ;dfgtf /x]sf] s'/f :ki6 b]lvg5. ljrf/ k jfxk lt sf]xl ultzln g/x]sf] s'/f ljut!) jifsf] cg'ejn] atfpf5. k r08 ;/sf/n] dw]znfo wf]vf lb+b}, dw]zsf] cfjfhnfo k5fl8 ws]nb}, :yflgo r'gfjsf] 3f]if0ff u of]. al; jifb]lv x'g g;s]sf] r'gfjn] dxtj kfof] / dw]zsf] d'2f k5fl8 ws]lnof]. r'gfjsf] 3f]if0ff x'g] ljlqs} cfgbf]ng/t bnx df v}nfj}nf drof]. ca s] ug] < r'gfjnfo pkof]u ul/pg eg] df]xg j}bsf] h:tf] bzf x'g5. ;/sf/n] km\offs]sf] hfndf ;+3Lo ;dfhjfbl kmf]/d klxn] k of]. æ;+zf]wg lagf r'gfj x'g lbggf}+, ;/sf/n] r'gfj u/fof] eg] dw]zdf dxfef/t x'g5.æ cflb cflb w]/} lbgb]lv af]s]sf] qmflgtsf/l gf/fsf] af]emnfo la;fp/ ;+3Lo ;dfhjfbl kmf]/d r'gfjdf efu lnpkl5 pk]gb ofbasf] rf}tkml cfnf]rgf eof]. ;kmfodf pgn] æk fkt pknlawnfo ;+:yfut ug xfdln] r'gfjdf efu lnpsf 5f}+Æ eg]sf 5g\. k fkt epsf] pknlaw s] xf] ;a}sf] hfgsf/lsf nflu ;fjhlgs klg ug' kbyof]. hfgsf/l epg. otf dw]zsf ^j6f bn ldn]/ /fli6«o hgtf kf6l g]kfnsf] hgd eof]. ;+3Lo ;dfhjfbl kmf]/dn] cfgbf]ngsf] efl/ la;fpkl5 cfgbf]ngsf] ;f/f lhdd]jf/l /fhkfdfly cfpsf]n] ca b]zsf ;Dk"0f zlqm / /fhkfsf] k lt:kwf z' eof]. ef/tlt/af6 klg /fhkfnfo r'gfjdf hfg bafj kg yfn]kl5 /fhkf cfkm} klg r'gfjdf hfg] jf cfgbf]ng ug] cfgtl/s ågådf kmf:of]. dw]zsf] dffu k"/f gepsf]n] dw]z cfgbf]ng rfx]sf] 5. /fhkf lagf zt r'gfjdf uof] eg] dw]z d'2fsf] lj;hg x'g5. ;a} zlqm r'gfjdf efu lnof] eg] /fhkfsf] cl:ttj ;+s6df k5. clt ;+j]bgzln cj:yfdf /fhkfnfo kmf;]sf] 5. k r08 /fhlgfdf u/]kl5 z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] kfnf] cfpsf] 5. ut] d+unjf/ dw]zsf bnx ;+u k'gzr # a'gb] ;xdtlsf] cfwf/df #** dt lnp/ z]/axfb'/ b]pjf k wfgdgql lgjflrt epsf] 5. z]/axfb'/ b]pjfn] tlg a'gb] ;xdtldf ;+zf]wg k :tfjnfo klg ;dfj]z u/]af6 dw]z cfzflgjt ag]sf] 5. b'o ltxfosf] glhs k'u]sf] g]kfnl sffu ];sf] dw]zk ltsf] OdfGbf/L k bzg ug] lhdd]bf/l cfpsf] 5. k r08n] ;+zf]wg k :tfjnfo k5fl8 km\offs]/ wf]vf lbpkl5 g]kfnl sffu ];n] ;+zf]wg k :tfj kf; u/fp/ dw]znfo ljzjf;df lng] /fd f] cj;/ kfpsf] 5. g]kfnl sffu ];n] dw]zdf cfkmgf] ljzj;glotf sfod ug of] cj;/sf] pkof]u ug' kb5. g]kfnl sffu ];n] rfxof] eg] ;+zf]wg k :tfj kf; x'g] w]/} ;Defjgf 5. ;+zf]wg k :tfj kf; u/fpg /fhkfsf] klg ljz]if kxn cfjzos 5. sy+ sbflrt ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg eof] eg] dw]zdf /fhkf / g]kfnl sffu ];sf] ho hosf/ x'g] / r'gfjdf /fd f] :yfg kfpg]df lsl~rt z+sf 5}g. /fhkfn] g]kfnl sffu ];dfly bafj agfp/ of] cj;/sf] pkof]u ug' kb5. /fhkfdfly cfpsf] ;+s6sf] a'l4dfglk"js xn oxl xf]. g]kfnl sffu];;+usf] ljzj;glotf a9\g], ef/tsf] cgun bafj cfpklg p;sf] klg k lti7f sfod /x\g], /fhkfn] ;+zf]wg u/fpg ;Sof] eg]/ hgljzjf; a9\g], cfgbf]ngsf] klg ;d'lrt lgbfg x'g] / /fhkfnfo r'gfjsf] e/k"/ nfe x'g] cflb sf/0faf6 /fhkfn] ;+zf]wg k :tfj kf; u/fpg g]t[tj lng' kb5. clxn];dd epsf] /fhosf] ;flhz, bnx sf] cjffl5t Jojxf/, /fhgllts c;kmntfsf sf/0f dw]zdf bnx k lt ljzjf;sf] cefj, s'07f, cfqmf]z, j}rfl/s ljrng JofKt 5. cfgtl/s kdf dw]z ljeflht cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5. Pdfn]n] l;df/]vf tfg]/ dw]znfo l;dfkfl/ a:g afwo agfpsf] 5. Pdfn]n] dw]znfo efjgftds ljefhg u/fp/ /fli6«o /fhglltaf6 g} cnu kf/]sf] cj:yfdf klg :yflgo r'gfjdf dw]zlx Pdfn]sf] l6s6df d]o/, pkd]o/ n8\g uf}/j dx;"; u/]sf 5g\. ljeflht dfgl;stfsf] of]egbf k'vtf ;a"t c s] x'g ;Sb5. ;Kt/Ldf Pdfn]sf] cfd;efdf % hgfsf] xtof epsf] 36gf ;]nfpg klg ;s]sf] 5}g, ;Kt/Ldf Pdfn]sf] l6s6 lnp/ d]o/, pkd]o/ kbdf n8\g ;'v/fd ofba / kqsf/ x]dz+s/ l;+x 3f]if0ff ;efåf/f xiff]nnf;sf ;fy ;fjhlgs epsf 5g\. o:tf 36gf dw]zsf c lhnnfdf g36\nf egg ;lsgg. dw]zsf] /fhgllts cj:yfsf] s:tf] ljs[t t:jl/ xf] of]. clxn] dw]z d'2fsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg cfjzos 5. æ;xdtl, ;dembf/l / tlg txsf] lgjfrg xfd f] lhdd]jf/l xf]æ eg]/ km/flsnf] bflotjaf]wsf ;fy z]/axfb'/ b]pjf ;Qf cf/f]x0f u/]sf] 5. dw]zsf] ;d:ofk lt cfkm\gf] ;Da]bgzLntf k u6 ul/ /x]sf] g]kfnl sffu ];n] cj;/ klg kfpsf] 5. b]zsf] kl/l:yltn] klg ofjt\ ;d:ofk lt udel/ x'g g]kfnl sffu ];nfo k ]l/t ul/ /x]sf] 5. :yflgo r'gfjdf kxf8df Pdfn]n] g]kfnl sffu ];nfo cfkm\gf] k5fl8 kf/]sf] 5. b]zsf] klxnf] kf6l /x]sf] g]kfnl sffu ];nfo x6fp/ b]zsf] lnl8ª kf6l Pdfn] /x]sf] g]kfnl hgtfn] dfgg afwo epsf 5g\. To;sf/0f klg g]kfnl sffu ];sf] bflotj km/flsnf] kfg' k of]. g]kfnl sffu ];n] k r08 h:t} wf]vf glbo dw]zsf] cfjfhnfo ;Daf]wg ug' kb5. g]kfnl sffu ];sf sltko g]tfx n] dw]zk ltsf] ;xfg'e"lt b]vfo ;s]sf] x'gfn] g]kfnl sffu ];sf] OdfGbfl/tfnfO dw]z x]l/ /x]sf] 5. g]kfnl sffu ];n] Gofo u5 jf o;n] klg k r08 h:t} ;+zf]wg k :tfj kf; x'g] cj:yf g/x]sf] eg]/ klg5g] xf]. g]kfnl sffu ];n] klg sk6sf] ;xf/f lnp/ dw]znfo kg5fpg] sfd u of] eg] tlg} kf6lk ltsf] cljzj;glotf dw]zdf JofKt x'g]df s'g} z+sf 5}g. /fhkfn] g]kfnl sffu ];dfly eb bafj agfp/ ;+zf]wg k :tfjk lt udel/ agfpg' kb5. /fhkf clxn] ;+s6df 5. ;+s6af6 aflx/g olt sfd t ug} kb5. ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg u/fp/ r'gfjdf hffbf /fd f] pknlaw x'g] s'/fdf b'o dt 5}g. olb ol s'/f s]xl epg eg] dw]zsf] d'2f lj;hgdf hfg] lglzrt 5. To;sf/0f klg /fhkfsf nflu a8f] ;+j]bgzln 38L xf]. clxn];dd r'gfjdf hfg] lg0fo glbg' / ;dosf] k ltiff ub} g]kfnl sffu ];nfo lhdd]jf/ agfp/ d"ne"t s'/f k fkt u/]/ r'gfjdf hfg] c8fg klg /fd f] xf]. -dw]z bk0f lkmr/ ;]jf_ zdfsf] kqmfpn] clvtof/sf]=== af]n]sf 5g\ g t cysf lt k ltlglw < s/ km:of] 6 cfof]u u7gsf] p2]zo s/ ltg c;ifd s/bftfnfo 5'6 lbg' g} xf]. /fh:j ;+sng ug / j[l4 ug o:tf cfof]u u7g x'g] xf]og. s/ ltg c;ifd b]lvpsf Joj;foLnfO /fxt xf];\ egg] x]t'n] a]nf a]nfdf o:tf cfof]u u7g ul/psf] b]lvg5. cg'lrt / a]dgfl;j tl/sfn] s/ lgwf/0f x'g' tyf s/bftfsf] ] s/ ltg ;Sg] Ifdtf u'dg', pbf]ux??u0f x'g', s/bftfn] c6]/ u/l a:g' nufotsf sf/0f /x]sf jsof}tf cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/ leq lyof]. s/ km5\of} 6 cfof]un] cfkm\gf] sfo ;Dkfbgsf] qmddf kl/l:ylthgo cj:yfsf sf/0f 7"nf] kl/df0fdf s/ lgwf/0f epsf / s/ c;"nlsf b[li6n] r'gf}tlk"0f Pj+ c;dej k fom b]lvpsf k'/fgf Pj+ ;d:ofu :t k s[ltsf asof}tf km5\of} 6sf nflu k fyldstf lbo sfo ;Dkfbg u/]sf] b]lvg5. s/ km5\of} 6 cfof]un] u/]sf lg0fosf cfwf/df zdfnfo kqmfp ug 'kg] :ki6 cfwf/ clvtof/ b' kof]u cg';gwfg cfof]unfo epsf] b]lv b}g. s/ km5\of} 6 cfof]u sf] Joj:yf lsg ul/psf] xf] < o;sf] cf}lrto s] 5 < o;n] u/]sf lg0fox df cfgtl/s /fh:j ljefusf] dxflgb] zssf x}l;otn] zdfsf] lhdd]jf/l slt k ltzt /xg5, egg] h:tf ;jfnx tkm clvtof/n] a]jf:tf u/]sf] b]lvpsf] 5. o;egbf b]lv k fom ^ & jifsf] cgt/fndf k6s k6s o:tf cfof]ux? u7g ul/psf]df kl5nnf] df klg o:tf] cfof]usf] u7g epsf] ;fnsf] s/ km5\of] 6 cfof]usf] ;b:o ;lrj xfnsf clvtof/ b'?kof]u cg';gwfg cfof]usf k d'v cfo'qm blk a:goft g} lyp. Pp6} P]gn] lbpsf] clwsf/ k of]u ub} sfd ;DkGg ug] r'8fdl0f zdf kqmfp k/]sf 5g\ eg] blk a:goft ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] k d'v ag]sf 5g\. clwsf/ ;DkGg cfof]un] u/]sf lg0fonfo olb 5fgljg ug] g} xf] sf cfof]ux?sf] klg 5fgljg ug ' h?/l 5, h;n] r'8fdl0f zdfnfo Gofo ldng] 5. zdf s/ km5\of} 6 cfof]usf cwoifsf] x}l;otdf lypgg\. s/ km5\of} 6 cfof]usf cwoif / csf Ps ;b:onfo clvtof/n] kqmfp gu/]/ /fhglltdf cf8df ljb]z eufpsf] 5 eg] cfgtl/s /fh:j ljefusf axfnjfnf dxflgb] zs hf] ;lrjdf a9'jf eo/x]sf lyp, pgnfo kqmfp ug 'n] zdfdfly clvtof/sf] k"jfu xlk"0f sf/afxl k li6g5. clvtof/n] k df0f gi6 x'g ;Sg] cfz+sfdf zdfnfo lgogq0fdf lnopsf] :ki6ls/0f ;fjhlgs u/]sf] 5. s/ km5\of} 6 cfof]u sf] bkmf!$ n] g} lbpsf] clwsf/ zdfn] k of]u u/]sf x'g\. h;df elgpsf] 5 lnlvt uf]ko /xg]m cfof]udf k :t't ul/psf sfuhkqx tyf cfof]usf] sf/afxlsf] l;nl;nfdf s'g} ; f]taf6 yfxf x'g cfpsf s'/fx uf]ko /fvg' kg] 5. To:tf sfuhkqx / uf]ko s'/fx s/ lgwf/0f jf c;'nlsf] k of]hgsf] lgldqafx]s cgo sfddf k sfz ul/g] jf s'g} cbfntdf k df0f nfug] 5}g / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cg'dlt lagf s'g} clwsf/ln] lg/lif0f jf cg';gwfgsf] nflu ;d]t dfu ug ;Sg] 5}g. To;sf/0f s/ km5\of} 6 cfof]udf pnn]v epsf k i6 k fjwfgx nfo kg5fp/ clvtof/n] dxflgb] zs zdfnfo lgogq0fdf lnp/ cgofo u/]sf] 5. s/ km5\of} 6 cfof]u sf] bkmf % df o:tf] Joj:yf 5 pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd b'ohgf ;b:osf] pkl:yltdf s/;dagwl ljifodf sf/afxl jf lsgf/f ubf b'o hgfsf] dt}so x'g g;s]df klxn] cg'kl:yt /xg] ;b:on] ;dyg u/]sf] /fo cfof]usf] lg0fo dflgg] 5. ax'dt sfod x'g g;s]df pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd x'g]5.ú ;f]xl P]gsf] bkmf # df tlg} hgf ;b:ox sf] legbflegb} /fo eo ax'dt sfd x'g g;s]df cwoifsf] /fo cfof]usf] lg0fo dflgg]5.ú o;/l s/ km5\of} 6 cfof]un] u/]sf] lg0fodf ;a}egbf a9l lhdd]jf/ cfof]usf cwoif /xg] s'/f :ki6} 5. r'8fdl0f zdf s/ km5\of} 6 cfof]usf cwoifsf] x}l;otdf lypgg\. cfgtl/s /fh:j ljefusf axfnjfnf dxflgb] zs hf] ;lrjdf a9'jf eo/x]sf lyp, nfo kqmfp ug 'n] zdfdfly clvtof/sf] k"jfu xo'qm sf/afxl k i6 x'g5. s/ km:of] 6 cfof]u P]gsf] bkmf!& df o:tf] Joj:yf 5 of] P]g jf o; P]gcGtut ag]sf] lgod adf]lhd c;n lgotn] u/]sf] jf ug vf]lhpsf] s'g} sfd sf/afxlsf] lgldq cfof]u, cfof]usf s'g} ;b:o jf cfof]usf cfb]z tyf lgb] zgadf]lhd sfd ug] s'g} JolQmsf] lj?4 s'g} d'2f jf sfg'gl sf/afxl rnfpg kfpg} 5}g.Ú s/ km5\of} 6 cfof]u df epsf o:tf :ki6 k fjwfgx nfo a]jf:tf ub} clvtof/n] dxflgb] zs zdfnfo lgogq0fdf lnp/ cgofo u/]sf] 5. Pg;]nsf] s/ k s/0fdf klg cflys rnv]n u/]sf] egg] cf/f]k pgldfly 5. t/ pgs} kfnfdf Pg;]nsf tkmaf6!# ca ^) s/f]8?lkof a/fa/sf] k' hlut nfes/ jfktsf] /fh:j ;/sf/nfo a'emfopsf] lyof]. ;f]; u} Pg;]nnfO nfes/ ltg ' gkg] egl ;+/If0f ul//x]sf] egg] zdfdflysf] cf/f]k cgttm cf/f]kd} ;Lldt eof]. To;sf/0f klg zdfsf lj?4df clvtof/sf] cleof]u k dfl0ft x'g;sg] cj:yf Hofb} sd 5. clvtof/ b'?kof]u cg';gwfg cfof]un] s/ km:of} 6 cfof]usf kbflwsf/lsf] ;DklQ 5fgljg ug ;S5. clgoldttf eps} xf] eg] ;DklQ 5fgljg ubf klg k i6 xf]nf. cem} g]kfn ;/sf/sf sdrf/ln] jif} lkr5] eg] ;DklQ ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df ;d]t ;DklQ 5fgljg ubf ;To ;To yfxf xf]nf. t/ clvtof/n] clwsf/ ;DkGg cfof]un] 5'6 lbpsf /sdnfo ;j} e i6frf/ epsf] eg]/ e d 5g] sfd u/]sf] 5. s/ km:of} 6 cfof]u sf] ;dofg's"n ;+zf]wg gu/l sdhf]/ P]gsf] sfofgjog ub} sfd ug lbg] ;/sf/nfo sf/jfxl x'g'k5 ls kb} g < clvtof/n] kqmfp u/]/ 5fgljg ub} df s]fxl e i6frf/l / ck/fwl x'g ;Sb}g. p;n] cg';gwfg ug] xf] Tof] kl5 cbfntn] k'li6 ug' k5. ttsflng k d'v cfo'qm nf]sdfgl;+x sfsln] clwjqmf zde' yfkf, kqsf/ sgsd0fl lblift nufotdfly k ltzf]w ;f+w]/ kqmfp ubf klg Pp6f ;d"xn] blkfjnl g} u/]sf] lyof]. clvtof/n] Totf klg Wofg lbg' h?/l 5.

