Chuck Chimera Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 18

Transcription

1 Famil: Verbeaceae Taxo: Clerodedrum chiese Som: Clerodedrum fragras Willd. Clerodedrum philippium Schauer Crptathus chiesis Osbeck (basiom) Commo Name: Chiese glor bower fragrat clerodedrum fragrat glor bower Questioaire : curret Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Chuck Chimera Desigatio: H(HPWRA) Data Etr Perso: Chuck Chimera WRA Score Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? =1, = Does the species have weed races? =1, = Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals =1, = Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 Prit Date: 5/6/2011 Clerodedrum chiese (Verbeaceae) Page 1 of 9

2 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed =1, = Hbridizes aturall =1, = Self-compatible or apomictic =1, = Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio =1, = Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, 1 4+ ears = Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked =1, =-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people =1, = Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat =1, = Propagules adapted to wid dispersal =1, = Propagules water dispersed =1, = Propagules bird dispersed =1, = Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) =1, = Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, = Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) =1, = Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) =1, = Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire =1, = Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 18 Prit Date: 5/6/2011 Clerodedrum chiese (Verbeaceae) Page 2 of 9

3 Supportig Data: Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Riffle, R.L.. The Tropical Look - A Ecclopedia of Dramatic Ladscape Plats. Timber Press, Portlad, OR Iremoger, S.. A guide to plats i the Blue Moutais of Jamaica. Uiversit of the West Idies Press, Kigsto, Jamaica Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Waterhouse, D.F.. Biological cotrol: Pacific prospects. Supplemet 2. Cetre for Iteratioal Agricultural Research, Caberra, Csurhes, S./Edwards, R.. Potetial evirometal weeds i : Cadidate species for prevetative cotrol. Biodiversit Group, Eviromet, Caberra, Wiersema, J.H./Leó, B.. World Ecoomic Plats: A Stadard Referece. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Smith, A.C.. Flora Vitiesis Nova - A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophtes Ol). Volume 5. Natioal Tropical Botaical Garde, Lawai, HI Liogier, H.A.. Descriptive flora of Puerto Rico ad adjacet islads: Spermatophta, Volume IV. Melastomataceae to Letibulariaceae. La Editorial, UPR, Sa Jua, Puerto Rico Csurhes, S./Edwards, R.. Potetial evirometal weeds i : Cadidate species for prevetative cotrol. Biodiversit Group, Eviromet, Caberra, [Is the species highl domesticated? No] "A sigle-flowered form grows wild i Chia, although the double-flowered form is more ofte cultivated." [No evidece that cultivatio has reduced competitive abilit] [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s)? 2-high] "A species ative to subtropical Chia, ad ow widespread i the tropical Pacific Basi, Africa, ad the Americas, C. chiese is also grow i greehouses i temperate regios." [Qualit of climate match data? 2-high] "A species ative to subtropical Chia, ad ow widespread i the tropical Pacific Basi, Africa, ad the Americas, C. chiese is also grow i greehouses i temperate regios." [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? Yes] " adaptable to zoes 9 through 11 although margial i zoe 9a." [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? Yes] "120 to 1,280 m (400 to 4,200 ft). Itroduced ad aturalized, ative of Chia." [elevatio rage >1000 m demostrates evirometal versatilit] [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "A species ative to subtropical Chia, ad ow widespread i the tropical Pacific Basi, Africa, ad the Americas, C. chiese is also grow i greehouses i temperate regios." [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "C. chiese