The record sesame seed production of 893,000 tons was witnessed in and record yield of 474 per ha was achieved during

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1 1 Indian Sesame Seed APY The record sesame seed production of 893,000 tons was witnessed in and record yield of 474 per ha was achieved during The area under sesame seed wtinessed a sharp reduction from the record high of 20,83,000 ha in to 16,67,000 in , reduced by about 20 percent. Table -1: Production Trend of Sesame Seed in India Production Trend* (Avg) Growth Trend (%) Area Prod Yield Area Prod Yield 16 Year Year Year *Area in '000 Ha, Production in '000 Tons, Yield Kg/ha, period In the last five years even though area reduced slightly, the growth trend in production and yield has gone up significantly with 9.05 and percent respectively.

2 2 Table -2: State-wise Average Area, Production and Yield of Sesame Seed in India ( ) Area Production Yield Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh West Bengal Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Karnataka India Area in '000 Ha, Production in '000 Tons, Yield Kg/ha The yields of most of the sesame growing states were well below the national average. India, which ranks third in terms of global sesame production during the year 2016, has the potential to attain the top slot, if the average yield is increased to 550 kg per ha. Rajasthan, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh tops the first three places in terms of area under sesame seed (occupied about 52% of average area under sesame), but Uttar Pradesh is placed at last in terms of average yield per ha. Sesame Yield Trend in Major Producing States The Indian state of West Bengal tops the chart in terms of yield at 882 kg per ha (more than twice the average yield of India), followed by Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat.

3 3 State-wise % Share of Production of Sesame Seeds in India (2001 to 2017) West Bengal, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh are the major sesame seed producing states in India. These three states on an average contribute about 70% of the total production in the country. Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu are the other major sesame seed producing states in the country. Production Trend of Sesame Seed in Major State West Bengal

4 4 Rajasthan Gujarat

5 5 Madhya Pradesh Uttar Pradesh

6 6 Sesame Crop Calendar in India Season Planting Harvesting Production (%) Name of States Kharif June July Sep-Oct G.J., R.J., M.P., U.P.,M.H., K.A., T.N. Rabi Aug Sept Dec-Jan W.B., G.J., A.P. O.R. Summer Jan-Mar Apr-Jun W.B., T. N., O.R., KL Type/Variety of Sesame Seeds Produced In terms of appearance, White, Brown and Black varieties of sesame seed are produced in India. White and black sesame seeds are mostly consumed in a seed form. Brown seeds are mainly processed into oil, in some area even black seeds are also processed into the oil. Most of these same cultivating states in northern India produce mainly white type seeds in major and brown seed in minor quantity. West Bengal and South Indian states produce mainly the brown type of sesame seeds. Almost 90-95% quantity of the sesame seeds produced in rabi season is used for oil extraction. On the other hand total quantity of white sesame produced in the Kharif season is used for direct human consumption. The natural white seeds are either consumed directly or in the hulled/dehusked form, while the black seed is used for seasoning purposes. As white type sesame seeds taste better than the natural non white seeds, it is preferred for use in bakery and confectionary and thereby only white seeds are used for hulling. Sesame The brown seed on an average contains 45-55% oil. Sweets made of sesame seed are very popular food in north India; people prefer sweets at anytime irrespective of prices. In the month of January, there is huge demand for sesame seed in northern region as well as southern region because of Makar Sankranti festival during which people have religious belief of eating products made from sesame seed and donating black seeds to get rid of sin and bad luck. Quality-wise, the produce from Gujarat is perceived to be better among the trading community. Seeds produced in Saurashtra region (Gujarat) are bold in size when compared with seeds from Rajasthan and other regions of Gujarat. Seeds from Rajasthan and other regions of Gujarat are of medium size and the seeds from Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra are smaller in size comparatively. Consumption/Usage of Sesame Seeds In trade terms, sesame seed is demanded for oil extraction, de-hulling and natural seed consumption purposes. In Northern India, sesame seed is consumed mainly in seed form and sesame oil is used for culinary purpose if there is a price parity compared with other edible oils (Rapeseed/mustard oil). Sesame oil is also used for non-edible purpose like massage and other Ayurvedic medicine preparation whereas in Southern India, it is consumed mostly for edible purpose, though it is also used for some medicinal purpose. In present scenario, around 55-60% of the total sesame seed produced in India is consumed domestically and remaining quantity is exported.

