Field Identification Guide. Austrocylindropuntia, Cylindropuntia and Opuntia species

Transcription

1 Field Identification Guide Austrocylindropuntia, Cylindropuntia and Opuntia species

2 Contents Austrocylindropuntia, Cylindropuntia and Opuntia species Invasive cacti facts 02 The problem 04 The weed 06 Weed identification 08 Growth pattern in suitable conditions 10 Species identification 11 Key to symbols 11 Glossary 11 How they spread 52 Where they grow 53 What to do about them 53 Spread prevention 53 Chemical control 54 Fire 56 Grazing 57 Mechanical control 58 Biological control 58 Legislation 60 Weed control contacts 61 Acknowledgements 62 Key references 62 Information and guide revision 63 Species identification index Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica 12 Cane cactus Austrocylindropuntia subulata 14 Cylindropuntia fulgida var. mamillata 16 Coral cactus, boxing glove cactus Cylindropuntia imbricata 18 Devil s rope/rope pear Cylindropuntia kleiniae 20 Cylindropuntia leptocaulis 22 Pencil cactus Cylindropuntia prolifera 24 Jumping cholla Cylindropuntia spinosior 26 Cylindropuntia rosea 28 Hudson pear (White-spined) Cylindropuntia tunicata 30 Hudson pear (Brown-spined) Opuntia aurantiaca 32 Tiger pear Opuntia elata 34 Riverina pear Opuntia elatior 36 Opuntia engelmannii 38 Opuntia ficus-indica 40 Indian fig Opuntia microdasys 42 Bunny ears or Golden bristle cactus Opuntia monacantha 44 Drooping tree pear Opuntia robusta 46 Wheel cactus Opuntia stricta 48 Common prickly pear Opuntia tomentosa 50 Velvet pear ii 01

3 Invasive cacti facts Austrocylindropuntia, Cylindropuntia and Opuntia species Invasive cacti impact on Australia environmentally, agriculturally and aesthetically, as well as posing a risk to animal welfare and human safety. Invasive cacti are drought resistant and hardy, surviving in low rainfall environments. They spread easily by seed (in some species only) and by stem segments (fragments) that root readily to form new plants. Opuntioid cacti vary significantly in their form and habit, ranging from low-growing shrubs under 50 cm to erect trees up to 8m tall. Species are found throughout most Australian states and territories and there is potential for further spread. Australian rangelands are especially vulnerable to cacti invasion. The cost of control often exceeds the value of land infested. All cacti are exotic to Australia. ShAUna Potter Opuntia tomentosa 02 03

4 Austrocylindropuntia, Cylindropuntia and Opuntia species The problem Three types (genera) of opuntioid cacti have naturalised in Australia and are now considered Weeds of National Significance: Austrocylindropuntia, Cylindropuntia and Opuntia. Dense infestations compete with native vegetation, limiting the growth of small shrubs and groundcover species. The plant s sharp spines or barbs can cause injury to stock and native animals and contaminate wool and hides, reducing or preventing grazing activities and productivity. Large stands of cacti provide harbour for pest animals, such as foxes and rabbits and, due to their spiny nature, can limit access for stock mustering and recreational activities. The spines are capable of causing serious injury to animals and humans. Plant segments kept in sealed containers have been known to survive indoors for three years without soil or water, demonstrating their ability to persist even in severe conditions. Opuntioid cacti are very adaptable, growing in a range of soil types and areas that receive above 150 mm of rainfall annually. Opuntia robusta Henry Rutherford 04 05

5 Austrocylindropuntia, Cylindropuntia and Opuntia species The weed Opuntioid cacti are a group of plants that belong to a sub-family of Cactaceae. Originally from the Americas, some species were introduced into Australia to support cochineal dye production, while others were planted as garden ornamentals or hedges. One of the most well-known opuntioid cacti is common prickly pear (O. stricta), which covered some km 2 before the introduction of the Cactoblastis moth, a highly successful biological control agent, in There are around 30 species of opuntioid cacti that have naturalised in Australia, with infestations in all states and territories except the Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania. Henry Rutherford Henry Rutherford Opuntia tomentosa Plants have jointed stem segments, also known as pads or cladodes. These segments, which can be flat or cylindrical, contain the green tissue of the plant where photosynthesis occurs. Leaves are small, and typically drop off when segments are young. Opuntioids often have large, colourful flowers that are white, yellow, orange, pink, red or purple. Most produce fleshy fruit which ripen red, purple or yellow. Some species produce viable seeds that are bird and animal dispersed. Varying in form and habit, opuntioid cacti range from low growing shrubs under 50 cm to erect trees eight metres tall. They are distinguished from other Cactaceae sub-families by the presence of glochids small, detachable barbed bristles. Glochids grow from areoles, the small circular or elongated woolly cushion areas on the surface of segments. Areoles are also the points from which flowers, new shoots or spines can grow and are present on both cacti segments and fruit

