Control of Tropical Soda Apple. Brent A. Sellers UF-IFAS Range Cattle REC
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1 Control of Tropical Soda Apple Brent A. Sellers UF-IFAS Range Cattle REC
2 Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum) Introduced into FL in late 1980 s Traditionally considered a S. FL problem
3 Native range of tropical soda apple 1987
4 Characteristics of tropical soda apple: Same family as tomatoes, eggplants, potatoes, peppers. Perennial bush with thorny leaves and stem Produces 150 fruits/plant with each containing seeds (60,000-75,000 seeds per plant)
5 Identification Seedling Mature Plant Flower Thorns Mature Fruit
6 Spreads by seed
7 tropical soda apple horsenettle wetland nightshade red soda apple sticky nightshade nightshade
8 TSA Movement
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10 Jefferson Co.
11 Areas of TSA Occurrence Pennsylvania North Carolina Mississippi Texas Louisiana South Carolina Puerto Rico Tennessee Alabama Georgia Florida
12 Control in the 1990s Remedy 1qt/A at bloom But, you commonly see mature, seedling, blooming plants intermixed Mow in April, spray Remedy 60 days later. >90% control 30 DAT 50% control after 6 or 12 months
13 Remedy 70 DAT
14 NEW TSA OPTIONS Milestone aminopyralid Use rate: 5 to 7 oz/a Excellent control of TSA at any growth stage GrazonNext HL aminopyralid + 2,4-D Use rate: 2.1 pt/a Excellent control of TSA + additional broadleaf weeds
15 Milestone (7 fl oz/ac) 71 DAT rating
16 Milestone plot (7 fl oz/ac) 71 DAT rating Payne Turf Farm
17 Milestone plot (7 fl oz/ac) 71 DAT rating Payne Turf Farm note lack of any seedlings in these plots none were found
18 Milestone at 150 DAT
19 TSA Control % Control Herbicide Rate 3 MAT 6 MAT 12 MAT Remedy 1 qt Pasturegard 1.5 qt Milestone 7 oz
20 TSA Control 2,4-D Amine 4 pt/a 50 DAT 150 DAT 335 DAT WeedMaster 4 pt/a Pasturegard 3 pt/a Remedy 2 pt/a Milestone 7 oz/a Milestone 4 oz/a Milestone 2 oz/a Milestone 1 oz/a % control
21 Residual TSA Control 75 DAT % control Milestone 5 oz/a Milestone 6 oz/a Milestone 7 oz/a Remedy 2 pt/a
22 Milestone & GrazonNext Milestone provides excellent control of mature TSA plants at rates from 5 to 7 fl oz/acre Mowing followed by application to resprouting plants is not necessary Seasonal differences do not appear to affect the performance (except frost!) Excellent residual control for at least 6 months Follow up spot sprays will often be necessary Cheaper to apply than Remedy Now the herbicides of choice for TSA Control
23 Spot Spray TSA 0.5 to 0.8 oz Milestone per 2.5 gallons (0.25% v/v solution) % surfactant GrazonNext at 1 oz/gallon Remedy at 0.5% v/v % surfactant Glyphosate at 3% solution
24 Spot-Spraying TSA 0.04% Milestone 0.11% Milestone 0.18% Milestone Whole-plant Half-plant 0.25% Milestone 0.5% Remedy
25
26 TSA Biological Control First insect released in 2003 in Polk Co. Gratiana boliviana Larvae and adults feed on TSA foliage 118 potential host plants were tested the beetle only survived on TSA
27 Gratiana boliviana life stages egg first second third fourth fifth pupa 5 mm
28 Damage symptoms
29 Beetle effects on TSA performance 120 cm or number A B A B GB No GB 20 0 Height Diameter Fruit A B
30 Negative correlations between plant variables and beetle damage Plant/plant Fruit 35.0 r 2 =0.10, P= Damage score Plant height Plant height r 2 =0.05, P= Damage score Cover 6.0 Cover r =0.17, P= Diameter (cm) Plant diameter r 2 =0.08, P= Damage score Damage score
31 Results of a release in Saint Lucie Co beetles released in August 2004 Buzz Eaves - Gratiana dynamics Gratiana/plant 07/22/05 05/20/05 03/29/05 02/02/05 16/16/04 10/26/04 09/22/04 08/27/04 Date
32 Fruit production on control and release plants note: control plants became infested from migrating beetles Buzz Eaves - Fruits Control Release Number of fruits /27/04 10/26/04 16/16/04 02/02/05 03/29/05 05/20/05 07/22/05 Date
33 Evaluation - Insecticide exclusion Plant height (cm) Exclusion Open * * * * April May June July August Sept Oct Number of fruits/plant Exclusion Open Plant cover * * * Exclusion Open * * 0 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 0 April May June July August Sept Oct
34 Before and after Saint Lucie Co. July 2006 October 2007
35 Before and after the beetle.okeechobee Co. June 2005 July 2005
36 TSA Biocontrol: SolviNix Tobacco Mild Green Mosaic Virus (TMGMV) Systemic; no need to spray entire plant 83-97% Mortality 200 milligrams/acre 5-10 dollars/acre Best when applied under hot/humid conditions
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38 At Application 3 Weeks
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