Study on Varieties Combination Suitable for Mutual Pollination of Yan Mountain Chestnut *

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1 Nturl Resoures, 212, 3, Pulishe Online June 212 ( Stuy on Vrieties Comintion Suitle for Mutul Pollintion of Yn Mountin Chestnut * Qin Wng, Shuhi Su #, Di Zho, Ynru Kou Key Lortory for Silviulture n Conservtion, Ministry of Eution, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, Chin. Emil: # sushuhi@sohu.om, @qq.om Reeive Ferury 29 th, 212; revise Mrh 25 th, 212; epte April 8 th, 212 ABSTRACT In orer to improve the yiel n qulity of new vrieties Cstne mollissim v. Zipo, Cstne mollissim v. Zunyu n tritionl Yn Mountin ultivrs Cstne mollissim v. Duni, Cstne mollissim v. Ynhong, Cstne mollissim v. Donglingmingzhu, n experiment ws rrie out to stuy vrieties omintion tht ws suitle for their pollintion. Fruiting rte n see-setting rte were use to eie whih the most suitle onfigurtion ws. The result inite tht: Cstne mollissim v. Zunyu ws the est pollintion tree for Cstne mollissim v. Ynhong, Cstne mollissim v. Zipo n Cstne mollissim v. Duni ; Cstne mollissim v. Duni ws regre s the est pollintion tree for Cstne mollissim v. Zunyu ; the est vriety to omply with Cstne mollissim v. Donglingmingzhu ws Cstne mollissim Zunyu n Cstne mollissim v. Duni ; Cstne mollissim v. Zunyu n Cstne mollissim v. Duni omplie with eh other est. Approprite onfigurtion of pollintion vrieties turne out to e one of the key mesures to improve the yiel n qulity of hestnut, while irrtionl omintion my even ring the reution of output. Keywors: Cstne Mollissiml; Configurtion; Fruiting Rte; See-Setting Rte 1. Introution Chestnut (Cstne mollissim) ws onsiere s one of Chinese enemi speies n the nutrient-rih nuts hve unique flvor, with gret eonomi vlue [1]. Yn Mountin hestnuts minly grow in Qinxi, Zunhu, Xinglong, Kunheng, Qinglong ounties, Heei provine n Huirou, Miyun, Pinggu n Chngping in Beijing. All of the hestnuts here hve exquisite shpe, elite met with high sugr ontent. The nuts re fmous for frie with the tre nme Tinjin Sweet Chestnut or Jing- Dong Chestnuts. The vrieties minly ultivte in Yn Mountin region re Ynghong, YnChng, YnMing, Timzhenzhu, Zipo, Zunyu, Hui Hung, Huijiu, Zunhuuni n so on. Cstne mollissim is typil kin of ross-pollintion plnts n its self-pollintion seesetting rte is very low whih rehe only 1% to 4% [2]. A numer of relte stuies h een one y mny sholrs. Suh s Moky, he hs lrey proven tht the phenomenon self-infertility on some hestnut seeling trees ws ue to inomptiility etween mle gmetes * The stuy ws fune y Puli Welfre Projet of Forestry Inustry (212441) n Ntionl Siene n Tehnology Supporte Progrm (26BAD1A173-1). # Corresponing uthor. n femle gmetes [3]. In ition, the stigm of pistil hs strong seletivity on pollen, s result, ffinity mong pollintion omintions of ifferent speies re ifferent. The test ross experiments on omintions of pollintion vrieties onute y Wenng Fn n other experts showe tht fruiting rte ws low when self-pollintion n eme high when ross-pollintion [4]. Seelings oupie the mjority in ll originl hestnut prks. Therefore, eh tree iffers from others genotypilly n they n e intertive with eh other when pollintion. However, with improvement of ommeril vlue of hestnut, the fine vrieties re vigorously promote n ll reeing vrieties eme lmost the sme genotype. Due to lrge-sle ultivtion involving the exlusive use of the sme speies, high empty shell rte n low see-setting rte inresingly ppere. Crosspollintion shoul e fully onsiere n pollintion vrieties shoul e well rrnge in hestnut ultivtion, otherwise proution will e gretly reue [5]. Therefore, to mke ler of pollintion n fruiting hrteristis n pproprite omintion of pollintion vrieties is one of the key mesures to improve the yiel n qulity of hestnut. Although some reserh out rosspollintion effet on fruiting rte hs een one, they hve not een pplie to proution. An lmost no stuy Copyright 212 SiRes.

