Sacramento Valley Olive Day

Transcription

1 Sacramento Valley Olive Day Olive Oil Production Paul Vossen University of California

2 How important is Olive Oil?

3 6 million acres in Spain

4 WORLD OLIVE ACREAGE Spain ~ 6 million 25% Tunisia ~ 3.8 million 16% Italy ~ 3.5 million 15% Greece 2.5 million 11% Portugal 1.3 million 6% Turkey 1.2 million 5% Morocco 1.1 million 5% Syria 1.0 million 5% Argentina ~ 245,000 1% Australia ~ 100, % Chile ~ 10, % USA ~ 28,000 table 0.12% ~ 10,000 oil 0.04% World ~ 24 million (1 million acres planted in the last 10 years in Europe, North Africa, and new world) SHD in 1994 = 15 acres = 90,000

5 Evolution of World Olive Oil Production and Consumption + USA Consumption (1,000 metric tons) PRODUCTION WORLD 1990/91 1, /96 1, /97 2, /04 3, /05 3, /06 2, % CONSUMPTION WORLD USA 1990/91 1, /96 1, /97 2, /04 2, /05 2, /06 2, % +146% Mercacei # 50 Feb-April 2007

6 World Olive Oil Production Olive oil represents ~3% of all fats and oils consumed

7 Olive Oil Consumption 2006 World PER CAPITA (liters) By Country 1. Greece France Italy Libya Spain Australia Cyprus Algeria Portugal Lebanon Syria Belgium Tunisia Croatia Palestine UK Jordan Netherlands Israel Canada Morocco Turkey Luxemborg USA 0.7 Italy 30% Spain 20% Greece 9% USA 8% France 4% Syria 3% Other 26%

8 Olive Oil Sales in US Markets 1994 to % 1995 to % 1996 to % 1997 to % 1999 to % 2000 to % 1991 to %

9 Olive Oil Profitability Potential in California Positives Big USA Market Competitive cost with mechanical harvest Excellent CA Quality Low Import Quality Early Productivity EU Subsidy decline Negatives Cheap imports Marketing Quality to US Consumers Unknowns of SHD System

10 TO MEET CURRENT USA DEMAND for OLIVE OIL We would have to grow 300,000 + acres of oil 5 tons per acre 40 gallons of oil per ton = 757 liters per acre How much might demand increase?

11 Central Valley Lower land cost Abundant cheap water Lower cost labor Hotter drier Higher yield Coastal California High cost land Limited expensive water High cost labor & housing Cooler more moist Lower yields High quality perception

12 CAL OIL OLIVE Growers and ACREAGE 2004 North Coast 268 growers 1,535 acres Central Coast 59 growers 376 acres S. Coast & S. Cal. 17 growers 70 acres Sacramento Valley 94 growers 3,216 acres* San Joaquin Valley 39 growers 707 acres* Sierra Foothills 51 growers 264 acres TOTAL 528 growers 6,168 acres (2005 and 2006) + 4,000 acres ~ 10,200 acres

13 Varieties and Acres Last 8 Years Top Ten Varieties Planted In California ( ) Equivalent Acreage 5,000 ~ 4,600 4,500 4,000 NUMBER OF ACRES 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, ~ 1,700 ~ 1,100 ~ 800 ~ 640 ~ 550 ~ 280 ~ 240 ~ 50 ~ 40 0 Arbequina Arbosana Koroneiki Frantoio Leccino Mission Pendolino Manzanillo Taggiasca Coratina VARIETY

14 CA/US Olive Oil Production in Gallons , , % , % , % ,446 44% , % , % , % , % ~ 400, %

15 Super-High High-Density

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18 Key components of SHD system Harvesters available at reasonable cost Site well drained and not too fertile (N S) Varieties precocious less alternate etc. Tree spacing 4ft x 12ft to 5ft x 13ft Push young trees fill space in 3-5 years Train trees central leader, little pruning Prune trees remove 3+ year old wood Fertility low after 3 rd year Controlled deficit irrigation after 4 th year Control disease no peacock spot

19 Planting small trees with lightweight stake

20 SHD Tree Spacing 2 months

21 September to September

22 Arbequina Arbosana Koroneiki

23 Over-the the-row harvest

24 Beater bars inside the olive harvester

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26 Straddle Harvester Efficiency Ave. 95% Removed Arbequina ~ 99% FS-17 ~ 96% Arbosana ~ 95% Koroneiki ~ 93% Joan Tous 2006

