Plant growth-promoting potentials of sweet sorghum bagasse compost. S. Gopalakrishnan Principal Scientist (Microbiology) ICRISAT DO NOT COPY

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1 Plant growth-promoting potentials of sweet sorghum bagasse compost S. Gopalakrishnan Principal Scientist (Microbiology) ICRISAT

2 Introduction Sweet sorghum is a major feed stock for both sugar based (1G) and ligno-cellulosic (2G) ethanol production. Sugar extraction from stalks provides bagasse as a byproduct, representing about 30% of the plant fresh weight. Bagasse is used for livestock feed, co-generation of power and organic soil amendment. Direct amendment of bagasse in soil also leads to phytotoxicity and soil nitrogen immobilization. Composting of bagasse is recommended, as they are safe and beneficial to plant growth.

3 Composting of sweet sorghum bagasse Bagasse contains low levels of nutrients (both macro and micro) although it is rich in organic C, giving it a high CN ratio. Hence, N rich organic material added to bagasse in order to obtain the optimum initial CN ratio of 25 required for composting. Objectives: 1. Standardize amendments required for efficient composting of bagasse 2. Standardize microbes for efficient composting of bagasse. 3. Evaluate the PGP and biocontrol traits of microbes that can enhance the final product of bagasse compost that include N 2 - fixers, p-solubilizers and producers of siderophore, indole acetic acid, ß-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, lipase and hydrocyanic acid. 4. Evaluate the value added bagasse compost for their PGP in sorghum

4 Amendments and microbes used in this study Bagasse and amendments such as rice straw; FYM; fallen 2:1 and 3:1; N and P requirement, Locally available earthworms were also used. Microbes: 1. Myceliophthora thermophila (ATCC-48104) 2. Aspergillus awamori Fungi (3) 3. Chaetomium virescens (ATCC-32319) 4. Bacillus subtilis (ATCC-6633) 5. Bacillus aquimaris (MP-4) 6. Bacillus licheniformis (MP-6) Bacteria (6) 7. Bacillus infantis (MP-7) 8. Bacillus flexus (MP-8) 9. Bacillus sp. (BCB-19) 10. Streptomyces sp. (MAI-1) Actinomycetes (1)

5 Protocol used for composting bagasse A total of 10 kg (Pilot study) or 200 kg (Large scale) of organic wastes (SB-rice straw/fym) in 3:1 ratio. Soaked in water for 5 min. Disperse rock phosphate (5%), nitrogen (0.38%) and cow dung slurry (10 kg in 15 L water) in organic waste. Disperse microbial cultures (one pocket of 70g; contains 10-8 cells g -1 ) layer by layer, mix and transfer into the pits/ground Cover the pits/heap with rice straw bundle in nets and un-disturb for days. At the end of 20 days, mix it well and add water if required. Cover the pits/heap again and undisturbed for another 10 days. At the end of 30 days, repeat the above step and add earthworms (about 500 numbers) and terminate at 60 days.

6 D O N O T C O PY Setting up of pilot scale study (10 kg)

7 C O PY Large scale Study (200kg) Incorporating amendments Arrangement of heap D O N O T Soaking of bagasse Final shape of heap Mixing after 20 days Release earthworms

8 SB+ rice straw A. awamori C O PY Pilot scale study: Composting of sorghum bagasse with rice straw and 30 DAS M. thermophila B. subtilis D O N O T FYM and 30 DAS SB+ FYM A. awamori M. thermophila B. subtilis

9 A. awamori M. thermophila B. subtilis O T SB+ Rice straw C O PY Large scale up- Composting of bagasse with rice straw and 30 DAS D O N FYM and 30 DAS SB+ FYM A. awamori M. thermophila B. subtilis

10 Pilot scale study: Composting of bagasse using rice straw and 60 DAS S. NO. Treatment Initial weight kg Total Dry compost (kg) % Degradation Visual Rating 1 SB: Rice straw (3:1) SB: Rice straw (3:1) + A.awamori SB: Rice straw (3:1)+ M. thermophila SB: Rice straw (3:1) + B. subtilis SB: Rice straw (3:1) + C.virescens SB: Rice straw (3:1) + MAI SB: Rice straw (3:1) + BCB SB: Rice straw (3:1) + MP SB: Rice straw (3:1) + MP SB: Rice straw (3:1) + MP SB: Rice straw (3:1) + MP SB= Sorghum bagasse; Visual rating: 1= Low, 2= Average, 3= Good, 4= Very Good