7 7 Major Markets/Trading Centers Rajkot and Unjha in Gujarat, Jodhpur and Nagaur in Rajasthan, Gwalior in Madhya Pradesh and Agra in UP are the major trading centers of white sesame. There is a well-established grading system based on tolerable extent of other color seeds, which determines their price. Sesame seed processing (de-hulling) has increased over the years due to higher export demand. Most of the de-hulling plants in Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat are operating on seasonal basis day. Rest of the year, these units, either do seasonal de-hulling of other seed (Watermelon) or remain closed. Rajkot and Amreli are the major processing (de-hulling) centers of sesame seed in India. Rajkot and Amreli are the major processing (de-hulling) centers of sesame seed in India. Apart from these, Agra,Kanpur and Ghaziabad in Uttar Pradesh and Gwalior in Madhya Pradesh are having small scale processing units. Minimum Support Price Trend The govt. of India offer Minimum Support Price (MSP) on sesame seed (Kharif) to the farmers. Note: * includes INR 100 as bonus and ** INR 200 as bonus In the first week of July the government of India has increased the minimum support price of sesame seed from INR 5300 to 6249 per quintal for the seasons. When compared with previous season the percentage increase was closer to 18 percent. Grading of Sesame Seeds Grades Traded (White type seeds) Grade 1 99:1 this is the premium quality sesame seed, which is having 99% white seeds and 1% other color seeds.

8 8 Grade 2-98:2 this is the second grade sesame seed available in the market, which contains 98% of white seeds and 2% of other colored seeds. Grade 3-95:5 this grades seeds have 95% of white seeds and 5% of other colored seeds with small percentage of mud and stones Grade 4 Average these seeds are inferior quality seeds, which contain 6-10% of other colored seeds. Apart from the composition of seeds, grades 2,3 and 4 will generally contain 2-3% of foreign matter like mud, stone etc. These are the common seed grade in the market; however, the grades are often customized as per the requirement of the buyer. Various grades and quality specification of sesame seed is given in the annexure. Annexure Chemical Composition of Sesame Natural and De-hulled seed (Value in g. / 100 g. material) White Sesame Black Sesame Moisture Whole Dehulled Hull + Whole Dehulled Hull + + Whole seed Seed seed Seed Fat Protein Crude Fiber Carbohydrates Mineral matter Oxalic acid Calcium Phosphorus *Hulls form 9.8 per cent of the weight of the whole seed **Hulls form 10.2 per cent of the weight of the whole seed The oleaginous edible seeds of Sesamum indicum, traditionally esteemed for their oil (oilcake used as cattle feed), have acquired, in recent years, additional importance as a source of protein for human nutrition. The seeds are small in size (wt. of 1000 seeds, g.) and vary in colour from white, through brown, to black. The pericarp forms % of the weight and the dehulled kernel, irrespective of the colour of the pericarp is white in colour. Analyses of seeds grown in various parts of the world for their proximate composition gave values which lie within the following ranges (in g. / 100 g. of dry seed): moisture, ; ether extra ; protein ; crude fibre, ; carbohydrates, ; and mineral matter, ; Calcium, ; and Phosphorus,

9 9 Grade designations and definition of quality of Sesame seeds (Agmark India) Foreign Matter per Cent by weight (maximum) Immature, shriveled and dead seeds, per cent by weight (maximum) Damaged & Dis-coloured seeds per cent weight (maxi-mum) by Total impurities (Total of col. 2 to 4), per cent by weight (maxi-mum) Admixture of Other varieties/ Types per cent byweight (maximum) Special Nil Good General Moisture content per cent by weight (maximum) Chemical and Microbiological specifications of Sesame seed Purity Mos ph Oil FFA E.Coil Salmonella % % % % % CFU/gm CFU/gm Delux Premium Absent Absent Premium Absent Absent Semi-Premium Absent Absent Standard Quality Natural White Natural Black Type "A" - Natural Type "B"- Hulled Seeds Higher is better is neutral - - Physical Specification of Sesame Seed Density Seed Count Dark Seeds Higher is better Free Fatty Acid Black Specks on Seed Tip Off Colour Seeds De-hulled Seed kg/m3 In 1gm In 100gm % % Delux Premium Absent Premium Absent Semi-Premium Absent Standard Quality Absent Natural Seed Natural White NA NA NA

10 10 Natural Black NA NA NA Crush Grade Seed Type "A"- Natural Seeds NA NA NA Type "B"- Hulled Seeds NA NA NA Higher is better Lower is better - Lower is better Lower is better ASTA (American Spice Trade Association) Standards Table: Quality specification of sesame seeds (Natural): Whole insects dead Excreta Mammalian Excreta other Mold Insect defiled / Infested Extraneous foreign matter 4 by count 5 mg./lb 10 mg./lb 1 % by weight 1 % by weight 0.5 % by weight Table: Cleanliness specifications for De-hulled Seed (Meets or exceeds ASTA standards) Purity: Insect Defiled/Infested: Mold: Whole Insects, dead (by count): Excreta, Mammalian: Excreta other: 99.5 % min. 1 % by weight 1 % by weight None None None Standard Packing Norms Paper bags 50 lbs net each Paper bags 25 kg net each

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