is a importat horticultural plat i ma tropical ad subtropical areas of the world. It is oc of the most commol cultivated, garde escaped, ad aturalised species of Clerodedrum." [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "C chiese is ative to souther Asia. It also exists i Mexico (at Chiapas) ad Nicaragua (at Matagalpa, at a altitude of some 1400m) (Rueda 1993). I Queeslad, cultivated specimes were recorded i Ipswich i 1976 ad i the Brisbae Botaical Gardes (Mt Coot-tha) i 1995 (Queeslad herbarium). C philippium var pleiflorum is curretl growig i the Brisbae Botaical Gardes, Mt Coot-tha (Camero pers. comm.). It was grow i the Flecker Botaical Gardes i Cairs i the late 1980's but is o loger preset (Wilmigto pers. comm.). It is ot kow i the Queeslad urser trade (Lawso 1996)." [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "Eco. Eviro. (orametal) Dist: Chia; widel cult. I tropics & subtropics" [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "A species ative to subtropical Chia, ad ow widespread i the tropical Pacific Basi, Africa, ad the Americas, C. chiese is also grow i greehouses i temperate regios." [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "sparigl cultivated from ear sea level to a elevatio of about 900 m; it is more commol see aturalized i thickets, fields, ad cocout platatios ad alog roadsides" [Fiji] [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Roadsides ad wastegrouds, escaped from cultivatio, at lower ad middle elevatios, PR; souther Uited States, Bermuda, Bahamas, West Idies, Cetral America to Argetia ad Chile " [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "C. chiese is a weed i West Polesia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Fiji ad the Uited States (Holm et al. 1979). It is also a weed i the Cook Islads, i Niue, Pohpei ad the Federated States of Microesia. It is spreadig ad becomig a weed of importace i Fiji (MacFarlae, South Pacific Commissio Plat Protectio Service, Fiji, pers. comm.). Five other species of Clerodedrum have bee recorded as weeds (Holm et al. 1979)." Prit Date: 5/6/2011 Clerodedrum chiese (Verbeaceae) Page 3 of 9

4 Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Iremoger, S.. A guide to plats i the Blue Moutais of Jamaica. Uiversit of the West Idies Press, Kigsto, Jamaica Dawso, W./Mdolwa, A.S./Burslem, D.F.R.P./Hulme, P.E.. Assessig the risks of plat ivasios arisig from collectios i tropical botaical gardes. Biodiversit ad Coservatio. 17: Wu, S.-H./Yag, T.Y.A./Teg, Y.- C./Chag, C.-Y./Yag, K.-C./Hsieh, C.-F.. Isights of the Latest Naturalized Flora of Taiwa: Chage i the Past Eight Years. Taiwaia: Ceter for Aquatic ad Ivasive Plats. Glor tree, stickbush - Clerodedrum chiese. Uiversit of Florida, Swarbrick, J.T.. Weeds of the Pacific Islads. Techical paper o South Pacific Commissio, Noumea, New Caledoia Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Waterhouse, D.F.. Biological cotrol: Pacific prospects. Supplemet 2. Cetre for Iteratioal Agricultural Research, Caberra, [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "...i Hawaii aturalized i ope, wet, partl shaded, disturbed areas at the edges of mesic ad wet forests, taro paddies, or streams, m" [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Itroduced ad aturalized, ative of Chia." [Jamaica] [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Table 6 Naturalised alie plat species at Amai that have uclear platig histor (platig locatios ad effort are ukow)" [Tazaia. List icludes Clerodedrum chiese] [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Appedix 1. List of aturalized species of Taiwa." [Icludes Clerodedrum chiese] [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Clerodedrum chiese is occasioall foud growig i disturbed sites alog the cetral ad souther peisula of Florida ad Escambia cout. Glor tree is ative to Asia but escaped cultivatio. It blooms i the summer ad fall. Seve o-ative species of Clerodedrum have escaped from cultivatio ito atural Florida (Wuderli, 2003). " [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? Yes] "A