ational Sunflower Survey: An Overview

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1 ational Sunflower Survey: An Overview

2 Survey Format 1. Yield components (Plant population, head diameter, seed seed, % good seed, % center set, bird damage) = six components 2. Agronomic info (eight components) 3. Weed assessment (30 weeds ) 4. Diseases - incidence and severity on 10 diseases 5. Insect and bird damage = In-field assessment and lab exam of seed samples 10 components 6. Two sites examined per field THUS. ( ) x 2 = 128 observations /field x 201 fields = 26,000 data points in one survey 14 surveys = > 325,000 pieces of data

3 Sunflower Helianthus annuus L. Properties Confectionary varieties Striped hulls Larger Lower oil content Oil varieties Black Smaller Up to 50% oil Conoil

4 % Oil and Confection Confection vs Oilseed (%) Sunflower 2017 Survey Confection Oilseed ND SD MN MB All

5

6 Variation In Sunflower Hybrids Short and long season Short and tall plants Disease packages Higher oil content Standability Head erectness Stay green gene

7

8

9 Plant Spacing Within Row

10 2017 #1 Yield Limiting Factors - North Dakota (78 Fields) Disease 17 % Plant spacing 10 % Lodging 3% Weeds 12% Birds 9 % Insects 1 % Drought 32 % Hail 3% Uneven plant growth 3 % Other 6 % No Problem 5 %

11 2017 #2 Yield Limiting Factors - North Dakota (78 Fields) Disease 10 % Plant spacing 18 % Lodging 4 % Drought 10 % Weeds 6 % Insects 3 % Birds 4 % Uneven plant growth 8 % Other 10 % No Problem 22 %

12 Yield Limiting Factors South #1 Factor Disease 9 % Plant Spacing 24 % Lodging 4 % Weeds 0 % Birds 0 % Insects 2 % Drought 40 % Hail 4 % Uneven growth 4 % No problem 7 % Dakota (55 Fields) #2 Factor Disease 6 % Plant spacing 18 % Lodging 7 % Weeds 6 % Birds 0% Insects 6 % Drought 13 % Hail 7 % Uneven growth 6 % No Problem 29 %

13 Most # 1 Limiting Factors Sunflower Surveys yr AV Percent of the surveyed fields Plant Spacing Diseases Drought No Problem Weeds Based on 155 fields in 2011, 211 (2012), 209 (2013 ), 201 (2015) and 172 (2017) = 948 total over five years.

14 Sunflower Observations: August 10, SW. North Dakota April 26 Planting Date May 10 Planting Date May 23 Planting Date June 7 Planting Date

15 Sunflower Date of Planting- Carrington, ND. (4 yr. Ave). 1/3/

16 TX High Plains Yield Goals Initial Soil H 2 O No Irrigation Limited Irrigation -- Lbs./A --- Full Irrigation Poor Good Abundant soil moisture in 2007 would lift each category by a couple hundred lbs./a over Good.

17 Sunflower and Avail. Water 1 water = ~140 lbs. yield /A in normal year; first 5 inches needed to get sunflower to point of seed production Example-- ~5 soil water at planting, 8 of rainfall during physiological growth ~13 total available - 5 for vegetative growth = 8 for seed production Potential = 140 X 8 = ~1,120 lbs./a

18 Average Crop Rooting Depth Root depth sunflower corn wheat soybean Feet 1/3/

19 PRODUCTION PRACTICES Planting Rates Lower populations in drier soils, higher under irrigation North/South vs East/West rows? NS probably better, heads hang between rows Harder for birds to feed Less damage and shattering during storms 1/3/

20 PRODUCTION PRACTICES Planting Rates Rows: Oil types 18,000 to 22,000 Confection types 15,000 to 18,000 Solid Seeded: Oil types 24,000 to 28,000 Confection types 18,000 to 22,000 1/3/

21 Sunflower Yield & Plant Population: 2017 Yield Plant Pop ND SD MN MB All Yield (lb/a) and Plant Population (1/10)

22 Yield vs. Plant Population

23 Sunflower Yield Vs. Plant Population 6 Locations, 12 Trials - Minnesota Plants/A Yield, Lbs/A Head Dia. Inches Head Moisture 7, , , , ,

24 Sunflower Yield (lb/a) ND Yield (lb/a)

25 % of Fields Surveyed Row Spacing in Sunflower inches +20 inches ND SD MN MB All

26 Sunflower Row Spacing Trial

27 2017 Sunflower Yield & Plant Population with Row Spacing Yield Plant Pop <30 inch 30 inch All

28 Sunflower yield in lb/a across two oil hybrids 1/3/2019 Source ARS Mandan,

29 Considerations for Narrow row sunflower production Narrow row seeding may be susceptible to crusting because of the distance between seeds is larger Best to consider 12 to 18 inch rows Full season hybrids have worked well. No need for short season hybrids (unless under late planting conditions)

30 Checking Seed-placement Planter Preparations Adjust seed drop Check and adjust for seed depth Adjust seed monitor for spacings Repeat when changing hybrids, lots, seed sizes, etc. 1/3/

31 Oilseed Hybrid 894 Seeding Depth (Inches) % Emergence (2 Yr Average) 1 inch inch /2 inch 82.7

32 Poor crop establishment Poor water conditions at planting High intensity rain causing surface crusting High temp causing rapid soil drying and hypocotyl damage Insect pest in the soil Inappropriate planting technique Poor seed quality