11 Pilot scale study: Micronutrients analysis of bagasse compost: rice straw and 60 DAS Treatment Fe ppm Cu ppm Mn ppm Zn ppm Ca ppm Mg ppm Ash % Total P% Total K% SB: RS SB: RS + A. awamori SB: RS + M. thermophila SB: RS + B. subtilis SB: RS + C. virescens SB: RS + MAI SB: RS + BCB SB: RS + MP SB: RS + MP SB: RS + MP SB: RS + MP Mean SE± 152.0*** 0.32** 10.2** 1.14*** 695.2** 78.7*** 0.96*** 0.055*** 0.030*** LSD (5%) CV%

12 Pilot scale study: Composting of bagasse using FYM and 60 DAS S.NO. Treatment Initial weight kg Total Dry compost (kg) % Degradation Visual Rating 1 SB: FYM (3:1) SB: FYM (3:1) + A. awamori SB: FYM (3:1)+ M. thermophila SB: FYM (3:1) + B. subtilis SB: FYM (3:1) + C. virescens SB: FYM (3:1) + MAI SB: FYM (3:1) + BCB SB: FYM (3:1) + MP SB: FYM (3:1) + MP SB: FYM (3:1) + MP SB: FYM (3:1) + MP SB= Sorghum bagasse, FYM= Farm yard manure; Visual rating: 1= Low, 2=Average, 3= Good, 4= Very Good

13 Pilot scale study: Micronutrients analysis of bagasse compost: FYM and 60 DAS Treatment Fe ppm Cu ppm Mn ppm Zn ppm Ca ppm Mg ppm Ash % Total P% Total K% SB: FYM SB: FYM + A. awamori SB: FYM + M. thermophila SB: FYM + B. subtilis SB: FYM + C. virescens SB: FYM + MAI SB: FYM + BCB SB: FYM + MP SB: FYM + MP SB: FYM + MP SB: FYM + MP Mean SE± 138.3*** 0.47* 9.6** 1.24*** 800.7*** 128.4** 2.09** 0.032*** 0.044** LSD (5%) SB: FYM

14 Large scale up: Composting of bagasse using rice straw and FYM with three promising 60 DAS S. No Treatment Initial weight kg At 60 DAS (Final) Total wet wt kg Moisture % Total Dry compost (kg) % Degradation 1 SB +Rice-straw (RS; Control) SB + RS+ A. awamori SB + RS + B. subtilis SB+ RS + M. thermophila SB +FYM (Control) SB + FYM+ A. awamori SB + FYM+ B. subtilis SB+FYM+ M. thermophila Visual rating: 1= Low, 2= Average, 3= Good, 4= Very good Visual rating

15 Large scale up: Micronutrient analysis of bagasse compost: rice straw and FYM of 3 promising 60 DAS Treatment Fe ppm Zn ppm Cu ppm Mn ppm Ca ppm Mg ppm Total N% SB + Rice-straw (RS) SB + RS+ A. awamori SB + RS + B. subtilis SB + RS + M. thermophila SB+ FYM SB + FYM + A. awamori SB + FYM + B. subtilis SB + FYM + M. thermophila Mean SE± *** 1.18 *** 0.39 *** * 46.7 ** * 37.5 *** *** ** 0.639** *** * LSD (5%) CV% Total P% **= Statistically significant at 0.01, ***= Statistically significant at Total K% Ash (%)

16 Conclusions of pilot and large scale study Standardized the amendments required: 3:1 (bagasse: RS/FYM), RP, urea and earthworms. Standardized the best three microbes suitable for composting (A. awamori, M. thermophila and B. subtilis), based on % degradation and enrichment of micronutrients. The 3 selected microbes significantly increases Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ca, Mg, B, S, Total N P K and ash content over the remaining treatments and control at 60 DAS.