27 Broken branches (4th 5th years) Arbequina i 18 Arbosana FS-17 Koroneiki c bc ab a Broken branches / 100 olive trees Joan Tous 2006

28 Bruising and oxidation = rapid milling

29 Average Yield 3 rd to 6 th years Tons/acre (Spain) Catalonia Arbequina = 3.9 Arbosana = 3.3 Joanenca = 3.0 Koroneiki = 2.8 FS-17 = 1.7 Córdoba Arbequina = 6.9 Arbosana = 5.9 Koroneiki = 4.9 FS-17 = 1.9 Joan Tous 2006

30 Yield Precocity (3 rd year) Italy 0.6 to 1.6 tons per acre Arbequina Arbosana FS-17 (4th year) , , , , Bari (Godini et al., 2006)

31 Yield Precocity (3 rd year) Arbequina i 18 Arbosana Koroneiki FS-17 Northern Spain 1 to 3.4 tons per acre 0 2, , , ,000 4 Catalonia (Tous et al., 2006)

32 Yield Precocity (3 rd year) Southern Spain 1.8 to 9.4 tons per acre Arbequina i 18 Arbosana Koroneiki FS , , , , ,000 Córdoba (León et al., 2006)

33 Super-high-density Orchard Yield (Tons/acre) (Spain) Maximum observed Mean observed Orchard age (years) Minimum observed Joan Tous 2006

34 Super-high high-density mature orchard PROBLEMS Low light inside the canopy (< 10-20% full sunlight) Decrease flower bud initiation Decrease fruit set Decrease fruit size and oil content Poor ventilation inside the canopy Foliar diseases Lower fruit oil content Can drop 2-4% Oil Quality Don t know yet for sure

35 Light interception effect on fruit size and maturity Top canopy Mid canopy Lower canopy Joan Tous 2006

36 SOLUTIONS to SHD orchards PROBLEMS Don t t plant on vigorous sites Plant the right varieties Space the trees properly Learn how to prune (maintain mini leader) Deficit irrigate at orchard maturity Keep trees small and open with good light exposure

37 After Pruning Before Pruning

38 Topping Periodically according to vigor Removes a narrow top

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40 Hand Pruning Maintain central leader Remove branches that have fruited 2 years Renew fruiting wood back to the leader 2-44 cuts per tree + skirt

41 Thinning out to increase light

42 VEGETATIVE GROWTH DUE TO IRRIGATION Branch Length (cm) All Repetitions Red 15% Orange 25% Yellow 40% Brown 57% Green 71% White 87% Blue 107% 0 2 Mayo 2 29 May Mayo 29 June 26-Jun July 22-julio Sept. 1-Sep1 15-Oct Oct. fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff White Blue Green + white Red Orange Green Yellow ffffff

43 15% ET 41% ET 87% ET 107% ET

44 FRUIT June 25, SIZE % ET 40% ET 71% ET 107% ET

45 OIL EXTRACTION PER TREE First and second harvest y = -1E-07x x R 2 = Optimum 40-70% y = -9E-08x x R 2 = Irrigation water applied (L/tree)

46 POLYPHENOLS CONTENT OF OLIVE OILS RECEIVING DIFFERENT AMOUNTS OF IRRIGATION. 600 Polyphenols content (mg/l caffeic) ETc (%)

47 MEANS OF FRUITINESS, BITTERNESS, AND PUNGENCY Treatment Fruitiness Bitterness Pungency 15% ETc 3.6 a 6.0 a 4.9 a 25% ETc 3.2 a 4.2 b 3.9 b 40% ETc 2.7 b 1.7 c 1.9 c 57% ETc 2.6 b 0.93 d 1.1 d 71% ETc 2.1 c 0.30 d 0.30 e 87% ETc 1.8 c 0.22 d 0.22 e 107% ETc 1.7 c 0.20 d 0.20 e

48 BEST IRRIGATION LEVEL FOR PRODUCTION 50-70% Higher crop yield Makes up for less oil per fruit Good shoot growth Good return bloom

49 BEST IRRIGATION LEVEL FOR FLAVOR 35-55% 55% High level of pleasant fruitiness Both ripe fruit and green character More complexity and depth Artichoke, apple, grass, and nuts Balanced bitterness Balanced pungency More water = bland oils Greatest influence on very dry treatment

