HARVEST AND POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY OF FRUIT CROPS

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2 HARVEST AND POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY OF FRUIT CROPS

3 HARVEST AND POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY OF FRUIT CROPS U. KUMAR Managing Director Agrobios (India), Jodhpur S. PRASAD Ex-Associate Professor Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner AGROBIOS (INDIA)

4 Published by: AGROBIOS (INDIA) Agro House, Behind Nasrani Cinema Chopasani Road, Jodhpur Phone: , Fax: E. mail: All Rights Reserved (2013) All rights reserved. No part of the book or part thereof, including the title of the book, be reprinted in any form or language without the written permission of the author and the publishers. The copyists shall be prosecuted. ISBN (13): Published by: Dr. Updesh Purohit for Agrobios (India), Jodhpur Lase Typesetting: Yashee Computers, Jodhpur Cover Design: Reena Printed by: Babloo Offset

5 PREFACE India has a vast scope for growing fruit throughout the year due to varies climatic conditions are highly suitable for growing various types of fruits. Fruit are highly perishable but most important commodity for human diet due to their high nutritional value. They are the cheapest and other source of protective food supplied in fresh or processed or preserved form throughout the year for human consumption. Fruit are available in surplus only in certain seasons and availability in different regions and in peak season there are improper handling practices, marketing, storage problems. This causes about 20-25% fruit spoilage in various stages. The important reason is that fruit are living commodities as they respire. Hence, proper post harvest management handling and processing is required in horticulture crops. There are many physical and chemical changes in fruits like Colour, flavour, texture and taste etc. and carbohydrate, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals respectively. Similarly there are microbial changes like the effects of mould, yeasts and bacteria. A variety of fresh fruit vegetable can be made available in plenty due to favourable agro-climatic situations. Hence there is no derth for raw material for processing. There is a need to have proper harvest and post harvest technologies for fruits like Mango, Pineapple, Grapes etc. and proper processing technologies for papaya, sapota, banana, jack, guava, aonla, carambola and other minor fruits. We also need proper handling, packaging, transportation and storage reduces the post harvest losses of fruit vegetables. For every one percent reduction in loss will save 5 million tons of fruit per year. The technology has become a necessity to improve the food safety and strengthen nations food security. The technology will also help to boost export of agricultural commodities in the form of preserved and value added products. Presently mango, pineapple, citrus, grapes, tomatoes, peas, potato and cucumber being processed on a large scale. The present book is an attempt to provide comprehensive information related to harvest and post harvest technologies. The chapter includes: The

6 Fruit, Fruit Set and Ripening, Ethylene and Fruit Ripening, Fruit Maturity Indices and Harvesting, Post Harvest Losses (PHLS), Postharvest Technology: A Science, Initial Handling of Fruit Crops, Precooling of Horticulture Produce, Packaging of Horticulture Produce, Postharvest and Storage Considerations, Storage of Fruits, Aonla, Apple, Apricot, Avocado, Bael (Bengal Quince), Banana and Plantain, Ber, Carambola, Cherry, Date Palm, Durian, Egg Fruit, Fig, Grape, Guava, Jackfruit, Jamun, Karonda, Kiwi, Limes and Lemons, Litchi, Loquat, Macadamia, Mandarin Orange, Mango, Mangosteen, Olive, Papaya, Passion Fruit, Peach, Pear, Pecan, Phalsa, Pineapple, Plum, Pomegranate, Rambutan, Sapota, Strawberry. The book will be useful for horticulturists, extension workers, teachers, students, fruit growers and processing units. We would like to especially thank Dr. S. S. Purohit for his tireless efforts and editing the publication. Authors