17 PGP and biocontrol traits of the microbes used in composting of bagasse

18 IAA Isolate IAA (µg/ml) B. subtilis 8.7 BCB MP MP MP MP MAI A. awamori 8.1 M. thermophila 16.5 C. virescens 12.0 C Isolate Siderophore % Units B. subtilis 0 BCB-19 0 MP-4 0 MP-6 0 MP-7 0 MP-8 0 MAI-1 0 A. awamori 36 M. thermophila 0 C. virescens 0 C P P P P C = Control P = Positive Isolate HCN Rating B. subtilis 3 BCB-19 2 MP-4 1 MP-6 2 MP-7 3 MP-8 1 MAI-1 2 A. awamori 0 M. thermophila 0 C. virescens 0 Rank for HCN 1= light reddish brown, 2= medium reddish brown, 3= dark reddish brown

19 Cellulase activity Isolate Cellulase B. subtilis 4 BCB-19 4 MP-4 3 MP-6 3 MP-7 3 MP-8 3 MAI-1 4 A. awamori 3 M. thermophila 4 C. virescens 3 Isolate Lipase activity Lipase B. subtilis 2 BCB-19 3 MP-4 3 MP-6 3 MP-7 2 MP-8 3 MAI-1 5 A. awamori 5 M. thermophila 0 C. virescens 0 Chitinase activity Isolate Chitinase B. subtilis 1 BCB-19 0 MP-4 0 MP-6 0 MP-7 0 MP-8 0 MAI-1 3 A. awamori 0 M. thermophila 0 C. virescens 0 Rank for Cellulase, Lipase, Chitinase (in mm) 1= 0-10, 2= 11-20, 3= 21-30, 4= 31-40, 5= 41-50

20 Phosphate solubilization Isolate P- solubilization B. subtilis 1 BCB-19 0 MP-4 0 MP-6 0 MP-7 0 MP-8 2 MAI-1 0 A. awamori 4 M. thermophila 0 C. virescens 0 Isolate Protease activity Protease B. subtilis 3 BCB-19 0 MP-4 2 MP-6 2 MP-7 3 MP-8 3 MAI-1 4 A. awamori 0 M. thermophila 2 C. virescens 0 Rank for P solubilization, Protease (in mm) 1= 0-10, 2= 11-20, 3= 21-30, 4= 31-40, 5= 41-50

21 Antagonistic activity against Charcoal rot of sorghum Isolate R. bataticola-6 R. bataticola-24 R. bataticola-115 M. phaseolina B. subtilis BCB MP MP MP MP MAI A. awamori M. thermophila C. virescens a B. subtilis against a). Rhizoctonia bataticola-24; b) Macrophomina phaseolina b

22 Conclusions So for Identified 3 promising microbes (A. awamori, M. thermophila and B. subtilis) suitable for composting of SB. The 3 selected microbes significantly increases macro- and micronutrient contents. All 3 were found to produce many PGP & biocontrol traits including IAA, HCN, siderophore, cellulase, protease, chitinase and lipase. These were also found to solubilize P and inhibit pathogens of charcoal rot of sorghum.

23 Evaluation of value added bagasse-compost for their PGP activity on sweet sorghum

24 Greenhouse study Pot mixture: black soil, sand and bagasse 3:2:1 and 3:2:2. Sweet sorghum variety used: ICSV (matures at days). Seeds were surface sterilized and sown in 8 inch pots (3 seeds/pot but thinned to one after one week). Plants were irrigated once every three days with sterilized distilled water. Observations: At 35 days after sowing (DAS): Plant height, leaf area, leaf weight, root length, root volume, shoot weight and root weight. At 70 DAS: Plant height, shoot and root weight. At harvesting: Plant height, panicle length, shoot weight, panicle weight, seed weight and number of seeds.

25 Treatments NO Treatment Samples 1 T1 SB+RS (Control) (3:2:1) 2 T2 SB+RS+ A. awamori 3 T3 SB+RS+ Myceliophtora thermophila 4 T4 SB+RS+ B. subtilis 5 T5 SB+FYM (Control) (3:2:1) 6 T6 SB+FYM+ A. awamori 7 T7 SB+FYM+ Myceliophtora thermophila 8 T8 SB+FYM+ B. subtilis 9 T9 SB+RS (Control) (3:2:2) 10 T10 SB+RS+ A. awamori 11 T11 SB+RS+ Myceliophtora thermophila 12 T12 SB+RS+ B. subtilis 13 T13 SB+FYM (Control) (3:2:2) 14 T14 SB+FYM+ A. awamori 15 T15 SB+FYM+ Myceliophtora thermophila 16 T16 SB+FYM+ B. subtilis!6 treatments Three microbes used T1-T8 = 3:2:1 T9-16 = 3:2:2 3:2:1= Black soil 3: Sand 2: Bagasse compost 1 3:2:2= Black soil 3: Sand 2: Bagasse compost 2 SB = Sorghum bagasse, RS = Rice Straw FYM= Farm Yard Manure