50 SOLUTIONS to SHD orchards PROBLEMS Don t t plant on vigorous sites Plant the right varieties Space the trees properly Learn how to prune (maintain mini leader) Deficit irrigate at orchard maturity Consider high density instead 18ft. to 24ft. between rows 9ft to 12 ft. between trees Trunk shaker harvest Joan Tous 2006

51 Southern Spain Andalusia modern

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53 Comparison of Harvest Types (Spain) Shaker umbrella 2-3 acres/day $120 to $180/ton Straddle 7-10 acres/day $48 to $84/ton Joan Tous 2006

54 Pruning Costs (Spain) High-density (Shaker) 8-10 hours/acre Super-high high-density hours/acre 121 trees/acre 809 trees/acre Joan Tous 2006

55 Establishment costs (Spain) High-density (Shaker) Super-high high-density $2,134/acre $ 5,075/acre Break even 7 th yr. Break even 11 th yr 121 trees/acre 809 trees/acre Joan Tous 2006

56 Spain - mature orchard oil yield/acre High-density 156 to 412 gal./acre Super-high high-density 172 to 257 gal./acre 121 trees/acre 24ft. X 15ft. 809 trees/acre 11.5ft. X 5ft. Pastor, Hidlgo,, Vega, Fereres 2007

57 Oil Styles by Variety Mild Arbequina Ascolana Empeltre Kalamon Leccino Pendolino Maurino Picudo Sevillano Taggiasca Medium Aglandau Barnea Bosana Bouteillan Farga Hojiblanca Manzanillo Strong Arbosana Chemlali Coratina Cornicabra Frantoio Koroneiki Mission Moraiolo Picual Picholine

58 Australia and Argentina Can harvest trees 15 ft. tall and 12 ft. wide

59 Comparison of HD and SHD High-Density Little experience in CA 30 years of good orchards Shaker harvest works $850/a Harvest cost + $600 Colossus may be possible Establishment cost OK Management is easier Pruning cost is lower $100/ac Early yield is slow Mature tree yield is better 7 t/a 400 gallons per acre $10,000/a at $25/gallon + $3,750/a gross advantage - $500/acre higher mgmt. cost + $3,250/acre overall advantage $10/gallon = $4,000 gross + $1,000 advantage Will this work in California? Super-High High-Density Little experience in world 10 years of good orchards Straddle harvest is better $250/a Harvest cost - $600 Grape harvesters available Establishment cost is High Management is difficult Pruning cost is higher $200/ac Early yield is very good Mature yield is OK 5 t/a 250 gallons per acre $6,250/a at $25/gallon - $3,750/a gross disadvantage + $500/acre lower mgmt. cost - $3,250/acre disadvantage $10/gallon = $2500 gross - $1,000 disadvantage What happens with great mgmt?

60 Consider Oil Before Removing a Table Olive Orchard Oil quality can be Excellent from Manzanillo, Mission, Ascolano, Sevillano, and Baruni Price per ton for oil ($300 to $600) Lower water need (~ 45% of ETo) Lower harvest cost (trunk shaker onto nets or catch frame ~ $120/ton) Lower pruning costs (periodic mechanical topping)

61 On-farm mill ~ $100,000 (0.5 to 1 ton/hour)

62 Central Valley Olive Oil

63 Paul Vossen University of California Cooperative Extension 133 Aviation Blvd. Santa Rosa, CA (707)

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66 Catalonia-Tarragona 4 years old Catalonia-Lleida 4 years old Tunisia 3 years old Andalusia 4 years old

67 Varieties for super-high high- density orchards Breeding programs in Spain Very few comparison trials Cultivars with low vigor: Arbequina, Arbosana, Koroneiki, FS-17, Ascal, Joanenca, Cantera, Chiquitita. Chiquitita very low vigor, 30% oil content, mild flavor, cold hardy, very precocious

68 10 year old hedgerow Severe Pruning and Shearing Remove every other row Rejuvenation pruning

69 SUPER-HIGH HIGH-DENSITY SYSTEM YIELD Year tons/acre Year tons/acre Year tons/acre Year 5 & up 3.5 to 6 tons/acre (One orchard produced 12.5 tons per acre