AND OTHER SMALL GRAINS

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "AND OTHER SMALL GRAINS"

Transcription

1 Bulletin No. 116 June, 1931 Montana State College, Extension Service, J. C. Taylor, Director, Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home Economics. Montana State College and Uni~ed States Department of Agriculture, co-operating. Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress ~ay 8 and June 30, ~ CONTROL OF SMUT IN WHEAT AND OTHER SMALL GRAINS By H. E. Morris, Extension Plant Pathologist Waldo Kidder, Extension Agronomist Smuts cost the farmers of Montana many thousands of dollars each year. In 1930, stinking smut of wheat alone caused a loss of approximately $750;000, due to decreased yields and to a lower price per bushel. This loss and also that due to the smuts {..:Fig. 1. Smutted and normal heads of wheat. The head at the left,is a typi:cal head affected with covered or stinking smut, The next, head IS a he'althy head. The two heads on the right show two stages of the loose smut in wheat. (-Courtesy,D. S. Dept. of Agr.).,(

2 I 2 MONTANA EXTENSION SERVICE of oats, barley and rye may be largely prevented by adopting the methods of seed treatment described in this bulletin. What Is Smut Smut is produced by a small parasitic plant, mould-like in appearance, belonging to a group called fungi (Fig. 2). Smut lives most of its life within and at the expense of the wheat plant. The smut powder, so familiar to all, is composed of myriads of spores which correspond to seeds in the higher plants. In the process of harvesting and threshing, these spores are dis Fig'. 2. Comparison in size between: a, fine sand; b, very fine dust; c, spores of the fungus causing l'ose rust (Phragmidium); d, spores of the wheat-rust fungus (Puccinia); e, spores of the fungus. causing apple scab (Venturia); f, spores of oat smut (Ustilago); g, spores of blue mold of fruit (Penicillium) j h, spores of potato dry rot fungus (Fusarium). Mag. nified 110 times.

3 CONTROL OF SMUT IN WHEAT AND OTHER SMALL GRAINS 3 tributed, many of them adhering to the wheat. Conditions favoring the germination and growth of the wheat are favorable to the growth of the fungus. The spores germinate at the same time as the wheat. If the smut fungus comes into close contact with a young wheat seedling, it enters the tissues of the seedling and thereafter grows within the wheat plant. About the time when the wheat plant should normally form grain, the fungus produces spores, the familiar black smut powder (Fig. 3) which takes the place of the kernals of grain. Kinds of Smut Grain smuts may conveniently.be divided into three classes based upon their methods of attacking their hosts. First, smuts Fig. 3. Normal and smutted kernels of wheat. Smut balls shown at bottom when broken release the black powder which is composed of the spores (seeds) of the smut plant. Each smut ball contains thousands of these spores or seeds which may infect the wheat unless proper seed treatment is given. ('Courtesy, U. S. Dept. of Agr.)

4 4 MONTANA EXTENSION SERVICE including the stinking smut of wheat which cause infection only in the seedling stage are commonly called covered smuts. In this class the infection may develop from the spores (smut seeds) adhering to the grain kernel or from the spores in the soil. This class includes the stinking smut of wheat, the covered smut of barley and the oat smuts. Second, smuts, including the loose smut of wheat and the loose smut of barley, which infect only flowers. In this class the fungus is inside the seed.. Third, smuts such as corn smut which may affect any young growing part of the plant. Seed treatment is useless for controlling this class of smuts. - Different Smuts For Each Crop There are different kinds of smut, each peculiar to the plant in which it grows. Wheat smut will not grow in oats or barley, oat smut will not grow in wheat or barley, and barley smut will not grow in wheat or oats. Two Smuts of Wheat j. There are two -smuts of wheat, the stinking smut or bunt. which is the most serious, and the loose smut. Loose smut is sometimes mistakenfor stinking smut. Loose smut appears about the time the heads are emerging from the i boot and produces a black, loose, fluffy mass of spores (smut I l seeds) which are soon blown away by the wind leaving a bare stalk (Fig. 1).!I!his smut may be controlled only by treating seed with hot water. The characteristic symptoms of stinking smut are a bluishgreen color in contrast to a normal green color of the wheat heads in the dough stage; the stems of infected plants are often shorter,f. than normal ones; the presence of smut balls in the infected head (Fig. 1 and 3), and the stinking, smutty odor. Each smut ball contains numerous spores or "seeds" of the fungus: Each spore is capable of infecting a seedling wheat plant, and there are about as many spores in each smut ball as there are kernals in five or six bushels of wheat. In threshing, many of these smut balls are broken and the spores or "smut

5 CONTROL OF SMUT IN WHEAT AND OTHER SMALL GRAINS 5 dust" coming like smoke from the combine or thresher are dusted over the good wheat or returned to the soil. The symptoms described for the two smuts of wheat are quite characteristic for the loose smuts and the covered smuts of other grain. Conditions Affecting Smut Infection The effectiveness of seed treatment may vary from year to year in the same locality. In explaining the occasional poor results of recommended treatments in controlling stinking smut, one must consider this disease in its relation to soil temperature and soil moisture. It is often stated that the date of planting is closely as,sociated with the amount of smut in the resulting crop. This is because soil temperature. greatly influences infection by stinking smut. The infection of smut takes place in the very young wheat plant before the first leaf emerges. Therefore, a quick emergence of the wheat plant after it is planted is advantageous because it lessens the chances of infection. With enough soil moisture, it takes from 12 to 22 days for the wheat plant to emerge when the soil temperature is between F., while it takes only four to eight days when the soil temperature is from F. Wheat should be planted about the time recommended for the locality, but under the most favorable conditions regarding soil moisture and soil temperature. Control of Grain Smuts Seed treatments which have proved very effective in reducing losses from various smuts are now being used by the most successful grain growers. Although information about seed treatment has been widely distributed, losses caused by smuts continue to increase. Losses in winter wheat can be greatly reduced and losses in spring wheat practically eliminated by strictly following these practices each year: First, by the use of only carefully re-cleaned seed grain.

