Screening the susceptibility of some sweet cherry cultivars to Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae isolates by immature fruitlet test

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1 COST FA1104 Screening the susceptibility of some sweet cherry cultivars to Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae isolates by immature fruitlet test Hatice Ozaktan Mustafa Akbaba University of Ege, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant protection, 35100, Bornova, İzmir TURKEY

2 Cherry production in Turkey

3 cv. Salihli Turkish cherry growers have rapidly upgraded their orchards and horticultural skills.

4 SOME IMPORTANT DISEASES of CHERRY TREES IN TURKEY Causal agent Monilinia fructigena, Monilinia laxa disease BROWN ROT AND MONILINIA Armillaria mellea Taphirina deformans Agrobacterium tumefaciens Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae P. syringae pv. morsprunorum PDV, ilarivirus nepovirus, CLRV ARMILLARIA ROOT AND CROWN ROTS LEAF CURL CROWN GALL BACTERIAL CANKER PRUNE DWARF VıRUS CHERRY LEAF ROLL VIRUS

5 Cherry production in Turkey has been threatened by emerging and increasingly severe losses due to bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae pathovars The disease has first established in Turkey in 1954.

6 bacterial canker Pseudomonas syringae Stone and pome fruits stone fruits Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) Pseudomonas syringae pv. morsprunorum (Psm) Psm race 1, Psm race 2 Isolates obtained from recent surveys of sweet cherry plantations in Izmir province were predominantly P. syringae pv. syringae.

7 The pathogen has the ability to kill both young and older trees. Systemic infection and death of young trees is a perennial problem in nurseries, and canker development leading to death of entire trees

8 BLOSSOM BLAST SYMPTOMS Disease symptoms include blossom blast and spur dieback, leaf and fruit lesions, cankers with associated gummosis of woody tissue, loss of scaffold limbs, and overall decreased fruit yields.

9 Dieback of the young twigs

10 B

11 c

12 Bacterial canker and Gummosis on sweet cherry trees

13 AIM OF THIS STUDY Resistance of sweet cherry cultivars to bacterial canker could be assessed in field conditions, over several years, following natural infection and leaf scar or branch wound inoculations; resistance could also be assessed in controlled conditions using a detached-twig assay (Garrett and Fletcher, 1989; Krzesinska and Azarenko, 1992). These methods are dependent on the number of branches/trees available, are time-consuming The objective of this work was to develop a rapid screening for the susceptibility of some sweet cherry cultivars to bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syingae pv. syringae using immature fruitlet test (Kaluzna and Sobiczewski, 2009).

14 MATERIAL AND METHODS TESTED SWEET CHERRY CULTIVARS Napoleon Burley Bing Early burland Salihli TESTED PSS STRAINS 1: BADEM - isolated from almond / Izmir 2: BADE3M YALOVA - isolated from almond / Yalova 3: P 40/3 isolated from peach / Izmir 4: Dam 3/1 isolated from sweet cherry / Izmir 5: Dam 5/2 isolated from sweet cherry / Izmir

15 Freshly collected immature sweet cherry fruitlets were disinfected by dipping in 50% ethanol for 1 min and then rinsed three times in sterile distilled water. Each fruitlet was inoculated by injecting in two places to the depth of 2 mm mm with sterile needle previously immersed in suspension of each strain.

16 After inoculation, each fruitlet was placed on moisted filter paper in sterile Petri dish and incubated at 24 C for four days. Sterile water was included as negative control. Ten fruitlets for each sweer cherry cvs. were used for testing of each strain.

17 After 4 days of incubation the symptoms developed around inoculation wounds were separately evaluated 0-6 scale (Kaluzna & Sobiczewski, 2009): 0 no symptoms, 1 necroses up to 1 mm in diameter, 2 necroses up to 2 mm, 3 up to 3 mm, 4 up to 4 mm, 5 up to 5 mm, 6 necroses over 5 mm Results were subjected to ANOVA analysis of variance. For separation of means, Duncan test at 5% significance was used

18 RESULTS

19 It was obtained that there was some differencies between the Pss strains in terms of virulence on sweet cherry fruitlets Especially, Pss strains of Dam3/1 and Dam3/2 isolated from sweet cherry trees appeared to be more virulent than those of other strains

20 disease severity (%) Virulence results of some Pss strains to different sweet cherry cultivars Napolyon Bing Majeste Salihli E. Burland 10 0 Badem Badem- Yalova (2) P40/3 (3) Dam 3/1 (4) Dam 3/2 (5) tested Pss strains

21 disease severity (%) the reaction of some sweet cherry cultivars to different Pss strains Badem (1) Badem- Yalova (2) P40/3 (3) Dam 3/1 (4) Dam 3/2 (5) 0 Napoleon Bing Majeste Salihli E.Burland tested sweet cherry cultivars The susceptibility of tested sweet cherry cvs to bacterial canker showed variability depending on the virulence of inoculated Pss strain

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23 disease severity (%) 95 b Susceptibility of some sweet cherry cultivars to the most virulent Pss strain Dam3/1 b 90 ab ab a Napoleon Bing Majeste Salihli E. Burland 70 Napoleon Bing Majeste Salihli E. Burland tested sweet cherry cultivars

24 EARLY BURLAND NAPOLEON SALIHLI MAJESTE BING Pss strain Dam 3/1

25 CONCLUSION The causal agent of Bacterial canker in Izmir, Turkey is mainly P. s. pv. syringae Pathogenicty test on sweet cherry fruitlets is very quick and reliable method for distinguishing the Pss and Psm This test can also discriminate the virulence level of P. Syringae pathovars This test is also available for quick screening of the sweet cherry cultivars in respect to sensitivity to Pss Early Burland was the most tolerant cv compared other tested sweet cherry cvs.

26 The most susceptible cherry cultivar on fruitlet test was cv.napoleon, which was known as universal susceptible. So, sweet cherry fruitlet test may be routinely used for primery screening to resistance of bacterial canker But, it is necessary to perform the sensitivity of sweet cherry cultivars to bacterial canker by further tests

27 CONCLUSION The next objective of this work will to develop a rapid screening method using micropropagated plantlets of sweet cherry for resistance to bacterial canker.

28 THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION