cdfs{ ;Gb]z ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x sf] cfjfh cdfs{ cdfs{ cdfs{ Plzof k zfgt cwoif Eff/tbQ sf]o/fnfsf] ;fd'bflos :yfglo /]l8of]m ; 6sfnb]lv clxn];ddsf emns

Transcription

1 jif{! cí! h]7 ;fd'bflos :yfglo /]l8of]m ; 6sfnb]lv clxn];ddsf emns Plzof k zfgt cwoif Eff/tbQ sf]o/fnfsf] ;Gb]z zfxl 3f]if0ff x'fbfx'fb} PkmPd k ;f/0f ;+:yfx df ;z:q ;]gfsf] k j]z / dgf]/ghg afx]ssf ;a} sfo{qmd tyf ;dfrf/ k ;f/0fdf /f]s. kf]v/f, lrtjg / b]zsf ljlegg efusf PkmPd /]l8of] :6];gx agb. ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dgqfnoåf/f cftísf/l tyf ljwj+zftds ultljlw / cftíjfbnfo{ k ToIf jf k/f]if kdf ;3fp k'ug hfg] k s[ltsf / df3!( sf] zfxl 3f]if0ff ljk/lt x'g] vfnsf cgtjf{tf{, n]v, ;dfrf/, ;"rgf, kf7\o;fdu L, cledt jf JolQmsf ljrf/;d]t k sfzg / k ;f/0fdf /f]s nufpg] ;DaGwL] ;"rgf /fhkqdf k sflzt. ;Dk"0f{ PkmPd k ;f/0f ;+:yfx df ;z:q ;]gfsf] kx/f. ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dgqfnoåf/f PkmPd k ;f/0f ;+:yfx nfo{ ljz'4 dgf]/~hgftds sfo{qmd dfq k ;f/0f ug{ lgb]{zg hf/l. k"j{k ltagw nfu". === affsl k[i7!! df! ;fd'bflos :yfglo /]l8of] M ;Í6sfnb]lv clxn];ddsf emns! Plzof k zfgt cwoif ef/tbq sf]o/fnfsf] M ;fd'bflos /]l8of] cleofgsf] uf}/jk"0f{ ofqf # ;Í6sfn ;lsp klg ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf ;d:of oyfjt\ & d]/f ljxfglx ;'g;fg epsf 5g\ * aemfª]nl cfjfh M ;fokfn /]l8of] ( /]l8of] cleofgsf] lj/f]wl zlqm lxhf] klg lyof] cfh klg 5!! /]l8of] ;DaGwL s]xl k':tsx bz jif{otf Plzof k zfgt If]qdf /]l8of] k ;f/0fn] 7"nf] km8\sf] df/]sf] 5. o; If]qdf g]kfnn] xfl;n u/]sf] pknlaw t Plzofs} nflu cg's/0flo ag]sf] 5. g]kfndf Ps bzsotf %^ j6f :yfglo /]l8of]n] k ;f/0fsf nflu Ohfht kfpsf 5g\. oldwo]!( j6f ;fd'bflos /]l8of] /x]sf 5g\. ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] k ;f/0f If]q g]kfnsf zx/l Onfsfb]lv ufpftx;dd /x]sf] 5. o;/l x]bf{ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] cleofg g]kfndf ;Gtf]ifhgs 9Ën] cufl8 a9]sf] 5. ljzjel/s} ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x sf] ;femf 5ftf ;+u7g sf] nio klg ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] cleofgnfo{ cufl8 a9fpg] g} xf]. ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] cleofg ;zqm kn] cufl8 a9]sf] blif0f cd]l/sfdf xf]. clk msfdf klg of] cleofg lgs} /fd /L cufl8 a9]sf] 5. ;du df egbf x/]s dlxgf ljzjdf!)) sf] ;+Vofdf goff /]l8of] ;~rfngdf cfpg yfn]sf 5g\. ;fd'bflos /]l8of] k ;f/0fsf] l;4fgt eg]sf] klg ;d'bfon] g} cfˆg} ; f]t ;fwg h'6fp/ sd nfutd} ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] /]l8of] :yfkgf u/l ;d'bfos} ;b:ox sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u k'ug] vfnsf sfo{qmdx k ;f/ ug'{ xf]. ;d'bfosf] cfˆg} cfjfh ;'lgg] k efjsf/l dfwod ;fd'bflos /]l8of] xf]. ef/tbq sf]o/fnf === affsl k[i7 ^ df 1

2 kl/ro M ;fd'bflos /]l8of] cleofgsf] uf}/jk"0f{ ofqf ljzjel/s} ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x sf] 5ftf ;Ë7g xf]. of] ljzjel/s} ;fd'bflos /]l8of] cleofgnfo{ 6]jf lbg] Pp6f cgt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/l ;+:yf xf]. Ps ;o bz /fi6«sf emg8} kffr ;o ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x sf ;b:o 5g\. o;n] ljzjel/s} ;fd'bflos /]l8of]alr eforf/fsf] efjgf ljsf; ug]{, Pscsf{sf] cg'ej cfbfgk bfg ug]{ / cgt/f{li6«o ;xof]u tyf ;dy{g h'6fpg] ub{5. ;a} ;fd'bflos /]l8of]k lt o;n] P]Soa4tf ;d]t k s6 ub{5. ;g\!(*# df s]xl ;fd'bflos /]l8of]k ]dlx n] :jtm:km"t{ kdf Sofgf8fsf] df]lg6«ondf e]63f6 ug]{ k/dk/f a;fn].!((^ df Sofgf8fsf] klzrdl lsgf/fdf cjl:yt Eofgsf]e/df epsf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] k ;f/sx sf] bf]; f] ljzj;efn] :jtm:km"t{ kdf a9\b} upsf] cgt/f{li6«o ;fd'bflos /]l8of] cleofgnfo{ cf}krfl/s kdf cgt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/l ;+:yfdf kl/0ft u of].!(() df 8lAngdf epsf] sf] rf}yf] ljzj ;Dd]ng ;"rgf k jfx ug] { xssf] k Tofe"lt x'g'k5{ egg] tkfo{ + klg sf] ;b:o agg ;Sg'x'G5 Û olb tkfo{+ ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];g, ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf nflu k ;f/0f ;fdu L lgdf{0f ug{] JolSt jf ;+:yf / ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ljsf;df nflu k/]sf] ;+:yf jf JolStdWo] s'g} x'g'x'g5 eg] sf] ;b:o agg ;Sg'x'G5. ;b:o e};s]kl5 tkfo{+ sf ljljw k sfzgx k fkt ug{ / ljlegg lsl;dsf sfo{j mdx df ;xeful x'g ;Sg'x'g]5. yk hfgsf/lsf nflu ;Dks{ /fvg] 7]ufgf M Pl;of k zfgt If]qLo sfof{no s'k08f]n, nlntk'/, g]kfn kmf]g ˆofS; M %%%$*!! Od]n M amarcap@wlink.com.np d"n s'/fdf s]lgb t eof].!((@ df d]ls;sf]df epsf] ;Dd]ngn] cgt/f{li6«o dlxnf ;~hfn u7g ug] { k :tfj kfl/t u of]. sf] 8fsf/ ;Dd]ngn] :yfglo txdf eo/x]sf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] cleofgnfo{ cem an k' ofpg] / ljzjjofkl kl/k ]Iodf k efjsf/l 9Ën] ;+nug x'g] cj;/sf kdf :jfoq k s[ltsf If]qLo sfof{nox ;a} If]qdf /fvg] lg0f{o u of]. ;g\!