Chuck Chimera Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 4

Transcription

1 Famil: Taxo: Euphorbiaceae Sauropus adrogus Som: Commo Name star gooseberr katuk Questioaire : curret Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Chuck Chimera Desigatio: EVALUATE Data Etr Perso: Chuck Chimera WRA Score Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? =1, = Does the species have weed races? =1, = Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals =1, = Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 Prit Date: 6/10/2010 Sauropus adrogus (Euphorbiaceae) Page 1 of 7

2 412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed =1, = Hbridizes aturall =1, = Self-compatible or apomictic =1, = Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio =1, = Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, 2 4+ ears = Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked =1, =-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people =1, = Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat =1, = Propagules adapted to wid dispersal =1, = Propagules water dispersed =1, = Propagules bird dispersed =1, = Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) =1, = Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, = Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) =1, = Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) =1, = Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire =1, = Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: EVALUATE WRA Score 4 Prit Date: 6/10/2010 Sauropus adrogus (Euphorbiaceae) Page 2 of 7

3 Supportig Data: Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. Several cultivars are kow i Asia, ad the species has bee idetified as a cadidate for wider cultivatio throughout the Pacific islads. [Isufficiet evidece that S. adrogus is highl domesticated] Flora Malesiaa. Malesia Euphorbiaceae Descriptios - Sauropus. S. adrogus is a widespread, ofte cultivated species, ad, probabl therefore, ver variable. Usuall the leaves are rather small, less tha 5 cm log, but ma exceptios exist; the apex usuall graduall arrows ito a acute acume, the /Sauropus.htm#Sauropus%20adrogus stamiate flowers are usuall hardl lobed (though ofte somewhat lobed i N. Thailad ad Laos, ad exceptioall i other areas), the pistillate sepals are somewhat dimorph, ad the fruits are iflated ad somewhat flesh efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, &taxo_id= efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, &taxo_id= Slopes with brushwood, su forest margis; m. Guagdog, Guagxi, Haia, Yua [Bagladesh, Cambodia, Idia, Idoesia, Laos, Malasia, Mamar, Philippies, Sri Laka, Thailad, Vietam]. Slopes with brushwood, su forest margis; m. Guagdog, Guagxi, Haia, Yua [Bagladesh, Cambodia, Idia, Idoesia, Laos, Malasia, Mamar, Philippies, Sri Laka, Thailad, Vietam] Ecocrop. Sauropus adrogus. FAO, It is well adapted to lowlad tropical coditios ad i Idoesia ad Java it occurs from sea level to 1300 m i elevatio. [elevatio rage >1000 m demostrates evirometal versatilit] Educatioal Cocers For Huger Orgaizatio (ECHO). Uderutilized Food Plats - Katuk Selectios efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, &taxo_id= S. adrogus has its origis i the hot, humid lowlad raiforest of Boreo. It is more vigorous at lower altitudes but is grow i Malasia ad Idoesia at altitudes of up to 1300 m (4000 ft). Katuk ca tolerate occasioal floodig ad will grow uder ver wet coditios, where aual raifall reaches 3000 mm (120 iches). It also tolerates acidic soils. Slopes with brushwood, su forest margis; m. Guagdog, Guagxi, Haia, Yua [Bagladesh, Cambodia, Idia, Idoesia, Laos, Malasia, Mamar, Philippies, Sri Laka, Thailad, Vietam] WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Itroduced ito several regios outside its ative rage, icludig Hawaiia Islads, Australia, ad other islads i the Pacific Frohlich, D./Lau, A.. New plat records from O ahu for Bishop Museum Occasioal Papers. 100: Flora of Australia Olie. Sauropus adrogus. Australia Biological Resources Stud (ABRS), Holm, L. G./Pacho, J. V./Herberger, J. P./Pluckett, D. L.. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. Joh Wile ad Sos, New York, NY Propagated i Hawai i b seed (Staples & Herbst 2005) ad possibl dispersed b birds, this relativel ew arrival is spreadig occasioall ad has established itself i at least oe locatio i Waimaalo. Christmas Is., Cocos (Keelig) Is. Ucommo o Christmas Is., havig escaped from cultivatio ad become aturalised i a few areas. O Cocos (Keelig) Is. recorded as aturalised o Home Is. i disturbed strad forest. Distributed from Idia ad S Chia, through Ido-Chia ad Malesia, to the Philippies ad New Guiea. Listed as a weed i Idoesia [of ukow importace] Flora Malesiaa. Malesia Euphorbiaceae Descriptios - Sauropus. Mosoo (deciduous) forest, secodar forest, swamp forest, ope areas ad clearigs, i scrubs ad thickets, waste grouds, hedges, fruit gardes, gardes ad house ards, alog forest edges, rivers, ad roads, ear the beach, ofte a /Sauropus.htm#Sauropus%20adrogus weed or cultivated [suggests plat grows uwated i areas]...the plat is ofte cultivated i small fields, as hedges, or allowed as weed ear the house Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Sauropus adrogus. Hawaii Ecosstems at Risk Project (HEAR), gus/ Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Radall, R.. Global Compedium of Weeds. No evidece that S. adrogus is a weed of agriculture or forestr No evidece of S. adrogus as a evirometal weed Sauropus spatulifolius listed as aturalized, but o other species i geus Sauropus listed as weeds Prit Date: 6/10/2010 Sauropus adrogus (Euphorbiaceae) Page 3 of 7