6 ^ dw]zn] w}otf u'dfpsf] 5}g nlnts'df/ ofbj dw]zs]lgb t bnnfo ;xeful u/fpg klxnf] / bf]; f] r/0fsf] lgjfrgdf Ps dlxgfsf] km/s kfl/of]. Ps dlxgfsf] ;dodf ;Qf kifn] dfu k'/f ug ;s]g. /fhkfn] lgjfrg jflx:sf/ ug] cfkm\gf] c8fg sfod} /fv]sf sf/0f bf]; f] r/0fsf] nflu lgwfl/t dtbfg ldlt clxn] c;f/!$ df k' ofpsf] 5. o;/l k6s k6s ldlt ;fbf cfd hgtfx?df lgjfrg g} gx'g] xf] sl egg] z+sf k}bf gepsf] klg xf]og. t/, ;QfkIfaf6 h;/l klg lgjfrg u/fpg] k ltj4tf cfp kzrft x'g] lglzrt h:t} eof]. lgjfrgdf hfg] ;+s]t ub} s]xl lbg klxnf /fhkf klg tof/ldf h'6]sf] lyof] t/, ;Qf?9 bnn] u/]sf] lnlvt k lta4tf k"/f gu/]sf] egb} lgjfrg g} x'g glbg] vfnsf cfgbf]ngsf sfoqmdx? 3f]if0f u/]sf] cj:yfdf lgjfrg x'g]df hgtfx? cem} klg lglzrgt x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\. c;f/!$ ut]s} lgjfrg ;DkGg u/fpgsf nflu df};dsf] klg r'gf}tl 5. b]zsf] cfjzostf / hgtfsf] rfxgf ;d]t lgjfrg g} /x]sf]n] ;/sf/ klg c;f/!$ d} lgjfrg ;DkGg u/fpg' kg] afwotfdf 5. ;s];dd w]/} egbf w]/} dtbfg / lqmofzln ;Dk"0f /fhgllts bnx?sf] ;xeflutfdf pt;js}?kdf lgjfrg ;DkGg u/fpg' /fhosf] bflotj klg xf]. /fhkf afx]ssf dw]zs]lgb t bnx? ;xeful x'g] lglzrt g} e}o;s]sf] 5. /fhkf klg ;xeful x'g nlrnf] epsf] ;+s]t u/]sf] 5. /fhkfnfo klg lgjfrgdf lnp/ hfg' g} /fd f] x'g5.d'n'snfo ;+3Lotfdf Nofpg] d"vo e"ldsf lgjfx u/]sf pk]gb ofbj g]t[tjsf] ttsfnlg kmf]/dsf] g]t[tjdf epsf] dw]z cfgbf]ngs} lyof]. t;y ;+3LotfnfO dw]z cfgbf]ngsf] pknawl dfgg' k5. dw]z cfgbf]ngs} sf/0f 7"nf bnx? ;+3Lotfdf hfg ;xdt epsf lyp. o;;fu} dw]zdf clwsf/ / dfusf cfjfhx? p7\g] qmd z'? eof]. ;Fu;Fu} ljlegg kf6ldf /x]sf dw]zl g]tfx? kf6l kl/tofu ug] / dw]zsf] em08f af]s]/ dw]zs]lgb t /fhgllt ug] qmdn] lgs} g} tlj tf kfof]. Tolta]nfb]lv g} dw]zs]lgb t bnx? dw]zsf] d'2f p7fo/x]sf] epklg ;Daf]wg u/fpg ;s]sf] 5}g. dw]zl hgtfdf c;gt'li6 a9\b} 5. clxn];dddf ;of}+ dw]zl ;k'tx?n] ;xfbt k fkt u/l ;Sbf ;d]t dw]zn] cfkm\gf] clwsf/ gkfpsf]df w}otf rffxl u'dfpsf] 5}g. clxn] klg dw]z cfzfs} b[li6n] /fhonfo x]b}5. u0ftgqn] bzssf] ofqf to ul/;sg' cufj} dw]z tlg k6s cfgbf]lnt eo;s]sf] 5. of] g} dw]z cu ufdl / qmflgtsf/l /x]sf] k df0f xf]. o;n] dw]z kl/jtgsf] kifdf plepsf] k'li6 x'g5. obkl dw]zsf] dfu k'/f epsf] 5}g. clxn];dddf ;of}+ dw]zl ;k'tx?n] ;xfbt k fkt u/l ;Sbf ;d]t dw]zn] cfkm\gf] clwsf/ gkfpsf]df w}otf rffxl u'dfpsf] 5}g. clxn] klg dw]z cfzfs} b[li6n] /fhonfo sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjfrgaf6 Pp6f zlqmsf]?kdf pbfpsf lyp dw]zs]lgb t bnx?. ;Qfsf] v]ndf nfubf k6s k6s ljefhgfsf] ;fdgf ug ' kbf sdhf]/ gx'g] s'/} epg. ljefhgn] sdhf]/ sf] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjfrgdf dw]zl dtbftfnfo loglx?n] cfslift ug ;s]g. kmn:j?k ;+ljwfg ;efdf loglx?sf] pkl:ylt lgs} g} sd eof]. clg ;+ljwfg ;efdf dw]zsf] d'2f 5fFofdf kg ;fndf dw]zl dtbftfsf ;fy ck]iffs[t?kdf gkfpsf dw]zs]lgb t bnx?n] dw]zsf] d'2f p7fpfbf dw]zl hgtfsf] e/k'/ ;fy / ;dyg clxn];dd kfo/x]s} 5g\. ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff x'g} nfubf ;+ljwfgdf dw]zsf] clwsf/ g;d]l6psf] egb} km]l/ dw]zs]lgb t bnx? cfgbf]ngdf hfg] lg0fo lnof]. ur5bf/ g]t[tjsf] kmf]/d nf]stflgqs eg] cfgbf]ngdf ghfg] lg0fo lnof]. cfgbf]ngdf upsf bnx?n] km]l/ dw]zl hgtfsf] ;fy / ;dyg kfof]. cfgbf]ngn] sof} + Oltxf; /Rg ;kmn epklg cfgbf]ng ;kmn x'g ;s]g. of] cfgbf]ng zfob ljzjsf] ;a}egbf nfdf] ;do;dd epsf] cfgbf]ng lyof]. dw]zs]lgb t bnx?n] gfsfagbl ug 'sf ;fy} x'nfsl /fhdfudf dfgj ;fënf] agfp/ k bzg ug ' nufotsf gf}nf] z}nl ckgfp/ of] cfgbf]ngdf klg ;xfbt k fkt ug] dw]zl ;k'tx?sf] ;+Vofdf sdl cfpg. ;/sf/ cfgbf]ng bafp/ epklg dw]znfo unfpg] lt/} s]lgb t eof]. ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff epsf] lbg dw]zdf An]s cfp6 eof] eg] jffsl e" efudf lbkfjnl. g]kfnl hgtfx?sf] jiff} sf] ;kgf epsf] lbg ;Dk"0f g]kfnl v';l x'g ;s]g. nfdf] ;do;dd cfgbf]ngdf /x]sf dw]zs]lgb t bnx? z"go pknawlsf ;fy lgjfrgdf hfg'kg] afwoftds cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5. o:tf] cj:yfdf c? bnx?n] dw]zs]lgb t bnx?sf] g]t[tjsf] Ifdtf dfly k Zg p7fpfb} of] ljifonfo dw]zl dtbftf;fu dt dfug] d;nf gagfpfnf egg ;lsfb}g. km]l/ dw]z s]lgb t bnx?sf] cfsif0f dw]zl dtbftfsf] dfemdf 36\bf] qmddf /x]sf] 5. dw]zs]lgb t bnx? vfnl xft lgjfrgdf hfg' k/]sf]n] cfkm"nfo ljzjf; ug cfu x ub} dw]zsf] Tofu / alnbfgnfo pknawldf?kfgt/0f u/]/} 5f8\g] / dw]zsf] ;du ljsf;df s]lgb t x'g] k ltj4tf;lxt clxn]sf] cfgbf]ng ;kmn agfpg dt dfug'sf] ljknk 5}g. dw]z nfdf] ;dob]lv cfgbf]ngdf epklg dw]zsf] dfu k"/f gepsf]n] dw]zdf c;gt'i6 dtbftfsf] hdft a9\b} 5. c;gt'i6 hdft s'g} g s'g}?kdf 8f=;Ls] /fptsf] cleofglt/ cfslift x'g yf]n]sf] 5. clxn] 8f=;Ls] /fptsf] r'gfj lrgx /x]sf] sf]7f jflx/ 5fk nufp/ zflgtk"0f?kdf dtbfgdf ;xeful eo hg:t/af6} dtbfg alx:sf/ epsf] ;Gb]z lbg dw]zl dtbftfnfo cfu x u/]sf] 5. o:tf] cj:yfdf dw]zs]lgb t bnx?n] k efjsf/l e"ldsf v]ng g;s]df cgttm l;s] /fptnfo kmfobf k'ug ;S5. ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff ug] a]nfdf () k ltzt / bz k ltztsf] s'/f lgs} p7]sf] lyof]. ;fy} dw]zs]lgb t bnx?egbf c? bnx?sf] hgdt lgs} w]/} /x]sf] k rf/ klg lgs} eof]. o;/l Pp6} d'2f af]s]/ ljeflht ;s];dd w]/} egbf w]/} dtbfg / lqmofzln ;Dk"0f /fhgllts bnx?sf] ;xeflutfdf pt;js}?kdf lgjfrg ;DkGg u/fpg' /fhosf] bflotj klg xf]. /fhkf afx]ssf dw]zs]lgb t bnx? ;xeful x'g] lglzrt g} e}o;s]sf] 5. /fhkf klg ;xeful x'g nlrnf] epsf] ;+s]t u/]sf] 5. /fhkfnfo klg lgjfrgdf lnp/ hfg' g} /fd f] x'g5. eo lgjfrgdf upsfn] dw]zs]lgb t bnx?n] cfkm\gf] hgdt hf]ufpg g;s]sf] sf/0f ;bg g} pk]lift x'g' kof]. o;af6 dw]zs]lgb t bnsf g]t[tjn] kf7 l;s] sl l;s]gg yfxf kfpg clxn] loglx? lgjfrgdf s;/l efu lng5, To;af6 g} yfxf x'g]5. dw]zs]lgb t ^ j6f bnx? PsLs[t ep/ /fhkf u7g u/]sf 5g\. clxn] klg dw]zs]lgb t /fhgllt ug] bnsf] ;+Vof tlg sfod} /x]sf] 5. loglx? tfnd]n gubf loglx?sf] dt affl8g5. o;sf] kmfobf 7"nf tlg bnnfo x'g5. 7"nf tlg bnsf] cf cfkm\gf] l/he dtbftfsf] ;+Vof dw]zdf klg sd 5}g. km]l/, 7"nf bnx? dw]zdf /x]sf] c;gt'i6 dtbftfnfo cfkm\gf] k efjdf kfg ;s]df dw]zsf] hgdtn] o' 6g lng ;Sg] ;Defjgf 5. ;Ls] /fpt klg cfkm\gf] cleofg rnfpfb} 5. o:tf]df c;gt'i6 dtbftfsf] ;+Vof j9]df kmfobf ;Ls] /fptsf] cleofgnfo x'g] ;Defjgf plts} /xg5. l;=s]= /fptsf] cleofg ;kmn epdf dw]zsf] /fhglltn] csf] af6f] lng ;S5. g]kfn / odgn] c+s af 8] PPkm;L Pl;of cgtut ;d"x Pkmsf] klxnf] v]ndf km/flsnf] cgt/n] k/flht epsf] g]kfnn] bf]; f] v]ndf eg] a/fa/l v]nb} c+ssf] vftf vf]n]sf] 5. g]kfnn] d+unaf/ xnrf]sl:yt ;z:q k x/l ansf] /+uzfnfdf epsf] v]ndf odg;fu uf]n/lxt a/fa/l v]nb} Ps c+s hf]8]sf] xf]. ;d"x Pkmsf] klxnf] v]ndf g]kfnnfo lkmlnlkg;n] $! n] x/fpfbf odgn] sf] lht lgsfn]sf] lyof]. g]kfnn] 5gf]6 r/0fdf ca tfhls:tfg;fu xf]d PG8 cj], lkmlnlkg;;fu xf]d tyf odg;fu cj] Dofr u/l rf/ v]n v]ng affsl 5. rf/ v]ndf /fd f] k bzg ub} zlif b'odf kg ;Sg] b'o 6f]nL b'o jifkl5 o'podf x'g] Pl;of skdf 5gf]6 x'g]5g\. lkmkmf j/lotfdf g]kfnegbf $% :yfg dflysf] odgn] v]nsf] ;'?jft cfqmfds u of]. kffrff} ldg]6df odgn] g]kfnl kf]:6df cfqmd0f u/] klg uf]nlsk/ ls/0f lnda"n] ;'Gb/ arfp u/]. cxd]b gfljh xhfoofn] l8as;aflx/af6 u/]sf] ;zqm k xf/nfo ls/0fn] d}bfgaflx/ k7fpsf lyp. nuq} g]kfnsf e/t vjf;n] tlj ultdf an cl3 a9fp/ lbpsf] kf;df gjo'u >]i7sf] k xf/ aflxl/psf] lyof].!@cf}f ldg]6df xhfoofn] u/]sf] bf]; f] k of;df klg ls/0f afws ag]. l8as;leq jfg e;]; jfgsf] cj:yfdf ls/0fn] v' fn] an 5]s]sf lyp. To;kl5 v]ndf g]kfn xfal agof].!$cf}f ldg]6df cghg lji6sf] sg/df e/t / gjo'u vfnl kf]:6df uf]n ug r's]. bf]; f] xfkmdf g]kfnn] uf]n ug] cj;/ l;hgf u/] klg uf]n lkmlgl;ªdf k6sk6s r'sof]. $*cf}f ldg]6df ;'hn >]i7sf] sg/df cggt tfdfª u/]sf] x]8 kf]:6sf] s]xl OGh dflyaf6 aflxl/of]. kffr ldg]6kl5 odgsf xhfoofsf] ;'Gb/ k xf/n] uf]nkf]:6sf] lbzf lng ;s]g. To;kl5 g]kfnn] odgdfly bafa a9fo/fv] klg lkmlgl;ªaf6 ;'wf/ ug ;s]g. ^$cf}f ldg]6df cghgsf] k xf/nfo odgsf uf]nlsk/ cnl cfo;n] ljkmn kf/]. &*cf}f ldg]6df km]l/ cnl afws agbf /f]lxt rgbn] l8as;aflx/af6 xfg]sf] k xf/ uf]n x'g ;s]g. /f]lxtsf] cfsifs k xf/nfo cnln] pts[i6 8«fOa u/]/ d}bfgaflx/ k7fpsf lyp. O/fg ljzjskdf 5gf]6 O/fgn] 5gf]6 r/0fsf b'o v]ncl3 /l;ofdf cfof]hgf x'g] lkmkmf ljzjsk km'6an k df :yfg kssf u/]sf] 5. Pl;of 5gf]6sf] t]; f] r/0fcgtut ) n] x/fpfb} O/fg Pl;ofaf6 ljzjskdf 5gf]6 x'g] klxnf] 6f]nL epsf] xf]. o;cl3 blif0f cd]l/sfsf tkmaf6 a flhnn] /l;ofsf] l6s6 kssf u/]sf] lyof]. t]x/fgsf] chfbl /+uzfnfdf 3/]n' 6f]nLnfO lht lbnfpg] qmddf ;bf/ chdpg / d]xbl t]/]dln] uf]n u/]. chdfpgn] ldg]6df uf]n ub} O/fgnfO cu tf lbnfpsf lyp. chdfpgn] cln/]h hfxfgavf;sf] y f] annfo ;b'kof]u ub} annfo hfnl r'dfp. v]nsf] %)cf}f ldg]6df O/fgn] cu tf bf]aa/ kfg] ;'Gb/ df}sf v]/ kmfn]sf] lyof]. d;'b ;f]hfon] k fkt k]gfn6l cj;/df u/]sf] k xf/ csfl;psf] lyof]. klxnf] xfkmdf cu tf lnpsf] O/fgn] v]n ;lsg b'o ldg]6 affsl 5Fbf cu tf bf]aa/ kf/]sf] lyof]. phh]ls:tfgsf l8km]g8/nfo la6 ub} t]l/dln] **cf}f ldg]6df uf]n u/]/ O/fgsf] lht dfq kssf u/]gg\ ljzjsksf] l6s6 klg kssf u/]. Pl;of 5gf]6sf] kl5nnf P3f/ v]ndf ck/flht O/fgn] kffrf}fk6s ljzjskdf :yfg agfpsf] xf]. O/fgn] /!(&* df ljzjsk v]n]sf] lyof]. ;a} ljzjskdf O/fgsf] k bzg la;gnfos 5. lsgls O/fgn] clxn];dd ;d"x r/0f kf/ ug ;s]sf] 5}g. a flhn / ch]lg6gf ljhol cgt/fli6«o d}qlk"0f v]ndf blif0f cd]l/sl dxf/yl a flhn / ch]lg6gfn] km/flsnf] cgt/sf lht lgsfn]sf 5g\. d+unaf/ epsf] v]ndf a flhnn] c:6«]lnofdfly $ ) sf] lht lgsfnof]. ch]lg6gfn] l;+ufk'/nfo ^ ) sf] km/flsnf] cgt/n] k/flht u of]. d]njgdf epsf] v]ndf a flhnn] 3/]n' 6f]nLlj?4sf] klxnf] ldg]6d} cu tf lnof]. l8puf] ;phfn] v]n ;'? epsf]!@ ;]s]g8d} uf]n u/]/ a flhnnfo cu tf lbnfp. u flaon h];; 3fOt] epkl5 df}sf kfpsf ;phfsf] of] klxnf] cgt/fli6«o uf]n xf]. klxnf] xfkmdf! ) n] cl3 /x]sf] a flhnsf nflu ^@cf}f ldg]6df lypuf] l;nefn] bf]; f] uf]n u/]sf lyp. &%cf}f ldg]6df tfo;gn] uf]n ub} a flhnnfo # ) n] cl3 a9fp. bf]; f] xfkmsf] OGh'/L 6fOddf ;phfn] JolQmut bf]; f] tyf 6f]nLsf nflu rf}yf] uf]n u/]. b'o lbgcl3 ;fpbl c/]laoflj?4sf] ljzjsk 5gf]6 v]n]sf] 6f]nLdf c:6«]lnofn] cf7 v]nf8l kl/jtg ub} o'jf v]nf8lnfo df}sf lbpsf] lyof]. 3/]n' 6f]nL l;+ufk'/dfly ;fgbf/ lht lgsfng] qmddf ch]lg6gfsf ^ v]nf8ln] uf]n u/]. l;+ufk'/sf] /fli6«o /+uzfnfdf ch]lg6gfsf lgoldt sktfg lnof]gn d];l eg] pkl:yt lypgg\.