7 Contents SECTION I: HARVEST AND POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT (GENERAL TECHNIQUES) 1 THE FRUIT... 3 Introduction... 3 Fruit Culture... 4 Definition and Classification... 5 Fruit Formation... 6 Development of Fruit... 7 Fruit Wall... 8 Cellular Components of Fruits... 9 Types of Fruits Basis of Classification of Fruits Types of Fruits and Wall Structure Dry Fruits Indehiscent Fruits Fleshy Fruits Fruit Fall Fruit and Seed Dispersal Types of Dispersal FRUIT SET AND RIPENING Introduction Physiology of Fruit Development Fruit Enlargement Patterns of Fruit Ripening Climacteric Fruit Non-Climacteric Fruit Symptoms of Ripening - Changes in Structure and Composition Changes in Cell Structure during Ripening... 26

8 Factors Responsible for the Changes in Colour during Ripening Factors Responsible for Softening of Fruit During Ripening Interrelationships of the Different Aspects of the Ripening Process Responsible for the Changes in Flavour of Fruit Biochemical Control of Fruit Ripening External Control of Ripening Effect of Temperature Gaseous Composition of Storage Atmosphere Pigment Changes Associated with Fruit Maturation and Ripening The Course of Pigment Changes Environmental Effects Senescence in Fruits Changes during Senescence Variations in the Pattern of Ripening within Climacteric and Non-Climacteric Groups Growth Regulators and Fruit Setting Auxins and Pollen Auxins and Fruit Seed Development in Relation to Size and Shape of Fruit Influence of Seeds on Fruit Growth Production of Auxin in Seeds Correlation between Auxin Content of Seeds and Fruit Growth Gibberellins and Fruit Set Gibberellins and Fruits Growth Cytokinins and Fruit Set Ethylene and Fruit Set ETHYLENE AND FRUIT RIPENING Historical Background Sources of Ethylene in the Environment Overcoming Ethylene s Undesirable Effects FDA Status Measurement of Ethylene Safety precautions Biosynthesis of Ethylene Ethylene formation in model systems Regulation of Ethylene biosynthesis Ethylene Binding Ethylene Receptors... 59

9 Ethylene Metabolism Biochemical Action Biological Effects Amount of gas needed Ethylene and Defense Responses Senescence, Fruit Ripening and Abscission Chlorophyll Degradation Ethylene and Chloroplast Structure Stress Ethylene Sources of Ethylene Ethylene generators Ethylene Related Plant Growth Regulators Practical Use of Ethylene-Releasing Compounds Undesirable Effects of Ethylene FRUIT MATURITY INDICES AND HARVESTING Introduction Maturity Indices Definitions Related to Maturity and Ripening: Mature Maturation Ripe Ripening Senescence Physical Methods Chemical methods Physiological methods Harvesting Bruising in Fruit Harvesting methods Harvesting tools Harvesting containers Pre-Harvest Factors Affecting Postharvest Life Pre-harvest production practices Time for Fresh Produce Harvest POST HARVEST LOSSES (PHLS) Post Harvest Losses Reasons of Postharvest Losses Perishability and Produce Losses Physiological deterioration

10 Mechanical damage (physical injury) Diseases and pests POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGY: A SCIENCE Other Considerations Chilling and Chilling injury Mechanical Damage Preventing moisture loss Importance and Role of Postharvest Technology Postharvest loss reduction techniques Value addition Contribution to the economy Making availability of fruits Tool for export earning Employment generation Adding taste, variety and providing nutrition Waste utilization Supplier to the defence services Canned fruits for infants and children Food supply to the astronauts Role of Postharvest Technologists Postharvest Technology in India Biotechnological Approaches in Food Processing The Need Future Thrust areas Futuristic Indian Technological and Research Scenario INITIAL HANDLING OF FRUIT CROPS Dumping Pre-sorting Washing and Cleaning Waxing Sizing / Grading PRECOOLING OF HORTICULTURE PRODUCE Importance of Precooling Room cooling Cooling bays Forced-air cooling Hydrocooling Features of Hydrocooling

11 Harvest and Post-Harvest Technology of Fruit Crops Publisher : Agrobios Publications ISBN : Author : U Kumar And S Prasad Type the URL : Get this ebook