4 efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, &taxo_id= WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. No evidece of allelopath foud Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. Shrubs 1-3 m tall, erect, mooecious, glabrous throughout; brachlets agular whe oug, terete with age, sleder, gree. Stipules laceolate or liearlaceolate, mm; petiole 2-4 mm; leaf blade ovate laceolate, obloglaceolate, or laceolate, cm, submembraous or thil paper, base cueate, rouded, or trucate, apex acumiate; veatio piate, lateral veis 5-7 pairs, elevated abaxiall, flatteed adaxiall, reticulate veis obscure. [o spies, thors, or burrs] Not parasitic Ecocrop. Sauropus adrogus. FAO, Leaves are used for dig food ad the ca also be used as feed for cattle ad poultr Ecocrop. Sauropus adrogus. FAO, No evidece of toxicit to aimals [although overcosumptio ma result i some problems, as has occurred with humas. See 4.07] Educatioal Cocers For Huger Orgaizatio (ECHO). Uderutilized Food Plats - Katuk Selectios Wog, W.. Gardeig with Wilso - Gettig to kow Sauropus adrogus. pus-adrogus/ Katuk has miimal pest ad disease problems. Mior pests iclude the Chiese rose beetle (Adoretus siicus) ad slugs, which both ca damage oug plats. The plat is also relativel pest- ad disease free. Beetles ma chew o the leaves Fletcher, R.. Sauropus adrogus (sweet Sauropus became a popular igrediet of a ucofirmed weight cotrol method leaf bush). The Australia New Crops Newsletter. i Taiwa i 1995 ad several cases of poisoig were reported. The most 9: commo form of cosumptio with the weight cotrol method was as a extract,. with fruit juice. Rapidl progressive obstructive lug disease resulted, persistig 1.htm up to fort das after the method ceased. Those cosumig high levels of Sauropus appeared to be worst affected, especiall those cosumig the plat as the ucooked extract. [toxic i high doses] Wog, W.. Gardeig with Wilso - Gettig to kow Sauropus adrogus. pus-adrogus/ 407 Although Sauropus adrogus is a utritious vegetable, oe should be cautioed from cosumig excessive amouts, especiall i the raw form as several cases of poisoig have bee reported previousl i Taiwa which resulted i progressive obstructive lug disease Top Tropicals. Sauropus adrogus. It is oe of the most popular leaf vegetables i South Asia ad Southeast Asia Top Tropicals Botaical Garde, ad is otable for high ields ad palatabilit. The shoot tips have bee sold as tropical asparagus. I Vietam, people cook it with crab meat, miced pork or ogus.htm dried shrimp to make soup. I Malasia, it is commol stir fried with egg ad dried achovies. It is amog ol a few flora cotaiig vitami K. It is a popular vegetable cultivated i Idia, Malasia, Idoesia, southwest Chia. Delicious oug shoots! Ca be eate raw or cooked. Atipretic, remed for mumps Flora Malesiaa. Malesia Euphorbiaceae Descriptios - Sauropus. Mosoo (deciduous) forest, secodar forest, swamp forest, ope areas ad clearigs, i scrubs ad thickets, waste grouds, hedges, fruit gardes, gardes ad house ards, alog forest edges, rivers, ad roads, ear the beach [o /Sauropus.htm#Sauropus%20adrogus evidece of fire hazards, ad ulikel give habitat] Fletcher, R.. Sauropus adrogus (sweet I its atural state as a uder-store plat i lowlad raiforest, Sauropus leaf bush). The Australia New Crops Newsletter. grows to 6m [uderstor raiforest plat suggests shade tolerace] 9:. 1.htm Herbs Are Special. Articles - Sweet Leaf. The bush will grow i full su, as well as 95% shade. pdf Wog, W.. Gardeig with Wilso - Gettig to kow Sauropus adrogus. pus-adrogus/ It tolerates a rage of light coditios which rage from semi-shade to full sushie outdoors. Prit Date: 6/10/2010 Sauropus adrogus (Euphorbiaceae) Page 4 of 7