((* df ldnfgdf epsf] sf] ;ftf}+ ;Dd]ngn] nfo{ ljzjdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] cleofgsf tlg j6f kvf{nx etsfp/ cufl8 a9\g dfu{ k z:t ul/lbof]. h;df klxnf] kvf{n lyof], sfg'gl cj/f]w. ;fd'bflos k ;f/0f ;+:yfx ;DaGwL goff cgt/f{li6«o sfg"gaf/] 5nkmn ub} { cufl8 a9\g ;d]t ;Dd]ngn] nfo{ dfu{ lgb]{zg u of]. n] gf g'kg] { csf] { k ljlw;dagwl cj/f]w lyof]. cfˆgf ;b:ox nfo{ k fljlws r'gf}tlx sf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd t'nofp/ / pglx nfo{ ;dfg p2]zosf c ;~rf/ dfwodx ; u ;xsfo{ ug{ ;xof]u u/]/ k ljlwsf] kvf{n etsfpg'kg]{ h'[lqm ;ftf}+ ;Dd]ngn] ;'emfof]. of] ;Dd]ngn] t]; f] kvf{nsf] kdf ef}uf]lns cj/f]wnfo{ cf} +NofpFb} o;nfo{ tf]8\g Pl;of / c/a b]zx df k j]z ug'{kg]{ ;'emfj ;d]t sf] km]a ;Dd sf7df8f} +df ;DkGg sf] cf7f}+ ;Dd]ng ;fd'bflos k zf/sx sf] clxn];ddsf] ;a}egbf 7"nf] hd36 lyof]. of] ;Dd]ng Plzof k zfgtdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ljsf;sf] Pp6f hu g} agof]. cf7f} + ;Dd]ngn] Plzof k zfgt If]qLo sfof{no :yfkgf ;d]t u of]. To;} u/l cf7f} + ;Dd]ngsf ;xefulx n] ;Ddsf] s'zn sfo{of]hgf g} th' {df u/]. sf] gjf} + ;Dd]ng sf] cgtlt/ x'g] of]hgf 5. 2

3 s'/fsfgl { ; 6sfn ;lsp klg ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf ;d:of oyfjt\ blw/fd ;'j]bl, k agw lgb]{zs /]l8of] :ju{åf/l. dlgaxfb'/ zfxl, cwoif /]l8of] s0ff{nl df]xg rfkfufo{, sfodd'sfod :6];g Dofg]h/ /]l8of] n'ldagl ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] ofqf ;fdfgotof ;+;f/el/ g} s]xl sl7g b]lvpsf] 5. xfdlsxff klg ;fd'bflos /]l8of] cleofgsf] ofqf ;xh 5}g. oxl qmddf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] s:tf ;d:of / r'gf}tlsf] ;fdgf ug' {kl//x]sf] 5 / ck7\of/f] cj:yfdf klg s;/l ltgn] ;d'bfonfo{ ;]jf k' ofo/x]sf 5g\ egg] ljifodf s]lgb t ep/ xfdln] bfªsf] 3f]/fxLaf6 k ;fl/t /]l8of] :ju{åf/lsf k agw lgb] {zs blw/fd ;'j]bl, h'dnfsf] dxt uflj; ljhogu/af6 k ;fl/t /]l8of] s0ff{nlsf cwoif dlgaxfb'/ zfxl / kgb]xlsf] dl0fu fdaf6 k ;fl/t /]l8of] n'ldaglsf sfodd'sfod :6];g Dofg]h/ df]xg rfkfufo{nfo{ Ps}vfnsf k Zg ;f]w]sf lyof} +. blw/fd ;'j]bl!= ; 6sfn 3f]if0ffkl5 oxf sf] /]l8of] :6];gsf] sfo{qmddf s:tf] c;/ k of] < blw/fd ;'j]bl M df3!( kl5sf lbgx df /]l8of] :6];gdf b}lgs & k6s lbog] ;dfrf/x agb ep. ckfë, g]qxlgx n] ;~rfng ug]{ h:tf sfo{qmdx klg xktf /f]lsp. dfgj clwsf/ sfo{qmd, yf? efiffdf ;~rflnt sdnx/l k yf pgd"ng ug]{ u fdl0f / ljkgg ju{nfo{ nlift u/l agfopsf] sfo{qmd lg;/fp agb eof] To:t} yf? hfltsf] ;du kifnfo{ phfu/ ug{ tof/ kfl/psf] sfo{qmd xdf/ ;}8fg agb eof]. xktfdf tlg lbg lbog] 5nkmnsf] sfo{qmd cfhsf s'/f s/lj! dlxgf agb eof]. To:t}, ;ftfel/sf] rlr{t /fhgllts l6kk0fl ug]{ ljzn]if0f sfo{qmd agb eof]. :yfglo:t/df b]lvpsf ågbsf] sf/0f vf]hg] / To;sf] ;dfwfg :yfglo:t/df vf]hg] sfo{qmd ;f]wlvf]hl s/lj! dlxgf agb eof]. To:t} s'g} ljifodf ;Dk"0f{ kifaf6 lr/kmf/ ul/g] sfo{qmd lr/kmf/ agb eof]. ;fktflxs kqklqsfsf n]v, ;dfrf/, ;DkfbsLo, l6kk0fl cflbdf cfwfl/t xktfsf] b'o{kn6 k ;f/ x'g] sfo{qmd ;ftf ;Gbe{ agb eof]. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfaf6 k To]s laxfg ^ b]lv ^=#) ;Dd k fkt x'g] kqklqsfsf] ; ufnf] klg agb eof]. ufp ufp sf cfjfhx nfo{ 3/b}nf]df k'u]/ ;+sng u/l k ;f/0f ul/g] sfo{qmd u fdl0f cfjfh, b]pv'/lsf cfjfh, ofqf klzrd bfªsf], df]jfon h:tf nf]slk o sfo{qmd s/lj! dlxgf agb ep. dlgaxfb'/ zfxlm ;Í6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff nuq} /l8of] s0ff{nl Pkm=Pd=!)% d]ufxh{df ;'/IffsdL{4f/f tfnrf dfl/of]. jljl;l ljzj ;]jfsf] g]kfnl sfo{qmd /f]lspsf] 5 eg] ;dfrf/ / ;d;fdlos sfo{qmd afx]s lziffd"ns / dgf]/ghgftds sfo{qmdx k ;f/0f eo/x]sf 5g\. :jtgqk"j{s / lagf ws sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug] sfddf afwf ptkgg epsf] 5. 3

4 s'/fsfgl { dlgaxfb'/ zfxl vf]hvj/, kqklqsf, ;ftf ;Gbe{, cfhsf s'/f h:tf ;dfrf/d"ns sfo{qmdx gcfpg] ugf{n] >f]tfx n] ;dfrf/sf] ef]s d]6\g gkfp bf k hftgqsf] pkof]u x'g g;s]sf] ] k ToIf cg'e"lt u/]sf] atfpg yfn]sf 5g\. blw/fd ;'j]bl df]xg rfkfufo{ + M ;Í6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff;Fu} /]l8of]sf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmdx dfq k efljt epgg\, a? sl/j ( 306f xfd f] lgoldt k ;f/0f g} agb ul/of]. ;~rf/ dgqfnon] ljz'4 dgf]/ghgftds afx]s s'g} klg sfo{qmdx k ;f/0f gug{ kqfrf/ / lgb]{zg u/]kl5 xfdl lgss} ;+s'lrt x'g afwo eof} +. ;Dk"0f{ ;dfrf/ / ;dfrf/d"ns sfo{qmdx agb epkl5 /]l8of] ;'Gg] >f]tf 36\g] dfq xf]og a? xfdlnfo{ /]l8of]sf ldqx n] tkfo{ +x sf] /]l8of] slxn]b]lv k ;f/0f x'g5 eg]/ ;f]wg yfn]sf lyp. tlg xktfkl5 dfq} Jofjxfl/s kdf s]xl ;fd'bflos k s[ltsf sfo{qmdx ahfpg yfnof} +. la:tf/} >f]tfx sf] ;'Gg] qmddf s]xl ;'wf/ cfo/x]sf] 5 t/ ;dfrf/ lagfsf] /]l8of]nfo{ >f]tfx n] g'g lagfsf] t/sf/l eg]/ l6kk0fl ug] { u/]sf 5g\. ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dgqfnon] u/]sf] lgb] {zgdf s]jn dgf]/ghgftds / ;f+ullts sfo{qmdx dfq k ;f/0f ug{ 'kg] { elgpsf] ep klg ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;d'bfok lt pq/bfol x'g] x'gfn] ult dfq} ahfp/ a:g' xfd f] bflotj gepsf] x' bf ;fdflhs d'2fdf hfg' g} ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] ;dfhk lt Gofo u/sf] x'g5 egg] efjgfn] xfdln] df3!