6 6 MONTANA EXTENSION SERVICE Second, by proper use of the best seed treatment for the kind of grain. Third, by more careful tillage. Fourth, by more attention to planting grain when the soh is fairly warm and moisture conditions are favorable. All seed grain should be carefully re-cleaned over a good fanning mill before the seed is treated. :Such cleaning should remove all of the smut balls, all shriveled and broken seed, all weed seed, and other trash. The use of carefully cleaned and properly treated seed reduces smut losses and aids in producing cleaner and more profitable crops. Copper Carbonate Treatment For Stinking Smut of Wheat Winter Wheat: Use two to four ounces of 50 per cent copper carbonate to each bushel of re-cleaned seed. Mix until each kernel is thoroughly coated. Spring Wheat: Use two ounces of 50 per cent copper carbonate or two to three ounces of 20 per cent copper carbonate to each bushel of re-cleaned seed. Mix until each kernel is thoroughly coated. The results of many tests have proven conclusively that copper carbonate when properly applied is as effective in controlling stinking smut of wheat as either the blue-stone or formaldehyde methods of treatment formerly recommended. The wet treatments can no longer be. considered practical. Quality and Grades of ICopperCarbonate The copper carbonate powder recommended for the treatment of seed wheat should be light and fluffy and light green in color. It should be fine enough to permit 98 to 100 per cent of it to pass through a 200-mesh screen. Heavy, bluish and coarse powders should be rejected. A good dust should feel smooth when rubbed between the fingers. Copper carbonate is sold in two grades: pure or "50 %" copper carbonate contains from 50 to 54 per cent copper, while extended

7 CONTROL OF SMUT IN WHEAT AND OTHER SMALL GRAINS 7 or "20 %" copper carbonate contains from 18 to 20 per cent. copper. Since copper is the active agent, tbe pure copper carbonate is about two and one-half. times more concentrated than the extended product. Directions For Using Copper Carbonate "It is not the dust in the machine but the dust on the kernel that counts." Each kernel of wheat should be thoroughly coated with the dust. This can not be done by shoveling, by attempting to mix tbe grain and dust in the drill box, or by mixing the seed and dust on the floor with a rake. The best results have been secured when the treatment has been given with a power driven' continuous treating machine (Fig. 4), hence commercial power dusters are advocated for treating large quantities of grain. There are on the market some power machines of different types with a capacity of 30 to 150 bushels or even 300 bushels per hour. Fig. 4. IA commercial treating machine in operation. Note the drum. type, of,!ilacl;jine, the coppe,r carbonate container and the masks or respirators. to'.protect the operators from inhaling the dust.. ~ ok,>..1..~:{.';:<'-:.

8 8 MONTANA EXTENSION SERVICE A home made duster, satisfactory for treating small quantities of grain, may be made out of an old oi\ barrel for approximately five dollars (Fig. 5). -- ~ F'"o.. ~ 0,;,,-'(' ~ F';~-". 30 T(;'lNS pe'"lf",vre Fig. 5. A homemade treating machine. Advantages of the Copper Carbonate Treatment. The advantages of this dust treatment are: it controls smut, it causes no injury to germination, seed can be treated during spare time and stored until ready for use. Effect of,coppel' Carbonate on the Drill Copper carbonate may cause the parts of the drill to Uset" or to work hard. To avoid this trouble always rock the feed shaft gently with a wrench before starting the machine. The drill should be thoroughly cleaned and oiled before it is put away for the season.. Do Not Inhale Copper Carbonate If copper carbonate is inhaled it may cause nausea and

9 CONTROL OF SMUT IN WHEAT la'nd OTHER SMALL GRAINS 9 headache. Seed should be treated preferably out-of-doors or in a well ventilated room. The use of respirators (Fig. 4) are advocated where large quantities of grain are to be treated. Formaldehyde Method for All Grains The formula most commonly. used consists of 1 pint of formaldehyde (37-40 per cent strength) in 40 gallons of water. It may be used in the following ways:. First, as a dip. Immerse the grain in the solution in loosely filled sacks for ten minutes. Remove' the sacks, let the excess material drain back into the vat and allow them to stand without opening from two to six hours. Second, by using the solution in a smut treating machine according to the instructions furnished by the manufacturer. Third, as a spray. Sprinkle approximately one gallon of formaldehyde solution on each bushel of wheat or about one and a half gallons on each bushel of barley. Shovel thoroughly until each kernel is wet and cover the whole pile with sacks or canvas from two to Six hours. Formaldehyd.e Spray Method for Oats only Add one pint of formaldehyde to one pint of water. As the oats are shoveled over, the solution is slowly added by the use of a quart handsprayer or atomizer. After add~ng the solution the grain is covered with sacks or canvas for four hours. If sowing is delayed or if the oats are to be stored, the pile should be spread out and aired for one day. One pint of formaldehyde is sufficient to treat fifty bushels of oats. Modifications of this method are sometimes used. The solu-. tion may consist of one pint of formaldehyde in 10 pints of water or one pint of formaldehyde to 10 gallons of water. The treatment is carried out in the same manner except more solution is blsed. Hot Water Treatment For loose smut of wheat and loose smut of barley: I'Jlhese smuts may be controlled by the use of the hot water treatment.

10 10 MONTANA EXTENSION SERVI'CE This treatment is so difficult that it is better to buy clean seed wheat. In special cases where it is desired to disinfect a particular strain of seed, detaiied instructions will be given to the grower \ regarding this treatment. Organie Mercury Compounds Many patented fungicides are on the market. Some of them are effective but are rather expensive. In general, they do not control smut better than cappel' carbonate or formaldehyde. Dry Grain Best For Threshing Smut dockage and inoculation of wheat.often is reduced if the wheat is threshed when dry. Most of the smut is blown away from dry wheat while smut spores stick to damp wheat. Field Results of Seed Treatments in In cooperation with the Office of Cooperative Extension Work of the United States Department of Agriculture some field studies were made in Montana and other northwestern states during 1930 to determine the amounts of smut in the fields and to learn the methods of seed treatment used. Fig. 6 shows the results. The spring wheat studies were made in Montana; the 'winter wheat studies in Montana, the Dakotas and Minnesota. While these figures are for only one season they show conclusively that proper'treatment gives good control of smut and point out the lack of control by poor methods of treatment. The copper carbonate treatment was most effective. This study showed the value of fairly early planting (around September. 10th to 25th) of winter wheat, on summer fallow land. Spring wheat should be planted after the soil has become. warm. Good clean seed, good seed treatment and good tillage will reduce smut losses to a minimum, and Montana grain growers will profit greatly in securing better yields and higher prices.

11 ~:!,. C0NTROL OF SMU'f IN WHEATA:ND OTHER SMALL GRAINS 1J: :EFfECTIVENESS OF' SMUT CDNTRDL METHDOS TR.EA'TMENT 50 % Copper Carbonate Home made mixer 50% Copper Car~nate Commercial machines Ceresari Home made mixer formaldehyde Commercial machine Avera'i,e PerCent Smut in Wheai () R I.e RIJ el 24- I~ I~ r j I Blue ViI riol soa~ I I 50% Copper Carbonate i shoveled I Wln~er Wheil.\ formaldehhde - ~rn~ed and 5 ovele 20% Copper Carbonaie Commercial Machines No treatment I ~ T.i:U:ATME:N..,.. I. i% 2r :t Sf. BY. 7:< 8;< 97: loa.' 50 %COl!I!er Ca.rIJonate,. l1ac77il7e~m/xed 20% COjJjJer CtJroonate. flachine':"mix.ed \- rormaldel,de t1achtne- /xed I~I Sprin9 Wneat. 20% COlfer Carbonate Home-made mixer!~ Ceresan 'Machine -mixed I~ rormaldehyde 3prtnlrle I :20% CONer C8rbontl.te- Shovel-mixed.._ ~.. ~-... N~ treatment. ~ Fig. 6.