major weed of roadsides ad gardes i tows ad villages ad rapidl ivades pastures ad platatios wherever it is plated. It ol thrives where the soil ad air are moist ad fertile, but it ca tolerate shade" [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? Yes] "Clerodedrum chiese teds to escape from cultivatio ad become weed i suitable climates; b 1917 it was alread cosidered a garde weed i Hawaii." [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? Yes] "C. chiese occurs i both Rarotoga ad Aitutaki (P. Samuel pers. comm. 1989). It was first collected i 1929 (Whistler pers. comm. 1989), grows to 0.9 to 1.5 m ad is commo i lowlads ad moist places awa from the sea (Wilder 1931), but is ot a major pest i agricultural lads (P. Samuel pers. comm. 1989) Clerodedrum chiese var. simplex is preset i Rabaul. It is troublesome whe preparig groud for platig cocoa, but is ot regarded as a importat weed. It is fertile, but also spreads b root suckers (P.D. Turer, pers. comm. 1989) It is ot kow whe C. chiese was brought to America Samoa but it is rapidl becomig a major weed. Util recetl it was commo alog roadsides ad o the borders of platatios. Now, o Tutuila, it has started peetratig ito cocout ad baaa platatios ad ito taro (Alocasia) fields. O the Maua islads it still occurs ol alog roadsides (A. Vargo pers. comm. 1989)...The weed status of C. chiese is greatest i Wester Samoa, where it is a major weed of roadsides ad village gardes (Plate 2, Fig. 1). It also ivades pastures, platatios ad atioal parks ad domiates all but tall vegetatio. Surves i Upolo recorded C. chiese i 7% ad 2% of taro fields with a average cover of 22.9% ad 6.6% respectivel (Kiirscher 1986, Sauerbor 1982), figures that are probabl ot sigificatl differet. It spreads rapidl b root suckers which emerge to form such dese thickets that all uderlig plats are smothered (Plate 2, Fig. 2). B 1989 Hoolulu rose was growig i dese clumps of up to several hudred metres i diameter. I oc such clump, havig 11 stems per m2 i shaded areas ad up to 30 i ewl ifested ope areas, the stem height raged from 1 to 3 m ad the groud cover up to 90%. I ope areas the rate of outward clump expasio was 6 to 8 m per aum, but less tha 2 m i forested areas. Although about 90% of the groud was uder cultivatio i a samplig area of 24.5 ha, C. chiese covered some 50% of the area, with a average stem height of 1.5 m. Eve i areas of itesive croppig, such as i taro or baaas uder cocout~, patches of C. chiese were preset. Ideed, 20 to 40% (ad up to 70%) cover occurred i baaa platatios ad up to 80% groud cover i areas temporaril left ucropped (losefa 1989). It is little woder that Hoolulu rose is regarded as a extremel serious weed i Wester Samoa." Motooka, P./Castro, L./Nelso, D./Nagai, G./Chig,L.. Weeds of Hawaii's Pastures ad [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? Possibl] "Forms dese caopies i pastures, alog streams, ad alog forest edges, shadig out the uderstor" Natural Areas: A Idetificatio ad Maagemet [ivades pastures, but impacts to rachig or agriculture ukow] Guide. CTAHR, UH Maoa, Hoolulu, HI l Prit Date: 5/6/2011 Clerodedrum chiese (Verbeaceae) Page 4 of 9

5 Waterhouse, D.F.. Biological cotrol: Pacific prospects. Supplemet 2. Cetre for Iteratioal Agricultural Research, Caberra, Csurhes, S./Edwards, R.. Potetial evirometal weeds i : Cadidate species for prevetative cotrol. Biodiversit Group, Eviromet, Caberra, [Evirometal weed? Yes] "It has bee aturalised for some 150 ears i Cetral ad South America, but is regarded there as. At most, a mior weed. It has bee aturalised for almost as log i the easter Pacific, without becomig a importat weed but, followig its more recet itroductio to the southwest Pacific, it is alread a serious weed i Wester ad America Samoa ad is rapidl becomig so i Niue ad Fiji. I the southwest Pacific it grows vigorousl to about 2.5 m i rich moist soils, both i sushie ad i shade, outcompetig ad smotherig all uderlig vegetatio...fiji: C. chiese was first collected as a roadside shrub b Degeer ad Ordoez durig their expeditio (Smith 1942). It was probabl itroduced as a orametal but, b 1958, had alread become aturalised ad commo, formig large roadside patches i the wet zoes ofviti Levu, Vaua Levu ad Taveui (parham 1959, 1972). It also occurs ow o Rotuma Is (M. Nagatalevu, pcrs. comm. 1989). It is spreadig steadil alog roads i the wetter areas, rapidl becomig a serious weed ad is ow umbered high amogst the top 10 weeds...western SAMOA Whistler (1983) records the first collectio of C. chiese i It was ot metioed i lists of plats of Wester ad America Samoa published i the thirties (Christopherso 1935, L10d ad Aike 1934). It is preset o Upolu ad Savaii, but ot o Apolima or Maoo (A. Peters pers. comm. 1989). Stems are said to have bee used as pegs durig a surve of some of the roads leadig out of Apia, which ma accout for its widespread distributio alog roadsides. Sice it is such a cospicuous plat, absece of records earlier tha 1955 suggests that, if preset much before the, it must have bee ucommo or perhaps still ol a garde plat. I 1992 it was rated umber 2 amogst the coutr's worst weeds CA. Hill pers. comm. 1992)." [Evirometal weed? Potetial i. Recommeded for eradicatio] "Uder favourable coditios, Clerodedrum chiese ca form dese thickets that exclude most other plat species. It has a histor as a weed i West Polesia, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Fiji ad the Uited States. There are o records of aturalised specimes i ad the plat appears to exist ol i several botaical gardes. Eradicatio appears to be feasible ad is recommeded..."c chiese has the potetial to form dese thickets that might prevet regeeratio of ative plat species. There is o iformatio available regardig its impact o ative ecosstems i other coutries, but it is kow to be a highl ivasive weed of disturbed areas. The plat appears best suited to high raifall (> 1000mm per aum), tropical ad sub tropical climates ad ma become ivasive i coastal regios of orther ad easter."" Motooka, P./Castro, L./Nelso, D./Nagai, G./Chig,L.. Weeds of Hawaii's Pastures ad Natural Areas: A Idetificatio ad Maagemet Guide. CTAHR, UH Maoa, Hoolulu, HI l [Evirometal weed? Yes] "Forms dese caopies i pastures, alog streams, ad alog forest edges, shadig out the uderstor" Shie, C./Reaser, J.K./Gutierrez, A.T. (eds.). Ivasive alie species i the Austral Pacific Regio: Natioal Reports & Director of Resources. Global Ivasive Species Programme, Cape Tow, South Africa Ceter for Aquatic ad Ivasive Plats. Glor tree, stickbush - Clerodedrum chiese. Uiversit of Florida, Floridata. Clerodedrum bugei Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. [Evirometal weed? Yes] "The followig list icludes te IAS categorised ad prioritized as the most oxious ivasive species o Niue. Sigapore dais, Wedelia (Wedelia (=Sphageticola) trilobata)sigapore dais, Wedelia (Wedelia (=Sphageticola) trilobata) Chai of hearts/chai of love (Atigoo leptopus) Lataa (Lataa camara) Hoolulu rose (Clerodedrum chiese) Feral pigs (Sus scrofa), Moe plat/pothos (Scidapsus aureus) Wood rose (Merremia tuberose) Africa tulip tree (Spathodea campaulata) Crow of thors starfish (Acathaster placi) Rats" [Cogeeric weed? Yes] "Seve o-ative species of Clerodedrum have escaped from cultivatio ito atural Florida (Wuderli, 2003). " [Cogeeric weed? Yes] "Clerodedrum bugei is ivasive i Florida ad other regios." [Produces spies, thors or burrs? No] "Sceted subshrubs up to 2 m tall; braches quadragular, desel strigose. Leaves membraous, broadl ovate, 6-29 cm log, 5 28 cm wide, both surfaces sparsel to moderatel strigillose, margis coarsel ad irregularl detate, sometimes weakl 1-3 lobed, apex acute, base cordate to trucate, petioles 2-23 cm log." Prit Date: 5/6/2011 Clerodedrum chiese (Verbeaceae) Page 5 of 9

