Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) on mango in Laos

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1 KHON แก นเกษตร KAEN 44 AGR. ฉบ บพ เศษ J. 44 SUPPL. 1 : (2559). 1 : (2016). KHON KAEN AGR. J. 44 SUPPL. 1 : (2016). 87 Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) on mango in Laos Pheophanh Soysouvanh and Ki-Jeong Hong 1* ABSTRACT: Adult females of scale insects were collected on branches, leaves, peduncles, petioles and fruits of mango, Mangifera indica L. in mango orchards in Central and Southern Laos in The survey found nine species in eight genera in four families: Icerya seychellarum (Westwood) belong to family Monophlebidae; Ceroplastes stellifer (Signoret) and Coccus hesperidum (Linnaeus) belong to family Coccidae; Aulacaspis tubercularis (Maxwell- Lefroy) belong to family Diaspididae; Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley, Ferrisia virgata (Cokerell), Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (Beardsley), Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green), Rastococcus spinosus (Robinson) belong to family Pseudococcidae. Among these are 4 species newly recorded in Laos. Keywords: Coccidae, Diaspididae, Pseudococcidae, Monophlebidae, Mangifera indica Introduction The genus Mangifera L. is endemic to Southeast Asia, with the common mango, Mangifera indica L.likely to have originated in the area between eastern India and Myanmar (Bompard and Schnell, 1997; Mukherjee, 1997) Subsequently, many countries with a tropical and subtropical climate have been interested in the introduction and development of good, edible mangoes. Mango is cultivated in Laos as a major fruit tree along with citrus and banana (Department of Agriculture, 2013). Mangoes like many other fruit plants that have problems with insect pests. The most important insect pests of mango include fruit flies, mango seed weevil, mango leafhopper and scale insects. Scale insects injure mangoes by feeding on the plant s sap through leaves, branches and fruits. Direct damage by scale insects results in defoliation, drying up of young twigs, and poor blossoming. Direct damage also affects the commercial value of fruit and their export potential. Scale insects can also cause indirect damage by serving as vectors of plant diseases. Some species of scale insects excrete honeydew, which accumulates on the upper leaf surfaces. Under damp conditions, this honeydew can be colonised by a black, non-parasitic fungus known as sooty mold which decreases photosynthesis by the leaves. In addition, because scale insects are often difficult to control and remove from produce such as fruits, they are of quarantine concern, requiring management to prevent their spread through export of plant products (Miller et al. 2002; 2005). This study aimed to be guide pest management in the field and promote adoption of rational phytosanitary practices in Laos. Material and Methods The general surveillance and detection survey method were adopted following McMaugh (2005). The collections were conducted in Central 1 Department of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Suncheon , Republic of Korea * Corresponding author: curcul@sunchon.ac.kr

2 88 แก นเกษตร 44 ฉบ บพ เศษ 1 : (2559). and southern part of Laos in January (dry season) and July (wet season) 2015 in mango orchards. Adult females of scale insects were collected from branches, leaves, peduncles, petioles and fruits of mango and then placed in small tubes containing 75% alcohol. Thesespecimens were transferred to the entomology laboratory in Suncheon National University for slide mounting. Slides specimens were prepared following Malipatil et al. (2013) and Williams and Watson (1988). Specimens were placed in 10% KOH and heated at 80 C for 10 minutes to clear body contents. Specimens were left in a stain made up of 3 drops of acid fuchsin, 3 drops of acid alcohol and 6 drops of 95% ethanol for at least 30 minutes. Scale insect specimens were transferred from stain to 95% ethanol for 10 minutes then moved to 100% ethanol. Specimens then were moved to clove oil for an hour, and finally mounted in Canada balsam. Slides were dried in an incubator at 40 C for two weeks. All slide-mounted specimens were identified using the southern Asian key in (Williams, 2004; Scalenet, 2015). Results A total of nine species representing eight genera and four families were collected, as follows: Family: Monophlebidae or giant scales. One monophlebid species, Icerya seychellarum (Westwood), commonly known as the ice plant scale as found. It was collected in January and July 2015 on leaves and peduncles of mango. Field character: body orange, legs and antenna darkbrown, covered with white or yellow wax; media n a r e a w i t h l o n g i t u d i n a l s e r i e s o f tufts, marginal areas with fringe of wax processes all about same length and with numerous silken threads; immatures yellow. Slide-mounted body oval, with 3 pairs of abdominal spiracles; large open center pores present around body margin and in dorsomedial area of head and thorax, with triangular projection on inner rim. Thoracic and abdominal spiracles simple, without pores in atrium; anal opening simple with sclerotized rim internally. Family: Coccidae or soft scales. Two species were found. Ceroplastes stellifer (Signoret) or stellate scale was collected during January and July 2015 on leaves. Field character: body round; covered with slightly translucent wax; developed into 6 or 7 radiating arms giving the appearance of a star fish, each arm with white conical tip; female pink or purplish red then becoming darker in older females. Slide-mounted body oval, margin with 4 stigmatic setae; antenna with 6 segments; 19 long setae between antennae. Tibia and tarsus fused, without sclerosis; area around anal region sclerotized, forming protuberance; claw without denticle; claw digitules equal; preopercular pores inconspicuous, restricted to area anterior of anal plates. Coccus hesperidum (Linnaeus) or brown soft scale was collected in January 2015 on peduncles and fruit. Field character: body broadly brown, soft scale oval to round; flat to slightly convex in lateral view; body yellow-green to yellow-brown, body turning brown with age. Slidemounted body elongate; claw without small denticle; marginal setae slightly enlarged, usually weakly fimbriate, occasionally simple; anal plates with posterior margin longer than anterior margin; each anal plate with 4 apical setae, without a subdiscal seta; stigmatic setae differentiated from other marginal setae, middle seta conspicuously longer than lateral setae.

