PRODUCTION OF PARTICLE BOARD FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTE ~.

Transcription

1 PRODUCTION OF PARTICLE BOARD FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTE ~.. USING THE COMPOSITE OF COCONUT (Cocos 'nucijera) ANJJ PALM KERNEL SHELLS (Elaeis guineesis) WITH GUM ARABIC AS BINDING RESINS BY ADEGBEMI, JACOB OLUW ASEYI MA TRIC NO EA BEING A FINAL YEAR PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG) DEGREE IN AGRICULTURAL & BIORESOURCES ENGINEERING, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA, NIGER STATE FEBRUARY, 2010 ; ", ".

2 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this project work is a record of a research work that was undertaken and written by me.it has not been presented before for any degree or diploma or certificate at any university or institution. Information derived from personal communications, published and unpublished work were duly referenced in the text. 1* Nla-vcA.) ADEGBEMI, JACOB OLUWASEYI DATE ii

3 CERTIFICATION nus project entitled, "Production of Particle Board from Agricultural Waste using Composite of Coconut (Cocos nucifera) and Palm kernel Shells (Elaeis guineesis) with Gum Arabic as, Binding Resin" by Adegbemi Jacob Oluwaseyi, meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of Bachelor of En,gineering CB.ENG.) of the Federal UniversitYI of Technology, Minna, and it is approved for its contribution to scientific knowledge and literary p~esentation, Engr. Dr. B.A: Alabadan Supervisor. ~( ~~ Engr. Dr. A.A. Balami Date H.O,D., Agricultural & Bioresources Engineering I O - L >., - ( ".. L '-"" External Examiner Date iii

4 . ( DEDICATION This project is dedicated to my entire family, the Adegbemi's for their encouragement, patience and support through out the period of my studies. iv

5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My greatest gratitude goes to God, for the enabling power, good health He granted me. Also for His provision that kept me going and favor on every side. I also want to acknowledge the guidance and supervision of my supervisor Engr. Dr. B.A Alabadan. My appreciation goes to all my lecturers and staff of the department, especially my H.O.D Engr. Dr. A.A Balami, the departmental examination officer, Engr. Mrs. H.I Mustapha and my level adviser Engr. M.A -co Sadeeq, for their contribution to the impartation of knowledge j.u(o me. I cannot but mention the loving support I enjoyed from my family, Pastor and Mrs. Adegbemi, Adura, Ope and Ruth Adegbemi and my Uncle Mr. Segun Adegbemi for their moral, spiritual and financial commitment to me, ensuring that my program in school was a success. To my fiancee Janet Ogunniran, I love you and will not forget your encouragement. And to all my class mates especially Me Oluwasegun, and others I would not mention, I say thank you and God bless you all. v

6 ABSTARCT This project work was aimed at producing particle board from the composite of coconut and palm kernel shell using Gum Arabic as the binding resin in placed of the synthetic resins in use. These were achieved by making a composition of the material used in ratio of 70%: 30%, 30%: 70% and 50%:50% respectively and forming them into particle board using mat-form method. The result obtained from the project work shows that, the properties of the particle board depend on particle sizes of the shell, quality and quantity of the resin binder and method of forming. Also the presence of palm kernel shell further strengthen and increase the density of the board as reflected in the result of the different composition. The densities of the board formed are kglm.l, kglm.l and kglm.l showing low density board, with compaction force of 3800N and pressure is 3313N/m.G. Therefore, resulting in a high quality and durable boards with good size requirement. A design and construction of production plant is hereby, recommended for further development. vi

7 TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENT Title page Declaration Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of contents List of Tables List of Plates List of Appendices PAGE I 11 III IV v VI VU x Xl XU CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 History and Development 1.2 Statement of the problem 1.3 Objectives 1.4 Justification of the Study 1.5 Scope of the Study 1.6 Limitations vii

8 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Binding Resins Types of Binder or Adhesive Characteristics of Adhesive 2.2 Botanical consideration of Gum Arabic or Gum Acacia 2.3 Chemical composition and structure of Gum Arabic 2.4 Botanical consideration of Coconut Fibre characteristics of Coconut Origin and commercial utilization of Coconut shells 2.5 Botanical consideration of Oil palm Fibre Characteristics of palm kernel shell 2.6 Manufacturing step of particle board Finishing processes performed on particle board CHAPTER THREE 3.0 Material and Methods 3.1 Material / Equipments 3.2 Preparation of composite of Coconut and Palm kernel shell 3.3 Manufacturing process of particle board Conditioning Characteristics of the Board viii

9 3.3.3 Observation of formed Board 28 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 Laboratory equipment / test, result and discussion 4.1 Consideration of Mechanical properties Particle board density Hardness Optimum concentration of the Binder Naill Screw withdrawal test Tensile Strength Moisture content Fire test 4.2 Discussion of Result 4.3 Possible factor leading to loss in strength of particle board CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 Conclusion and recommendation 5.1 Conclusion 5.2 Recommendation Reference Appendices ix

10 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.0 Average Composition of Palm Kernel 3.0 Materials used for the Project 3.1 Equipments used for the Project 4.0 Moisture Content Result. 4.1 Sieve Analysis Data (Sample A) 4.2 Sieve Analysis Data (Sample B) 4.3 Summary of Comparative Material Composition and Test Result Page x

11 LIST OF PLATES Plate Page 1. Sample A 70%:30% Particle Board Developed 2. Sample B 30%:70% Particle Board Developed 3. Sample C 50%:50% Particle Board Developed xi