6 WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Allelopathic? Ukow] Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Swarbrick, J.T.. Weeds of the Pacific Islads. Techical paper o South Pacific Commissio, Noumea, New Caledoia Waterhouse, D.F.. Biological cotrol: Pacific prospects. Supplemet 2. Cetre for Iteratioal Agricultural Research, Caberra, Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Waterhouse, D.F.. Biological cotrol: Pacific prospects. Supplemet 2. Cetre for Iteratioal Agricultural Research, Caberra, Maadhar, N.P.. Plats ad people of Nepal. Timber Press, Portlad, OR Waterhouse, D.F.. Biological cotrol: Pacific prospects. Supplemet 2. Cetre for Iteratioal Agricultural Research, Caberra, Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Csurhes, S./Edwards, R.. Potetial evirometal weeds i : Cadidate species for prevetative cotrol. Biodiversit Group, Eviromet, Caberra, [Parasitic? No] "Sceted subshrubs up to 2 m tall; braches quadragular, desel strigose." [Verbeaceae, or Lamiaceae] [Upalatable to grazig aimals? Yes] "Apparetl upalatable to stock" [Toxic to aimals? Ukow] "Ma species of Clerodedrum cotai chemicals that have toxic, atifeedat (Kato et al. 1972) or other pharmacological effects, but extracts that have bee tested i various was for isecticidal properties have displaed ol moderate activit. A chemical examiatio of the aerial parts of C. chiese was reported b Nair et al. (1974) ad two ver rare steroids were idetified i the leaves ad stems b Akihisa et al. (1988). The atifeedig effects of extracts of six species of Clerodedrum, icludig C. chiese, for larvae of the cluster caterpillar Spodoptera litura were examied b Hosozawa et al. (1974) who reported the presece of the atifeedig diterpees, clerodedri A ad B." [evidece ucertai] [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? No] "It thrives i coditios from full su to deep shade, tolerates poor soil, ad is susceptible to few pests other tha a leaf fugus." [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No] "I Malasia, some species of Clerodedrum are associated with sorcer or are used mediciall because of their supposed or actual curative powers (Neal 1965). Thus C. chiese is reported to be used topicall, either i a fometatio for rheumatism ad ague or, with other substaces, for ski diseases (BurkillI935, Quisumbig 1951). It is still used for medicial purposes i Vietam, aloe or mixed with other herbs for the cotrol of diseases icludig dseter ad veereal diseases (Jolivet 1983, T.T. Gia pers. comm. 1989)." [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No] "Juice of the plat is applied to cuts ad wouds. Juice of the bark is applied to burs. Juice of the leaf is used to alleviate boils ad pimples." [S. C. philippium. Used mediciall with o evidece or warigs about iadvertet toxicit or allergeic properties] [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No] No evidece [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No] "Naturalised o ope, wet, partl shaded, disturbed areas at the edges of mesic ad wet forest, taro paddies, or streams' at elevatios from m" [o evidece, ad ivaded wet habitat i Hawaiia Islads is similar to habit of other ivaded ecosstems. Ulikel to create fire hazards i these areas.] [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Yes] "It thrives i coditios from full su to deep shade, tolerates poor soil, ad is susceptible to few pests other tha a leaf fugus." [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? Probabl es] "It thrives i coditios from full su to deep shade, tolerates poor soil, ad is susceptible to few pests other tha a leaf fugus." [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? No] "Sceted subshrubs up to 2 m tall; braches quadragular, desel strigose." [Forms dese thickets? Yes] "Uder favourable coditios, Clerodedrum chiese ca form dese thickets that exclude most other plat species." Prit Date: 5/6/2011 Clerodedrum chiese (Verbeaceae) Page 6 of 9