12 ;'._-"-..&::~~~ Cereal Smut Ch~mical Wheat Oats Stinking smut Loose smut Loose smut Loose and covered smut all varieties Barley Covered and (six-row) loose smut Barley Covered smut (two-row) loose smut Copper carbonate 52% Copper carbonate 20% Hot water Hot water Formaldehyde Formaldehyde "'Formalin dust compound (**Certain organic mercury salts) Formaldehyde (**Certain organic mercury salts) Same as barley 6-rowed Hot water SEED TREATMENTS FOR SMUTS How Used 2 to 4 oz. per bu. 2 to 3 oz. per bu F F 1 pt, in 1 pt. water, for 50 bu. oats 1 pt. in 30 gal. water for 50 bu. oats 8 oz. per bu. 1 pt in 40 gal. water 1 oz. in 3 gal. water F Treatment On winter wheat-mix until each kernel is coated On spring wheat-mix until each kernel is coated Modified method-1st, soak 4-6 hrs. at F. 2nd, soak 1 minute at F. 3rd, soak 10 minutes at F. 4th, dip in cold water; spread thin to dry. Single bath method-soak 1 hr. and 35 minutes; spread thin to dry. Spray with atomizer-cover 5 hrs. Soak 30 minutes or sprinkle thoroughly and cover 2-8 hrs. Mix until each kernel is coated. Sack and stand 3 hrs. Follow directions on package. Soak 30 min. and cover 5 hrs. or soak for 2 hrs. Follow instructions on package. Soak 4-6" hrs. at F.; 1 minute at F.; and 13 minutes, at F. Dip in cold water, spread thin to dry. Corn Smut No seed treatment No seed treatment Destroy affected parts and crop refuse; crop rotation. Sorghum Covered kerand Millet nel smut Copper corbanote 52% 2 oz. per bu. Mix until each gemel is coated. *This "compound was developed by the Ohio Experiment station and is sold under the trade name of "Smuttox." "*There are several products of this kind on the market, under such trade names as Ceresan, Chlorophol, Uspulun, etc.

AGRICULTUR \L EX^ERIJT.NT STATION Oregon State College Wm. A. Gchoenfeldj Director Corvallis. Circular of Information No.

AGRICULTUR \L EX^ERIJT.NT STATION Oregon State College Wm. A. Gchoenfeldj Director Corvallis. Circular of Information No. AGRICULTUR \L EX^ERIJT.NT STATION Oregon State College Wm. A. Gchoenfeldj Director Corvallis Circular of Information No. 334- March 19AA VEGETABLE SEED TRMTKENTS RECOMMENDED FOR OREGON FQR 1944-* By Frank

More information

Wheat Smut in Montana

Wheat Smut in Montana NO. 98. FEBRUARY, 1929. Wheat Smut in Montana H. E. Morris and L. D. Kurtz Montana State College of Agricultul'e and Mechanic Arts Extension Service J. C. Taylor, Director Cooperative Extension Work in"

More information

Improved Method of Fighting Smut in Oats

Improved Method of Fighting Smut in Oats Circular (Iowa State College. Agricultural Experiment Station) Iowa Agricultural and Home Economics Experiment Station Publications 3-1918 Improved Method of Fighting Smut in Oats H. D. Hughes Iowa State

More information

Subpart M -- United States Standards for Wheat

Subpart M -- United States Standards for Wheat Subpart M -- United States Standards for Wheat 8. Definition of wheat Terms Defined Grain that, before the removal of dockage, consists of 5 percent or more common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), club wheat

More information

Selection of good seed is a

Selection of good seed is a Potato Facts Selecting, Cutting and Handling Potato Seed Steven B. Johnson, Ph.D., Crops Specialist Bulletin #2412 Generally, a five percent rule applies with seed lots. A seed lot with five percent or

More information

MSU Extension Publication Archive. Scroll down to view the publication.

MSU Extension Publication Archive. Scroll down to view the publication. MSU Extension Publication Archive Archive copy of publication, do not use for current recommendations. Up-to-date information about many topics can be obtained from your local Extension office. Spraying

More information

STUDY GUIDE: AGRICULTURE: CROPS

STUDY GUIDE: AGRICULTURE: CROPS 319 S. Naperville Road Wheaton, IL 60187 www.questionsgalore.net Phone: (630) 580-5735 E-Mail: info@questionsgalore.net Fax: (630) 580-5765 STUDY GUIDE: AGRICULTURE: CROPS MAIN FIELD CROPS GROWN IN THE

More information

EXTENSION BULLETIN 134. /'vl!v ). FOR MINNESOTA M. L. ARMOUR J. W. LAMBERT

EXTENSION BULLETIN 134. /'vl!v ). FOR MINNESOTA M. L. ARMOUR J. W. LAMBERT EXTENSION BULLETIN 134 /'vl!v ). I I REVISED FOR MINNESOTA M. L. ARMOUR J. W. LAMBERT As a Cash Crop Soybeans as a grain crop are well adapted to the central and southern sections of Minnesota. The planting

More information

CHAMPION TOC INDEX. How To Make Barley Silage. Arvid Aasen. Take Home Message. The Ensiling Process

CHAMPION TOC INDEX. How To Make Barley Silage. Arvid Aasen. Take Home Message. The Ensiling Process CHAMPION Feed Services Ltd. TOC How To Make Silage INDEX Arvid Aasen Take Home Message Making barley silage is the process of taking green wet whole plant barley and processing it in such a way that it

More information

2010 Area Crops Evaluation Exam

2010 Area Crops Evaluation Exam 2010 Area Crops Evaluation Exam Instructions: READ EACH MULTIPLE CHOICE STATEMENT CAREFULLY AND THEN MARK THE ANSWER ON THE SCORE SHEET THAT CORRESPONDS TO THE BEST ANSWER. GOOD LUCK! 1. Which of these

More information

THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS - Q3QT7 LIBRARY

THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS - Q3QT7 LIBRARY no THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS - LIBRARY Q3QT7 r NON CIRCULATING CHECK FOR UNBOUND CIRCULA UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. Agricultural Experiment Station, CHAMPAIGN, APRIL, 1894. BULLETIN NO. 32. AN ACID TEST