6 Austrocylindropuntia, Cylindropuntia and Opuntia species Weed identification The appearance of opuntioid cacti can vary significantly, from the more familiar tall, erect and flat segmented common prickly pear (O. stricta), through to small shrubs with narrow, flattened, rope-like segments such as Hudson pear (C. rosea; C. tunicata). O.stricta, Prickly pear C. tunicata, Hudson pear A. cylindrica Cane cactus C. prolifera Jumping cholla O. robusta Wheel cactus Austrocylindropuntia originate in South America and are shrubby with cylindrical to club-shaped segments. They differ from Cylindropuntia species in that their spines lack papery sheaths. Of the 11 species worldwide, two have naturalised in Australia A. cylindrica and A. subulata. These species are popular in cultivation in other parts of the world. Cylindropuntia are native to south western USA, Mexico and the West Indies, have cylindrical segments and spines with papery sheaths that separate from the spine in their first year. Many species have easily detachable segments, such as C. prolifera, commonly known as jumping cholla due to its ability to seemingly jump onto passing animals, humans and vehicles. Opuntia extends from North America through central America, the West Indies and Galapagos Islands to Southern South America. They are branched shrubs, typically up to two metres high, though they can grow taller. They have flattened stem segments, commonly referred to as pads, which are usually round or ovalshaped. The most well known Opuntia species is common prickly pear, introduced to Australia in the 19th century

7 Austrocylindropuntia, Cylindropuntia and Opuntia species Growth pattern in suitable conditions Opuntioid cacti are perennial plants that are generally long-lived. Flowering typically occurs from spring through to summer, with fruits forming in late summer and into autumn. Not all species develop mature fruit, but those that do can produce numerous seeds, with a hard seed coat enabling longevity. Seed can germinate year round depending on rain, though seedlings are not likely to survive if they are in exposed conditions. Seedlings can be difficult to detect when small. Opuntia streptacantha Species identification Use the following pages as a guide to help you identify opuntoid cactus. Key to symbols Stem segments Spines Spines Glossary Areole small circular or elongated woolly cushion area on the surface of segments. Glochids small, detachable barbed bristles. Tubercle a small raised area or nodule on a plant surface. Stem segment distinct, individual part of the stem. Can be cylindrical (e.g. in Austrocylindropuntia & Cylindropuntia), or flattened (e.g. in Opuntia, commonly referred to as pads). Shauna Potter Sheath papery outer covering of the spine. Only present in Cylindropuntia species

8 Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica Cane cactus Field Identification Guide Shauna Potter Erect, branching shrub m tall. Often forms patches several metres wide. Deciduous leaves to 1cm long. Dark bluish-green, shiny. Rounded, 15-50cm long, 3-4cm diameter. Red, cup shaped. Egg to urn shaped, to 4.5cm long. Deep green-yellow green. (Can produce chains). 2-6 Spinesspines, approx 1cm Spines long. (Lack papery sheath). Bob Chinnock 12 Austrocylindropuntia & Cylindropuntia 13

9 Austrocylindropuntia subulata Field Identification Guide Bob Chinnock Branching shrub to 3m tall. Forms patches to 8m wide. Leaves to 12 cm long and these may persist for more than one season. Mid green. Slender, to 50cm long, 4-5cm diameter. Pink. Oblong, egg or club shaped to 10cm long. Green. (Can produce chains). Bob Chinnock 1-4 Spinesspines, up to 7cm Spines long. (Lack papery sheath). 14 Austrocylindropuntia & Cylindropuntia 15