7 Motooka, P./Castro, L./Nelso, D./Nagai, G./Chig,L.. Weeds of Hawaii's Pastures ad Natural Areas: A Idetificatio ad Maagemet Guide. CTAHR, UH Maoa, Hoolulu, HI l [Forms dese thickets? Yes] "Forms dese caopies i pastures, alog streams, ad alog forest edges, shadig out the uderstor" Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Leeratiwog, C./Chataraothai, P.. Notes o Clerodedrum (Lamiaceae). THAI Forestr Bulleti. 31: Waterhouse, D.F.. Biological cotrol: Pacific prospects. Supplemet 2. Cetre for Iteratioal Agricultural Research, Caberra, Csurhes, S./Edwards, R.. Potetial evirometal weeds i : Cadidate species for prevetative cotrol. Biodiversit Group, Eviromet, Caberra, Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Waterhouse, D.F.. Biological cotrol: Pacific prospects. Supplemet 2. Cetre for Iteratioal Agricultural Research, Caberra, [Aquatic? No] "Sceted subshrubs up to 2 m tall; braches quadragular, desel strigose." [Grass? No] Verbeaceae, or Lamiaceae [Nitroge fixig wood plat? No] Verbeaceae, or Lamiaceae [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? No] "Sceted subshrubs up to 2 m tall; braches quadragular, desel strigose." [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No] "The species is widespread from Idia, Mamar ad Thailad (except the peisular part) to Chia." [Produces viable seed? Possibl at times] "although Wager et al. (1990) state that fruit are ukow, seed productio was recorded b Haselwood ad Motter (1966) ad Neal (1929). Thus the low weed status of the plat i Hawaii is ot obviousl coected with peculiarities i the mode of reproductio, ad the situatio might weil repa stud.it is fertile, but also spreads b root suckers (P.D. Turer, pers. comm. 1989)...MALAYSIA The earliest specimes i the herbaria i Malasia ad Sigapore were collected i 1885 ad have double or semi-double flowers. Plats growig i 1989 i the Kuala Lumpur Botaic Gardes have semi-double flowers ad are surrouded b oug seedligs; hece the flowers are fertile (M.H. Julie pers. comm. 1989)...There is clear evidece that flower tpe of C. chiese ad its varieties var over its distributio, but o iformatio is available as to the sigificace of this i relatio to potetial weediess. All that ca be said at this stage is that the seriousl weed form reported ol i the Pacific is oc that has double, sterile flowers. Sice this form ol propagates vegetativcl (b suckers), all ma well be derived from a sigle cloe ad possibl as a mutatio from C. chiese var. simplex. This cloe ma, however, differ i weediess from the o-seedig stocks of the species itroduced last cetur to Frech Polesia ad Hawaii. Studies emploig electrophoresis ad molecular techiques are ecessar to throw light o this aspect." [Produces viable seed? No] "The flowers are fragrat ad ofte sterile." [Produces viable seed? No] "No fruit is produced because all the sexual parts of the flower have bee trasformed ito petal-like orgas." [Hbridizes aturall? No] "No fruit is produced because all the sexual parts of the flower have bee trasformed ito petal-like orgas." [icapable of hbridizatio] [Self-compatible or apomictic? Not applicable] "No fruit is produced because all the sexual parts of the flower have bee trasformed ito petal-like orgas." [Requires specialist polliators? No] "A umber of other isects (but rarel Lepidoptera) sought ectar from the flowers ad ma ats, but fewer beetles, were attracted to the extra-floral ectaries. Ats ad beetles were the mai polliators." Prit Date: 5/6/2011 Clerodedrum chiese (Verbeaceae) Page 7 of 9

8 Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Smith, A.C.. Flora Vitiesis Nova - A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophtes Ol). Volume 5. Natioal Tropical Botaical Garde, Lawai, HI Waterhouse, D.F.. Biological cotrol: Pacific prospects. Supplemet 2. Cetre for Iteratioal Agricultural Research, Caberra, Che Shou-liag/Gilbert, M.G.. Flora of Chia. Vol Verbeaceae. Sciece Press & Missouri Botaical Garde Press, Beijig, & St. Louis Wiersema, J.H./Leó, B.. World Ecoomic Plats: A Stadard Referece. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Che Shou-liag/Gilbert, M.G.. Flora of Chia. Vol Verbeaceae. Sciece Press & Missouri Botaical Garde Press, Beijig, & St. Louis Csurhes, S./Edwards, R.. Potetial evirometal weeds i : Cadidate species for prevetative cotrol. Biodiversit Group, Eviromet, Caberra, Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI [Requires specialist polliators? No] "No fruit is produced because all the sexual parts of the flower have bee trasformed ito petal-like orgas." [plat reproduces vegetativel, ad therefore requires o polliatio] [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? Yes] "The plats sucker freel from the roots, however, ad the propagate so readil b this meas that the have become aturalized o all the islads except Niihau ad Kahoolawe." [Miimum geerative time (ears)? 