( sf] Ps dlxgfkl5 ;dfrf/ afx]ssf sl/a ;Dk"0f{vfn] ;fdflhs sfo{qmdx k ;f/0f ub} { cfo/x]sf 5f} sfo{qmdsf] km]/abnkl5 >f]tfx af6 cfpg] k ltlj mofdf s] c;/ k/]sf] 5 < blw/fd ;'j]bl M ;dfrf/d"ns sfo{qmd gx' bf lg/fzfsf s'/fx cfpg] u/]sf 5g\. vf;u/l vf]hvj/, kqklqsf, ;ftf ;Gbe{, cfhsf s'/f h:tf ;dfrf/d"ns sfo{qmdx gcfpg] ugf{n] >f]tfx n] ;dfrf/sf] ef]s d]6\g gkfpfbf k hftgqsf] pkof]u x'g g;s]sf]] k ToIf cg'e"lt u/]sf] atfpg yfn]sf 5g\. dlgaxfb'/ zfxl M ;dfrf/d"ns sfo{qmdsf] k ;f/0fdf cfpsf] kl/jt{gn] >f]tfx df cgof}n >[hgf ul/lbpsf] 5. ;d'bfosf] cfjzostf ;dfrf/d"ns sfo{qmd xf]. t/ of] /f]lspsf] 5. :jtgq k ;f/0f :6];gsf] cf}lrto / To;sf] k efjsfl/tfsf ;Gbe{df k ltlqmofx cfpg yfn]sf 5g\. df]xg rfkfufo{+ M s]jn ;fëllts sfo{qmdx dfq ah]sf] cj:yfdf ;ËLt dfq} dg k/fpg] s]xl >f]tfx afx]s 7"nf] ;d"xsf >f]tfx sf] /]l8of] ;'Gg] afgld} k"0f{la/fd nfuof]. To;}sf] pkh:j k sltko dfg5]x n] xfdlnfo{ tkfo{+x /]l8of]sf] k ;f/0f km]l/ slxn]b]lv ;'? ug'{x'g5 eg]/ k Zg ;f]wg] cj:yf klg ;[hgf eof]. t/ la:tf/} s/la tlgxktf h:tf] kl5 xfdln] :yfglo ultlalwdf cfwfl/t ;dfrf/hgo ;fdu Lx k ;f/0f ug{ yfnof} +. Psbd} sd dfg5]n] dfq} /]l8of] ;'g]sf] cj:yfdf k ltlqmofx t'ngftds kdf gsf/ftds g} cfp / o:tf k ltlqmofx df a9lh;f] ;dfrf/d"ns sfo{qmdx g} lbg'k of] egg] vfnsf /x]sf lyp. #= oxf sf] ljrf/df ck7\of/f] cj:yfdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] e"ldsf s:tf] x'g ;Sb5 < jf 5 < blw/fd ;'j]bl M ;Í6sfnLg cj:yfdf ;Í6sf lx;fjn] ;fd'bflos / Jofkfl/s /]l8of]x sf] cj:yf s/lj s/lj Ps} xf]. Jofkfl/s /]l8of]n] Jofkf/ ug{ kfpgg\ eg] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x n] Pp6f :jtgq ;fd'bflos ;~rf/dfwosf kdf ;d'bfosf] ;]jf ug{ kfpgg\. t/ ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x n] u fdl0f e]udf up/ u fdl0f hgtfsf ;d:ofx lnp/ k ;f/0f ubf{ :yfglo k zf;g ;xof]ul epsf] kfoof]. ;fd'bflos /]l8of]; u hgck]iff t'ngftds kdf j9l x'g] x 'bf ;Gb]zd"ns sfo{qmdsf] ;+Vof yk]/ s]xl xb;dd ep klg >f]tfsf] ;"rgfsf] ef]s d]6\g] tkm{ ;f]r agfpg'k5{. dlgaxfb'/ zfxl M ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] ;sf/ftds b[li6sf]0fsf cfwf/df ;d'bfonfo{ ljlegg vfnsf ;"rgfx k bfg u/]/ ;zqm kfb} n}hfg'k5{. ljsf; lgdf{0f / ;d'bfosf] ;s[otfdf epsf kxnx nfo{ plhnofpfb} pglx nfo{ cem a9l jt{dfg cj:yfk lt pq/bfol agfpb} n}hfg'k5{. k hftgq, :jtgqtf dfgjclwsf/ / zflgtsf] kifdf ;d]t ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] jx;sf] ;'?jft ug'{k5{ hf] jt{dfgsf nflu lgs} 7"nf] / ;sf/ftds e"ldsf x'g;s5. 4

5 { s'/fsfgl df]xg rfkfufo{ + M ck7]/f] cj:yfdf g} cfˆgf] klxrfg agfpg ;lsg5. df3!( kl5 hf/l ;Í6sfn / s8f cfb]zsf afah'b xfdln] :yfglo ljifo / cfjzostfdf cfwfl/t sfo{qmdx ahfpg] h'g k of; u of}+ To;nfO{ :yfgloaf;l, ;d'bfo / ;r]t gful/sx n] v'n]/ k z+zf u/]sf 5g\. sfg"gl c8\rg eptf klg ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] ;d'bfosf] lxtdf sfd ug{ kl5 x6\g' x 'b}g / xfdl kl5 x6]sf klg 5}gf} + egg] nfub5. ;"rgfsf ljzj;glo dfwodsf] cefjsf a]nf ;xl ;"rgf lbg' ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] bflotj g} xf]. $= ; 6sfnkl5 cly{s kifdf s] c;/ k of] < epsf 5f} +. ;+:yfdf nfdf] ;dob]lv sfo{/t /]l8of]sdl{x sf] kfl/>lds k'g/;+of]hg -a[l4_ ug] xfd f] of]hgf sfof{gjog x'g g;sg] dfq xf]og 306] ;dfrf/df sfo{/t ;a} ;~rf/sdl{x sf] kfl/>lds pknaw u/fpg g;s]kl5 s]xl ;fylx nfo{ ljbf ug{ klg xfdl afwo eof} +. ;Í6sfns} sf/0f lgdf{0ffwlg ejgsf] sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg sl7gfo k/]sf] 5 eg] df3!( cufl8sf] h:t} u/l /]l8of] ;~rfng ul//xg klg d'lzsn b]lvpsf] 5. %= cfkm\gf] sfo{j md tyf cfly{s kifaf/] s:tf lsl;dsf efjl /0fgLlt tyf of]hgfx to ug'{epsf] 5 < df]xg rfkfufo{ blw/fd ;'j]bl M ;Í6sfnLg cj:yfdf :yfglo gu/kflnsf / u}/;/sf/l If]qsf] ;fem]bf/ldf ;~rflnt sfo{qmd agb epsf sf/0f cfly{s cj:yfdf 7"nf] Iflt eof]]. To:t} ;dfrf/d"ns sfo{qmd k ;f/0f gx' bf ; f]tf ;+Vof 36]sf] sf/0f b]vfo{ lj1fkgbftfn] lj1fkg lbg 5f]8]. o;n] ubf{ dfl;s kdf %) b]lv ^% k ltzt;dd cfdbfgl 36]sf] 5. oxl sf/0fn] dfl;s kdf e'qmfg ug'{kg]{ tnj, ljb't, 6]lnkmf]g, Sof;]6, ;L8Lsf vr{x ;d]t wfgg sl7gfo kl//x]sf] 5. To;dfly ;/sf/nfo{ jflif{s kdf ltg' {kg] { Ohfht gljs/0f b:t'/, /f]on6l b:t'/, s'g ; f]taf6 NofO{ cfufdl c;f/ dlxgfleq k"/f ug' {kg] { xf], Tof] cem} yfxf epsf] 5}g. ;dfrf/d"ns sfo{qmdx gx' bf ;dfrf/ If]qdf sfd ug] { s/lj & hgfnfo{ labf ul/psf] 5. dlgaxfb'/ zfxl M ;dfrf/ k ;f/0fdf nfu]sf] k ltagw / lg/gt/ 9Ën] lgu/fgldf /flvpsf] sf/0f sfo{qmdx lgjf{w 9Ën] :jtgqk"j{s ;~rfng ug{ sl7gfo ptkgg epsf] 5. t/ xfn /]l8of] s0ff{nlaf6 ;dfrf/ -/fhgllts_ jfx]s c sfo{qmdx k ;f/0f eo/x]sf 5g. d'n'sel/ nfu]sf] ;Í6sfnsf sf/0f :6];gdf cfly{s ;Í6 ptkgg epsf] 5. df]xg rfkfufo{ + M xfd f] cfly{s cj:yfdf ;Í6sfnn] Jofks k efj kf of]. cfly{s lx;fjn] agfopsf of]hgfdf xfdl &% k ltzt h:tf] c;kmn blw/fd ;'j]bl M s_ sfo{qmdx a9l ;fdflhs If]qnfO{ nlift u/l tof/ kfg] {, x'g;sg] hlt hgzlqm sd ug,]{ cgo s'g} bftfx ; u o; aif{sf ;/sf/l b:t'/x ltg{ ;xof]u ul/lbg cg'/f]w ug]{. Tof] pkfo klg gep a}+saf6 C0f lng]. Tof] klg gep /]l8of] agb u/]/ a:g]. v_ sfo{qmdx sf ptkfbg nfut sd u/l sd vlr{nf] / ;f+ullts sfo{qmd lbb} hfg]. dlgaxfb'/ zfxl M h'dnf To;} klg ;fgf] ahf/ epsf] If]q xf]. To;}n] o;sf] lbuf]kgsf af/]df xfdl lgss} lrlgtt 5f}+. vf; u/l xfd f] :6];gaf6 1fgd"ns, l;kd"ns / dgf]/~hgftds sfo{qmdx df hf]8 lbfb} cfpsf 5f}+ / eljiodf klg To;}df xfd f] Wofg s]lgb t x'g] sfo{qmd 5. :6];gsf] lbuf]kgsf nflu kffr jif]{ ;fdflhs sfo{ of]hgfsf] vfsf tof/ kf/]sf 5f}+ t/ clxn] xfdln] To;nfO{ sfof{gjogdf Nofpg ;s]sf 5 }gf}+. eljiodf sfof{gjodf Nofpg ;lsg]] cfzf /fv]sf 5f}+. df]xg rfkfufo{ + M /]l8of]sf] :yflotjnfo{ s]gb efudf /fv]/ xfdl cufl8 al9/x]sf 5f}+. yk cfdbfglsf ; f]tx vf]hg], kl/rfng ug]{ / Tolt ubf{ klg Jooef/ y]ug ;Sg] cj:yf ;[hgf gepdf b}lgs!& 306fsf] k ;f/0f ;do 36fP/ lbp ;f]sf] ;do /]l8of] :6];g agb u/l laxfg a]n'sf dfq k ;f/0fdf hfg'kg] { afwoftds kl/l:ylt x'g;s5 egg] xfdlnfo{ nfu]sf] 5. ;dfrf/ k ;f/0fdf nfu]sf] k ltagw / lg/gt/ 9+un] lgu/fgldf /flvpsf] sf/0f sfo{qmdx lgjf{w 9+ n] :jtgqk"j{s ;~rfng ug{ sl7gfo ptkgg epsf] 5. df]xg rfkfufo{ 5

6 s'/fsfgl { === k[i7! af6, ef/tbq sf]o/fnfsf] ;Gb]z g]kfndf klg ljut s]xl ;dob]lv o:tf /]l8of]x n] ;d'bfosf] ;]jf ul/x/]sf 5g\. logn] ;d'bfosf] Pp6f clegg c sf] kdf cfkm"nfo{ :yflkt ;d]t ul/;s]sf 5g\. v'zlsf] s'/f s] 5 eg] ;a} ;fd'bflos /]l8of] /fd f];fu rn]sf 5g\. ;d'bfosf] dg lhtg ;d]t ;kmn epsf 5g\. t/ xfdln] ;Demg'kg] { s'/f s] xf] eg] hlt ;fd'bflos /]l8of] 5g\, tl kof{kt 5}gg\. u/ljl, lg/if/tf, ljs6 ef}uf]lns cj:yf epsf] d'n'sdf ;a}egbf ;zqm ;~rf/dfwod g} /]l8of] xf] / o;sf] ljsf; lj:tf/ lg/gt/ eo/xg'kb{5. xfdln] oxl ;Gbe{df of] klqsfsf] k sfzg ;'? u/]sf 5f} +. o;n] ;a} ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :6];gx sf ;d:of, pknlaw, cg'ej / goff ultljlwx nfo{ k :t't ug{ ;s]df g]kfnsf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] cfgbf]ngnfo{ g} ;xof]u k'ug]5. of] k lqmofdf a9legbf a9l ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x ;xeful eolbg]5g\ egg] cfzf u/]sf] 5'. of] klqsf Plzof k zfgt If]qs} ljleggf d'n'sx df ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x sf kmff6df eo/x]sf ultljlwx nfo{ /fd /L k ltlaldat ug] { pko'qm dfwod agg] ljzjf; lnpsf] 5'. Pscsf{sf cg'ej cfbfgk bfg ub} { ;a}h;f] b]zx n] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]af6 kmfobf lng] sfddf o;n] ;xof]u k' ofpg'k5{ egg] klg d 7fGb5'. xfn g]kfnsf] /fhgllts / ;'/Iff;DaGwL c;xh l:yltdf ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x n] c ;~rf/dfwodx n] h:t} si6 ef]ug'kl//x]sf] 5. cfzf 5, of] Ifl0fs cj:yf dfq} xf]. rff8} g} ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x n] lziff, ;"rgf / ;dfrf/d"ns sfo{qmd ;'rf? kn] ;~rfng ug{ kfpg]5g\. dxflåklo kl/k ]Iodf x]bf{ g]kfnn] /]l8of] k ;f/0fsf If]qdf Plzofsf c /fi6«x nfo{ g]t[tj k bfg ub}{ af6f] b]vfpg'kg]{ epsfn] xfd f] bflotj lgzro g} a9l 5. of] bflotj lgjf{x ug{ xfdl ;Ifd x'g]5f}+ egg] cfzf u/f} +. xfd f] cfdbfglsf] d'vo ; f]t ;fem]bf/l sfo{qmd /x]sfn] ;fem]bf/ tyf ;xof]ul lgsfox nfo{ yk ;xof]u k' ofpg ljz]if cfu x ug] klg xfd f] of]hgf 5. ^= ; 6sfnsf] cgto e};s]sf] 5. s:tf] dx;'; ul//fvg' epsf] 5 < blw/fd ;'j]bl M ;ª\s6sfnsf] cgtokl5 klg s'g} gof v'zl / pd k fkt epsf] 5}g. vf;u/l dfgl;s bjfjsf sf/0f v'n]/ s'g} klg sfo{qmd tof/ kfg{ ;lspsf] 5}g. ;Í6sfnsf] cgtokl5 xfdln] lbg ;'? u/]sf] ;dfrf/d"ns sfo{qmd vf]hvj/ klg ut]sf] :yfglo k zf;gsf] cfb]zkl5 agb ul/psf] 5. ljb f]xlx sf] bjfj klg cfpg] u/]sf] 5. ;du df egg] xf] 306fdf lgbfpsf] ;donfo{ 5f]8]/ /]l8of]s} lrgtf ug'{k/]sf] 5. dlgaxfb'/ zfxl M ;Í6sfnsf] cgto ep klg /]l8of]sf] ;Í6sf] cgto epsf] 5}g. df]xg rfkfufo{ + M sfg"gl kdf ;Í6sfn x6] klg xfdln] ;dfrf/ k ;f/0f ug{ :jlj[mlt kfpsf 5}gf} +. ksf] lx;fjn] egbf ;Í6sfn x6]sf] eptf klg u'0fsf] lx;fjn] x6]sf] h:tf] /]l8of] :6];gn] dx;'; ug{ kfpsf] 5}g. ;fd'bflos /]l8of] Ol;cf/ PkmPd!)$=@ d]ufxh{n] ut] cf}krfl/s sfo{qmdsf ;fy cfˆgf] dlxnf zfvfsf] :yfkgf u/]sf] 5. /fli6«o ;efsf sfo{jfxs cwoif /fdk Lt kf;jfg k d'v cltly /xg'epsf] ;f] sfo{qmddf dlxnf zfvfsl k d'v k ldnf dxh{g ;'/jl/n] cwoiftf ug{ ' epsf] lyof]. O{l;cf/ PkmPd dlxnf zfvf vf]ng] g]kfnd} klxnf] /]l8of] ag]sf] 5. of] cdfj{m / cdfj{m dlxnf cgt/{fli6«o ;~hfnsf] ;b:o /lx;s]sf] 5. sfo{qmddf af]nb} Ol;cf/sf ;~rfnsx n] k ;f/0fdf dlxnfsf] kxf 'r ;'lglzrt ug{ / cdfj{m tyf cdfj{m dlxnf ;~hfn;fu ldn]/ sfd ug{ cfkm"x k ltj4 /x]sf] atfp. sfo{qmddf kqsf/, dfgjclwsf/jfbl tyf ;d'bfosf ljlegg k ltlglwx sf] ;+nugtf lyof]. sfo{qmdsf] pb\3f6g /fli6«o ;efsf sfo{jfxs cwoif /fdk Lt kf;jfgn] kfg;df aql afn]/ ug{ 'epsf] lyof]. 6