10 Cylindropuntia fulgida var. mamillata Field Identification Guide Coral cactus, boxing glove cactus Bob Chinnock Shauna Potter Erect shrub up to m tall. Deciduous leaves. Rarely flowers/fruits. Green-grey green. Often distorted, with a corrugated (tuberculate) surface, 10-22cm long, 2-4.5cm diameter. Often numerous, easily detached small segments. Deep red. Inverse cone or oval shaped. Grey-green. Forms long chains. Usually sterile Spines spines, 7-20cm long Spines (often shorter). Cream to brown (colour variable). (White to tan sheath). 16 Austrocylindropuntia & Cylindropuntia 17

11 Cylindropuntia imbricata Field Identification Guide Devil s rope/rope pear Bob Chinnock Branched shrub or small tree 1-3m tall. Often with short trunks. Deciduous leaves. Dull grey-green cm long, 3.5-5cm diameter. Large, widely spaced tubercles give a woven, rope like appearance. Dark pink, magenta. Fleshy, egg shaped, to 4cm long. Greenish-yellow when ripe. (Can form chains) Spinesspines, 0.8-3cm long. Spines Trunks often covered in spines. Off whitecream. (Off white-cream sheath attached). Bob Chinnock 18 Austrocylindropuntia & Cylindropuntia 19

12 Cylindropuntia kleiniae Shauna Potter Shauna Potter Straggly shrub to m tall. Large plants form a trunk. Deciduous leaves. Light grey-green. 6-26cm long, cm diameter. Pink-red. Egg or cylinder shaped. Ripens to orange. 1-4 Spinesspines, 2-4.5cm long. Spines White to brown. (Tan sheath firmly attached). 20 Austrocylindropuntia & Cylindropuntia 21

13 Cylindropuntia leptocaulis Pencil cactus Field Identification Guide Shauna Potter Bob Chinnock Spreading shrub m tall. Deciduous leaves. Green-grey green. Very slender, 2-8cm long, cm diameter. Pale to greenish yellow. Fleshy, egg shaped. Yellow to red when ripe. Spineless. Often sterile. 0-4 Spinesspines, cm Spines long. Cream to pale yellow. 22 Austrocylindropuntia & Cylindropuntia 23

14 Cylindropuntia prolifera Jumping cholla Shauna Potter Bob Chinnock Low shrub 0.4-1m tall. Deciduous leaves. Greenish grey. 4-15cm long, 4-5cm diameter. Easily detached. Prominent tubercles. Rose to magenta. Top shaped, 2-5cm long. Green. Can form chains. Usually sterile Spines spines, 1-2cm long. Spines Light to dark brown, interlacing. (White to tan sheath firmly attached ). 24 Austrocylindropuntia & Cylindropuntia 25

15 Cylindropuntia spinosior Field Identification Guide Shauna Potter Bob Chinnock Erect shrub to 1m tall. Often forming patches several metres wide. Similar to C. prolifera, but different spine and fruit colour. Deciduous leaves. Mid grey-green cm long, 1.5-3cm diameter. Firmly attached. Prominent tubercles. Rose-purple. Fleshy, cylindrical, to 4cm long. Yellow, sometimes green Spines spines, cm Spines long, interlacing. White to grey. (White sheath firmly attached). 26 Austrocylindropuntia & Cylindropuntia 27

16 Cylindropuntia rosea Hudson pear (White-spined) Field Identification Guide Shauna Potter Bob Chinnock Low, spreading shrub, 0.5-1m tall. Up to 3m wide. Old plants can develop trunks, but not commonly seen. Deciduous leaves. Grey-pale green cm long, cm diameter. Easily detached. Prominent tubercles. Pink-red. Oblong to egg shaped, to 3cm long. Green-yellow green. Sterile hybrid Spines spines, 1-4cm long. Spines White to light brown. (White sheath loosely attached). 28 Austrocylindropuntia & Cylindropuntia 29

17 Cylindropuntia tunicata Hudson pear (Brown-spined) Field Identification Guide Shauna Potter Bob Chinnock Low, densely branched shrub 0.3 to 0.6m tall. Deciduous leaves. Pale grey-green cm long, 1.5-3cm diameter. Easily detached. Prominent tubercles. Yellowish-brown. Club to top shaped. Greenish-yellowish to red. Spineless. Usually sterile. 4-7 Spinesspines, 3-7cm long. SpinesRed-brown to pale brown. (Brownish sheath loosely attached). 30 Austrocylindropuntia & Cylindropuntia 31