7 & s'df/n] sf7df8f}+ ttfpg] ef/tlo rlrt ufos s'df/ ;fg'n] sf7df8f}+df nfoe sg;6 ug] epsf 5g\. cfufdl c;f/ #! df x'g] sg;6df ufos ;fg'sf] AofG8;lxt s]xl g]kfnl snfsf/sf] klg k :t'lt /xg] cfof]hs d'g6]h OG6/ g];gnn] hgfpsf] jifb]lv ufog If]qdf ;lqmo s'df/ ;fg'n]!& xhf/egbf a9l ult ufo;s]sf 5g\. g]kfnl rnlrqsf] kfzjufog tyf ljlegg PNaddf klg pgsf] :j/ 5. pgn] ufpsf g]kfnl ult kffr ;ohlt 5g\. cfof]hs d'g6]h OG6/g];gnsf k agw lgb]zs /f]zg k/fh'nln] s'df/sf] sg;6df sl/a! xhf/ b'o ;o bzssf] ck]iff ul/psf] atfp. pgn] eg], s'df/ ;fg';lxtsf] pkl:yltdf x'g] sg;6 xfdln] ofs PG8 olt xf]6ndf ub} 5f}F. of] ;km\6 sg;6 xf], u fg8 xf]og.ú rnlrqsf :julo cleg]tf >Ls[0f >]i7 / pgsl >LdtL Pj+ gflosf Zj]tf v8\sfsf] gfddf /x]sf] Zj]tf>L kmfpg8];gnfo sg;6af6 p7]sf] s]xl k ltzt /sd lbg] pgn] atfp. of] kmfpg8];gn] ;fdflhs If]qdf ljlegg sfd ub} cfpsf] 5. cfof]hsn] ufos s'df/nfo nu]/ ljb]zdf ;d]t sg;6 ug] of]hgf agfpsf] 5. #! c;f/df x'g] sg;6 Ps ;'?jft dfq} xf]. xfdln] s'df/nfo o's]nufot g]kfnl tyf ef/tlosf] a9l afx'no /x]sf ljlegg d'n'sdf ;d]t n}hfg]5ff+,ú k/fh'nln] atfp. ofs PG8 oltdf x'g] sg;6df g]kfnsf /fds[i0f 9sfn, ;'ud kf]v/]n, b]ljsf jgbgf / l:dtf l3ld/]n] klg ufpg] 5g\. xf:osnfsf/ lht' g]kfn / cleg]ql lgzf clwsf/ln] s'df/ ;fg' nfoe Og sg;6ú ;~rfng ug]5g\. g]kfnsf] ko6g k j4gsf nflu ljlegg d'n'sdf ;d]t cfof]hgf ul/g] sg;6n] d2t k' ofpg] cfof]hssf] bfal 5. sfoqmdaf/] hfgsf/l lbg df]g6]hn] cfotaf/ u/]sf] kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf ufos /fds[i0f 9sfn, cleg]tf lj/fh e nufot snfsf/ klg pkl:yt lyp. 9sfnn] g]kfn / ef/tsf snfsf/alr ;+o'qm kdf x'g] sfoqmdn] b'o b]zalrsf] ;f+:s[lts ;DaGwnfO cem alnof] agfpg] atfp. kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf ufos s'df/sf] Pp6f lel8of] klg b]vfopsf] lyof]. lel8of]df pgn] cfkm" g]kfndf k ToIf ufpg cfpg nfu]sfn] pkl:yt x'g g]kfnl z'elrgtsnfo cfu x u/]sf 5g\. ;g\!((# df jifel/sf ;a}egbf a9l ult /]sl8ª u/fpg] ufossf kdf lulgha'sdf gfd n]vfpsf s'df/ ;fg'n] ufpsf g]kfnl ultdwo] k'/fgf] x'fb}g dfofú, dt ca l/;fpf5'ú, e/] cfpf5' ;kgldfú, km"n ep lhgbulúnufot bhgf}f ult rlrt 5g\. s'g} j]nf Pskl5 csf] rnlrqdf kfzjufogdf Jo:t epsf pgn] Ps} lbgdf!* j6f;dd ult /]s8 u/fpsf lyp. z/0ffylsf] ;+3if ufyf xga]gf] e'6fgl z/0ffylsf] hljg ;+3if ;d]l6psf] pkgof; xga]gf]ú ;fjhlgs epsf] 5. lbg]zs'df/ sfslåf/f lnlvt pkgof; xga]gf]ú kqsf/ tyf n]vs lszf]/ g]kfn, cfvofgsf/åo s[i0f w/fjf;l tyf pdf ;'j]bl / slj s]zj cfrfon] ;+o'qm kdf ;fjhlgs u/]. xga]gf]dfly l6kk0fl ub} kqsf/ g]kfnn] e'6fgl z/0ffylsf] hljg k':tsdf uxg kdf ;d]l6psf] atfp. kl/toqm ag]sf z/0ffylsf] lahf]usf] syf pkgof;df ;hlj ep/ cfpsf] 5,Ú g]kfnn] eg]. cfvofgsf/ w/fjf;ln] cfkm"n] e'6fgl z/0ffylsf] syf n]v]sf] :d/0f ub} Tof] n]vgdf z/0ffylsf] emns dfq} lbg ;s]sf] atfp. t/, sfslsf] pkgof;df z/0ffylsf] Oltxf;, ;dfh, ;"rgf / tyosf] Psd'i6 Kofs]hdf cfpsf] l6kk0fl u/]. n]vs sfsln] emfkfsf] z/0ffyl l;lj/df /x]sf e'6fgl;fusf] ;Dksn] pkgof; tof/ epsf] atfp. )%$ lt/ km'kfh'nfo vf]hg d]3fnolt/ upsf] lypf,ú pgn] /rgfue hf]8\b} eg], ToxfF sfd ug] e'6fglsf] kl8fnfo glhsaf6 lgofng] df}sf kfpf / ToxL syfnfo hf]8]/ xga]gf] tof/ epsf] xf].ú e'6fgaf6 nv]l6psf / t]; f] b]z k'gjf;sf] gfddf g]kfn 5f8\g afwo z/0ffylsf] ;+3if syf af]s]sf] pkgof;nfo OlG8uf] OGsn] k sfzg u/]sf] xf]. clgtf algg\ ld; d+uf]n l;gw'kfnrf]ssl!& jiflof clgtf nfdfn] ld; d+uf]n sf] pkflw r'd]sl l5g\. PS;g OG6/6]gd]G6n] zlgaf/ sf7df8f}+df cfof]hgf u/]sf] k k lt:kwlnfo kl5 kfb} nfdfn] tfh;lxt Ps nfv?k}off k'/:sf/ kfog\. ld; kª\r'cnsf] pkflw;d]t lht]sl clgtf eljiodf jlsn agg rfxlg5g\. jiflof v';l du/ / w/fg ;'g;/lsl!* jiflof Zj]tf yfkfdu/ qmdzm km:6 / ;]s]g8 /g/ck 3f]lift ep. a}+s ckm sf7df8f}+df sfo/t v';ln] ld; kmf]6f]h]lgssf] pkflw klg xfl;n ul/g\. To;}u/L, ;]s]g8 /g/ck Zj]tf ef/tsf] a}+unf]/l:yt /fhlj ufgwl sn]hdf PdlalaP; bf]; f] jifdf cwoog/t l5g\. v';l / Zj]tfn] qmdzm %) xhf/?k}off k'/:sf/ k fkt u/]. ld; d+uf]n df!