26 Effect of bagasse compost (3:2:1) prepared with microbes amended with rice straw and FYM on sweet sorghum at 35 DAS SB+ RS (Control) SB+ RS with A. awamori SB+ RS with M. thermophila SB+ RS with B. subtilis SB+ FYM (Control) SB+ FYM with A. awamori SB+FYM with M. thermophila SB+ FYM with B. subtilis

27 Effect of bagasse compost (3:2:2) prepared with microbes amended with rice straw and FYM on sweet sorghum at 35 DAS SB+ RS (Control) SB+ RS with A. awamori SB+ RS with M. thermophila SB+ RS with B. subtilis SB+ RS (Control) SB+ FYM with A. awamori SB+ FYM with M. thermophila SB+ FYM with B. subtilis

28 Effect of bagasse compost on plant 35 DAS Plant height (cm) % 3:2:1 3:2:2 1-6% T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 Soil ratio 3:2:1 (T1-T8) Treatments 5-12% 8-10% Soil ratio 3:2:2 (T9-T16) T1 SB+RS (Control) T5 SB+FYM (Control) T9 SB+RS (Control) T13 SB+FYM (Control) T2 SB+RS+ A.awamoori T6 SB+FYM+ A.awamoori T10 SB+RS+ A.awamoori T14 SB+FYM+ A.awamoori T3 SB+RS+ Myceliophtora T7 SB+FYM+ Myceliophtora T11 SB+RS+ Myceliophtora T15 SB+FYM+ Myceliophtora T4 SB+RS+ B.subitilIs T8 SB+FYM+ B.subitilIs T12 SB+RS+ B.subitilus T16 SB+FYM+ B.subitilus

29 Effect of bagasse compost on leaf dry 35 DAS Leaf dry weight (g) :2:1 3:2: % 0.1-6% 6-9% % T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 Treatments Soil ratio 3:2:1 (T1-T8) Soil ratio 3:2:2 (T9-T16) T1 SB+RS (Control) T5 SB+FYM (Control) T9 SB+RS (Control) T13 SB+FYM (Control) T2 SB+RS+ A.awamoori T6 SB+FYM+ A.awamoori T10 SB+RS+ A.awamoori T14 SB+FYM+ A.awamoori T3 SB+RS+ Myceliophtora T7 SB+FYM+ Myceliophtora T11 SB+RS+ Myceliophtora T15 SB+FYM+ Myceliophtora T4 SB+RS+ B.subitilIs T8 SB+FYM+ B.subitilIs T12 SB+RS+ B.subitilus T16 SB+FYM+ B.subitilus

30 Effect of bagasse compost on shoot dry 35 DAS Shoot dry weight (g) :2:1 3:2: % 8-36% 49-81% 10-37% T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 Treatments Soil ratio 3:2:1 (T1-T8) Soil ratio 3:2:2 (T9-T16) T1 SB+RS (Control) T5 SB+FYM (Control) T9 SB+RS (Control) T13 SB+FYM (Control) T2 SB+RS+ A.awamoori T6 SB+FYM+ A.awamoori T10 SB+RS+ A.awamoori T14 SB+FYM+ A.awamoori T3 SB+RS+ Myceliophtora T7 SB+FYM+ Myceliophtora T11 SB+RS+ Myceliophtora T15 SB+FYM+ Myceliophtora T4 SB+RS+ B.subitilIs T8 SB+FYM+ B.subitilIs T12 SB+RS+ B.subitilus T16 SB+FYM+ B.subitilus

31 Effect of bagasse compost on root dry 35 DAS Roor dry weight (g) :2:1 3:2: % 23% 42-60% T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 Soil ratio 3:2:1 (T1-T8) Treatments Soil ratio 3:2:2 (T9-T16) T1 SB+RS (Control) T5 SB+FYM (Control) T9 SB+RS (Control) T13 SB+FYM (Control) T2 SB+RS+ A.awamoori T6 SB+FYM+ A.awamoori T10 SB+RS+ A.awamoori T14 SB+FYM+ A.awamoori T3 SB+RS+ Myceliophtora T7 SB+FYM+ Myceliophtora T11 SB+RS+ Myceliophtora T15 SB+FYM+ Myceliophtora T4 SB+RS+ B.subitilIs T8 SB+FYM+ B.subitilIs T12 SB+RS+ B.subitilus T16 SB+FYM+ B.subitilus

