Ethnobotany. Lecture 6
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1 Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 Alexey Shipunov Minot State University January 23, 2013 Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
2 Outline 1 Starch-containing plants Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos Yam, Dioscorea spp. Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
3 Starch-containing plants Potatoes, tuber species of genus Solanum Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
4 Starch and inulin polymers of glucose or fructose monosaccharides, respectively. Plants accumulate them mostly in underground parts: roots, rhizomes, tubers Solanum is one of the largest plant genera (up to 2,000 species!) and includes several important plants (tomatoes and eggplants) and potatoes species from section Petota ( 15 species, all produce potatoes ). Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
5 Morphology and other features of potatoes Potatoes are tubers, enlarged parts of specialized rhizomes; buds grow into tubers in darkness Main function of tubers is vegetative propagation Yield of tubers is high, 15 ton/hectare, but 70 80% of it is a water Still, in calories yield is higher than rice or corn: every 100 g contain 15 g of carbohydrates There are almost no fats and low amounts (2%) of proteins Plants are cross-pollinated; fruits are toxic (contain solanin) Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
6 Diversity of potatoes All species from Petota section may form tubers The biggest yield is from tetraploid forms (2n = 48) growing in Central Andes and island Chiloe Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
7 Potatoes of Ecuador Starch-containing plants Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
8 Richness of potato landraces (from Spooner et al., 2010) Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
9 Agriculture of potatoes The best is extremely simple agriculture plus high energetic yield Planting is from potato buds, not from seeds Critical stage of cultivation is hilling, increasing the soil level around stems Harvesting is still not mechanized well Storage requires more stable conditions than seed storage Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
10 History of potatoes Domesticated around 3,000 BC and together with quinoa became the main food of Inca empire Initially, used mostly as a freeze-dry chunjo Is known in Europe since 1601 In XVIII century, was forcedly introduced into culture by many European monarchs and then became widely adopted Now, the main producers are China, Russia, India and U.S. Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
11 DNA test of European potato cultivars Amplified PCR products of the plastid trnv-uac/ndhc intergenic spacer region of 12 pre-1850 Solanum tuberosum specimens (Ames & Spooner, 2008) Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
12 Main dates of potato introduction (from Ames & Spooner, 2008) Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
13 Great Irish famine and Phytophthora infestans Potato occured to be susceptible for several dangerous pathogens, e.g., potato blight fungus (Phytpophtora infestans) Pandemic of potato blight covered Europe in the middle of XIX century ( ), when potato became the main food in many northern European countries including Ireland In Ireland, it resulted in 1 million deaths and decreasing of population to 25% due to emigration Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
14 Potato blight, Phytophtora infestans Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
15 One of Irish famine monuments Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
16 Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) One of the most dramatical example of American invasive species in Europe In Colorado Rocky Mountains, these beetles were feeding on Solanum rostratum plants but not on potato During World War I and then especially World War II, it became spreading across all Western Europe and then eastward Distribution is now covered all North Hemisphere (except China) Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
17 Colorado potato beetle... Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
18 ... and its first host, Solanum rostratum Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
19 Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos Starch-containing plants Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
20 Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos Belongs to morning glory genus Ipomoea from Convolvulaceae family Cultivated for thickened secondary roots (tuberous roots, not tubers!) Contain 12% of starch, 5% of sugars, little proteins and almost no fat Rich of vitamins, especially vitamin A precursor beta-carotene Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
21 Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos Sweet potato morphology Herbaceous vine, perennial plant cultivated as annual Tuberous roots are large, up to 25 kg Reproduction is both from seeds and vegetative, from root and stem parts (grafts) Large, trumpeting, insect-pollinated flowers Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
22 Ipomoea batatas, sweet potato Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
23 Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos Sweet potato agriculture Pure tropical culture, does not tolerate frost Requires short days, full sun, light soil Planting as grafts, this increases the number and weight of tuberous roots (subsidiary roots) Green part is used as a forage for animals Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
24 Planting of sweet potato Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
25 Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos History of sweet potato Domesticated in Central America almost 3,000 BC and spread to Polynesia before European colonization In Polynesia, it is called the kumara, remarkably similar to the Quechua kumar in Peru: that is one of reasons for Thor Heyerdahl Kon-Tiki expedition Now two main producers are China and Nigeria Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
26 Kot-Tiki raft, 1947 Starch-containing plants Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatos Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
27 Yam, Dioscorea spp. Starch-containing plants Yam, Dioscorea spp. Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
28 Yam, Dioscorea spp. Yam, Dioscorea spp. Several species of large genus Dioscorea and Dioscoreaceae family Cultivated for tubers (morphologically similar to potato tubers) Frequently used as a flour Could be stored up to half-year, even in tropical climate Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
29 Yam, Dioscorea Starch-containing plants Yam, Dioscorea spp. Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
30 Yam, Dioscorea spp. Yam features Tubers could be huge: up to 2,5 m and 70 kg Contain starch, significant amounts of vitamin C, and several microelements Hilling is an important stage of cultivation Long vegetation period (up to 1 year) Due to the size of tubers, harvesting is only manual Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
31 Yam plantation Starch-containing plants Yam, Dioscorea spp. Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
32 Yam, Dioscorea spp. Yam history Three most cultivated species: Dioscorea rotundata, yellow yam of Africa; D. alata, water yam of Polynesia; and D. opposita, Chinese yam These species were separately domesticated, most probably prehistorically During potato pandemic, D. alata cultivation started in Europe, still cultivated in France Now the biggest producer is Nigeria Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
33 Water yam of Tonga Starch-containing plants Yam, Dioscorea spp. Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
34 Yam, Dioscorea spp. Summary Starch-containing plants are accumulating starch or inulin in underground parts Sweet potatoes and cassava (manioc) are two largest starch sources after potato Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
35 For Further Reading Starch-containing plants Yam, Dioscorea spp. A. Shipunov. Ethnobotany [Electronic resource] onwards. Mode of access: P. M. Zhukovskij. Cultivated plants and their wild relatives [Electronic resource]. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Abridged translation from Russian. Mode of access: zhukovskij1962_cultivated_plants.pdf. Shipunov (MSU) Ethnobotany. Lecture 6 January 23, / 35
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