More information

Malting barley prices Basis FOB Swedish /Danish Port Basis Oct 14/15/16/17/18/19 EUR/mt 230

Malting barley prices Basis FOB Swedish /Danish Port Basis Oct 14/15/16/17/18/19 EUR/mt 230 t 17 October 2016 General: Crop 2016 is now save in the barns in all Viking Malt countries. We have started to malt the new crop in Poland, Denmark and Sweden Lithuania will start in the next weeks. Our

More information

Chapter 3 Dough Ingredients

Chapter 3 Dough Ingredients For your review, this is the first five pages of Chapter 3 of The Original Encyclopizza. To return to prior page, use your Back button. ~ To get more info on this book, go to: http://correllconcepts.com/encyclopizza/_home_encyclopizza.htm

More information

USDA Sanitary Phytosanitary Project

USDA Sanitary Phytosanitary Project MAIZE DISEASES I Common Smut Fungus: Ustilago maydis Pathogen/Disease description: The fungus infects corn ears through the silks and produces swollen light green growths that later turn white and break

More information

Let s Preserve. Pickles. Bulletin #4044. Containers, Weights and Covers for Fermenting. Recommended Varieties of Cucumbers. Quality.

Let s Preserve. Pickles. Bulletin #4044. Containers, Weights and Covers for Fermenting. Recommended Varieties of Cucumbers. Quality. Bulletin #4044 Let s Preserve Pickles Recommended Varieties of Cucumbers Use open-pollinated pickling, such as SMR 58, Wisconsin SMR 18, and Multipik, or hybrids, such as Premier, Bounty, Score, and Calypso.

More information

Diagnosing Vegetable Problems

Diagnosing Vegetable Problems Diagnosing Vegetable Problems by Marianne C. Ophardt WSU Extension Area Educator AGRICULTURE YOUTH & FAMILIES HEALTH ECONOMY ENVIRONMENT ENERGY COMMUNITIES Cucurbits (squash, melons, cukes) Problem:

More information

Buying Filberts On a Sample Basis

Buying Filberts On a Sample Basis E 55 m ^7q Buying Filberts On a Sample Basis Special Report 279 September 1969 Cooperative Extension Service c, 789/0 ite IP") 0, i mi 1910 S R e, `g,,ttsoliktill:torvti EARs srin ITQ, E,6

More information

Peanut Meal as a Protein. Fattening Hogs in the Dry Lot. Supplement to Corn for AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

Peanut Meal as a Protein. Fattening Hogs in the Dry Lot. Supplement to Corn for AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE BULLETIN No. 224 AUGUST, 1924 Peanut Meal as a Protein Supplement to Corn for Fattening Hogs in the Dry Lot By J. C. GRIMES AND W. D. SALMON AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION of the ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

More information

2009, The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska on behalf of the University of Nebraska Lincoln Extension. All rights reserved.

2009, The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska on behalf of the University of Nebraska Lincoln Extension. All rights reserved. WHEAT D iseases affecting wheat grain reduce yield and/or quality. These diseases include black point, ergot, common bunt, loose smut, and scab (Fusarium head blight). The fungi causing ergot and scab

More information

Harvesting Soybean. Soybean Loss. John Nowatzki Extension Agricultural Machine Systems Specialist

Harvesting Soybean. Soybean Loss. John Nowatzki Extension Agricultural Machine Systems Specialist Harvesting Soybean John Nowatzki Extension Agricultural Machine Systems Specialist Field studies in soybean harvesting have shown that a 10 percent or higher harvest loss is not uncommon, but studies also

More information

Effect of paraquat and diquat applied preharvest on canola yield and seed quality

Effect of paraquat and diquat applied preharvest on canola yield and seed quality Effect of paraquat and diquat applied preharvest on canola yield and seed quality Brian Jenks, John Lukach, Fabian Menalled North Dakota State University and Montana State University The concept of straight

More information

Unit F: Harvesting Fruits and Nuts. Lesson 1: Harvest Tree Fruits, Small Fruits, And Nuts

Unit F: Harvesting Fruits and Nuts. Lesson 1: Harvest Tree Fruits, Small Fruits, And Nuts Unit F: Harvesting Fruits and Nuts Lesson 1: Harvest Tree Fruits, Small Fruits, And Nuts 1 Terms Pentrometer Refractometer 2 I. Tree fruits develop maximum flavor and quality when allowed to mature on

More information

For your review, this is the first five pages of Chapter 7 of The Original Encyclopizza.

For your review, this is the first five pages of Chapter 7 of The Original Encyclopizza. For your review, this is the first five pages of Chapter 7 of The Original Encyclopizza. To return to prior page, use your Back button. ~ To get more info on this book, go to: http://correllconcepts.com/encyclopizza/_home_encyclopizza.htm

More information

Junior Participant Grain Grading Handbook. This book is for Junior participants only during a 4-H/FFA Crops Evaluation Contest.

Junior Participant Grain Grading Handbook. This book is for Junior participants only during a 4-H/FFA Crops Evaluation Contest. Junior Participant 2016-2020 Grain Grading Handbook This book is for Junior participants only during a 4-H/FFA Crops Evaluation Contest. 2016-2020 Grain Grading Book Corn Grading What is corn? Corn is

More information

Unit F: Harvesting Fruits and Nuts. Lesson 2: Grade, Pack, Store and Transport Fruits and Nuts

Unit F: Harvesting Fruits and Nuts. Lesson 2: Grade, Pack, Store and Transport Fruits and Nuts Unit F: Harvesting Fruits and Nuts Lesson 2: Grade, Pack, Store and Transport Fruits and Nuts 1 I. After the fruit and nuts are safely harvested, they need to be graded so they can be sold at market. 2

More information

KANSAS STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,

KANSAS STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, EXPERIMENT STATION OF THE KANSAS STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MANHATTAN. BULLETIN No. 92 MARCH 1900. FARM DEPARTMENT. H. M. COTTRELL, M. S., Agriculturist. D. H. OTIS, M. S., Assistant in Dairying. J. G.