32 Effect of bagasse compost on leaf 35 DAS Leaf area % Leaf area(cm 2 ) 3:2:1 3:2:2 2-3% T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 Treatments Soil ratio 3:2:1 (T1-T8) 10-27% 0-13% Soil ratio 3:2:2 (T9-T16) T1 SB+RS (Control) T5 SB+FYM (Control) T9 SB+RS (Control) T13 SB+FYM (Control) T2 SB+RS+ A.awamoori T6 SB+FYM+ A.awamoori T10 SB+RS+ A.awamoori T14 SB+FYM+ A.awamoori T3 SB+RS+ Myceliophtora T7 SB+FYM+ Myceliophtora T11 SB+RS+ Myceliophtora T15 SB+FYM+ Myceliophtora T4 SB+RS+ B.subitilIs T8 SB+FYM+ B.subitilIs T12 SB+RS+ B.subitilus T16 SB+FYM+ B.subitilus

33 Effect of bagasse compost on root 35 DAS Root length (cm/m 3 ) Root length (cm/m 3 ) 3:2:1 3:2: % 3% 21-26% T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 Treatments Soil ratio 3:2:1 (T1-T8) Soil ratio 3:2:2 (T9-T16) T1 SB+RS (Control) T5 SB+FYM (Control) T9 SB+RS (Control) T13 SB+FYM (Control) T2 SB+RS+ A.awamoori T6 SB+FYM+ A.awamoori T10 SB+RS+ A.awamoori T14 SB+FYM+ A.awamoori T3 SB+RS+ Myceliophtora T7 SB+FYM+ Myceliophtora T11 SB+RS+ Myceliophtora T15 SB+FYM+ Myceliophtora T4 SB+RS+ B.subitilIs T8 SB+FYM+ B.subitilIs T12 SB+RS+ B.subitilus T16 SB+FYM+ B.subitilus

34 Effect of bagasse compost on shoot dry 70 DAS Shoor weight (g) :2:1 3:2: % 5-32% T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 Treatments Soil ratio 3:2:1 (T1-T8) Soil ratio 3:2:2 (T9-T16) T1 SB+RS (Control) T5 SB+FYM (Control) T9 SB+RS (Control) T13 SB+FYM (Control) T2 SB+RS+ A.awamoori T6 SB+FYM+ A.awamoori T10 SB+RS+ A.awamoori T14 SB+FYM+ A.awamoori T3 SB+RS+ Myceliophtora T7 SB+FYM+ Myceliophtora T11 SB+RS+ Myceliophtora T15 SB+FYM+ Myceliophtora T4 SB+RS+ B.subitilIs T8 SB+FYM+ B.subitilIs T12 SB+RS+ B.subitilus T16 SB+FYM+ B.subitilus

35 Effect of bagasse compost on root dry 70 DAS Root dry weight (g) :2:1 3:2: % 7-36% 21-35% T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 Soil ratio 3:2:1 (T1-T8) Treatments Soil ratio 3:2:2 (T9-T16) T1 SB+RS (Control) T5 SB+FYM (Control) T9 SB+RS (Control) T13 SB+FYM (Control) T2 SB+RS+ A.awamoori T6 SB+FYM+ A.awamoori T10 SB+RS+ A.awamoori T14 SB+FYM+ A.awamoori T3 SB+RS+ Myceliophtora T7 SB+FYM+ Myceliophtora T11 SB+RS+ Myceliophtora T15 SB+FYM+ Myceliophtora T4 SB+RS+ B.subitilIs T8 SB+FYM+ B.subitilIs T12 SB+RS+ B.subitilus T16 SB+FYM+ B.subitilus

36 Effect of bagasse compost on shoot dry Harvest Shoot weight (g) :2:1 3:2: % 11-37% 31-41% T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 Treatments Soil ratio 3:2:1 (T1-T8) Soil ratio 3:2:2 (T9-T16) T1 SB+RS (Control) T5 SB+FYM (Control) T9 SB+RS (Control) T13 SB+FYM (Control) T2 SB+RS+ A.awamoori T6 SB+FYM+ A.awamoori T10 SB+RS+ A.awamoori T14 SB+FYM+ A.awamoori T3 SB+RS+ Myceliophtora T7 SB+FYM+ Myceliophtora T11 SB+RS+ Myceliophtora T15 SB+FYM+ Myceliophtora T4 SB+RS+ B.subitilIs T8 SB+FYM+ B.subitilIs T12 SB+RS+ B.subitilus T16 SB+FYM+ B.subitilus