2 Stuy on Vrieties Comintion Suitle for Mutul Pollintion of Yn Mountin Chestnut 67 on omintion of pollintion trees out hestnuts hs een reporte till now. In this experiment, new vrieties Cstne mollissim v. Zipo, Cstne mollissim v. Zunyu whih were re uring The Eleventh Five-yer Pln in Chin n the tritionl Yn Mountin ultivrs Cstne mollissim v. Duni, Cstne mollissim v. Ynhong, Cstne mollissim v. Donglingmingzhu were hosen s mterils for the stuy of vrieties omintion whih is suitle for their pollintion. In ition, fruiting rte n see-setting rte of femle prents were use to eie whih the most suitle onfigurtion ws. The lst purpose of this pper is to provie theoretil sis for sientifi omintion of the pollintion vrieties for new hestnut orhr. 2. Mterils n Methos 2.1. Vrieties Seletion n Comintions Aoring to reserh ojetives, new vrieties Cstne mollissim v. Zipo, Cstne mollissim v. Zunyu, whih were re uring The Eleventh Five-Yer Pln in Chin n the tritionl Yn Mountin ultivrs Cstne mollissim v. Duni, Cstne mollissim v. Ynhong, Cstne mollissim v. Donglingmingzhu were selete for mutul pollintion on the sis of germplsm resoures survey. Pollens of ll 5 vrieties were respetively ollete for reiprol pollintion. Eh vriety ws pollinte with the other four vrieties n there were totlly 2 omintions. Vrieties seletion n pollintion omintions esign re s followe in Tle Test Site The pollintion experiment ws rrie out in the hestnut reeing se in Zunhu City, Heei Provine whih is lote t 4 11'5"N ltitue n '3"E longitue. It is in the north of Tngshn City n elongs to wrm temperte semi-humi monsoon limte n hs four istint sesons. The nnul verge sunshine hours is hours, nnul verge temperture is 1.9 C, n lowest temperture is 25.7 C. Frost-free perio rehes 182 ys n its preipittion is millimeters. This hestnut reeing se ws selete s the test site ws euse Zunhu is one of the min hestnut proution ses in north Chin. Zunhu Chestnut minly istriute in northern n western mountins res long the Gret Wll whih is rih in gneiss. Wethere gneiss soils whih ontins lrge numer of iron, mngnese, sulfur, oron n other inorgni nutrients, ouple with low tempertures, lrge temperture ifferene n unnt rinfll here, mke it suitle for growth of hestnut Test Metho n Proess The reserh mterils were helthy hestnut trees whih were 2-yer-ol, non-pest, well-mnge n in similr growth situtions. 15 trees of Cstne mollissim v. Ynhong, Zunyu, Zipo, Donglingmingzhu n Duni were respetively n rnomly selete s femle prents. 7-8 similr femle flowers in the est, west, north n south of eh tree (totlly 3) were pike out for pollintion. Chestnut flowers follow the leves, ppering in mile of My n rehe its full flowering stge onto lte My. As onsequene, the pollintion experiment ws rrie out uring My n the follow-up testing ws respetively onute in June when ll the mle flowers withere n Septemer when hestnut mture. My 8, 21-My 13, 21: Ziplok gs were pplie to g the femle flowers efore their stigms s ppering. My 15, 21-My 24, 21: It ws the most pproprite seson for pollintion when the ngle etween stigm n stigm eme 3-45 n most nther of mle infloresene turne yellow from green t this time. Ziplok gs were remove efore pollens of infloresene were iretly pplie to femle stigms. Then they were put on to the femle flowers gin immeitely fter the pollintion. The jo ws repete 3 ys lter. June 15, 21: All mle flowers hve withere n gs were tken off from the femle flowers. Tgs were hnge to rnhes to inite mle prents n fruiting rtes were lulte. Septemer 17, 21-Septemer 27, 21: Gther hestnut n investigte their empty shell rte, see-setting rte fter the hestnut ws hrveste. Tle 1. Pollintion omintions esign. mle femle A ( Ynhong ) B ( Zunyu ) C ( Zipo ) D ( Dongling mingzhu ) E( Duni ) A ( Ynhong ) - A B A C A D A E B ( Zunyu ) B A - B C B D B E C ( Zipo ) C A C B - C D C E D ( Dongling mingzhu ) D A D B D C - D E E ( Duni ) E A E B E C E D - Copyright 212 SiRes.