& lhnnfsf #) k ltof]ul clgtd k lt:kwfdf plqpsf lyp. h;df /;'jfsl e"ldsf yfkf ld; ln8/l;k, /fd]5fksl /]ef ;'g'jf/ ld; k;gfln6l, wgs'6fsl lgzf lnda" ld; a]:6 x]o/, sfe ]sl /]g'sf nfdf ld; a]:6 l:sg, ;'g;/lsl lgzf /fo ld; l8l:;lkng, ;'g;/ls} dlxdf /fo ld; k m]g8l;k, sf7df8f}+sl s]l6«g s'n'ª ld; klans RjfO; / afun'ªsl s?0ff k'g ld; 6\ofn]G6 7xl/P. sf]l/of]u fkm/ /f]lhg zfson] k ltof]ulx nfo rf/ ;ftf ljlegg ljifodf k lzif0f lbpsf lyp. ld; d+uf]nsf] of] gjf}f ;+:s/0fdf cleg]tf gl/ zfx, k"jk x/l dxflg/lifs s'j]/l;+x /fgf, :6fG68 rf68 a}+ssf l;ocf] hf];]km l;nefg;, du/ ;dfh ;]jf s]gb sf cwoif dfgaxfb'/ a'9fdu/, cleg]tf e'jg s];l, lgb]zs ldng rfd; tyf cleg]qlåo ;l/tf nfld5fg] / lbof k'g lg0ffos lyp. gf6ssf/ dnn / e08f/l ;Ddflgt gf6ssf/ cz]if dnn uf]kfnk ;fb l/dfn :d[lt af6 ;Ddflgt epsf 5g\. dnnnfo g]kfndf ;8s gf6s cf/de u/fpsf] h; hfg5. o;}u/l dsjfgk'/df /x]/ gf6\oif]qdf of]ubfg k' ofpsf snfsf/ phhjn zdf e08f/lnfo klg zflgtb]jl :d[lt jg:v08l ;Ddfg k bfg ul/psf] 5. ;flxto ;+ud dsjfgk'/n] gf6ssf/ uf]kfnk ;fb l/dfnsf] ztjflifslsf cj;/df zlgaf/ xhf/?k}off / e08f/lnfo!) xhf/?k}off gub;lxt ;Ddfg u/]sf] xf]. k"jl g]kfndf /x]/ ;flxto l;hgf ub} cfpsf hz/fh ls/fftln] dnn / e08f/lnfo gub;lxt ;Ddfgkq k bfg u/]sf lyp. l/dfnsf] ztjflifslsf ;Gbedf pgsf] k ltdfdf dfnofk0f ul/psf] lyof]. ;+udn] ut jif l:yt ko6slo wflds:yn jg:v08lb]jl dlgb/kl/;/df gf6ssf/ l/dfnsf] k ltdf :yfkgf u/]sf] lyof]. Pg;]ndf æjfg KnfgÆ sdaf] Kofs of]hgf df]afon ;]jfk bfos sdkgl Pg;]nn] u fxsnfo ;'ne b/df u'0f:t/lo ;]jf k bfg ug] k lta4tfadf]lhd jfg KnfgÚ sdaf] Kofs of]hgf NofPsf] 5. of]hgfcgtut Pg;]nsf ;a} u fxsn] ;'ne b/df EjfO;, 8]6f, P;PdP; / of]g8/ Do'lhs ;]jfsf] ;'ljwf Pp6} Kofsdfkmt lng ;Sg]5g\. c;f/! b]lv nfu" x'g] jfg Knfg Kofs Pg;]nsf ;a} lk k]8 / kf]:6k]8 u fxssf nflu dfgo x'g]5. of]hgfcgtut Kofs ;'rf? ug] u fxsn] Ps ;ftf;dd of]g8/ Do'lhs Pkdf lgmz'ns cgnfog ult ;+ultsf] dhf lng ;Sg]5g\. jfgknfg of]hgfcgtut, Pg;]nsf u fxsn] cfkm\gf] cfjzostfcg';f/ jfgknfg!%), jfgknfg #)) / jfgknfg %)) u/l tlgj6f Kofs lng ;Sg]5g\. jfgknfg!%) Kofsdf u fxsn] Ps ;ftfsf] Kofs!%)?k}ofFdf lnp/ %)) PdaL 8]6f,!)) ldg]6 cg g]6 6s 6fOd j6f cg g]6 P;PdP; ;]jfsf] pkef]u ug ;Sg]5g\. To:t}, jfgknfg #)) cgtut u fxsn] #)) df!%)) PdaL 8]6f, #)) ldg]6 cg g]6 6s 6fOd / ^)) j6f cg g]6 P;PdP; kfpg]5g\\. u fxsn] jfgknfg %)) cgtut %)) df #))) PdaL 8]6f, ^)) ldg]6 cg g]6 6s 6fOd /!@)) j6f cg g]6 P;PdP; ;]jf k fkt ug]5g\. jfgknfg of]hgfcgtut s'g} klg Kofs ;'rf? u/]sf u fxsn] Ps ;ftf;dd of]g8/ Do'lhsdf lgmz'ns cgnfog ultsf] dhf lng ;Sg]5g\. of]g8/ Do'lhs Pk!%,))) egbf a9l g]kfnl ult s/f]8egbf a9l ult ;dfj]z ul/psf] l8lh6n Do'lhs nfoa ]/L xf]. 8]6fsf ;fy} EjfO; / P;PdP; ;]jfsf] a9\bf] dfu ;Daf]wg ug u fxsdfem sdaf] Kofs NofPsf xf}f. o;n] u fxsnfo yk nfe k bfg ug]5,ú sdkglsf skf]/]6 ;+jfblj1 ldng zdfn] eg]. u fxsn] Kofs ;'ljwf lng Pl:6«S;!&!@# x\of; 8fon u/l To;kl5 c+u hl c+s $ -kmf]/_ lyr]/ cfkm\gf] cfjzostfcg';f/sf] Kofs ;'rf? ug ;Sg]5g\. lxdfnog a}+ssf] ;xof]u lxdfnog a}+sn] sf7df8f}+sf] a'9fglns07 6';fnl:yt g]kfndf epsf cgfy c;xfo afn ;'wf/ ;+3Ú sf afnaflnsfnfo ;xof]u k bfg u/]sf] 5. a}+sn] ;xof]u:j k afn ;'wf/ ;+3df afnaflnsfnfo ljbfno kf];fs tyf h'qf k bfg u/]sf] xf]. a}+sn] l;cf/p;cgtut ;xof]u pknaw u/fopsf] hgfpsf] 5. a}+ssf k d'v Joj:yfks ljlkg xf8fn] afnaflnsfnfo ;xof]u x:tfgt/0f u/]sf lyp. afn ;'wf/u[xsf ;~rfns k hfklt g]kfnln] a}+saf6 k fkt ;xof]u cfufdl lbgdf klg hf/l /xg] ljzjf; JoQm u/]. b]zsf ljlegg :yfgsf cgfy tyf c;xfo afnaflnsfnfo afn ;'wf/ ;+3n] cf>o tyf lziff k bfg ub} cfpsf] 5. cfopdon] dgfof] jflifsf]t;j /]ld6\ofg; sdkgl cfopdon] :yfkgfsf]!&cf}f jflifsf]t;j!&cf}f jflifsf]t;j goff k ljlwsf]ú gf/f;lxt dgfpsf] 5. jflifsf]t;j cj;/df cfopdosf k agw lgb]zs x]d/fh 9sfn / k d'v sfosf/l clws[t ;'dg kf]v/]nn] z'esfdgf JoQm u/]sf lyp. sdkglsf cwoif rgb k ;fb 9sfn pbf]u jfl0fho dxf;+3sf] pkfwoif Pj+ /f]huf/bftf kl/ifb\sf] ;efkltsf x}l;otn] cgt/fli6«o >d ;Dd]ngsf]!)^cf}F clwj]zgdf efu lng h]g]efdf /x]sf] x'fbf lel8of]dfkmt k7fpsf] z'esfdgf ;Gb]z k :t't ul/psf] lyof]. jflifsf]t;jdf ;]jfu fxldwo] ljb]zaf6 k};f k7fpg]!& / g]kfndf k fkt ug]!& u/l #$ ;]jfu fxlnfo l;:6ddf cfwfl/t /x]/ nssl 8«Údfkmt ljh]tf 3f]if0ff ul/psf] lyof]. ljh]tf 3f]if0ff sfoqmddf sdkglsf k agw lgb] zs 9sfnn] ;]jfu fxlnfo wgojfb lbpsf lyp. cfufdl lbgdf cfopdo ;]jfnfo cem} kl/is[t / k ljlwd}ql agfpfb} n}hfg] k lta4tf pgn] JoQm u/]. k d'v sfosf/l clws[t kf]v/]nn] ;]jfu fxlsf] ljzjf;sf sf/0f sdkgln] lg/gt/ k ult ub} cfpsf] atfp. jflifsf]t;j cj;/df cfof]lht ljlegg k ltof]lutftds v]ns'bsf ljh]tf tyf pkljh]tfnfo k agw lgb] zs 9sfnn] kbs, 6«kmL Pj+ l;n8 k bfg u/]sf lyp. sdkgldf sfo/t pts[i6 sdrf/lnfo klg jflifsf]tj cj;/df ;Ddfg ul/psf] lyof]. xfn sdkgln] g]kfnsf ;x/l tyf u fdl0f If]q ;d]6\g] u/l! ;o %% cfopdo ;]G6/;lxt &% lhnnfsf ^ xhf/! ;oegbf a9l ;a Ph]G6 / a} +s tyf ljqlo ;+:yfsf zfvfdfkmt ljb]zdf sfo/t g]kfnln] k7fpsf] /sd cfkmgtsf xftdf l56f], 5l/tf] / ;'/lift kdf ljt/0f ub} cfpsf] hgfpsf] 5. Unf]an cfopdo o'po PS;r]Gh ;fem]bf/l Unf]an cfopdo a}+sn] o'po PS;r]Gh;Fusf] ;xsfodf o'po PS;r]Ghaf6 g]kfndf k};f k7fpg Joj:yf ldnfpsf] 5. o'po PS;r]Gh vf8l d'n'ssf] ;a}egbf 7"nf] /]ld6 sdkgl xf]. vf8l d'n'sdf sfo/t g]kfnln] o'po PS;r]Ghdfkmt g]kfndf /x]sf cfkmgtnfo Unf]an /]ld6af6 k7fpsf] k};f l56f] / ;xh kdf a}+ssf ;a} zfvf tyf cfopdo /]ld6\ofg;, a]:6 /]ld6 / P; /]ld6sf & xhf/egbf a9l Ph]G6af6 e'qmfgl lng ;lsg]5. a}+sn] o'po, stf/, ax/fog, OlG8of, c:6«]lnof, hfkfg, dn]l;of, blif0f sf]l/ofnufotsf d'n'ssf a}+s tyf PS:r]Gh xfp;;fusf] ;xsfodf /]ld6\ofg; sf/f]af/ k bfg ub} cfpsf] 5. l;lensf] x]6f}f8f zfvf :yfgfgt/0f l;len a}+sn] a}+s/f]8, x]6f}f8fdf /x]sf] zfvfnfo x]6f}f8fs} goff ;8sdf :yfgfgt/0f u/]sf] 5. zfvf pb\3f6g x]6f}f8f pk dxfgu/kflnsfsf d]o/ xl/axfb'/ dxt / a}+s ;~rfns k sfz tfonn] ;+o'qm kdf u/]sf lyp. a}+sn] u fxs ;]jfsf nflu b]zjofkl kdf zfvf lj:tf/ ug] of]hgf agfo/x]sf] sfd' k d'v sfosf/l clws[t uf]ljgb u'?ªn] atfp.