More information

., - ' :::.11 C' ' MBRAR'i I/~ SWEET CORN. Yukio Nakagawa FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY. Extension Circular 377 University of Hawaii April 1, 1957

., - ' :::.11 C' ' MBRAR'i I/~ SWEET CORN. Yukio Nakagawa FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY. Extension Circular 377 University of Hawaii April 1, 1957 :PDtJ I/~., - ' :::.11 C' ' MBRAR'i SWEET CORN UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY Yukio Nakagawa Extension Circular 377 University of Hawaii April 1, 1957 Mr. Nakagawa is an Assistant Specialist

More information

Oregon Agricultural College Extension Service

Oregon Agricultural College Extension Service Entered as second-class matter November 27, 1909. at the postoff ice at Corvallis, Oregon, under Act of July 16, 1894 Oregon Agricultural College Extension Service R. D. HETZEL Director The School Luncheon

More information

Oriental Fruit Moth Invades Illinois

Oriental Fruit Moth Invades Illinois Oriental Fruit Moth Invades Illinois By W. P. FLINT and S. C. CHANDLER University of Illinois College of Agriculture and Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 338 THE cover picture shows a peach into

More information

Malting barley prices Basis FOB Swedish /Danish Port Oct 14/15/16/17/18

Malting barley prices Basis FOB Swedish /Danish Port Oct 14/15/16/17/18 t 12 September 2016 General: Malting barley harvest in Scandinavia and Baltics is now very much finished. some remaining crop on fields in Mid- Sweden. Work to sort out the quality of the harvest and looking

More information

Recommended Resources: The following resources may be useful in teaching this lesson:

Recommended Resources: The following resources may be useful in teaching this lesson: Unit D: Production of Field Crops Lesson 3: Cereal Crops: Rice, Millet, Barely, and Rye Student Learning Objectives: Instruction in this lesson should result in students achieving the following objectives:

More information

Quality Seed Production

Quality Seed Production Kerry Clark University of Missouri clarkk@missouri.edu http://soybeaninnovationlab.illinois.edu/ Quality Seed Production Before Planting Obtain high quality seed to start production. Sort through your

More information

SWEET POTATO PRODUCTION. Kenneth Y. Takeda Assistant Specialist in Horticulture

SWEET POTATO PRODUCTION. Kenneth Y. Takeda Assistant Specialist in Horticulture HAWA COOPERATVE EXTENSON SERVCE Hawaii nstitute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources University of Hawaii at Manoa COMMODTY FACT SHEET SP-3(A) VEGETABLE SWEET POTATO PRODUCTON Kenneth Y. Takeda

More information

EC1320 Cleaning Eggs for Market

EC1320 Cleaning Eggs for Market University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Historical Materials from University of Nebraska- Lincoln Extension Extension 1951 EC1320 Cleaning Eggs for Market J. W.

More information

Fruits. Food Preservation. Important fruit canning pointers. Equipment. Canning jars. Syrup solutions WP

Fruits. Food Preservation. Important fruit canning pointers. Equipment. Canning jars. Syrup solutions WP WP 375-09 wecan Fruits Food Preservation These processing recommendations are for West Virginia conditions (maximum altitude, 4,000 feet). For canning directions in other locations, consult your county

More information

Effect of paraquat and diquat applied preharvest on canola yield and seed quality

Effect of paraquat and diquat applied preharvest on canola yield and seed quality Effect of paraquat and diquat applied preharvest on canola yield and seed quality Brian Jenks, John Lukach, Fabian Menalled North Dakota State University and Montana State University The concept of straight

More information

2013 Safflower Irrigation Research Results

2013 Safflower Irrigation Research Results 2013 Safflower Irrigation Research Results Presentation by L. Niel Allen Extension Irrigation Specialist Earl Creech, Clark Israelsen, Mike Pace Students Holly Kent and Phillip Castro Logan, Utah February

More information

ALBINISM AND ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF AVOCADO SEEDLINGS 1

ALBINISM AND ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF AVOCADO SEEDLINGS 1 California Avocado Society 1956 Yearbook 40: 156-164 ALBINISM AND ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF AVOCADO SEEDLINGS 1 J. M. Wallace and R. J. Drake J. M. Wallace Is Pathologist and R. J. Drake is Principle Laboratory

More information

Lack of irrigation in 2002 reduced Riesling crop in Timothy E. Martinson Finger Lakes Grape Program

Lack of irrigation in 2002 reduced Riesling crop in Timothy E. Martinson Finger Lakes Grape Program Lack of irrigation in 2002 reduced Riesling crop in 2003 Timothy E. Martinson Finger Lakes Grape Program Lailiang Cheng, Alan Lakso, Thomas Henick-Kling and Terry Acree Depts. Horticulture Ithaca, Horticultural

More information

SOURCES OF THE FLAVOR IN BUTTER

SOURCES OF THE FLAVOR IN BUTTER July, 1921 Research Bulletin No. 67 SOURCES OF THE FLAVOR IN BUTTER BY B. W. HAMMER AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION IOWA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICUL'l'URE AND MECHANIC ARTS DAIRY SECTION AMES, IOWA THE SOURCES

More information

Dick Hodgman s Recipes

Dick Hodgman s Recipes Vanilla Cream Soda 8 oz. club soda 1 tbs. heavy cream ¼ tsp. vanilla extract 2 3 tsp. sugar Pour the club soda over ice in a glass. Mix in the cream and vanilla. Gently but thoroughly mix the sugar. Adjust

More information

Effects of Preharvest Sprays of Maleic Hydrazide on Sugar Beets

Effects of Preharvest Sprays of Maleic Hydrazide on Sugar Beets Effects of Preharvest Sprays of Maleic Hydrazide on Sugar Beets F. H. PETO 1 W. G. SMITH 2 AND F. R. LOW 3 A study of 20 years results from the Canadian Sugar Factories at Raymond, Alberta, (l) 4 shows

More information

Sorghum Yield Loss Due to Hail Damage, G A

Sorghum Yield Loss Due to Hail Damage, G A 1 of 8 6/11/2009 9:27 AM G86-812-A Sorghum Yield Loss Due to Hail Damage* This NebGuide discusses the methods used by the hail insurance industry to assess yield loss due to hail damage in grain sorghum.