3 68 Stuy on Vrieties Comintion Suitle for Mutul Pollintion of Yn Mountin Chestnut 2.4. Sttistis The numers of femle infloresene ws reore when pollinting. The fruiting onition ws written own while ziplok gs were remove fter ll mle flowers h withere n the numers of empty shell were reore when hestnuts were ollete. The experimentl t, in whih self-pollintion omintions were onsiere s the CK, were nlyze y verge metho n One-wy ANOVA, pplying men squre error test metho y spss17. sttistil softwre. 3. Result 3.1. Affet from Different Comintions on Fruiting Rte n See-Setting Rte Empty shell of hestnut, ommonly known s no fruit, mens nuts in shells i not evelop or just leve the see ot [6-8]. It is onsiere s no empty shell even when there is only one see in it. To some extent, the level of see-setting rte n e use s initor for strength of pollintor ffinity. Tht is, the higher the see-setting rte is, the stronger the ffinity will e n it oul e onsiere s goo omintion [9]. The fruiting rte n see-setting rte of 5 vrieties Cstne mollissim v. Ynhong (A), Cstne mollissim v. Zunyu (B), Cstne mollissim v. Zipo (C), Cstne mollissim v. Donglingmingzhu (D), Cstne mollissim v. Duni (E) re followe s Figures 1-5. It n e seen from Figure 1 tht: See-setting rte of E A, whih rehe 94.59%, ws the highest in 4 omintions, ut its fruiting rte ws low, only 47.52%, initing tht fruiting rte n see-setting rte is not so onsistent with eh other. In ontrst, oth fruiting rte (84.95%) n see-setting rte (79.43%) of B A were very high. See-setting rte of D A ws 9.%, while fruiting rte whih ws 72.37% ws lower thn tht of B g rte n seetting rte/% itin se Fru fruiting rte see-setting rte B A C A D A E A CK Comintions of Ynhong (A) with ifferent mle prents Figure 1. Fruiting onitions of Ynhong (A) uner ifferent pollintions. (: From Figures 1-5 smll letters on the post inite ifferenes in 5% level. Letters in ol e- ifferenes mong see-setting rte n those letters srie not in ol showe ifferenes mong fruiting rte.) rte n se g rte/% uiting settin Fr e- fruiting rte see-setting rte e A B C B D B E B CK Comintions of Zunyu (B) with ifferent mle prents Figure 2. Fruiting onitions of Zunyu (B) uner ifferent pollintions. Fruiting rte n seesetting rte/% A C fruiting rte see-setting rte e B C D C E C CK Comintions of Zipo (C) with ifferent mle prents Figure 3. Fruiting onitions of Zipo (C) uner ifferent pollintions. ting rte n seeetting rte/% ui Fr s fruiting rte see-setting rte A D B D C D E D CK Comintions of Donglingmingzhu (D) with ifferent mle prents Figure 4. Fruiting onitions of Donglingmingzhu (D) uner ifferent pollintions. te n seerte/% Fruiting r setting fruiting rte see-setting rte A E B E C E D E CK Comintions of Duni (E) with ifferent mle prents Figure 5. Fruiting onitions of Duni (E) uner ifferent pollintions. Copyright 212 SiRes.