8 emfdfly=== kqmfp ug g;sg'n] u[x k zf;gsf rf}tkml cfnf]rgf ;d]t epsf] 5. phfdgql /x]sf a]nf d'n'snfo nf]8;]l8ëd'qm u/fp? hgtfaf6 wgojfb kfpsf u[xgql hgfbg zdfn] cfkm}f pqm 36gfk lt ;Dj]bgzLn ep/ cfqmd0fsf/lx?nfo kqmfp ul/ sfg"gl bfo/fdf Nofpg] kifdf /x]sf] atfpklg k x/l k zf;gn] cfqmd0fsf/lx?nfo kqmfp ug g;s]sf] k lt k x/lk lt?i6 agb} upsf 5g\. l;+xb/af/sf]!)) ld6/ 5]pd} epsf] 36gfdf ;d]t cfqmd0fsf/lx? kqmfp ug k x/l k zf;g c;ifd x'g5 eg] b'/b/fhdf s:tf] xf]nf < cwoif emfdfly lbpf;} epsf] ;f+3flts cfqmd0fn] ubf, k x/l k zf;gsf] t cfnf]rgf eps} 5 k x/l k zf;gsf] lhdd]jf/l lnpsf u[xdgql zdfsf] kf6ln] To; ljifodf Ps zab;dd gaf]ng'n] cfqmd0fsf/lx?sf] st} cftdfjn t a9\b}g eg] k Zg ;d]t plahpsf] 5. cwoif emfdfly epsf] ;f+3flts cfqmd0fsf] xfdl 3f]/ lj/f]w ub5f} F. lgh emf Pp6f OdfGbf/ / stjolgi6 JolQm epsf]n] pgldfly ck/fwl k j[lq epsf JolQmx?af6 cfqmd0f epsf] x'g ;Sg] epsfn] cljnda cfqmd0fsf/lx?nfo kqmfp ul/ sfg"gl bfo/fdf Nofpg xfdl u[x k zf;g / k x/l k zf;g;fu hf]8bf/ dfu ub5f} F. s'g} klg JolQmsf] lhpm wgsf] ;'/Iff ug] bflotj /fhosf] epsf]n] /fhon] Tof] e"ldsf lgefpg}kb5. Pp6f lg8/ / stjolgi7 JolQmnfO t;fp/ cfkm\gf] sfd ;DkGg ug] pb]zoaf6 cfqmd0f epsf] xf] eg] Tof] Hofb} lg/fs[i7 sfo xf]. cgtodf cwoif emfnfo ;f+3flts cfqmd0faf6 gcqflng / cfkm\gf] stjo / bflotj lgefpg xfdl cfu x ;d]t ub} k'g cfqmd0fsf/lx?nfo cljnda kqmfp ul/ sfg'gl bfo/fdf Nofpg k x/l k zf;g;fu cfu x ub5f} F. eut l;+xsf]=== Pdfn]n] gdfgbf eut l;+x sf]l;of/ln] g]kfn} vfolbp s] x'g5 < eg]/ t;fpsf x'g\. olt x'fbf klg g]kfnsf gful/s ;dfh, /fhgllts kf6l, sfg'gljbx? sf]xl klg af]n]sf 5}gg\. g]kfndf s:tf] /fi6«jfb / /fi6«jfbl /x]5g\ < :d/0flo 5, ef/tlo ;]gfsf sgn /l~htn] gbg ;]So'l/6L ckm Ol08of k':ts n]v] / To;df!(%) d} g]kfnnfo ef/tdf gld;fp/ ef/tn] lxdfno e"n u/]sf] lyof]. cj Tof] e"nnfo ;Rofpg'k5 egg] pnn]v u/]sf 5g\. ToxL glltdf plepsf] ef/tn] ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 / efhkfsf g]tf tyf g]kfn lj1 eg]/ klxrfg agfpsf eut l;+x sf]l;of/ln] lgs} cyk"0f / g]kfnsf] ;ftf] hfg] vfnsf] clejolqm lbpsf 5g\. eut l;+xn] ef/tsf] lj/f]w ug], ef/tnfo la:tf/jfbl egg]x?nfo va/bf/ egb} cfqmf]; kf]v] ef/tnfo e]l8of eg]/ ufnl ug] < o;/l ef/tnfo slxn];dd t;fpg] < ;fflrrs} ef/t e]l8of ag]/ cfof] / vfolbof] eg] s;n] s] u5 <!(&% df ToxL ef/tn] l;lssd vfolbpsf] xf]. ef/tnfo e]l8of egg]x?n] s] n5f/] < clxn] ToxL ef/tn] g]kfnnfo e]l8of ag]/ vfolbof] eg] Psnfvdf uf8l r9\g kfog5 egg] a'l4hljlx?n] s] n5f5g\ < eut l;+x sf]l;of/ln] of] t;fpsf] xf] ls ef/tsf] /0fgLlt phfu/ u/]sf x'g\, cfd g]kfnlx?df ax;sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5. eutl;+xsf] d'vo tf/f] ltg} x'g\ h;n] ef/tsf] a9\bf] x:tif]k / ;Ldf cltqmd0f, Hofblt /f]lsg'k5 elg/x]sf 5g\. ltgnfo ef/tn] cj v'n]cfd t;fpg yfnof]. olt x'fbf klg a'l4hljl gful/s ;dfh af]nb}gg\ eg] g]kfnl cf]lklgog lqmo6/x?sf] lbdfu s;/l ;kmf ul/;s]sf] /x]5 ef/tn] egg] a'em\g'k5. g]kfnsf] /fi6«jfb, :jfwlgtf / :jfledfg vt/fdf b]lvof]. tyflk, sf]l;of/lh:tf ef/tlon] a'em\g} kg] ;To s] klg xf] eg] g]kfndf g]tf ef/tjfbl 5g\, t/ hgtf g]kfnjfbl 5g\. g]kfnl hgtfsf] dgdf /fi6«jfb hfu5, Tolta]nf g]kfnl /fi6«jfbn] sf]l;of/lh:tfsf] wdslsf] jf:tf ub}g. g]kfnl hgtf olt sdhf]/ 5}gg\, hlt xfd f g]tfx? 5g\, oyfy oxl xf]. ef/tn] gla;f];\. lh=k =sf=sf=b=g+= #& )$) )$! ;+ljwfg c;kmn=== lg0fo u/]klg To;nfO ;d]t pglx?n] c:jlsf/ u/]sf] v08df To;sf] cy s] < /fhkfn] lgjfrg cof]un] bn btf ug yk u/]sf] ;dodf ;d]t bn btf u/fpsf] 5}g. To;}n] k dfl0ft x'g5 p lgjfrgdf ghfg] dg;fosf ;fy cufl8 al9/x]s]f 5. /fhkfsf] dfu cg';f/ clxn]s} cj:yfdf s'g} xfntdf klg ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg x'g ;Sb}g. ha ha k wfgdgqlsf] lgjfrg x'g5 To;a]nf xfnsf] /fhkfdf /x]sf ^ j6} bn k wfgdgqlnfo ef]6 xfng ;+;bdf pkl:yt x'g5 pglx?n] :j=;'zln sf]o/fnf, k'iksdn bfxfn x' Fb} z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] kifdf ;d]t dt xfn]sf lyp. cfkm} Fn] dt xfn]/ k wfgdgql agfpsf JolQmnfO ;QfkIfs} /fhkfn] :jlsf/ ug' g;sg'sf] cy s] < ls t pglx?n] k wfgdgql b]pjfnfo lbpsf] ;dyg lkmtf lnp/ cfgbf]ngdf hfg ;Sg'k5. ;/sf/nfo ;dyg klg ug] clg ToxL ;/sf/sf] lj?4df cfgbf]ngdf hfg] of] b'o wf/] lgotn] /fhkfnfo g} ;+s6sf] e'd/ldf k' ofpg] sfoafx]s cgo s]xl ug ;Sb}g. /fhkfn] dw];df cfgbf]ng ug yfn]kl5 d'n'snfo ljv08g ug] cfgbf]ng rnfo/x]sf l;s] /fptn] /fhkfsf ;+of]hs dxgy 7fs'/nfO kq n]v]/ cfgbf]ng u/]sf]df wgojfb lbfb} cfgbf]ngdf cfkm\gf sfostfx?n] ;d]t ;3fpg] k ltj4tf hgfpsf x'gfn] /fhkfn] u/]sf] cfgbf]ng lx+; s agg ;Sg] ;Defjgf ;d]t a9]sf] 5. l;s] /fptn] /fhkf;fu ;xsfo ug] tof/l ul//x]sf 5g\ eg] /fhkf;d]t To;sf] tof/ldf nfu]sf] x'gfn] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgnfo axfgfafhl u/]/ /fhkf;d]t d'n'snfo ljv08g ug nfluk/]sf] xf] ls eg] cfz+sf;d]t plahpsf] 5. l;s] /fptn] lgjfrg alxisf/ ug' sf] ; f