5 Wog, W.. Gardeig with Wilso - Gettig to kow Sauropus adrogus. pus-adrogus/ efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, &taxo_id= Flora of Australia Olie. Sauropus adrogus. Australia Biological Resources Stud (ABRS), efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, &taxo_id= Flora of Australia Olie. Sauropus adrogus. Australia Biological Resources Stud (ABRS), efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, &taxo_id= efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, &taxo_id= efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, &taxo_id= efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, &taxo_id= efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, &taxo_id= efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, &taxo_id= Sauropus adrogous is a low maiteace plat that is ot exactl fuss about its growig coditios. Reported to be a plat that is highl mcorrhizaldepedet, it ca be easil grow i moist, fertile ad acid soils. It ca also adapt to beig grow i heav cla soils. Shrubs 1-3 m tall, erect [does ot have a climbig or smotherig growth habit] I the Philippies ad New Guiea, this species becomes a climbig shrub, rather tha scramblig or trailig. [but o evidece that this plat smothers other vegetatio] No evidece that S. adrogus forms dese thickets i ative habitats. No evidece that S. adrogus forms dese thickets i itroduced habitats. Terrestrial Euphorbiaceae [ot a grass] Euphorbiaceae [ot a Nitroge fixig wood plat] Shrubs 1-3 m tall, erect [ot a geophte] No evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat capsule white, depressed globose or globose, ca cm, thil crustaceous. Seeds black, triquetrous, ca. 7 5 mm WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow if able to hbridize aturall Educatioal Cocers For Huger Orgaizatio (ECHO). Uderutilized Food Plats - Katuk Selectios. Our katuk, vegetativel propagated for some time, flowered but did ot produce seed util we acquired plats from a differet source (whe the produced seed immediatel); it is possible that separate plats are required for seed productio or some varieties are selected for or agaist seed productio. [potetiall selficompatible] WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow if S. adrogus is self-compatible Prit Date: 6/10/2010 Sauropus adrogus (Euphorbiaceae) Page 5 of 7