More information

Food Science and Technology Notes Extension Division Deportment of Food Science and Technology Virginia Polytechnic Institute Blacksburg, Virginia

Food Science and Technology Notes Extension Division Deportment of Food Science and Technology Virginia Polytechnic Institute Blacksburg, Virginia Food Science and Technology Notes Extension Division Deportment of Food Science and Technology Virginia Polytechnic Institute Blacksburg, Virginia RECIPES FOR ICE CREAM NFST-546-3 Unless otherwise specified,

More information

By Barbara J. McCandless Consumer Marketing Specialist

By Barbara J. McCandless Consumer Marketing Specialist D By Barbara J. ccandless Consumer arketing Specialist Careful meat shopping pays big dividends. Red meats take about 25 cents of each dollar spent for food by the average American. Retail meat price charts

More information

North San Joaquin Valley Almond Day

North San Joaquin Valley Almond Day North San Joaquin Valley Almond Day Sponsored by UC Cooperative Extension Coffee, donuts & snacks provided by: Yosemite Ag Credit Almond Tree Pruning by the Numbers Roger Duncan UC Cooperative Extension,

More information

STANDARD DDP-04 concerning the marketing and commercial quality control of HAZELNUT KERNELS

STANDARD DDP-04 concerning the marketing and commercial quality control of HAZELNUT KERNELS Recommendation on trial through 2009 for STANDARD DDP-04 concerning the marketing and commercial quality control of HAZELNUT KERNELS The present recommendation for Hazelnut kernels is based on document

More information

Corn Growth and Development

Corn Growth and Development Corn Growth and Development Outline Stress and yield loss Growth staging Vegetative stages Reproductive stages Conclusions Stress and crop yield loss At each growth stage of corn, certain aspects of management

More information

Insecticides for Victory Gardens

Insecticides for Victory Gardens South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Agricultural Experiment Station Circulars SDSU Agricultural Experiment Station

More information

Oglala Lakota College

Oglala Lakota College Oglala Lakota College Agriculture Extension Department Wazi Paha Festival Garden Produce Oglala Lakota College Agriculture Extension Department Contact Information for Veggie Contest: Phone: 605-455-6085

More information

2009 Barley and Oat Trials. Dr. Heather Darby Erica Cummings, Rosalie Madden, and Amanda Gervais

2009 Barley and Oat Trials. Dr. Heather Darby Erica Cummings, Rosalie Madden, and Amanda Gervais 2009 Barley and Oat Trials Dr. Heather Darby Erica Cummings, Rosalie Madden, and Amanda Gervais 802-524-6501 2009 VERMONT BARLEY AND OAT VARIETY PERFORMANCE TRIALS Dr. Heather Darby, University of Vermont

More information

A maize ing Corn Activities

A maize ing Corn Activities A maize ing Corn Activities Grade Level K-4 Science Experiments Language Arts Crossword Puzzle Social Studies Mapping Bulletin Board Nebraska Agriculture in the Classroom A maize ing Corn Activities Grade

More information

Sorghum Grading Procedures

Sorghum Grading Procedures EP97 Grain Grading Definition of Sorghum Grain that, before the removal of dockage, consists of 50 percent or more of whole kernels of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) excluding nongrain sorghum and

More information

OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS G30.T AGRICW.TURE

OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS G30.T AGRICW.TURE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS G30.T AGRICW.TURE NON CIRCULATING CHECK FOR UNBOUND CIRCULATING COPY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Agricultural Experiment Station BULLETIN No. 307 BUSH LIMA BEANS AS A MARKET

More information

Influence of Seed Health on the Germination Quality of Seeds

Influence of Seed Health on the Germination Quality of Seeds Influence of Seed Health on the Germination Quality of Seeds Valerie Cockerell ISTA Germination Seminar 13 June 2011, Zurich Influence of seed health on germination: Outline Seed Health Disease transmission

More information

The Pomology Post. Hull Rot Management on Almonds. by Brent Holtz, Ph.D., University of California Pomology Advisor

The Pomology Post. Hull Rot Management on Almonds. by Brent Holtz, Ph.D., University of California Pomology Advisor University of California Cooperative Extension The Pomology Post Madera County Volume 54, JUNE 2007 Hull Rot Management on Almonds by Brent Holtz, Ph.D., University of California Pomology Advisor Many

More information

Section 3 Dough Management

Section 3 Dough Management Section 3 Dough Management Dough is the foundation of our pizza. Dough is the least expensive part of the pizza. Never use dough that is not perfect. If the dough is not perfect, throw it out. Without

More information

Some Common Insect Enemies

Some Common Insect Enemies How to Recognize Some Common Insect Enemies of Stored Grain I By M. D. Farrar and W. P. Flint F the ever-normal granary is to benefit the people of the United States and not the insect population, owners

More information

Specialized Section on Standardization of Dry and Dried Produce REVISION OF UNECE STANDARDS INSHELL WALNUTS

Specialized Section on Standardization of Dry and Dried Produce REVISION OF UNECE STANDARDS INSHELL WALNUTS INFORMAL DOCUMENT NO. 4 (ENGLISH) 13 June 2008 ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE COMMITTEE ON TRADE Working Party on Agricultural Quality Standards Specialized Section on Standardization of Dry and Dried

More information

Recommended Resources: The following resources may be useful in teaching this lesson:

Recommended Resources: The following resources may be useful in teaching this lesson: Unit D: Production of Field Crops Lesson 1: Cereal Crops: Growing Wheat Student Learning Objectives: Instruction in this lesson should result in students achieving the following objectives: 1. Identify

More information

Green Cleaning. How to prepare the Green Cleaning Recipes for a Healthy Home recipes: Recipes for a Healthy Home

Green Cleaning. How to prepare the Green Cleaning Recipes for a Healthy Home recipes: Recipes for a Healthy Home How to prepare the Recipes for a Healthy Home recipes: The following pages, Recipes for a Healthy Home, should be printed back to back on heavy weight paper. The odd number recipes will be on top and the

More information

ACIDITY OF BUTTER AND ITS BY-PRODUCTS F. W. BOUSKA

ACIDITY OF BUTTER AND ITS BY-PRODUCTS F. W. BOUSKA ACIDITY OF BUTTER AND ITS BY-PRODUCTS F. W. BOUSKA 8uperi~cndent of Manufacturing, Be~,trice Creamery Company, Chicago, Illinois Received for publication December 11, 1922 From the very be~nning of the

More information

EQUIPMENT FOR MAKING BABCOCK TEST FOR FAT IN MILK

EQUIPMENT FOR MAKING BABCOCK TEST FOR FAT IN MILK }L~c ~ ~Babcock Test T HE for Fat in Mi~k By J. ~ JJ R Professor of Dairy Chemistry Research....,) ~ '( li: )..-djg's BABCOCK TEST is the most satisfactory and practical method for determining the percentage

More information

FOOD PREPARTION MANAGEMENT. Reading a Recipe

FOOD PREPARTION MANAGEMENT. Reading a Recipe FOOD PREPARTION MANAGEMENT Reading a Recipe I.E. Granola Yield-8 cups (16 ½ c servings) Ingredients 3 c rolled oats 1 c mixed seeds or grains (sunflower, sesame seeds, wheat germ, shredded wheat) 1 c crisp

More information

EC Grain Grading

EC Grain Grading University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Historical Materials from University of Nebraska- Lincoln Extension Extension 1972 EC72-190 Grain Grading Duane Foote Follow

More information

What went wrong. Pepper Sunscald. In this issue, find out what might have gone wrong with your vegetable harvest this season.