18 Opuntia aurantiaca Tiger pear Bob Chinnock Shauna Shauna Potter Potter Low spreading shrub to 0.3m tall. Branches prostrate to somewhat erect. Dark green to dark purple. Flattened, sometimes rounded, 6-15cm long. Easily detached. No Stem tubercles. Segments Yellow to orange-yellow. Fleshy, globular shaped, to 3cm long. Red-purple. Sterile. Usually Spines 2-3 spines, 1-3cm Spines long. Brown-yellowish. 32 Opuntia 33

19 Opuntia elata Riverina pear Shauna Potter Shrubby plant with erect branches to 2m tall. Glossy green, sometimes with a purple tinge (especially around areoles and margins). Often more than 2cm thick, 5-25cm long. Orange. Club shaped, to 6cm long. Purplish red. Bob Chinnock Spines absent, or 1-3 Spines short spines present at some areoles. Whitish yellow. 34 Opuntia 35

20 Opuntia elatior Kevin Thiele Shrubby, forming dense, much branched clumps 5m tall. Olive green. Oblong shaped, 10-40cm long. yellow-orange, with red stripes. Egg shaped. Reddish when ripe. 2-8 Spinesspines, 2-4cm long. SpinesNeedle like. Dark brown. Shepherd, R.C.H Opuntia 37

21 Opuntia engelmannii Troy Bowman Greg Patrick Low shrub to 1.5m tall. Forms dense clumps. Can be confused with O. robusta, but has a low, creeping habit and the pads do not have the milky blue green appearance. Green. Flattened, round to egg shaped, 15-20cm long. Yellow. fleshy, to 7cm long. Purple. Almost spineless. Spines 1-6 spines, 1-4cm long. Yellowish. Spines 38 Opuntia 39

22 Opuntia ficus-indica* Indian fig Bob Chinnock Large shrub/tall tree to 5m tall. Usually with a trunk. Dull blue-green. Flattened, egg to oblong shape, 20-60cm long. Yellow. To 10cm long. Yellow, orange, red, purple. Mostly Spines spineless cultivars Spines in Australia. Shauna Potter *Note O. ficus-indica is not a Weed of National Significance and is not a declared weed in all States and Territories. 40 Opuntia 41

23 Opuntia microdasys Field Identification Guide Bunny ears or Golden bristle cactus Shauna Potter Julie Dean Branched shrub, forming thickets to 1m tall. Green to pale green and velvety. Round to oblong shaped, 6-15cm long. Distinctive clusters of yellow glochids. Yellow. Fleshy, globular shaped, to 3cm long. Red-purple. Sterile. Spines usually absent, rarely one. Spines 42 Opuntia 43

24 Opuntia monacantha Drooping tree pear Shauna Potter Shauna Potter Erect shrub to 2m tall, sometimes with a short trunk. Plant has an obvious drooping appearance. Glossy green. Oblong to egg shaped, thin profile, 10-30cm long. Yellow or orange-yellow. Pear shaped, to 7cm long. Red. Spineless. 1-2 Spinesspines, 2-4cm long. Brown to off-white. Spines 44 Opuntia 45

25 Opuntia robusta Wheel cactus Shauna Potter Greg Patrick Shrubby /tree-like to 2m tall. Many branches. Blue green. Circular shape, thick profile, to 40cm wide. Yellow. Fleshy, globular shaped, to 8cm long. Deep red. Numerous fertile seeds Spines spines, up to 5cm long. White to pale brown or yellow. Spines 46 Opuntia 47

26 Opuntia stricta Common prickly pear Shauna Potter Sprawling/ erect shrub, up to 2m tall. Forms thickets. Blue-green. Egg or oblong shaped, 10-25cm long. Yellow. Fleshy, globular to pear shaped, to 6cm long. Purplish red. Numerous fertile seeds. Shauna Potter In Spines var. stricta spines Spines are absent or the occasional one may be present on a pad but in var. dillenii there are up to 11 spines, cm long. 48 Opuntia 49