4 Stuy on Vrieties Comintion Suitle for Mutul Pollintion of Yn Mountin Chestnut 69 A. Fruiting rte n see-setting rte of Cstne mollissim v. Ynhong (A) who h een uner nturl pollintion were 53.45% n 77.78%. As result, Cstne mollissim v. Zunyu (B) ws the est pollintion tree for Cstne mollissim v. Ynhong (A). As we n see from Figure 2: Fruiting rte of E B, whih rehe 83.33%, ws signifintly higher thn tht of the other 3 omintions. See-setting rte of E B ws 81.6%, lthough lower thn omintion D B, whose see-setting rte ws 9.54%, signifintly higher thn its fruiting rte 38.95%. Fruiting rte of Cstne mollissim v. Zunyu (B), who h een in nturl pollintion, ws only 71.27%, fr elow fruiting rte of E B. Thus, Cstne mollissim v. Duni (E) ws regre s the est pollintion tree for Cstne mollissim v. Zunyu (B). It n e seen from Figure 3 tht fruiting rte n see-setting rte of omintion B C were 86.61% n 87.33%, oth of whih were signifintly higher thn tht of other 3 omintions. Fruiting rte n see-setting rte of Cstne mollissim v. zipo (C) were 51.34% n 8.65% in nturl pollintion, n they respetively inrese signifintly y 35.27% n 7.8% fter pollinte y Cstne mollissim v. zunyu (B). So the result presente here inite tht the est vriety to omply with Cstne mollissim v. zipo (C) is Cstne mollissim v. zunyu (B). It n e oserve from Figure 4 tht see-setting rte of C D is signifintly higher thn tht of other 3 omintions, who rehe 87.21%, ut fruiting rte ws low, only 57.33%. Both fruiting rte n see-setting rte of A D eme lower thn tht of B D. In ontrst, fruiting onitions of B D n E D showe signifint vntges thn tht of Cstne mollissim v. Donglingmingzhu (D) uner nturl pollintion for fruiting rte n see-setting rte of B D hieve 8.86% n 86.96%, n E D rehe 83.15%, 81.65%. Thus, the est vriety to omply with Cstne mollissim v. Dong-lingmingzhu (D) were Cstne mollissim v. Zunyu (B) n Cstne mollissim v. Duni (E). Figure 5 showe tht fruiting onition of B E ws oviously etter thn tht of A E, C E n D E, whose fruiting rte got to 79.% n see-setting rte rehe 89.45%. Though see-setting rte of D E eme the highest of the 4 omintions, its fruiting rte ws very low, only 44.5%, signifintly lower thn tht of Cstne mollissim v. Donglingmingzhu (D) uner nturl pollintion. As result, Cstne mollissim v. Zunyu (B) turne out to e the est pollintion tree for Cstne mollissim v. Duni (E) Reltionship etween Cross-Pollintion n Fruiting Conitions Fruiting onitions of 2 hyri omintions n 5 fe- mle prents pollinte uner nturl onitions were nlyze through vrine nlysis, pplying Dunn omprison test metho, n the t ome to the top of eh post. The t presente ove inite tht signifint ifferenes were rought into fruiting rte n see-setting rte etween hyri omintions n femle prent. Moreover, muh vrition ppere in fruiting rte n see-setting rte etween ifferent hyris. From Figure 1 we n see tht fruiting onition of hestnut hs een gretly ffete y ross-pollintion. However, euse ffinity mong ifferent pollintion omintions vry wiely, fruiting onitions of ross-pollintion trees my eome worse thn the trees pollinte uner nturl onitions. Suh s fruiting rtes of omintions A B, D B, C D even eme signifintly lower thn the femle prent pollinte uner nturl onition. So, pproprite onfigurtion of pollintion vrieties woul eome one of the key mesures to improve the yiel n qulity of hestnut, while irrtionl onfigurtion my even ring the reution of output. Wht s more, fruiting onitions of ross omintion n inverse ross omintion were signifintly ifferent with eh other. Suh s fruiting rte of D B, C E were 38.91% n 45.2%, while B D, E C eme 8.87% n 75.33%; see-setting rte of E A ws 94.56%, ut A E only turne out to e 72.24%. Different vrieties oul omply with eh other well when oth fruiting onitions of ross omintion n inverse ross omintion go very high. From the seon group of Figure 1 we n see Cstne mollissim v. Duni (E) ws regre s the est pollintion tree for Cstne mollissim v. Zunyu (B) with fruiting rte n see-setting rte respetively oming to 84.33% n 81.76%; moreover, the lst group of Figure 1 showe the est vriety to omply with Cstne mollissim v. Duni (E) ws Cstne mollissim v. Zunyu (B) with fruiting rte n see-setting rte getting to 79.7% n 85.46%. Conse- quently, Cstne mollissim v. Duni (E) n Cstne mollissim v. Zunyu (B) oul omply with eh other quite well for onfigurtion. 4. Disussion 4.1. The Best Configurtions for Pollintion Trees The rtifiil pollintion experiment whih hs een one y Renxue Xi n other experts on hestnut tree inite tht: empty shell rte of self-pollintion tree ws higher thn tht of ross-pollintion tree n the numer of nut erese y.74 per shell [1]. Femle flower hs strong seletivity on pollen of ifferent vrieties. Consequently, to mke ler of pollintion n fruiting hrteristis n pproprite omintion of pollintion vrieties is ruil to improve fruiting onition of hestnut. Copyright 212 SiRes.