33 Incidence of Weeds ND/MN

34 Incidence of Weeds South Dakota

35 PRODUCTION PRACTICES Reproductive Stages R1 Starts with the appearance of bud 1/3/

36 PRODUCTION PRACTICES Reproductive Stages R2 Stage starts when the neck starts to elongate 1/3/

37 R3 Stage immature bud elongates more than 2.0 cm above nearest leaf

38 R5.1 Reproductive Stages R5 Beginning of flowering One of the more important stages for insect control Broken down into percent of head that is flowered 1/3/

39 Sunflower Moth Start scouting at R-5.3 stage thru R-5.9 Scout early morning or late evening when moths are active 1/3/

40 Red Seed Weevil Emerges from soil early July to mid August Scout from R5.0 to R5.7 Red Seed Weevil Larva Red Seed Weevil Adult 1/3/

41 Banded Sunflower Moth (Mid-season pest) Banded Sunflower Moth Larva Banded Sunflower Moth Adult Scout early morning or late evening when moths are active 1/3/

42 Sunflower Seed Maggot Injury Seed sterility Tunneling through ovaries (seeds) No webbing (webbing indicates banded sunflower moth or sunflower moth) 1/3/

43 Sunflower seed maggot damage Photo: Dr. J. Knodel

44 Percent Sunflower Seed Maggot Incidence & Severity % Incidence Plants infected ND SD MN All

45 Bud Moth Damage in Sunflower Photo: Dr. J. Knodel

46 Percent Sunflower Bud Moth Incidence & Severity % Incidence Plants infected ND SD MN MB All

47 Instructions were examine upper 4 leaves on 5 consecutive plants and determine illustration that best fits average of all plants. 0.1% Sunflower Rust Diagrams 1% 5% 1/3/

48 Rust in Sunflower Instructions were examine upper 4 leaves on 5 consecutive plants and determine % of the leaf area covered with rust.

49 Not Rust 1/3/

50 Percent of fields Red Rust Incidence in Sunflower ND State

51 % Leaf area with Pustules Red Rust Severity in Sunflower ND SD MN MB Rust Severity Estimated for Fields Where Incidence Reported

52 Sclerotinia Head Rot Skeletonized heads Large sclerotia covering the face of the head 1/3/

53 % fields reported with Sclerotinia head rot Sclerotinia Head Rot Incidence in Sunflower ND SD MN MB All ND SD MN MB All

54 % Plants Infected Sclerotinia Head Rot Severity ND

55 Percent Sclerotinia Stalk Rot Incidence & Severity % Incidence Plants infected ND SD MN MB All

56

57 Percent Phomopsis Incidence and Severity 2017 % Incidence Plants infected ND SD MN All

58 % Plants Infected Phomopsis Severity ND

59 New CONCERN Multiple species of PHOMOPSIS! Phomopsis helianthi identified as cause of new stem canker in Yugoslavia in mid-1980s. Two competing groups of pathologists in Yugoslavia: one claiming multiple species, other saying ONLY ONE. With new molecular identification methods, 35 years later, two scientists in Australia (Sue Thompson) and the U.S. (Febina Mathew) have identified multiple NEW Phomopsis species causing disease on sunflower.

60 Phomopsis/Diaporthe Species Newly reported on Sunflower USA AUSTRALIA SF Soy Weeds SF Soy Weeds D. helianthi XX XX D. gulyae XX XX XX D. gulyae XX XX XX D. stewartii XX D. kongii XX XX D. kochmanii XX XX D. masirevici XX XX XX D. mirici XX XX XX D. goulteri XX XX D. sackstoni XX D. serafiniae XX Five more new species yet to be published XX

61 Phomopsis Species Identification via Survey-collected stalks Funded by NSA Grant to Febina Mathew, SDSU PCR assays (developed by Taylor Olson) done by Marina Johnson and Brian Kontz SDSU 100+ field samples hoped for, but with low Phomopsis in 2017, stalks from 31 fields received Phomopis helianthi and P. gulyae recovered from FOUR states (ND, MN, SD, NE)

62

63 % Crop Affected by Phomopsis 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0%

64 What trends over time do we see with major diseases? SCLEROTINIA WILT - Sclerotinia head rot - Phomopsis

65 Comparison of Sclerotinia Wilt & Head rot

66

67 Recording observations 1/3/

68 Percent Bird Damage Incidence and Severity in Sunflower 2017 % Fields % damage ND SD MN MB All

69 Sunflower Survey Conducted every other year Provides estimated yield across sunflower growing regions Provide information on disease, insect and weed problems and trends that influence and affect sunflower performance. Help provide information to producers and industry on growing sunflowers successfully.

70 Hans s10 Steps to 2000 lb Sunflower Field Selection watch rotations and potential weed problems Tillage and seedbed preparation Hybrid selection Full season, high oil Adequate fertility Nitrogen is key Plant timely with adequate plant populations 1/3/

71 Hans s10 Steps to 2000 lb Sunflower Weed Control chemical, cultural and mechanical Monitor for insect problems and control Monitor for bird problems and control Timely harvest may reduce losses Proper drying, handling and storage 1/3/

72 Questions? 72

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