What went wrong. Pepper Sunscald. In this issue, find out what might have gone wrong with your vegetable harvest this season. What went wrong In this issue, find out what might have gone wrong with your vegetable harvest this season. Problems include: Sunscald on Peppers Rotting Pumpkins Wormy Sweetcorn Tomatoes with Blossom

More information

Diseases of Vegetables

Diseases of Vegetables Garden Expo 2018 Brian D. Hudelson Department of Plant Pathology University of Wisconsin-Madison/Extension Causes Septoria lycopersici (Septoria leaf spot) Alternaria solani (early blight) Phytophthora

More information

Managing Malting Barley in NY

Managing Malting Barley in NY Contact Information Email: wdv6@cornell.edu Cell: 585-313-4457 Blog: billsforagefiles.blogspot.com Website: http://www.nwnyteam.org/ Twitter: Bill Verbeten@BillVerbeten Managing Malting Barley in NY Bill

More information

GRAINS AND LEGUMES OF THE WORLD

GRAINS AND LEGUMES OF THE WORLD GRAINS AND LEGUMES OF THE WORLD By: Grains 1. Grains are the seeds or fruits of plants from the grass family, including barley, corn, oats, rice, and wheat. 2. Early agriculture arose with the cultivation

More information

PLANTING WHEAT SEED DAMAGED BY FROST BEFORE HARVEST

PLANTING WHEAT SEED DAMAGED BY FROST BEFORE HARVEST PLANTING WHEAT SEED DAMAGED BY FROST BEFORE HARVEST Neal R. Foster, Lowell A. Burchett, and Gary M. Paulsen* Frosts associated with cold fronts during late spring damage winter wheat in Kansas in many

More information

Recommended Resources: The following resources may be useful in teaching

Recommended Resources: The following resources may be useful in teaching Unit F: Harvesting Fruits and Nuts Lesson 2: Grade, Pack, Store and Transport Fruits and Nuts Student Learning Objectives: Instruction in this lesson should result in students achieving the following objectives:

More information

SOYBEAN GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT

SOYBEAN GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT SOYBEAN GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT Keith Glewen, Nebraska Extension Educator 1 Soybean Growth Stages SOYBEAN GROWTH STAGES VEGETATIVE VE - Emergence VC - Unfoliolate V1-1st Trifoliolate V2-2nd Trifoliolate V3-3rd

More information

THE THREAT: The disease leads to dieback in shoots and fruiting buds and an overall decline in walnut tree health.

THE THREAT: The disease leads to dieback in shoots and fruiting buds and an overall decline in walnut tree health. Taking Control of Botryosphaeria in California Walnut Orchards Summary THE ISSUES: Botryosphaeria, or Bot, is a fungal disease that spreads by spores that germinate and enter the tree through existing

More information

Prepared by Louise Ferguson, Mark Bell, Mark Henderson

Prepared by Louise Ferguson, Mark Bell, Mark Henderson Prepared by Louise Ferguson, Mark Bell, Mark Henderson IPM FOR THE DISEASES Verticillium Wilt Armillaria Root Rot (Oak Root Fungus) Alterneria (Late Blight) Botrytis (Blossom, Shoot & Fruit Blight) Panicle

More information

Leonard P. Gianessi Cressida S. Silvers Sujatha Sankula Janet E. Carpenter

Leonard P. Gianessi Cressida S. Silvers Sujatha Sankula Janet E. Carpenter Plant Biotechnology: Current and Potential Impact For Improving Pest Management In U.S. Agriculture An Analysis of 40 Case Studies June 2002 Fungal Resistant Sunflower Leonard P. Gianessi Cressida S. Silvers

More information

EC625 How to Produce Better Milk and Cream

EC625 How to Produce Better Milk and Cream University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Historical Materials from University of Nebraska- Lincoln Extension Extension 7-1931 EC625 How to Produce Better Milk and

More information

Instructor: Stephen L. Love Aberdeen R & E Center 1693 S 2700 W Aberdeen, ID Phone: Fax:

Instructor: Stephen L. Love Aberdeen R & E Center 1693 S 2700 W Aberdeen, ID Phone: Fax: Vegetable Crops PLSC 451/551 Lesson 7, Harvest, Handling, Packing Instructor: Stephen L. Love Aberdeen R & E Center 1693 S 2700 W Aberdeen, ID 83210 Phone: 397-4181 Fax: 397-4311 Email: slove@uidaho.edu

More information

What is Canola? Basic Canola Agronomics. Heath Sanders Canola Field Specialist Great Plains Canola Assoc. March 31 st 2014

What is Canola? Basic Canola Agronomics. Heath Sanders Canola Field Specialist Great Plains Canola Assoc. March 31 st 2014 What is Canola? Basic Canola Agronomics Heath Sanders Canola Field Specialist Great Plains Canola Assoc. March 31 st 2014 1 Great Plains Canola Association GPCA is a membership organization providing research

More information

1. IMPORTANT SAFEGUARDS When using electrical appliances, basic safety precautions should always be followed to reduce the risk of fire, electric

1. IMPORTANT SAFEGUARDS When using electrical appliances, basic safety precautions should always be followed to reduce the risk of fire, electric 1. IMPORTANT SAFEGUARDS When using electrical appliances, basic safety precautions should always be followed to reduce the risk of fire, electric shock, and/pr injury to persons including the following:

More information

Anaerobic Cell Respiration by Yeast

Anaerobic Cell Respiration by Yeast 25 Marks (I) Anaerobic Cell Respiration by Yeast BACKGROUND: Yeast are tiny single-celled (unicellular) fungi. The organisms in the Kingdom Fungi are not capable of making their own food. Fungi, like any

More information

EXPERIMENT STATION AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

EXPERIMENT STATION AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE APRIL, 1918 AGRICULTURAL KANSAS STATE CIRCULAR No. 66 EXPERIMENT STATION AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY Spraying Fruit Trees J. H. MERRILL Fruit trees are sprayed for two reasons to control

More information

ICE CREAM. sice OK.EA.nyi: PRACTICAL RECIPEsI FOE MAKING V \ \^ MOBILE, ALA., I JOHN D. MILLER, I TX 795 .M

ICE CREAM. sice OK.EA.nyi: PRACTICAL RECIPEsI FOE MAKING V \ \^ MOBILE, ALA., I JOHN D. MILLER, I TX 795 .M TX 795.M64 i m u u u vr u u u is Copy 1 ICE CREAM. V \ \^ v u u u u u u i I / PRACTICAL RECIPEsI / FOE MAKING sice OK.EA.nyi: ' #2 V I JOHN D. MILLER, I Pas "? MOBILE, ALA., 1886. n_n_n_n_«_n_n_rwwv \

More information

Variations in the Test of Separator Cream.