3 KHON KAEN AGR. J. 44 SUPPL. 1 : (2016). Family: Diaspididae or armored scales. One species, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Maxwell-Lefroy) commonly known as white mango scale, was collected in January and July 2015 in central and southern parts of Laos on leaves. It is circular, flat, thin and wrinkled. Exuviae lie near the margin and are yellowish-brown, with a median black ridge, forming a dark distinct median line. Males are small, white, with their sides nearly parallel and distinctly tricarinate. On slide-mount: with angular prosoma; body widest at prominent lateral tubercles, almost level with anterior spiracles; posterior spiracles usually associated with spiracular pores; gland spines and macroducts absent from thorax and head. Pygidium with median lobes zygotic, without any setae or gland spines between bases. Family: Pseudococcidae or mealybugs. Five species of mealybugs were found. Dysmicoccus neobrevipes (Beardsley), commonly called the pineapple mealybug, was collected in January 2015 on leaves of mangoes in central Laos. Body oval or rotund; gray or grayorange; body covered by flocculent white mealy wax, without bare areas on dorsum. Slide-mounted; body oval; cerarii numbering 17 pairs, antennae with 8 segments, legs and anal ring normally well developed. Ferrisia virgata (Cokerell), or striped mealybug, was found in January 2015 on leaves of mangoes in central and southern Laos. Body elongate oval; body dark gray; legs dark brown; covered by white mealy wax, with 2 submedial longitudinal bare areas on dorsum. Slidemounted body is elongate oval, abdominal tapering, anal lobe well developed, antenna each with 8 segments, legs well developed, slender, claw stout. 89 Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Beardsley, or jack beardsley mealybug, was collected on leaves of mangoes in January 2015 in central and southern Laos. Body oval and slightly rounded in lateral view; body contents crushed are reddish brown; mealy wax covering body, not thick enough to hide pink body color. Slide-mounted body broadly oval, cerarii numbering 17 pairs. Anal lobe cerarii each containing 2 setae, head cerarii each bearing 3 5 conical setae, each cerarii with 4 5 auxiliary setae. Antennae with 8 segments, legs well developed, translucent pores fairly numerous on hind femur and tibia, each eye with adjacent sclerotized rims. Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green) was collected in July 2015 on peduncle of mango in central Laos. The body of this species was oval to round; slightly rounded to convex in lateral view; light yellow; legs light yellow; mealy wax covering thick, in median area forming medial longitudinal ridge on thorax and abdomen. Slide-mounted: body broadly oval, cerarii each situated on a large area. Antennae each with 9 segments, legs well developed, claw with denticle, circulus almost transversely rectangular rounded. Ostioles well developed represented on both anterior and posterior. Rastococcus spinosus (Robinson), or Philippine mango mealybug, was collected in January and July 2015 on leaves of mangoes in central and south Laos. Adult female pale greenish white, covered with white wax except for a bare area on midline, filaments conspicuous and long. Slidemounted: body oval, cerarian setae truncate; 17 main pairs of cerarii, with intermediate cerarii present between main cerarii; circulus much wider than long; 1 pair of ostioles.

(CABI, 2015; Soysouvanh and Hong, 2015).

species newly record in Laos: Icerya seychellarum, Ceroplastes stellifer, Coccus

Two species are first occurred on mango in Laos: Dysmicoccus neobrevipes and Pseudococcus

Some species were found in wet and dry season (January and July) (Table 1).

Aulacaspis tubercularis has been spread by transportation of infested plant material and

It poses significant pest problems in South America (Joubert et al., 2000).

It causes damage to mangoes, with sooty mould growth (Williams, 2004).

4 90 แก นเกษตร 44 ฉบ บพ เศษ 1 : (2559). Dissussion Eight species of scale insect have previously been reported on mango in Laos (CABI, 2015; Soysouvanh and Hong, 2015). Nine species of scale insect were found in this survey (Figure 1), among them four species newly record in Laos: Icerya seychellarum, Ceroplastes stellifer, Coccus hesperidum, Aulacaspis tubercularis. Two species are first occurred on mango in Laos: Dysmicoccus neobrevipes and Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi. Some species were found in wet and dry season (January and July) (Table 1). Several of these nine species are imported pests on mango. Aulacaspis tubercularis has been spread by transportation of infested plant material and is now widespread in many countries that grow mangoes. It poses significant pest problems in South America (Joubert et al., 2000). There are many reports from India of Rastrococcus iceryoides causing serious damage to mangoes and other fruit trees. Rastrococcus spinosus is ranked as a minor a pest in Malaysia. It causes damage to mangoes, with sooty mould growth (Williams, 2004). Hemilecanium mangiferae (Kondo and Williams, 2005) has been described as a new pest of mango in the bordering country of Thailand but this species was not found during this survey. A B C D E F G H I Figure 1 Habitus of scale insects species on mango in Laos from survey in January, July 2015 A) Icerya seychellarum; B) Ceroplastes stellifer; C) Coccus hesperidum; D) Aulacaspis tubercularis; E) Dysmicoccus neobrevipes; F) Ferrisia virgate; G) Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi; H) Rastrococcus iceryoides; I) Rastococcus spinosus