37 Effect of bagasse compost on panicle dry Harvest Panicke dry weight (g) :2:1 3:2: % 1-22% 8-19% T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 Soil ratio 3:2:1 (T1-T8) Treatments Soil ratio 3:2:2 (T9-T16) T1 SB+RS (Control) T5 SB+FYM (Control) T9 SB+RS (Control) T13 SB+FYM (Control) T2 SB+RS+ A.awamoori T6 SB+FYM+ A.awamoori T10 SB+RS+ A.awamoori T14 SB+FYM+ A.awamoori T3 SB+RS+ Myceliophtora T7 SB+FYM+ Myceliophtora T11 SB+RS+ Myceliophtora T15 SB+FYM+ Myceliophtora T4 SB+RS+ B.subitilIs T8 SB+FYM+ B.subitilIs T12 SB+RS+ B.subitilus T16 SB+FYM+ B.subitilus

38 Effect of bagasse compost on number of Harvest No of Grains /plant :2:1 3:2: % 4-24% 11-15% T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 Treatment Soil ratio 3:2:1 (T1-T8) Soil ratio 3:2:2 (T9-T16) T1 SB+RS (Control) T5 SB+FYM (Control) T9 SB+RS (Control) T13 SB+FYM (Control) T2 SB+RS+ A.awamoori T6 SB+FYM+ A.awamoori T10 SB+RS+ A.awamoori T14 SB+FYM+ A.awamoori T3 SB+RS+ Myceliophtora T7 SB+FYM+ Myceliophtora T11 SB+RS+ Myceliophtora T15 SB+FYM+ Myceliophtora T4 SB+RS+ B.subitilIs T8 SB+FYM+ B.subitilIs T12 SB+RS+ B.subitilus T16 SB+FYM+ B.subitilus

39 Effect of bagasse compost on grain Harvest Seed weight (g) :2:1 3:2: % 2-24% 13-20% T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 Treatments Soil ratio 3:2:1 (T1-T8) Soil ratio 3:2:2 (T9-T16) T1 SB+RS (Control) T5 SB+FYM (Control) T9 SB+RS (Control) T13 SB+FYM (Control) T2 SB+RS+ A.awamoori T6 SB+FYM+ A.awamoori T10 SB+RS+ A.awamoori T14 SB+FYM+ A.awamoori T3 SB+RS+ Myceliophtora T7 SB+FYM+ Myceliophtora T11 SB+RS+ Myceliophtora T15 SB+FYM+ Myceliophtora T4 SB+RS+ B.subitilIs T8 SB+FYM+ B.subitilIs T12 SB+RS+ B.subitilus T16 SB+FYM+ B.subitilus

40 Conclusions Bagasse compost prepared with rice straw (as 3:2:1 along with microbes significantly and consistently enhanced all the PGP traits including plant height (37-44%), leaf dry weight (63-81%), shoot dry weight (38-66%), root dry weight (87-89%), leaf area (75-83%) and root length (37-48%) at 35 DAS; shoot dry weight (40-58%) and root dry weight (24-38%) at 70 DAS and shoot dry weight (30-46%), panicle dry weight (40-51%), number of grains/plant (20-62%) and grain weight/plant (37-65%) at harvest. Among the three microbes tested, Aspergillus awamori and Myceliophtora thermophila significantly and consistently enhanced all the PGP traits compared to Bacillus subtilis.

41 Overall conclusions Identified 3 promising microbes (A. awamori, M. thermophila and B. subtilis) suitable for composting of SB. The 3 selected microbes significantly enhances macro- and micronutrient contents. All 3 were found to produce PGP & biocontrol traits including IAA, HCN, siderophore, cellulase and chitinase. Also solubilize P and inhibit M. phaseolina. All 3 were also found significantly enhance traits including shoot weight, root weight, panicle weight, grain number and weight. Among the 3, A. awamori and M. thermophila significantly and consistently enhanced all the PGP traits compared to B. subtilis.

42 Thank You

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