27 Opuntia tomentosa Velvet pear Shauna Potter Shauna Potter Shrubby to treelike, up to 5m tall. Often with a trunk. Segments and fruits covered in fine hairs, giving a velvety appearance. Oblong to egg shaped, 15-30cm long. Orange. Globular to egg shaped, to 5cm long. Red. Often Spines spineless, but can Spines have 0-4 spines, cm long. Whitish-yellow. 50 Opuntia 51

28 Austrocylindropuntia, Cylindropuntia and Opuntia species How they spread Vegetative spread is the most common form of dispersal, and can occur year round when segments, immature fruit or flowers detach and make ground contact. New shoots then grow from areoles on the upper surface of the segment. Segments of many opuntioids will attach easily to clothing, footwear and the fur and limbs of animals, aiding their spread. New growth (and spread) can also occur from flowers, from which new shoots or roots can grow. Seeds are a less common form of spread as not all opuntioid cacti produce viable seed. Species such as wheel cactus (O. robusta) and common prickly pear (O. stricta) produce bright, large fruit that are attractive to birds, aiding dispersal. Other animals, such as foxes, also spread the seed. The spread of cacti is aided by the movement of water; hence distribution often occurs along watercourses, drainage lines and across flood plains. Where they grow Opuntioid cacti grow throughout a wide climatic range, from arid, semiarid environments to warm temperate, sub-tropical and tropical areas. In Australia they appear to have no preference for soil types and are found growing in calcareous loam, shallow granite, red earths and clay soils. Cacti flourish around old homesteads, dumps and mine sites. What to do about them While there are several options for managing opuntioid cacti, the most appropriate method will depend on the size and age of the infestation, site access, resources and the species being managed. For large infestations, integrated weed management approaches will be necessary, using a combination of biological control (if available), herbicides and or/ manual removal. Follow-up is essential in any control program, particularly given the ability of cacti to reproduce from segments or fruit. Spread prevention Opuntioid cacti are spread from the movement of seeds, fruit and segments via birds, animals, water, vehicles, equipment and people. Good hygiene is essential when working in infested areas, including staying on tracks. All segments and fruits should be removed from an area as they are capable of regrowing, even under very harsh conditions

29 Austrocylindropuntia, Cylindropuntia and Opuntia species Chemical control The Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) regulates the use of chemicals in Australia. For more details on herbicide registration and permits visit the APVMA website, Registration of herbicides varies across states and territories. You should always check the product label and seek advice from your local council or state/territory weed management agency for information on spray rates and adjuvants. Opuntia species respond well to stem/ pad injection, while many Cylindropuntia species require overall spraying. When using herbicides, care must be taken to ensure adequate coverage of the plant (all sides of the segments) to prevent regrowth. In the case of foliar spraying, the addition of a marker dye will assist with identifying any missed plants or segments. Plants should be actively growing and not under stress from heat/drought or cold conditions. Plants may die quicker as a result of warm weather spraying, as cooler conditions can slow the uptake of herbicides. Herbicides may not result in a complete kill. Control sites should therefore be monitored for regrowth and follow-up activities applied if necessary. Cylindropuntia prolifera Shauna Potter 54 55

30 Austrocylindropuntia, Cylindropuntia and Opuntia species Fire Hot fires can kill plants, although regrowth may occur. Burning can also assist in providing access to sites so that other control activities can take place. Removing the bulk of the plant through burning can also reduce the amount of herbicide required for follow up control. Advice should be sought and permission may be required in areas of native vegetation. Check with your local council or state/ territory weed management agency. Grazing The spines on opuntioid cacti prevent grazing in most instances, however, stock and other animals sometimes feed on less spiny species in times of drought. In most instances the presence of opuntioid cacti limits or prevents grazing activities. Cylindropuntia imbricata Shauna Potter 56 57