1] "The plats sucker freel from the roots, however, ad the propagate so readil b this meas that the have become aturalized o all the islads except Niihau ad Kahoolawe." [Abilit to vegetativel reproduce demostrates earl reproductive potetial, idepedet of time to flowerig] [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas)? Yes] "...more commol see aturalized i thickets, fields, ad cocout platatios ad alog roadsides" [although commo alog heavil trafficked areas, the plat is likel coloizig disturbed areas.] [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall? No] "It is believed to have bee spread b tractor-mouted slashers ad b suckers i rubbish throw ito the bush. It is a problem particularl i bush gardes o fertile soils (T.G. Mautama pers. comm. 1989)." [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] "Wild i Guagxi, Guizhou, ad Yua [cultivated i tropical ad subtropical Asia]" [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] "Eco. Eviro. (orametal) Dist: Chia; widel cult. I tropics & subtropics" [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] "It is uclear to what extet C. chiese is cultivated i Hawaii; i former times it was widel plated alog roadsides ad ear home sites. Ad these platigs formed the ucleus of aturalized populatios that persist toda. The fragrat, show flowers ad attractive appearace of this shrub ma ecourage its cotiued cultivatio, although the foul-smellig leaves are a upleasat feature." [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? Ulikel] "No fruit is produced because all the sexual parts of the flower have bee trasformed ito petal-like orgas." [o evidece, ad highl ulikel without fruit productio] [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? No] "No fruit is produced because all the sexual parts of the flower have bee trasformed ito petal-like orgas." [Propagules water dispersed? Possibl] "...i Hawaii aturalized i ope, wet, partl shaded, disturbed areas at the edges of mesic ad wet forests, taro paddies, or streams, m" [distributio suggests vegetative fragmets ma be dispersed b water at times] [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes i ative rage, but No i itroduced rage] "Clerodedrum chiese var. simplex Drupes eclosed b persistet iflated calx, blue-black, 8 10 mm i diam." [Propagules bird dispersed? No] "Ulike most species of Clerodedrum, which are reported to be spread b birds (Ridle 1930, Moldeke 1985), C. chiese reproduces primaril from root suckers." [Propagules bird dispersed? No] "No fruit is produced because all the sexual parts of the flower have bee trasformed ito petal-like orgas." [Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall)? No] "No fruit is produced because all the sexual parts of the flower have bee trasformed ito petal-like orgas." [Also o evidece that vegetative fragmets ca adhere to or are dissemiated b aimals exterall] Prit Date: 5/6/2011 Clerodedrum chiese (Verbeaceae) Page 8 of 9

9 Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI Waterhouse, D.F.. Biological cotrol: Pacific prospects. Supplemet 2. Cetre for Iteratioal Agricultural Research, Caberra, Swarbrick, J.T.. Weeds of the Pacific Islads. Techical paper o South Pacific Commissio, Noumea, New Caledoia [Propagules survive passage through the gut? NA] "No fruit is produced because all the sexual parts of the flower have bee trasformed ito petal-like orgas." [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? No] "No fruit is produced because all the sexual parts of the flower have bee trasformed ito petal-like orgas." [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? No] "No fruit is produced because all the sexual parts of the flower have bee trasformed ito petal-like