Forage Plant Pocket Guide
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1 Jackson Soil and Water Conservation District Forage Plant Pocket Guide 2014 Compiled by Charlie Boyer
2 2 About this guide: This guide was compiled for the Jackson Soil and Water Conservation District to be used as an educational tool for agriculturalists and other interested people to learn to identify the primary forage plants found in Jackson County, Oregon. The information contained in this guide was taken from the NRCS Elsberry Plant Materials Center Conservation Plants Pocket ID Guide, the Forage Information System, hosted by Oregon State University and the Grass and Legume Identification Keys from University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service. We want to thank them for their work in providing the photos, drawings, and identification keys for this guide. Their information was reformatted or modified as necessary to fit our format but it is still their work.
3 Cool-Season Forage Grass Identification Key 3 Shoot flattened, leaves folded in the bud Shoot cylindrical, leaves rolled in the bud Auricles present, stems reddish at the base Blade Broad with taper pointed tip, collar divided, stem flattened, bluegreen color, rhizomes not present, Auricles absent Auricles present Auricles absent Blade narrow, tip ending abrupt and boat shaped, two white lines down center of dark green leaves with prominent veins, Collar continuous rhizomes present, Auricles hairy, blade glossy, prominently veined on top surface, rhizomes short, stem bases reddish Auricles narrow and clasp the stem, Blade has a prominent midrib, stem bases green or yellowish Collar and sheath with fine hairs, sheath closed to near top, M constriction midway between collar and tip on leaves Rhizomes present Blade light green, ligule rounded, long and not notched, Blades narrow, dark green, dull on bottom, prominently veined on upper surface, mainly at base of plant. Ligule squarish on top Collar and sheath not hairy, sheath split with overlapping edges Rhizomes absent Blade bluegreen, ligule rounded, short, notched near front, grows from a bulb Perennial Ryegrass Pg..10 Orchardgrass pg. 11 Kentucky bluegrass pg. 12 Tall fescue Pg.13 Annual Ryegrass pg.14 Smooth bromegrass Pg.15 Reed canarygrass Pg.16 Meadow foxtail Pg.17 Timothy pg.18 From University of Kentucky
4 Cool-Season Forage Legume Identification Key 4 First true leaf singular unifoliolte, Subsequent leaves always trifoliolate First true leaf other than singular unifoliolate Leaflet branches of unequal length (pinnate leaf) Leaflet branches of equal length (palmate leaf) Leaves only trifoliolate Leaves other than trifoliolate Leaflets elongate, oval and widest near the center, leaf edge less that ½ serrated Leaflets oblong to wedge shaped and usually have a variegated white mark Vegetative parts densely hairy Leaflets heart shaped and usually have a variegated white mark Vegetative parts not hairy Leaflet white watermark usually present Leaflet wider near the tip. Tip notched or blunt, Stems creeping Leaflet white watermark never present Leaflet oval with blunt tip, edges serrated and veins gathered at the margin Leaf with two basal leaf-like stipules Terminal leaflet a tendril Alfalfa pg. 19 Red Clover pg. 20 Subterranean Clover pg. 21 White Clover pg.22 Alsike Clover pg.23 Birdsfoot trefoil pg. 24 Hairy Vetch pg. 25
5 5
6 6
7 Oats Avena sativa 7 Annual cereal grain Cool season Grows 2 to 4 feet tall Sheath: Round, short, hairy, split with overlapping margins Blade: Rolled in the bud shoot, 1/4 to 1/2 inch wide, margins short, hairy Ligule: Prominent, membranous, rounded and toothed Other: Auricles absent
8 Wheat Triticum aestivum 8 Annual cereal grain Grows 2 to 3 feet tall Sheath: Round, smooth, split with overlapping margins Blade: Rolled in the bud shoot, 1/4 to 1/2 inch wide, margins smooth Other: Small auricles, mostly long, hairy
9 Cereal rye Secale cereale 9 Annual cereal grain Grows 3 to 5 feet tall Sheath: Round, smooth, split with overlapping margins Blade: Rolled in the bud shoot, 1/2 to 1 inch wide, margins rough Ligule: Small membranous, torn on the edges Other: Small auricles without hairs
10 Perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne 10 Perennial (short lived) Cool season Bunch grass Grows 2 to 3 feet tall Sheath: Flattened, smooth and open Blade: Folded in the bud shoot and V-shaped, 1/8- inch wide, smooth and glossy below Ligule: Small, membranous Seeds: Awnless Stems: Stems reddish on the bases Other: Narrow, small auricles, don t clasp the stem
11 Orchardgrass Dactylis glomerata 11 Perennial grass Cool season Bunch grass Grows 2 to 4 feet tall Sheath: Flattened and open Blade: Folded in bud shoot, flat, at least 1/4-inch wide Ligule: Large, membranous, often split at maturity
12 Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratensis 12 Perennial grass Cool season Sod forming Grows 1 to 2 feet tall Sheath: Somewhat flattened and open Blade: Folded in bud shoot, 1/8-inch wide, boat shaped tip and two white lines down center of leaf Ligule: Small, membranous
13 Tall fescue Festuca arundinacea * 13 Perennial grass Cool season Bunch grass; forms a weak sod Grows 2 to 3 feet tall Sheath: Round, open, fitting loosely around the stem Blade: Rolled in the bud shoot, smooth and shiny underneath, ridged on the upper surface Ligule: Small membranous Other: Very small auricles, not readily seen by the naked eye
14 Annual ryegrass Lolium multiflorum 14 Annual Cool season Grows 1 to 2 feet tall Sheath: Round, smooth and open Blade: Rolled in the bud shoot, flat, 1/8-inch wide Ligule: Small, membranous Seeds: Awned Stems: Green or yellowish at the bases Other: Small auricles present, clasping the stem
15 Smooth bromegrass Bromus inermis * 15 Perennial grass Cool season Sod forming Grows 2 to 3 feet tall Sheath: Round, closed near the top Blade: Rolled in the bud shoot, pinched 'W' in leaf blade Ligule: Small, membranous
16 16 Reed canarygrass Phalaris arundinacea * (native) Perennial grass Cool season Sod forming Grows 2 to 6 feet tall Sheath: Round, open and pale below ground Blade: Rolled in the bud shoot, flat, up to 1/2-inch wide Ligule: Large membranous ligule, pointed, often described as papery Other: Large rhizomes, greater than 1/8-ich diameter
17 Meadow foxtail Alopecurus pratensis Meadow foxtail Alopecurus pratensis 17 A dark green early growing, coolseason bunch grass Sheath: round open and rather loose looking. Blade: Rolled in the bud, dark green and narrow, located mainly at the base of the plant, upper surfaces shiny and ribbed, lower surfaces dull Ligule: Membranous, squarish on the tops, no auricles Other: Seed heads resembles Timothy, plants have short rhizomes Oregon State University
18 Timothy Phleum pretense 18 Perennial grass Cool season Bunch grass Grows 2 to 3 feet tall Sheath: Round, open and overlapping Blade: Rolled in the bud shoot, flat, up to 1/4-inch wide, often twisted Ligule: Large, membranous, with notch at either side Other: Each stem grows from a distinctive swollen base
19 Alfalfa Medicago sativa 19 Perennial Legume Growth occurs from crowns Grows 2 to 3 feet tall Leaf: Usually three leaflets with terminal leaflet on small stem; 1/3 of leaflet is toothed Flower: Purple
20 Red clover Trifolium pretense 20 Biennial or short lived perennial legume Growth is from crows; tufted appearance Grows 18 to 30 inches tall Leaf: Three leaflets all equal distance from petiole, light colored V marks present on upper leaf surface, not shiny underneath Flower: Rose red color Other: Vegetative parts usually covered with many hairs, does not have stolons
21 Subterranean Clover Trifolium subterraneum Subterranean Clover Trifolium subterraneum 21 A prostrate winter annual with slender creeping stems. Reaches a height of 6-15 inches. Often self seed in the fall for spring growth. Leaf: Heart shaped. Palmately trifoliate on long pubescent petioles. Leaflets pubescent on bottoms. Flower: Typically whit or whit with pink veins. Other: Stipules are broad with a short point and have distinctive veins and pinkish-purple coloration. Oregon State University
22 White clover Trifolium repens 22 Perennial legume Spreads by stolons Grows 6 to 12 inches tall Leaf: Three leaflets all equal distance from petiole, light colored V marks present on upper leaf surface, shiny underneath Flower: White to pinkish white Other: No hairs on vegetative plant parts
23 Alsike clover Trifolium hybridum 23 Perennial short lived legume Growth from a crown with multiple stems Grows 12 to 24 inches tall Leaf: Three leaflets all equal distance from petiole, no light marks present on upper leaf surface, not shiny underneath Flower: White to rose Other: No hairs on vegetative parts
24 Birdsfoot trefoil Lotus corniculatus 24 Perennial legume Growth occurs from crowns but roots can also produce new growth Grows 12 to 18 inches tall Leaf: 5 leaflets, 3 above and 2 below Flower: Yellow to deep orange, tinged with red Other: Inch-long seed pods resemble several toes of a bird's foot, thus plant's name
25 Hairy vetch Vicia villosa 25 Winter annual legume Usually planted in late summer for major growth the following year Grows 3 to 4 feet and attaches to other plants by tendrils Leaf: Multiple leaflets arranged along the sides of a common stem ending in a tendril Flower: Blue violet Other: Vegetative parts are covered by small hairs
26 Species List Oats Avena sativa Page 7 Wheat Triticum aestivum Page 8 Cereal rye Secale cereale Page 9 Perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne Page 10 Orchardgrass Dactylis glomerata Page 11 Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratensis Page 12 Tall fescue Festuca arundinacea * Page 13 Annual ryegrass Lolium multiflorum Page 14 Smooth bromegrass Bromus inermis * Page 15 Reed canarygrass Phalaris arundinacea * Page 16 Meadow foxtail Alopecurus pratensis Page 17 Timothy Phleum pretense Page 18 Alfalfa Medicago sativa Page 19 Red clover Trifolium pretense Page 20 Subterranean Clover Trifolium subterraneum Page 21 White clover Trifolium repens Page 22 Alsike clover Trifolium hybridum Page 23 Birdsfoot trefoil Lotus corniculatus Page 24 Hairy vetch Vicia villosa Page 25 26
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