7 { k ; j; { d]/f ljxfglx ;'g;fg epsf 5g\ ofsa yf]/;g df3sf] dwoegbf klxn] d PkmPd /]l8of]af6 k ;f/ x'g] laxfgl ;dfrf/; u} p7\g] uy] +. d]/f l5d]slx klg /]l8of]af6 k ;f/0f x'g] g]kfnleq / aflx/sf ;dfrf/ ;'Gb} g]kfnl lrofsf] cfggb lngy]. cfhsn ;dfrf/sf dfwod :yfglo /]l8of]x dgf]/~hgdf dfq ;Lldt epsf 5g\. kmn:j k d]/f laxfglx klg ;'g;fg epsf 5g\. dgf]/~hgftds sfo{qmdx Tolt g;'lgg] x' bf d]/f l5d]sdf ;w}+ 3lGs/xg] PkmPd /]l8of]x agbk fom 5g\. nfu5, ;dfrf/ k ;f/ x'fbftfsfsf] t'ngfdf clxn] :yfglo /]l8of] ;'Gg] >f]tfx df Ps rf}yfon] sdl cfpsf] 5. ljsnksf] cefj :yfglo /]l8of]x sf ljsnksf kdf ;/sf/l k ;f/0f ;]jf /]l8of] g]kfn / ;6{j]e /]l8of] /x]sf 5g\. /]l8of] g]kfnn] :jtgq ;dfrf/ klxn] klg lbfb}gyof] clxn] klg lbfb}g. To;}n] ;d'bfosf] ;"rgfsf] ef]s dfg{ o;sf] :jfefjaf6} ;Dej 5}g. o;cy{df of] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x sf] ljsnk x'g;sb}g. lzlift, k};fjfn / vf;u/l ;dfrf/sf ef]sf ;x/jf;lx nfo{ ;6{ j]e /]l8of] lsgg] / ;'Gg] ljsnk af sl 5 / of] ju{n] s]xl xktfotf ;6{j]e /]l8of] ahfpg klg yfn]sf] 5. t/ 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf /x]sf ls;fg, ;jf/lrfns, ;fdfgo Jofkf/L, u[lx0flx of] ljsnkaf6 al~rt 5g\. 6]lnlehgsf] klg ;Ldf ;ff3'/f] epsf] kl/k ]Iodf kqklqsf k9\g g;sg] g]kfnlnfo{ :jtgq ;"rgf kfpg] s'g} ljsnk g} af sl /x]sf] 5}g. oblk g]kfn clw/fhosf] ;+ljwfgn] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf kfpg] gful/ssf] xssf] k Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5. :jtgq ;"rgfsf] k jfxdf afwf kgf{;fy} xnnf km}nfpg] Pp6f u}/lhdd]bf/ ju{nfo{ xnnfsf] v]tl ug{ ;xof]u k'ug] u5{. Pp6f p6\k6øfª / cljzj;glo xnnf rf 8} g} km}lng5 / ;j{;fwf/0fnfo{ To;n] k efj klg kf5{. ;j{;fwf/0fn] o:tf] xnnfaf/] cfkm} + a'em\g / yfxf kfpg ;"rgfsf] ; f]t;ddsf] kx' Fr gx'g] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;Dej klg t 5}g. o:t} kl/l:yltdf ;TonfO{ n'sfp b} em"7f s'/fx km}nfp/ :jfy{ut 9Ëaf6 ;dfhdf e dsf]] hfnf] lkm hfpg vf]hg]x ;lhn} ;kmn x'g5g\. To:tf /lrpsf syfx nfo{ g k dfl0ft g} ug'{k5{, g t jf:tljstfsf] vf]hl u/]/ c:jlsf/ ug]{ cj:yf g} 5. ;fd'bflos /]l8of] k efljt ;d'bfodf xnnf / jxsfj k jfxsf] cg'udg ug] { / ;xl ;"rgf k jfx u/]/ To:tf e dsf v]tlnfo{ kmng km'ng glbg] sfd ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] xf]. b]zdf s'gfsfkrfdf epsf ;fdflhs lqmofsnfknfo{ hgtf;fd' Nofpg] jf:tljs dfwod klg log} x'g\. kgb]xlsf] Pp6f ;fgf] ufp, dl0fu fd klg ;fd'bflos /]l8of] k ;f/0fsf] pkof]u ug] { ufp xf]. ;g\!((( df eujfg\ a'4sf] hgd:yfgsf] gfdaf6 v'n]sf] /]l8of] n'ldagl n] c ;fd'bflos /]l8of]x n] h:t} ;d'bfodf epsf ljlegg ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkx nfo{ ljlegg /]l8of] sfo{qmdsf dfwodaf6 hg;dif k' ofpg 7"n} ;kmntf xfl;n u/]sf] lyof]. t/ clxn] x]bf{ s'g} a]nfsf] Pp6f ;lqmo ;dfrf/ ljefu vfnl sf]7fdf kl/0ft epsf] 5, h;/l >f]tfx sf] cefjdf /]l8of] Jofkf/ 36]sf] 5. cem b'mvnfubf] s'/f t s] 5 eg] b]zel/ /]l8of] kqsf/x nfo{ :yfglo /]l8of]x n] ljbf u/]h:t} /]l8of] n'ldagln] klg lgs6 eljiod} /]l8of] kqsf/ / ;~rf/sdl{x sf] ;+Vofdf 7"n} s6f}tl ug' {kg] { ;+s]t b]vfk/]sf 5g\. clxn]sf] kl/k ]Iodf /]l8of] n'ldaglaf6 Pp6f csf] dgf]/~hgftds sfo{qmd l5 } k ;f/0f x' b}5 /]l8of] gf6s, h;df dgf]/~hgftds l;h{gfx / ;fdflhs k ;+ux g} a'lgg]5g\. To;}u/L s]xl ;fdflhs cgt/lqmoftds sfo{qmdx klg ylk b}5g\. o:tf l;h{gftds ;'?jftx afx]s /]l8of] n'ldagl] clxn] kv{ / x]/ sf] cj:yfaf6 cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5. nio Pp6} xf], ;d'bfonfo{ ;r]t ug]{ niodf /]l8of] n'ldagl nflu/xg]5. ofsj yf]/;g Pd=P;= g]kfn gfds 8]lg; ;+:yfsf tkm{af6 /]l8of] n'ldagldf :jo+;]js x'g'x'g5. 7

8 xfd f] /]l8of] aemfª]nl cfjfhm ;fokfn /]l8of] ===dfgjclwsf/sf s'/f a'lemxfn ;a} kfpsf clwsf/ xgg\ xf]nf sa}=== upsf] kmfu'g dlxgfsf] s'/f xf], ;fokfn /]l8of]sf] Pp6f 6f]nL /]l8of]sf] k efj a' g ufpf 8'Nb} lyof]. Pp6f ufpfdf t ^ jif{sf] arrf kf] dflysf ultl 6'qmf ufpfb} /x]5. arrfn] ;fokfn /]l8of]af6 ah]sf] ult g} ufpsf] ;'g]/ ;fokfn /]l8of]sf cwoif dlgaxfb'/ l;+x ;lxtsf] 6f]nL 5Ss} k of]. df3sf kl5nnf lbgx df ;fokfn /]l8of]af6 of] ult lbgdf # $ kn6;dd ah]sf] /x]5. ult ;ËLtaf6 ;d]t dgf]/~hgsf cltl/qm ;fdflhs r]tgf km}nfpg ;lsg5 egg] 7fg]/ ;fokfn /]l8of]n] Pp6f 5' } :6'l8of] agfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpfb}5. o;/l :yfglo :jfbdf ult /]s8{ u/]/ dgf]/~hgsf ;fy} r]tgfd"ns ;Gb]z;d]t :yfglo hgtf;dd k' ofpg ;lsg] s'/f ;fokfn /]l8of]sf cwoif l;+x ;fn c;f]h!* ut]b]lv aemfª / j/k/sf afl;gbfx n] cfˆg} :jfbdf ;fokfn /]l8of] ;'Gg kfpsf 5g\. ;fokfn /]l8of]sf] k ;f/0f s]gb eg] aemfª lhnnfsf] ;b/d'sfd r}gk'/b]lv s/la Ps lsnf]ld6/ k"j{ /fhsf]6df 5.!))=^ d]ufxh{df ahg] ;fokfn /]l8of]sf] k ;f/0f Ifdtf jf6 /x]sf] 5. aemfª lhnnfsf $& uflj;, afh'/fsf!( uflj;, uflj;, uflj;, 89]Nw'/fsf!% uflj;, bfr' uflj;, uflj;, x'dnfsf!% uflj;sf ;fy} d'u' / sflnsf]6 lhnnfsf ;d]t s]xl efudf ;fokfn /]l8of] ;'Gg ;lsg5. ;fokfn /]l8of]sf] gfd rflxf glhs} b]lvg] ;}kfn -aemfªjf;l ;fokfn eg5g\_ lxdfnsf] k ltlglwtj x'g] u/l /flvpsf] xf]. ;fokfn /]l8of]sf] ;~rfng eg] ;fdflhs ljsf; ;d"xú n] ul//x]sf] 5. u fdl0f ;d'bfodf ;"rgf / ;~rf/sf] kx' r k' ofpg], e/kbf]{ ;fd'bflos ;"rgf k ;f/0f ug]{, u fdl0f ;d'bfonfo{ ;r]t, ;Ël7t / lqmofzln agfpg], ;+jfb ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug]{, :yfglo efiff, snf, ;+:s[lt, ult;ëltsf] k rf/k ;f/ ub}{ ;+/If0f ug]{, :yfglo hgtfsf cfjzostf, ;d:of, cg'ej / pknlaw Pscfk;df aff8\g] ;fokfn /]l8of]sf p2]zo x'g\. clxn] ;fokfn /]l8of] laxfg ^ ah]b]lv ( ah];dd / ;f em ^ ah]b]lv (M#) ah];dd k ;f/0f x'g] u/]sf] 5. %) k ltzt r]tgfd"ns,!) k ltzt ;fd'bflos k ltzt dgf]/~hgftds /!) k ltzt ;d;fdlos sfo{qmd. o;/l sfo{qmdx sf] jul{s/0f ul/psf] 5. /]l8of]df k ;f/0f x'g] sfo{qmd ptkfbgsf nflu :yfglo ;d'bfosf] ;d]t k ToIf ;+nugtf /x]sf] s'/f ;fokfn /]l8of]sf cwoif dlgaxfb'/ l;+x atfpg'x'g5. dlxnf;dagwl sfo{qmd lbbl, efghl, afn sfo{qmd efoalxgl, jg sfo{qmd / k'/fgf s'/f sfo{qmdsf] ptkfbg ;d'bfon] ub} { cfpsf] 5. k"0f{sfnlg cf7, cnksfnlg kf r / b'o{ hgf :jod\;]js u/l!