Variations in the Test of Separator Cream. Variations in the Test of Separator Cream. One of the greatest problems that has presented itself to the creamery patrons and managers of the West-Central states for the past few years is that of the cause

More information

War Breads and Cakes

War Breads and Cakes Extension Bulletin 217 October 1, 1917 Oregon Agricultural College Extension Service 0. D. CENTER Director School of Home Economics War Breads and Cakes CORVALLIS, OREGON Oregon State Agricultural College

More information

more or less spirits, could be extended almost Guggenheime^ Whiskey, 10 gallons. Tea Extract, 2 do. GKADE NO. 17. There is

more or less spirits, could be extended almost Guggenheime^ Whiskey, 10 gallons. Tea Extract, 2 do. GKADE NO. 17. There is RYE WHISKEYS. 31 GKADE NO. 17. Guggenheime^ Whiskey, 10 gallons. Hainesville do. 10 do. Monticello do. 25 do. Tea Extract, 2 do. This grade is a very fine article, entirely genuine whiskeys, and judiciously

More information

Your Orchard. Month by Month. Just Fruits & Exotics. Just the FACTS. 30 St. Frances St. Crawfordville FL32327

Your Orchard. Month by Month. Just Fruits & Exotics. Just the FACTS. 30 St. Frances St. Crawfordville FL32327 Just the FACTS Your Orchard Month by Month Just Fruits & Exotics 30 St. Frances St. Crawfordville FL32327 Phone: 850-926-5644 Fax: 850-926-9885 justfruits@hotmail.com www.justfruitsandexotics.com Monthly

More information

CHARCOAL BRIQUETTING WHAT, WHY, HOW

CHARCOAL BRIQUETTING WHAT, WHY, HOW CHARCOAL BRIQUETTING WHAT, WHY, HOW STATISTICS 2 billion number of people who uses wood, charcoal and agricultural waste for their energy needs 1.6 million number of deaths caused by respiratory infections

More information

Guide 6, Preparing and Canning Fermented Foods and Pickled Vegetables

Guide 6, Preparing and Canning Fermented Foods and Pickled Vegetables Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Archived Publications Archived USU Extension Publications 1995 Guide 6, Preparing and Canning Fermented Foods and Pickled Vegetables Utah State University Extension

More information

Angel Rebollar-Alvitar and Michael A. Ellis The Ohio State University/OARDC Department of Plant Pathology 1680 Madison Avenue Wooster, OH 44691

Angel Rebollar-Alvitar and Michael A. Ellis The Ohio State University/OARDC Department of Plant Pathology 1680 Madison Avenue Wooster, OH 44691 Evaluation of strobilurin fungicides (Abound and Cabrio), potassium phosphite ( ProPhyt ) and Ridomil Gold for control of leather rot of strawberry, caused by Phytophthora cactorum. Angel Rebollar-Alvitar

More information

CALIFORNIA PREMIUM WALNUTS

CALIFORNIA PREMIUM WALNUTS CALIFORNIA PREMIUM WALNUTS PRODUCT CATALOG history Walnuts are considered to be one of the oldest forms of food known to man, dating back as far as 7000 BCE. The most common walnut tree used in nut production

More information

Topics to be covered: What Causes Fruit to Rot? Powdery Mildew. Black Rot. Black Rot (Continued)

Topics to be covered: What Causes Fruit to Rot? Powdery Mildew. Black Rot. Black Rot (Continued) Topics to be covered: Spots, Rots and Where did the grapes go? Identification and Control of Muscadine Diseases Bill Cline, Plant Pathology Department North Carolina State University Horticultural Crops

More information

.. Acknowledgment _----_---~

.. Acknowledgment _----_---~ 4-H-209-W Contents The Soybean Project,.,,. ~ - ~ ~ ~..-.'. e ' - ~ :' 3 The Soybean Described -,.- -.-..., ~- :-..-..- 4 Selecting a Soybean -Variety-. - -'. ' - :.:..- -..,'-. 9 Planting the Soybean

More information

THE EVALUATION OF WALNUT VARIETIES FOR CALIFORNIA S CENTRAL COAST REGION 2007 HARVEST

THE EVALUATION OF WALNUT VARIETIES FOR CALIFORNIA S CENTRAL COAST REGION 2007 HARVEST THE EVALUATION OF WALNUT VARIETIES FOR CALIFORNIA S CENTRAL COAST REGION 2007 HARVEST William W. Coates ABSTRACT Walnut varieties sometimes have different tree and nut characteristics in the cool Central

More information

Ten Vegetable Diseases You Can Learn to Hate (or Love)

Ten Vegetable Diseases You Can Learn to Hate (or Love) Juneau County Seminar You Can Learn to Hate (or Love) Brian D. Hudelson Department of Plant Pathology University of Wisconsin-Madison/Extension Septoria lycopersici (Septoria leaf spot) Alternaria solani

More information

Name. AGRONOMY 375 EXAM III May 4, points possible

Name. AGRONOMY 375 EXAM III May 4, points possible AGRONOMY 375 EXAM III May 4, 2007 100 points possible Name There are 14 questions plus a Bonus question. Each question requires a short answer. Please be thorough yet concise and show your work where calculations

More information

Evaluation of desiccants to facilitate straight combining canola. Brian Jenks North Dakota State University

Evaluation of desiccants to facilitate straight combining canola. Brian Jenks North Dakota State University Evaluation of desiccants to facilitate straight combining canola Brian Jenks North Dakota State University The concept of straight combining canola is gaining favor among growers in North Dakota. The majority

More information

SEED TREATMENT FOR THE PREVENTION OF CEREAL SMUTS

SEED TREATMENT FOR THE PREVENTION OF CEREAL SMUTS FILE COPY MUST BE RETURNED June, 1921 Extension Bulletin Series 1, No. 185-A Colorado Agricultural College EXTENSION SERVICE Fort Collilll, Colorado A. E. LOVETT. Acting Director SEED TREATMENT FOR THE

More information

Mixture Problems set 1

Mixture Problems set 1 Mixture Problems set 1 1. A mixture contains 7 ounces of turpentine and 28 ounces of water. a. What is the fraction of turpentine in the mixture? the percent? b. What is the fraction of water in the mixture?

More information

Mixing insecticide powders with grain for storage

Mixing insecticide powders with grain for storage Mixing insecticide powders with grain for storage Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (GALA) Citation: Golob, P. (1977) Mixing insecticide powders with grain for storage. [Working Paper] Available at:

More information

Alternaria Diseases of Crucifers

Alternaria Diseases of Crucifers Plant Pathology Fact Sheet PP-34 Alternaria Diseases of Crucifers Tom Kucharek, Professor and Extension Plant Pathologist, Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611. 1985, Copied

More information