31 Austrocylindropuntia, Cylindropuntia and Opuntia species Mechanical control Care must be taken when mechanically or physically removing opuntioid cacti due to their spiny nature. Small, isolated plants are easier to remove than large, dense infestations and some species, such as Hudson pear and devil s rope, can pose significant risk of injury when handled. Physical removal can be difficult as any segments detached in the process can regrow to form new plants. Material must be disposed of appropriately via deep burial. Biological control There are two main agents used in the biological control of opuntioid cacti Cactoblastis cactorum, a moth with stem boring larvae, and several Dactylopius species, cochineal scale insects. Cactoblastis has been extremely successful in controlling common prickly pear (O. stricta) in most situations, although it is less effective in cooler, wetter areas or very dry locations. Cactoblastis larvae feed on segments, resulting in the collapse of plants. They can feed on a range of opuntioid cacti, but are only effective at controlling common prickly pear. Henry Rutherford the effectiveness of cochineal. However, successful control is possible for tiger pear, common prickly pear, drooping tree pear, devil s rope and velvety tree pear. It is relatively easy to infect vulnerable cacti species with Cactoblastis and cochineal by re-distributing the agents either as eggs (in the case of Cactoblastis) or by placing infected segments on unaffected plants (in the case of Cactoblastis larvae or cochineal). Researchers are investigating potential cochineal strains for the control of Hudson pear and trials are underway for the use of cochineal on wheel cactus. Opuntia robusta There are several Dactylopius species (cochineal) present in Australia. The species look similar to the naked eye so it is important to use the correct cochineal. For example, cochineal that is effective on tiger pear will not work on common prickly pear. Heavy rain and cold weather can inhibit 58 59

32 Austrocylindropuntia, Cylindropuntia and Opuntia species Legislation Opuntioid cacti are declared weeds in Australia. Opuntia ficus-indica (Indian or Barbaryfig) is generally excluded from declaration (except in Western Australia) as it is a commercial food crop in parts of Australia. Opuntia tomentosa Weed control contacts ACT Dept of the Environment, Climate Change, Energy and Water environment@act.gov.au NSW Dept of Primary Industries weeds@dpi.nsw.gov.au NT Dept of Land Resource Management weedinfo@nt.gov.au QLD Biosecurity Queensland, Dept of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation callweb@dpi.qld.gov.au SA Biosecurity SA, Dept of Primary Industries and Regions SA nrmbiosecurity@sa.gov.au TAS Dept of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Go to scroll to the bottom of the page and click on weedsenquiries VIC Dept of Primary Industries customer.service@dpi.vic.gov.au new.dpi.vic.gov.au/agriculture/pests-diseases-and-weeds WA Dept of Agriculture and Food enquiries@agric.wa.gov.au Shauna Potter Australia wide Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority contact@apvma.gov.au

33 Austrocylindropuntia, Cylindropuntia and Opuntia species Acknowledgements Compiled by Shauna Potter and Henry Rutherford, Biosecurity SA, April Key references Chuk, M. (2010) Invasive cacti a threat to the rangeland of Australia. Proceedings of the 16th Biennial Conference of the Australian Rangeland Society, Burke (Eds D.J. Eldridge and C. Waters) Edmunds, L.J. (2006) A community approach to pest plant control in South Australia s rangelands.. In C. Preston, J.H. Watts and N.D. Crossman (eds). Proceedings of the 15th Australian Weeds Conference. Weed Management Society of South Australia, Adelaide, pp Harvey, A. (2009) Draft state opuntioid cacti management plan (2009). Primary Industries and Regions South Australia. Holtkamp, R.H. (2006) Hudson pear. Primefact 240. NSW DPI. Hosking, J.R., McFadyen, R.E., Murray, N.D. (1988). Distribution and biological control of cactus species in eastern Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly 3(3): Johnson, S.B., Hosking, J.R., Chinnock, R.J. and Holtkamp, R.H. (2009) The biology of Australian weeds 53. Cylindropuntia rosea (DC.) Backeb. and Cylindropuntia tunicata (Lehm.) F.M. Knuth. Plant Protection Quarterly 24 (2), Parsons, W.T. and Cuthbertson, E.G. (2001). Noxious Weeds of Australia (2nd ed.) CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood. Prickly pear (Opuntia, Nopalea and Acanthocereus spp.) fact sheet (2009). Queensland Government Cylindropuntia fulgida var. mamillata Information and guide revision Julie Dean, David Cooke, Adrian Harvey & Kenn Pearce (PIRSA); Mike Chuk, (DCQ); Royce Holtkamp, John Hosking and Stephen Johnson (DPI NSW); Bill Palmer (DAFF QLD); Bob Chinnock; Ruth Myers (DPI Vic); Kym Haebich (SA MDB NRM Board); Karen Stewart (DPIPWE)

34 ShAUna Potter