6 Kato, M./Kosaka, Y./Kawakita, A./Okuama, Y./Kobaashi, C./Phimmiith, T./Thogpha, D.. Plat polliator iteractios i tropical mosoo forests i Southeast Asia. America Joural of Bota. 95: Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. CL4 was composed of five plat species (Phllathus roseus, Sauropus quadragularis, Dialium cochichiesis, Mallotus barbatus, ad Suregada multiflora ), that were visited mail b fl ies. These plats have small rotate fl owers...related species of Phllathaceae ( Breia retusa, Phllathus virgatus, P. amarus, P. roseus, Sauropus quadragularis, ad S. graulosus ) were polliated ot b gracillariid moths but b dipteras, small bees, or ats, mail durig the wet seaso. [polliatio of other Sauropus spp. Teds to be b geeralist isect polliators] propagated b cuttigs, air laers, or seed [but o evidece of vegetative spread] Ecocrop. Sauropus adrogus. FAO, GROWING PERIOD Pereial, harvestig is carried o throughout the ear. First harvest ma be take after das. I Java, it flowers ear roud ad fruitig is usuall abudat. [probabl uder 2 ears] efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, &taxo_id= efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, &taxo_id= capsule white, depressed globose or globose, ca cm, thil crustaceous. Seeds black, triquetrous, ca. 7 5 mm. [o evidece of uitetioal seed dispersal, ad o meas of exteral attachmet for seeds] Sauropus adrogus is widel cultivated. The leaves are used as a medicie for coughs ad to soothe the lugs, as a toic, ad as a febrifugal to relieve iteral fever; the are also used as a vegetable ("Sweet Leaf Bush") WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. No evidece that seeds have bee dispersed as a produce cotamiat Flora Malesiaa. Malesia Euphorbiaceae Descriptios - Sauropus. Fruits globose (to obovoid), iflated, somewhat flesh but pergametaceous whe dr, b 9 15 mm, white to fiall maroo; colum 8 10 mm log with apicall heart-shaped remats of the septae. Seeds triagular i trasverse /Sauropus.htm#Sauropus%20adrogus sectio, hollow adaxiall, 7 10 b b mm, white to black. [o apparet adaptatios for wid dispersal, although capsules ma dehisce whe dr ad disperse seeds short distaces] Flora Malesiaa. Malesia Euphorbiaceae Descriptios - Sauropus. Fruits globose (to obovoid), iflated, somewhat flesh but pergametaceous whe dr, b 9 15 mm, white to fiall maroo; colum 8 10 mm log with apicall heart-shaped remats of the septae. Seeds triagular i trasverse /Sauropus.htm#Sauropus%20adrogus sectio, hollow adaxiall, 7 10 b b mm, white to black. [o apparet adaptatios for water dispersal] Wog, W.. Gardeig with Wilso - Gettig to kow Sauropus adrogus. pus-adrogus/ Mature Sauropus adrogous plats do produce flowers ad fruits. The flowers are small ad dark maroo i colour which occur idividuall ad hag from the poit where each piate leaflet jois the petiole. Small purplish fruits that resemble miiature magostees are produced after the flowers fade. Both flowers ad fruits produced b the plat ca be eate. [flesh fruits, adapted for bird or vertebrate dispersal?] Flora Malesiaa. Malesia Euphorbiaceae Descriptios - Sauropus. Fruits globose (to obovoid), iflated, somewhat flesh but pergametaceous whe dr, b 9 15 mm, white to fiall maroo; colum 8 10 mm log with apicall heart-shaped remats of the septae. Seeds triagular i trasverse /Sauropus.htm#Sauropus%20adrogus sectio, hollow adaxiall, 7 10 b b mm, white to black. [possibl bird-dispersed, but o evidece foud, ad descriptio of fruit as "pergametaceous (i.e. like parchmet) whe dr" suggests that seeds are dehisced, rather tha cosumed b birds or other aimals] efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, &taxo_id= Seeds with o meas of exteral attachmet [o evidece of exteral dispersal b aimals] Flora Malesiaa. Malesia Euphorbiaceae Descriptios - Sauropus. Fruits globose (to obovoid), iflated, somewhat flesh but pergametaceous whe dr, b 9 15 mm, white to fiall maroo; colum 8 10 mm log with apicall heart-shaped remats of the septae. Seeds triagular i trasverse /Sauropus.htm#Sauropus%20adrogus sectio, hollow adaxiall, 7 10 b b mm, white to black. [possibl adapted to survive passage through digestive tract of birds or other aimals, but o evidece foud, ad descriptio of fruit as "pergametaceous (i.e. like parchmet) whe dr" suggests that seeds are dehisced, rather tha cosumed b birds or other aimals] Prit Date: 6/10/2010 Sauropus adrogus (Euphorbiaceae) Page 6 of 7

7 Herbs Are Special. Articles - Sweet Leaf. I tropical climates, a capsule forms, with small, black seeds. We have experieced, i our sub-tropical coditios; the bush thrives, flowers, but does pdf ot set seed. [ulikel to produce high seed umbers eve whe plat does set seed] Fletcher, R.. Sauropus adrogus (sweet leaf bush). The Australia New Crops Newsletter. 9:. 1.htm Seed logevit is poor, seeds remai viable for ol a few moths Educatioal Cocers For Huger Orgaizatio (ECHO). Uderutilized Food Plats - Katuk Selectios Wog, W.. Gardeig with Wilso - Gettig to kow Sauropus adrogus. pus-adrogus/ Seeds are viable for ol 3-4 moths whe kept dr ad cool. Eve while seeds are still viable, germiatio will be probabl 50% at best. Seeds should be removed just as the seedpod is begiig to crack ope. Germiatio will be higher if the seed coats are pulled off just prior to platig. Seeds should germiate i 2-4 weeks, but the ma take up to 5 moths. We grow katuk as edible hedges aroud the ECHO farm. We have oticed that some seeds that have falle aroud these hedges have sprouted o their ow. Seeds of this plat are ot available commerciall ad the are documeted to remai viable for ol a few moths WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. No iformatio foud o the cotrol of this species Wog, W.. Gardeig with Wilso - Gettig to kow Sauropus adrogus. pus-adrogus/ Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. It takes pruig back quite well ad puts forth umerous ew, upright braches quickl whe it is well-fed. It seems to have o isect pests or disease problems i Hawaii. Prit Date: 6/10/2010 Sauropus adrogus (Euphorbiaceae) Page 7 of 7