To;}nfO k of]u sf] sfnf] ;+ljwfg ;bfsf nflu km\ofsg] /0fgLltdf nfug cfu x u/]sf 5g\. ;/sf/n] /fhkf;fu k6s k6s jftf u/]klg /fhkfsf g]tfx?n] k6s k6s af]nl ;/sf/sf]=== lgwf/0f u/]sf] x'gfn] lghl If]qsf] Jofkf/Lx? cflqpsf x'g\. skf] /]zg;fu rlglsf] df}hfb sd x' Fbf dgf]dfgl 9Fun] rlglsf] ljlqm ljt/0f ub} pkef]qmfsf] 9f8 effrg kns]sf Jofkf/Lx? clxn] cfkm"x?;fu epsf] rlgl ls ;/sf/n] lslglbg'k of] ls ;fn6 6«]l8Ësf] rlglsf] d"no a9fpg'k of] egb} lbgx' F cfk"lt dgqfno wfpg] u/]sf 5g\. skf] /]zg;fu kofkt rlgl gx' Fbf lghl If]qsf Jofkf/Lx?n] k ltlsnf] Ps ;o ;Dddf rlgl ljlqm ljt/0f ug] u/]sf lyp To;a]nf pglx?n] cfkm"x?;fu sl/a %) xhf/ 6gdfq df}hft /x]sf] atfpfb} cfpsf lyp. To;}nfO cfwf/ dfg]/ ;/sf/n] skf] /]zgnfo %) xhf/ 6g rlgl cfoftug cg'dlt lbpsf] lyof]. skf] ]/]zgn] cfoft u/]sf] rlgl pktosfdf leqlp;fu} rlglsf] d"no em/]sf] 5. xfn v'b f Jofkf/Lx?n] *% b]lv ()?k} Fof;Dddf lrgl ljlqm ljt/0f ul//x]sf 5g\. km]/]sf] / slxn] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg t slxn] hg;+vofsf cfwf/df dw];df :yfglo txsf] ;+Vof ykg'kg] egb} c8\sf] dfq ykb} cfpklg pglx?sf] leql p2]zo eg]sf] lgjfrgdf ghfg] g} xf]. dw]zdf /fhkf afx]ssf cgo kf6lx? ;+3Lo ;dfhjfbl kmf]/d nf]stflgqs g]kfn, g]kfnl sffu ];, dfcf]jfbl, Pdfn], /fk kfnufot cgo w]/} kf6lx? ;lqmo /x]sf 5g\. /fhkf afx]ssf cgo bnx?n] r'gfjl k lqmofdf ;l/s eo k rf/ k ;f/df h'l6;s]sf] cj:yfdf /fhkfsf g]tfx? r'gfj xfl/g] 8/n] lgjfrgdf ghfg] c8\8l lno/x]sf 5g\. xfn /fhkfdf /x]sf k fom ;a} jl/i7 g]tfx? ;+ljwfg;efsf] bf]; f] lgjfrgdf r'gfj xf/]sf lyp. pglx?nfo ;fflrrs} dw]zsf hgtfn] ktofpsf lyp / pglx? dw];sf g]tf x'g\ eg] lsg hgtfn] pglx?nfo lgjfrgdf x/folbp < lgjfrgdf efu lng] clg hgtfn] x/folbpkl5 /fh]gb dxtf]n] t cfkm"n] r'gfj gxf/]sf] ef/tn] r'gfj xf/]sf] kqsf/ ;Dd]ng dfkmt ;+ljwfg;efsf] bf]; f] lgjfrgkl5 3f]if0ff g} u/]sf lyp. clxn] ltg} dxtf] s;/l dw];sf g]tf ep. s] dw]z /fhkfsf] dfq 7]Ssfleq kb5. 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To;f] ug rflx/x]sf 5}gg\, To;sf] Pp6} sf/0f xf] hgtfn] /fhkfnfo ktofpfb}gg\. dw]zjfbl bnx? dw]zsf pk]gb ofbj / ljho ur5]bf/n] g]t[tj u/]sf kf6lx?;fu ;/sf/n] ca ;xsfo ub} cgo ;a} kf6lx?sf] ;xof]u / ;dyg lnp/ ;+ljwfgsf] /Iffsf nflu tf]lsps} ;dodf bf]; f] r/0fsf] lgjfrg u/fpg cfjzos 5. z]/ axfb'/ b]pjfsf] ljutsf] k wfgdgqlo sfofsfn /fd f] gepsf]n] klg To;nfO ;'wfg;d]t pgn] :yfglo tx x' Fb} k b]z ;ef / ;+;blo lgjfrg lgwfl/t ldltd} u/fpg cfjzos 5. olt To;f] gep ;+ljwfg;efaf6 lgdf0f epsf] ;+ljwfg klg c;kmn xg' ;S5. skf] /]zgn] cfoft u/]sf] rlgl h]i7 dlxgf;dddf & xhf/ 6g cfoft eo;s]sf] 5 eg] ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] sf]6f $ dlxgfleqdf cfoft ul/;sg] k agw skf] /]zgn] ldnfpsf] 5. cfk"lt dgqfnon] d"no nufot ljzn]if0f ;ldlt u7g ul/ pbf]u / v'b f d"noalr epsf] b'/l ljzn]if0f ul/ 7uL ug] nfo sf/afxlsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg] hgfpsf] epklg pv' vl/bdfb]lv ahf/ d"nonfo ljzn]if0f ubf pbf]ulx?n] s[lqd cefj b]vfp/ ;j;fwf/0faf6 rsf] d"no lno/x]sf 5g\. pbf]ul Joj;foLx?n] clxn] ljlegg ahxfgfafhl u/]/ rlglsf] d"no a9fpg ;/sf/nfo bafa lbo/x]sf 5g\. pbf]ulx?n] ctoflws dfqfdf lrglsf] df}hbft ul/ ahf/df s[lqd cefj l;hgf u/]sf x'gfn] To:tf pbf]ul / Joj;foLx?nfO sfg"gl bfo/fdf NofP/ rlglsf] cefj x'g glbg ;fn6 6«]l8Ë skf] /]zgnfo c? rlgl cfot ug cg'dlt lbfb} skf] /]zgnfo cfjzos kg] ;a} k sf/sf] ;xof]u ug' ;/sf/sf] bflotj / stjo;d]t xf]. d=if]=x'= lg= b= g+=! )^% )^^ dw];jfbl=== ;xefultf hgfo/x]sf lyp. g]skf Pdfn]sf /fhlj/fh gu/kflnsfsf d]o/sf pdd]bjf/n] k d'v cfo'qm ofbjnfo k Zg ub} eg] /fhlj/fhleq ;'/Iff lbg g;sg] clg ;'/IffsdL /fv]/ xnleq sfoqmd ug] egb} k Zg u/]sf lyp. k Zg ;'lg;s]kl5 k d'v cfo'qm ofbjn] k d'v lhnnf clwsf/lnfo /fhgllts bnx?sf] sfoqmddf ;'/Iff Joj:yf ldnfpg lgb]zg ;d]t lbpsf lyp eg] k d'v lhnnf clwsf/ln] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ubf k"jhfgsf/l lbp ;'/Iff k agw ldnfpg] cfzjf;g Pdfn] g]tfx?nfo lbpsf lyp. o;/l kb]z df /fhkfsf] /fd f] k efj epsfn] p;n] pqm k b]zdf lgjfrg x'g glbg] / cfkm"x? klg lgjfrgdf ;xeful gx'g] 3f]if0ff u/l cfgbf]ngsf sfoqmdx? ;fjhlgs ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf z]/axfb'/ b]pjf ;/sf/n] c;f/!$ ut] g} bf]; f] ckf+utf epsf JolQmx k ltsf] gsf/ftds ;f]r cfh}b]lv cgto u/f}+. g]kfn ;/sf/ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dgqfno ;"rgf ljefu * k"j/fhf tftb}5g\ sf7df8f}+. 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To;}gfddf pk]gb ofbj / ljho ur5bf/ ;d]t hf]l8psf 5g\. ofbjn] Ps sfoqmddf eg] >LdtL, ;ldwgl / cfkmgtnfo ;dfg'kflts l;6df ;f=;b agfpg]x?sf] u'6n] cfkm\gf] lj/f]w ug' sf] s'g} t's gepsf] egb} /fhkfsf g]tfx?sf] cfnf]rgf u/]sf lyp. lxhf] ;Qfdf a;]sf /fhkfsf g]tfx?n]!) cf} + jif;dd ;Qfdf a:bf dw];sf hgtfnfo s] lbp egb} clxn] km]l/ hgtfnfo u'd/fxdf kfg r'gfj alxisf/sf] gf/f lbpsf] cf/f]k ofbj nufpsf lyp. ;Dkfbs k sfzs M b]j]gb r'8fn sfofno M a'4gu/, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g M $&*)@(%, df]= M (*$!@%$**% Od]n M abhiyan.weekly@yahoo.com d'b 0f M ;'gufef lk lg6ª k ];, afuahf/