orgas." [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Yes] "No detailed screeig of herbicides has bee carried out, although 2,4,5-T, or the more expesive Tordo 520 Brushkiller, are suggested as possible herbicides for Wester Samoa. More recetl a mixture of dicamba ad 2,4-D has proved effective. Work carried out i Wester Samoa has also show that metsulfuro methl ester produces effective cotrol. It has bee recommeded that the plats be cut ad the ew growth spraed. Whe herbicides were applied i Wester Samoa to regrowth four weeks after it had bee slashed to the groud, glphosate partiall destroed the foliage, but complete regrowth had occurred b 4 to 6 weeks after applicatio. Treatmet with 2,4,5-T resulted i complete kill of foliage, but 5 to 15% of the plats had regrow after 8 weeks" [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Yes] "Probabl susceptible to: 1) foliar applicatio of arboricides such as picloram, metsulfuro methl, glphosate ad triclopr at stadard rates ad dilutios; 2) cut-stump applicatio of the same herbicides; 3) soil applicatio of hexazioe, karbutilate, fluroxpr ad bromacil at stadard rates" Motooka, P./Castro, L./Nelso, D./Nagai, G./Chig,L.. Weeds of Hawaii's Pastures ad Natural Areas: A Idetificatio ad Maagemet Guide. CTAHR, UH Maoa, Hoolulu, HI l [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Yes] "A little work doe suggests hormoe-tpe herbicides i timel repeat applicatios will cotrol this weed" Eglberger,K.. Ivasive weeds of Pohpei: A guide for idetificatio ad public awareess. Coservatio Societ of Pohpei, Swarbrick, J.T.. Weeds of the Pacific Islads. Techical paper o South Pacific Commissio, Noumea, New Caledoia Julie, M. H.. Surves for the ative rage of Clerodedrum chiese & its atural eemies. Pp i Proc. Teth Weeds Coferece & 14th Asia Pacific Weed Sciece Societ Coferece: Brisbae,, 6-10 September Waterhouse, D.F.. Biological cotrol: Pacific prospects. Supplemet 2. Cetre for Iteratioal Agricultural Research, Caberra, [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Yes] "Youg plats ca be spraed b a herbicide such as triclopr (Garlo 4). Udiluted herbicide ca be applied to the cut stems of larger plats with wood stems" [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Yes] "Slashig will slow spread but ot prevet it. Vertical barriers i the soil ma prevet further spread if deep eough. Deep cultivatio i dr soil should be effective, but cultivatio i moist soil is probabl ieffective ad ma spread the weed." [Effective atural eemies preset locall? No] "The pereial shrub Clerodedrum chiese has become a problem i coutries of the South Pacific. I respose to requests to assist i cotrol of the weed prelimiar surves for the weed's ative rage ad its atural eemies were coducted. The ative rage of C. chiese icludes souther Chia ad parts of the orther Vietam border regios. The ative rage of the apparetl closel related C. chiese var. simplex is wider ad icludes souther Chia, a large portio of orther Vietam ad orther Thailad. A wide variet of orgaisms icludig isects, fugi ad mites were foud o these plats. Some caused sigificat damage, icludig the leaf feedig beetle Phllocharis udulata, a gall fl, stem tuelig beetles ad leaf attackig fugi. I cocluded that a biological cotrol project would idetif suitable cotrol agets for release i the South Pacific." [potetial biocotrol agets exists, but o evidece to date that the are preset or effectivel reducig C. chiese populatios] [Effective atural eemies preset locall? No] "Ol ver mior damage is caused to C, chiese i the Pacific b the few, widel polphagous isects that attack it there. However, several of the ma species of leaf-eatig beetles which cause sigificat damage to it i souther Chia ad orther Vietam are clearl cadidate biological cotrol agets, Of these, the chrsomelid Phllocharis udulata is particularl promisig, especiall if tests cofirm it to be adequatel host specific. Hoolulu rose appears to be a promisig target for a biological cotrol project i the southwest Pacific." Prit Date: 5/6/2011 Clerodedrum chiese (Verbeaceae) Page 9 of 9