5 KHON KAEN AGR. J. 44 SUPPL. 1 : (2016). 91 Table 1 List of scale insects species on mango in Laos from survey in January, July 2015 and literature review from (CABI, 20015). Families /Species name Collected time Reference Monophlebidae Icerya seychellarum (Westwood) January and July 2015 Coccidae Ceroplastes stellifer (Signoret) January and July 2015 Coccus hesperidum (Linnaeus) January 2015 Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) CABI, 2015 Saissetia coffeae (Walker) Waterhouse, 1993 Diaspididae Aulacaspis tubercularis (Maxwell-Lefroy) January and July 2015 Lepidosaphes beckii (Boisduval) CABI, 2015 Pseudococcidae Dysmicoccus neobrevipes (Beardsley) January 2015 Soysouvanh et al, 2015 Ferrisia virgata (Cokerell) January 2015 Ben-Dov, 1994 Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Williams, 2004 Planococcus citri (Risso) CABI, 2015 Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell) Ben-Dove, 1994 Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi ( Beardsley) January 2015 Soysouvanh et al, 2015 Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green) July 2015 Williams, 2004 Rastococcus spinosus (Robinson) January and July 2015 Soysouvanh and Hong, 2015 Conclusion This survey is the first published study of scale insects on mangoes in Laos. The survey was undertaken during both the dry season (January) and the wet season (July) in The survey has shown that scale insects are important pests of mango. Further collections from a wider range of locations and plant stages will further expand our understanding of scale insects in Laos. An important outcome will be that pest lists for mango for Laos will become more credible. This will guide pest management in the field and promote adoption of rational phytosanitary practices at the country s national borders. Acknowledgements We would like express special thanks to Dr. Soo-Jung Suh (PQTC, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency) and Dr. Ian Naumann (Australian Government Department of Agriculture) for sup-

6 92 แก นเกษตร 44 ฉบ บพ เศษ 1 : (2559). port, information, guidebook, technique identification and comments on the manuscript. References Ben-Dov, Y A systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Andover, Intercept Limited, UK. 686 pp. Bompard, J.M, and R.J. Schnell Taxonomy and systematics. In: The mango: botany, production and uses. Edited by R.E. Litz. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. pp CABI. Crop Protection Compendium. Available: Accessed Dec., Department of Agriculture Annual report of cultivated agriculture crops in Laos. (in Lao). Joubert, P.H, Daneel, M.S., Grove,T., and A. Pichakum Progress towards integrated pest management (IPM) on mangoes in South Africa. Acta Horticulture No. 509: Kondo,T., and D.J. Williams Description of a new pest species of Hemilecanium newstead (Hemiptera: Coccidae) on mango from Thailand. Zootaxa. 1045: Malipatil, M., D. Tree, and L. Semeraro Scale insects and mealybugs (Coccoidea) of Southeast Asia Diagnostics Workshop, Unpublished manual. McMaugh, T Guidelines for surveillance for plant pests in Asia and the Pacific. ACIAR Monograph No pp. Miller, D.R., G.L. Miller, and G.W. Watson Invasive species mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and their threat to U.S. Agriculture. Proceedings of Entomology Society of Washington. 104: Miller, D.R., G. L Miller, G. S Hodges, and J. A. Davidson Introduced scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the United States and their impact on U.S. agriculture. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 107: Mukherjee, S.K Introduction: botany and importance. In: The mango: botany, production and uses. Edited by R.E. Litz. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. pp Scalenet. Scale insect web catalogue. Available: scalenet.info/. Accessed Dec., Soysouvanh, P., and K.J. Hong Faunistic Study of the Family Pseudococcidae (Hemiptera) from Cambodia and Laos II. Abstract proceeding of the Korean Society of Applied Entomology. Soysouvanh, P., S. J. Suh, and K.J. Hong Faunistic Study of the Family Pseudococcidae (Hemiptera) from Cambodia and Laos. Korean J. App. Entomol. 54(3): Waterhouse, D.F The Major Arthropod Pests and Weeds of Agriculture in Southeast Asia. ACIAR Monograph No.21. Canberra, Australia: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Williams, D.J Mealybugs of Southern Asia. The Natural History Museum, Kuala Lumpur; Southdene. 896 pp. Williams, D.J, and G.W. Watson The Scale Insects of the Tropical South Pacific Region Part 2. The Mealybugs (Pseudococcidea). Wallingford, CAB International, UK. 260 pp.

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