5 7 Stuy on Vrieties Comintion Suitle for Mutul Pollintion of Yn Mountin Chestnut The ross-pollintion experiment on 5 hestnut vrieties inite tht: Cstne mollissim v. Zunyu (B) ws the est pollintion tree for Cstne mollissim v. Ynhong (A), Cstne mo llissim v. Zipo (C) n Cstne mollissim v. Duni (E); Cstne mollissim v. Duni (E) ws regre s the est pollintion tree for Cstne mollissim v. Zunyu (B); the est vriety to omply with Cstne mollissim v. Donglingmingzhu (D) ws Cstne mollissim v. Zunyu (B) n Cstne mollissim v. Duni (E); Cstne mollissim v. Zunyu (B) n Cstne mollissim v. Duni (E) omplie with eh other est Assessment on Reltionship etween Cross-Pollintion n Fruiting Conitions The results presente here inite tht fruiting onitions were signifi ntly ifferent etween hyri omin- onitions. So, tions n prents. Wht is more, fruiting rte, see-setting rte lso iffer oviously mong ifferent hyris. Therefore ross-pollintion influene fruiting rte, see-setting rte lot. Wht s more, fruiting onitions my eome worse thn tht of uner nturl pproprite onfigurtion of pollintion vrieties woul eome one of the key mesures to improve the yiel n qulity of hestnut, while irrtionl omintion my even ring the reution of output Atul Signifine of the Results One of the min resons of low yiel n low eonomi enefit of hestnut hs een poor fruiting rte n seesetting rte. Hene, more ttention shoul e pi to pollintion tree ssignment. However, isvntges suh s no pollintion trees, mess of mixe speies n low yiel per unit re re stning prolems in Zunhu hestnut. Wht is more, no stuy on hestnuts pollintion trees hs een one in this region. Therefore, the est onfiguretions ove oul help lol plnters voi low fruiting rte n see-setting rte prolems. Menwhile, ssessment on reltionship etween ross-pollintion n fruiting onitions highlighte irrtionl ross-pollintion shoul e voie, whih orrete the long-terms errors tht ll the ross-pollintion re enefiil. All in ll, it resolve the pollintion tree prolem whih woul inresingly improve hestnut yiel in future in this re, s well s provie theoretil sis for sientifi pollintion tree ssignment for new hestnut orhr here. 5. Aknowlegements This stuy ws supporte y Silviulture n Conservtion, Ministry of Eution n Heei Zunhu Distrit Chestnut Experimentl Sttion. Wng Qin, Zho Di n Kou Ynru woul like to express profoun grtitue to visor for her pinstking support, enourgement, supervision, n useful suggestions throughout this reserh. REFERENCES [1] Y. H. Zhng, L. Liu n W. J. Ling, The Fruit Inex of Chin (Vol. Chestnut, Hzelnut), Chin Forestry Press, Beijing, 25. [2] G. G. Jing, Erly-Yiel Cultivtion Tehniques of Chestnut, Chin Forestry Press, Beijing, [3] J. W. MoKy, Self-Sterility in the Chinese Chestnut, Proeeings of the Amerin Soiety for Floret Siene, Vol. 41, No. 7, 1942, pp [4] B. W. Fn n S. J. Luo, A Stuy on the Perentges of Fertile Fruit of Different Cross Comintions of Chestnut Vrieties, Journl of Jingxi Agriulturl University, Vol. 15, No. 4, 1993, pp [5] Z. F. Xie, S. C. Zeng n Z. S. Xie, Stuy on Seletion of Pternl Cultivrs for Nong No. 1 Chestnut, Journl of Nnjing Forestry University (Nturl Sienes Eition), Vol. 29, No. 5, 25, pp [6] C. C. Zho, Empty Shell Cuses n the Prevention Tehniques of Chestnut, Heei Fruits, Vol. 18, No. 4, 28, p. 52. [7] M. Y. Yo, Empty Shell Cuses n the Control Mesures of Chestnut, Chin Forestry, Vol. 54, No. 9, 28, p. 62. [8] W. P. Zhu, Empty Shell Cuses n the Countermesures of Chestnut, Moern Agriulturl Siene n Tehnology, Vol. 3, No. 17, 29, p [9] Z. F. Xie n J. X. Chen, Chestnut Cultivtion for Erly Fruiting n Fertility, Gungong Siene n Tehnology Press, Gungzhou, 2. [1] R. X. Xi n M. T. M, Stuy on the Forming of Chestnut Empty-Shell: Ftor of the Effet to Empty Shell from Fertiliztion, Journl of Huzhong Agriulturl University, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1989, pp Copyright 212 SiRes.