% hgfn] /]l8of] k ;f/0fsf] ;Dk"0f{ Joj:yf ldnfpsf 5g\. sfo{qmd ptkfbgdf eg]!@ hgfsf] ;+nugtf /x]sf] 5. /]l8of]nfo{ Jojl:yt 9Ën] ;~rfng ug{ ;fdflhs ljsf; ;d"xn] Pp6f kf r ;b:olo Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] 5. of] ;ldltdf b'o{ dlxnf / Ps blntsf] k ltlglwtj /x]sf] 5. ;fdflhs ljsf; ;d"xn] /]l8of]sf] ;~rfngdf g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x / s]o/ g]kfnsf] ;d]t ;xof]u kfpsf] 5. ;d'bfos} dfemdf ;]jf k' ofp/ ;d'bfo;fu} affrg] ;fd'bflos /]l8of]sf] vr{ klg :yfglo ; f]taf6} h'6\g' pko'qm x'g5. cwoif dlgaxfb'/ l;+x egg'x'g5, æjf:tjdf :yfglo ; f]t h'6fp/ g} /]l8of]nfo{ lbuf] agfpg] xfd f] ;f]rfo xf]. lhnnfsf ;/sf/l sfof{nox n] hgtf;dd n}hfg'kg]{ ;Gb]zd"ns sfo{qmdsf] s]xl efu dfq} /]l8of]nfo{ lbp klg xfd f] vr{ dhhfn] rng ;Sg] /x]5.æ ;fokfn /]l8of]n] cfˆgf] lbuf] eljiosf nflu ev{/} b'o{ /f]kgl huuf ;d]t hf]l8;s]sf] 5. ;"rgf k ljlwsf] 1fg aff8\g] of]hgf klg ;fokfn /]l8of]n] agfpsf] 5. 8

9 cledt /]l8of] cleofgsf] lj/f]wl zlqm lxhf] klg lyof], cfh klg 5 x]daxfb'/ lji6 k agw lgb]{zs, ldl8of ;le{;]h OG6/Gof;gn x]daxfb'/ sf] P]ltxfl;s hgcfgbf]ngkl5 k'g:yflkt epsf] ax'bnlo ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;~rf/ cg';f/ lghl If]qnfO{ /]l8of] lbg] gllt Nofof]. /fhgllts g]t[tjn] lghl If]qnfO{ /]l8of] lbg ;lsg5 egg] dfgotf /fv] klg >L % sf] ;/sf/ú egg] ;+ogq sd{rf/ltgq lghl If]qsf] xftdf /]l8of] lbg}x' Fb}g egg] wf/0ff /fvbyof]. sd{rf/ltgqsf] g]t[tjdf a;]sfx lghfl If]qnfO{ u}/lhdd]bf/ 7fGy] / /]l8of]nfo{ æeoí/ vt/gfs s'/fæ sf] kdf lrlqt ug] { ub{y]. loglx lghl If]qnfO{ /]l8of] lbof] eg] s] af]n5g\ s] af]n5g\ eg]/ zíf uy] {. lghl If]qsf] xftdf /]l8of] eof] eg] 7"n} clgi6 x'g5 egg] ltgsf] cg'bf/ dgl:ylt lyof]. /]l8of] eg]sf] t rf/}lt/ ; Lgn] ;lhpsf ;'/IffsdL{sf dfemdf a9legbf a9l 5]saf/x leq /fv]/ ;/sf/n] g} rnfpg'k5{ egg] ltgsf] dfgotf lyof]. clxn] kl5 kms]{/ x]bf{ s] nfu5 ;fndf ;fgf] /fhgllts kl/jt{g NofOPsf] ep klg jf:tljs /fhodf /x]sf] k'/ftg tœj hgtf alnof] epsf] x]g{ rfxfb}gyof]. of] tœj /fthgllts g]t[tjnfo{ klg cfˆgf] O;f/fdf grfpg ;kmn lyof]. lghl If]qdf /]l8of] n}hfg] qmdsf] klxnf] df]rf{sf] n8fo{ g]kfnsf] sd{rf/ltgq / To;sf] O;f/fdf gfrg] g]tfx ;Fu n8\g'k of]. l;4fgttm sfg"gdf /]l8of] lghl If]qnfO{ lbgx'g5 eg] klg sd{rf/ltgq / /fhgllts g]tf b'a}y/l ldn]/ hgtfsf] xftdf /]l8of] glbg] k otgdf nfu]. Tof] cfkm} +df g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df k/liffsf] n8fo{ lyof] Pp6f :jtgq ;d'bfo jf JolQmn] /]l8of] rnfpg kfpg] ls gkfpg] < ;Sg] ls g;sg] < klxnf]kn6 )%$ ;fn h]7df /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] Ohfht kfpg' jf:tjdf n8fo{ Fsf] klxnf] df]rf{ lht] ;/x lyof]. ;Qfdf a;]sfx n] lghl If]qnfO{ /]l8of] To;} v'zln] lbpsf xf]ogg\. n8]/, lht]/ xfdln] xft kf/]sf xf} +. of] n8fo{sf] s'/f ubf{ d cfhsf] cj:yfsf nflu 9f]sf vf]ng] klxnf] :jtgq k ;f/0f ;+:yf /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] k ;f/0f Ohfht lnpsf] k ;Ë klg ;Demg' pko'qm 7fG5'. o; ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] sd{rf/ltgqsf] k j[lqsf kdf ef]h/fh kf]v/]n g]kfnsf] :jtgq /]l8of] cleofgdf jf:tjd} sfnf] ;"rldf /flvg'kg] { gfd xf]. ef]h/fh kf]v/]n To; a]nf ;~rf/ ;lrj lyp. pgn] /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] Ohfht ;DaGwL kmfon lg0f{osf nflu o;/l v8f u/]5g\, To;df pgn] pahfpsf s'/f / lbpsf] /fo x]bf{ s'g} klg /fhgllts JolQm dgqln] lghl /]l8of]nfo{ Ohfht lbg] u/l kmfon ;b/ ug{;sg] cj:y} lypg. s'g} klg ;/sf/l lg0f{osf] k lqmofdf ;fdfgotm klxn] lgj]bg k/]kl5 To;df txtx ub}{ l6kk0fl p7fpg] / To;eGbf dflysfn] /fo n]vb} kmfon ;b/ jf ab/ ug{sf nflu dgqlnfo{ clgtd /fo lbg] clwsf/l ;lrjsxff kmfon 9

10 cledt s]xl dfg5] c Wof/f]df lx 8\bf k/ phofnf] b]v5g\ eg] s]xl rflx cflqg5g\. ;a} /]l8of]nfo{ d s] eg5' eg] w}o{ /fvf} +, k/ phofnf] 5. gcflqp. clnslt dfq} kv] {/ x]g] { xf] eg] of] c Wof/f] ;w} + /lx/xg] / /fvg vf]hg]n] /fvg;sg] s'/} xf]og. :jtgq /]l8of]sf nflu ef]lnsf] lbg ;'lglzrt 5. 0 k'u5. ;lrjsf] /fo k zf;lgs txsf] clgtd epsfn] p;n] lbpsf] /fos} cfwf/df ;fdfgotm dgqln] kmfondf lg0f{o lbg5. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] xsdf of] k lqmof cgtu{t kmfon cufl8 a9\b} hffbf tnnf] txaf6 sfg'gl lx;fjn] /]l8of] k ;f/0fsf] Ohfht lbg ldn5 eg]/ l6kk0fl p7\of]. t/ hlt dfly kmfon a9\b} uof], plt zíf / k Zg p7fpg yflnof]. ha ttsfnlg ;~rf/ ;lrj ef]h/fh kf]v/]nsxff kmfon k'uof], pgn] lghl If]qnfO{ /]l8of] lbg gldng] vfnsf y'k } cfzíf / ts{x k :t't u/]. o;sf] lgs} ;dokl5 km]l/ goff k lj mof ;'? u/fp/ lghl If]qnfO{ /]l8of] lbg] u/l Tof] a]nfsf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dgql emngfy vgfnn] /fhgllts lg0f{o lng'k/]sf] lyof]. Tof] /fhgllts lg0f{o lngsf nflu dgqln] klxn] ag]sf] kmfonsf] ;f/f k lqmof / ;du kmfon g} km]/]/ km]l/ ;'?b]lvs} k lqmof rfnl, goff kmfon v8f u/fp/ lghl If]qnfO{ /]l8of] lbg ldn5 egg] dfgotfnfo{ :yflkt u/fpg'k/]sf] lyof]. dnfo{ clxn] of] k ;Ëdf s] klg egg dg nfu5 eg] xfdl lghl If]qnfO{ /]l8of] lbnfpg] cleofgdf nfu]s} a]nf Tolta]nfsf tyfslyt k hftflgqs / k ultzln dflgpsf g]kfnl sf+u ]; / g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf ;/sf/df k'u]sf JolQmx lghl If]qnfO{ /]l8of] lbg} x'fb}g, /]l8of] g]kfn ep k'luxfn5 lg egg] k j[lqaf6 lgb] {lzt lyp. /]l8of] ;u/dfyfsf] k ;f/0f Ohfht kfpsf lbg xfdln] Pp6f df]rf{sf] n8fo{ lhtof}+. t/ ;du o'4 lhtg eg] affsl g} lyof]. To;n] ubf{ /]l8of]nfo{ Ohfht g} lbg grfxg]x Ohfht km'lts;s]kl5 s;/l x'g5, s] effhf] xfn]/ x'g5, /]l8of]nfo{ :jtgq / ;Ifd 9Ën] rng glbg] cleofgdf nfu]. d s] ;DemG5' eg] cfh PkmPd /]l8of] :6];gnfO{ ;dfrf/ k ;f/0f ug{ lbg'x'fb}g egg] clejolqm lxhf] lghl If]qdf /]l8of]nfo{ k ;f/0f Ohfht g} lbg'x'fb}g egg]x sf] ab\lnfbf] af]nl dfq} xf]. km/s olq xf], lxhf] s';l{df Pp6f dfg5] lyof], cfh cs}{ gfd / cg'xf/sf] 5. t/ ;du df hgtfnfo{ alnof] x'g lbg' xfb}g egg] zlqm / k j[lq Pp6} xf]. /]l8of] cfgbf]ngdf nfu]sf] dfg5]sf kdf of] cleofgnfo{ ;DemFbf dnfo{ s] b'mv nfu5 eg] cfhsf k hftflgqs g]tf oxl cg'bf/ zlqmsf] uf]6l ag]sf lyp / :jtgq /]l8of]nfo{ k ;f/0f Ohfht glbg] lg0f{odf k'u]sf lyp. t/ tltf] oyfy{ of] x' Fbfx' Fb} klg csf] { 5'6fpg gx'g] ;To s] klg xf] eg] lghl If]qnfO{ /]l8of] k ;f/0f ug] { Ohfht lbg] / g]kfndf :jtgq /]l8of] ;'? u/fpg]x klg ltg}leqs} csf{y/l zlqm lyp. cem o;/l egf} +, /]l8of] cleofg cufl8 a9\g'df s;}n] rflxf /fhgllts k lta4tfsf kdf /]l8of]nfo{ Ohfht lbp eg] sltn] rflxf k};fsf] k nf]eg / bjfjdf. h'g zlqm /]l8of]nfo{ k ;f/0f Ohfht g} lbg'x' Fb}g eg]/ nfluk/]sf] lyof], Tof] zlqmn] rflxf xftaf6 Ohfht km'ts] klg h'g pkfo u/]/ ep klg /]l8of]nfo{ sdhf]/ kfg{ xft wf]p/ cleofg rnfof]. of] zlqmn] rnfpsf o:tf cleofgx df cfjzostf / ahf/ ljrf/} gu/l Ps} 7fpFdf w]/} /]l8of] yf]kl/lbg], cgwfw'gb /fh:j ltg' {kg] { cj:yf l;h{gf ug] {, P]g sfg"gn] lbpsfegbf a9l cfˆgf zt{ yf]kg] { / cfly{s kn] /]l8of] rng g;s"g\ clg ;Ifd gxf]pmg\ egg] clek fon] /]l8of]sf cyf]{kfh{g ug]{ af6fx y'gg] cflb /x]. of] cleofgsf] lgxlt :jfy{ g} g]kfndf /]l8of] cleofgnfo{ effhf] xfng' lyof]. ;du df egbf /]l8of]nfo{ v'drofpg] zlqm eg]sf] lxhf] xfdln] )%# %$ ;fndf h'g zlqm;fu n8]sf] lyof} clxn] klg ToxL g} xf] egg] dnfo{ nfu5. of] zlqm hgtf ;';"lrt epsf] / ;zqm ag]sf] x]g{ rfxfb}g. t/ of] zlqmn] hlt rfx] klg /]l8of] cleofg ca kl5 kms{g ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g. s]xl dfg5] cfwof/f]df lxf8\bf k/ phofnf] b]v5g\ eg] s]xl rflxf cflqg5g\. ;a} /]l8of]nfo{ d s] eg5' eg] w}o{ /fvf}+, k/ phofnf] 5. gcflqpf. clnslt dfq} kv]{/ x]g]{ xf] eg] of] cfwof/f] ;w}+ /lx/xg] / /fvg vf]hg]n] /fvg;sg] s'/} xf]og. :jtgq /]l8of]sf nflu ef]lnsf] lbg ;'lglzrt 5. ;fd'bflos /]l8of]n] cfkm"n] ;]jf lbg'kg] { ;d'bfonfo{ ldng] u/l ljljw k sf/n] ;d'bfos} ;xeflutf u/fp/ ;~rf/sf] k hftfgqls/0f ug{ ;3fp b5.,!((*

11 xfn va/ === k[i7! af6 PkmPd k ;f/0f ;+:yfaf6 ;dfrf/ k ;f/0fdf /f]s nfu]kl5 /]l8of]x af6 kqsf/ s6f}tl ;'?. s/la Ps xhf/ ;~rf/sdl{x a]/f]huf/ epsf] cg'dflgt tyofí ;fj{hlgs. PkmPd ;~rfnsx åf/f b]zsf ;a} PkmPdn] jflif{s s/la Ps s/f]8 /f]on6l ltg] { u/]sf] ] s'/f ;fj{hlgs. kmfu'g % g]kfn e d0fdf /x]sf cgt/f{li6«o kqsf/ dxf;+3sf cwoif lqm:6f]km/ jf/]gåf/f PkmPd k ;f/0f ;+:yfx nfo{ klxn]h:t} ;dfrf/ k ;f/ ug{ lbg'kg]{ dfu. ;"rgfd"ns sfo{qmd k ;f/0f ug{ gkfpkl5 :yfglo /]l8of] :6];gx n] 7"nf] 3f6f a]xf]g' { k/]sf] s'/f ;fj{hlgs. kmfu'g #) k ];dflysf] k"j{k ltagw, PkmPddf ;dfrf/ /f]s h:tf sfo{n] hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] clwsf/ xgg\ epsf] ljrf/ g]kfn k ]; OlG:6Ro"6åf/f cfof]lht ;Í6sfndf ;~rf/dfwodsf] e"ldsfú ljifos cgtlqm{ofsf ;xeful jqmfx?åf/f JoQm. ljlegg lhnnfdf sfo{/t kqsf/x åf/f k] ; :jtgqtf dfu ub} { lhnnf k zf;g sfof{nodf 1fkgkq btf{. /]l8of];dagwl s]xl k':tsx PkmPd /]l8of] :6];g Ohfht k lqmof;dagwl lgb] {lzsf n]vgm lji0f' kf]v/]n / /d]z clwsf/l, ;DkfbgM x]daxfb'/ lji6. k sfzsm ljsf; ;~rf/ s]gb, sf7df8f} F. k yd ;+:s/0fm!))) k lt, df]n?=!). k ;f/0f kqsfl/tf xft] lstfam On]S6«f]lgs dfwod tyf ;"rgf k ljlw;dagwl!^ j6f n]vx sf] ;Fufnf] ;DkfbsM b'uf{gfy zdf{. k sfzsm g]kfn k ]; OlG:6Ro'6, sf7df8f} F. klxnf] ;+:s/0fm!%)) k lt, df]n?=!$). /]l8of] jrg n]vsm /3' d}gfnl. k sfzsm ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]gb, g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x, sf7df8f}f. klxnf] ;+:s/0fm!))) k df]n?= ((. /]l8of] z}nl k':ts tof/l ;ldltm cwoifm d's'gbk ;fb cfrfo{, ;b:om w 'js'df/ b]phf, df]xg/fh zdf{, s[i0fk ;fb k/fh'nl, ;'zln sf]o/fnf. k sfzsm /]l8of] k ;f/ ;]jf ljsf; ;ldlt -/]l8of] g]kfn_. sf7df8f}f, klxnf] k lt. r}t # ;Í6sfnkl5 PkmPd /]l8of]x sf] cfdbfgl 36]sf] sf/0f kqsf/x n] hfu/laf6 xft w'g'k/]sf] ;~rf/sdl{x åf/f wf/0ff JoQm. r}t & ;fˆdfåf/f g]kfnl k ]; clglzrt / ckl/eflift k ltagwdf k/]sf] wf/0ff JoQm. k ]; :jtgqtf k'gj{xfnlsf nflu cgt/f{li6«o hgdt l;h{gf ug]{] 3f]if0ff. lghl If]qsf ;~rf/ dfwodnfo{ lj1fkg glbg] ;/sf/l 3f]if0ffsf] ;Dkfbs k sfzs / lj1fkg Joj;foLåf/f lj/f]w. ;/sf/sf] of] 3f]if0ffaf6 lghl /]l8of]df #^ b]lv *) k ltzt;dd lj1fkg 36]sf] s'/f ;fj{hlgs. ;/sf/åf/f ;/sf/l sfof{nox nfo{ ;/sf/l lj1fkg ;/sf/l ;~rf/ dfwodnfo{ dfq lbg lgb] {zg. b]zsf] s'n k ltzt ;/sf/l lj1fkgn] cf]u6\g] u/]sf] tyo ;fj{hlgs. ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dgql 6+s 9sfnåf/f k"jl{ t/fo{l:yt ;x/ O6x/Ldf cfof]lht kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf af]nb} PkmPd /]l8of]df u}//fhgllts ;dfrf/ k ;f/0f km's'jf ug{ nflupsf] hfgsf/l ;fj{hlgs. ;fd'bflos /]l8of] k ;f/0f lgb]{lzsf n]vsm /3' d}gfnl, cf]d v8\sf, ab L kf}8øfn, xl/snf clwsf/l. ;DkbsM /fh]z l3ld/], k sfzsm ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]gb, g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x, sf7df8f}f. klxnf] ;+:s/0fm!))) k ebf} ;fd'bflos /]l8of] xft] lstfa k sfzs M g]kfnl cg'jfb k cg'jfbs ljgo s;h" /]l8of] sfo{qmd n]vsm ab L kf}8]n. k sfzsm g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x, df]n?= ((. g]kfnsf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] OlQa[tfGt n]vsm 3d/fh n'of6]n, dw' cfrfo{. k sfzsm g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x, g]kfndf ;fd'bflos /]l8of] n]vsm k'ik clwsf/l. k sfzsm g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x, df]n? &%. === affsl k[i7!@ df === affsl k[i7!@ df 1

12 xfnva/ === k[i7!! af6 r}t #) sld6l 6' k f]6]s6 hgf{lnhd -;LkLh]_ sf sfo{sf/l lgb]{zs Pg= sk'/åf/f PkmPd /]l8of]sf] ;dfrf/ k ;f/0fdf nfu]sf] k ltagwaf6 u fdl0f If]qdf ;dfrf/ / ;fj{hlgs ax;sf] dxtjk"0f{ dfwod ;dfkt epsf] wf/0ff j}zfv ^ PkmPddf ;dfrf/ /f]sg' u}/sfg'gl epsf] bfal ub} { kqsf/ ljgf]b 9' +u]nåf/f ;jf] {Rr cbfntdf l/6 bfo/. j}zfv & ;jf]{rr cbfntåf/f PkmPddf ;dfrf/ /f]sg'sf] sf/0f k]z ug{ ;/sf/nfo{ cfb]z. j}zfv * dfl6{g rf}tf/låf/f sf7df8f}+df cfof]lht cgtlqm{of sfo{qmddf ;dfrf/ ahfpg gkfpfbf PkmPd /]l8of]n] 7"nf] cfly{s 3f6f a]xf]g'{ k/]sf] /]l8of] ;~rfnsx?4f/f JoQm. j}zfv!$ O6x/Ldf af]nb} ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dgql 6+s 9sfnåf/f PkmPddf ;dfrf/ k ;f/0f km's'jf ug{ ;jf] {Rr cbfntsf] lg0f{onfo{ ;/sf/n] k ltiff ul//x]sf] wf/0ff JoQm. === k[i7!! af6 ;dfh kl/jt{gsf nflu ;fd'bflos /]l8of] k sfzsm ;fd'bflos /]l8of] ;xof]u s]gb, g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x, sf7df8f}f. ;DkfbgM 3d/fh n'of6]n, /fh]z ;fd'bflos k ;f/0f k :tfljt sfg'g tyf ;af]{rr cbfntsf] km};nf n]vsm /3' d}gfnl. k sfzsm g]kfn jftfj/0f kqsf/ ;d"x, df]n?!)). ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf nflu ;fd'bflos /]l8of] M ;fd'bflos /]l8of] :yfkgf / ;~rfngsf nflu ;xof]ul k'l:tsf n]vsm ljgos'df/ s;h". k sfzsm ljsf; ;~rf/ s]gb, sf7df8f}f, k[i7 ;+:yf ^$. df]n?= %). ;"rgf k ljlwsf] zlqm / g]kfndf o;sf] pkof]u n]vs M ljgos'df/ s;h". k sfzs M l8«d; P08 cfol8ofh, sf7df8f}f, klxnf] ;+:s/0f M df]n ljbfyl{ ;+:s/0f?=!)). kf]=j=g+= #**&, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn kmf]g ˆofS; %%%$*!! 2 Od]n M amarcap@wlink.com.np ;fd'bflos j]a /]l8of]x sf] M cfjfh j}zfv!% PkmPd /]l8of]df ;dfrf/ /f]sg' u}/sfg'gl epsf] egb} bfo/ ul/psf] l/6 lgj]bgnfo{ cu flwsf/ lbo{ k]z ug{ ;jf]{rr cbfntsf] cfb]z. If]qLo dwodf~rn k zf;g sfof{nosf] a}zfv!( ut]sf] lg0f{o egb} nlntk'/ lhnnf k zf;g sfof{no4f/f nlntk'/af6 k ;f/0f eo/x]sf /]l8of] ;u/dfyf, kof{j/0f rqm / sflgtk'/ df /fhkqdf k zflzt ;"rgf cg' k ljz'4 dgf]/ghg afx]s cgo s'g} klg ;dfrf/, n]v, /rgf, ljrf/ cflb sfo{qmd k ;f/ gug' { egl ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dgqfnoaf6 hf/l kqsf] k"0f{ kfngf ug{ cfb]z hf/l. h]7 ^ ljb f]xl g]skf dfcf]jfblsf] Pp6f ;z:q ;d"xåf/f s}nfnlsf] cq/lofaf6 k ;f/0f eo/x]sf] ;fd'bflos /]l8of] 3f]8f3f]8L PkmPddf /ftl ;f9] bz ah] ha/h:tl k j]z u/l n'6. of] 36gfsf] Plzof k zfgt sfof{no, ;fd'bflos /]l8of] k ;f/s ;ª\3, sf7df8f} + pktosf PkmPd k ;f/s d~r / a f]8sfl:6ª Pzf]l;P;g g]kfn åf/f lggbf. h]7 ^ PkmPd /]l8of]x sf] ;dfrf/df nufopsf] /f]snfo{ r'gf}tl lbfb} clwjqmfåo dfwj s'df/ a:g]t / ;'blk kf}8]nåf/f ;jf]{rr cbfntdf l/6 bfo/. >f]tf Sna, dfgjclwsf/ lziff /]l8of] >f]tf Sna /fli6«o ;ldltsf] d'vkq. jif{ $, cí $, MAKING WAVES Stories of Prticipatory Communication for Social Change : A Report to the Rockfeller Foundation by Alfonso Gumucio Dagron Published by Rockfeller Foundation, New York, RADIO OWNERSHIP AND LISTENING IN NEPAL: A NATIONAL STUDY Report Prepared by: Natalie Aye Maung, Damodar Ghimire, Research Staff: Gyanu Walker Paudel, Mohan Angbo, Moti Bahadur Karki, Kumar Dhital, Publisher: Audience Research Section, Radio Broadcasting Service (Radio Nepal), First Edition: September Price Rs Pages 234 SIGHT, SOUND & PULSE Editor: P. Kharel, Contributors: P. Kharel, Chetan Karki, Dhruba Kumar Deuja, Neel Kantha Uprety, Rajendra Dev Acharya, Publisher: Nepal Press Institute, Kathmandu, First Edition January 2002, No. of copies Price Rs.. Pages 148. ; f]t M ljgos'df/ s;h" ;Dkfbg d08n M ;'dg a:g]t / 3d/fh n'of6]n ;+jfbbftf M >Lw/ vgfn Joj:yfkg M uf]kl rgb kf08] ;Hhf M WPS