11/13/2009. disease prone & over planted. Bad, Ugly and Good. Colorado & Norway spruces Stress related Too wet/dry heat

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1 Bad, Ugly and Good disease prone & over planted Barb Larson, Horticulture Educator Colorado & Norway spruces Stress related Too wet/dry heat Usually starts at bottom Slowly die Colorado spruce? Cause Reduce stress Remove branches Spruce Colorado/blue Engelmann, Serbian, black Sometimes Pines: Austrian, mugo, eastern white Douglasfir, balsam fir, hemlock 1

2 Over planted, disease prone, insect ridden Needles Purplish brown Older needles Lower part of tree Rows of black dots Primarily Austrian pine Also Scotch, mugo, red, jack Tip dieback Twig cankers with resin Survives on shoots and cones Photo: Iowa State University Austrian pine extremely susceptable Needle tip brown, inner green Needle banding Austrian & Scotch pines Larvae (borers) into branch whorls and tips Dirty resin masses Trunk and branches can break 2

3 Infested trees Infested branch Photo: Plant and Pest Digital Library Purdue University Bark beetle trails Emergence holes Disease alternative host 3 main types of cedar rust diseases- (fungus needs 2 hosts to survive) 1. Cedar-apple rust 2. Cedar- hawthorn rust 3. Cedar- quince rust Paul Drobot, UW-Stevens Point 3

4 Disease tip blights J. horizontalisvery susceptible Infects new or year old growth Stem cankers Phomopsisbranch death Increased in damage branches (pruning, winter injury) Cornell University University of Illinois Other conifer problems Damaged Undamaged 4

5 Feeding damage and eggs Desiccation Late frost Yew Juniper 5

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8 Choose based on mature size Use garden conifers Remember plant form Replace as needed Most oversized conifers cannot be significantly reduced in size Timing Most after new growth Junipers & arborvitae major pruning March 8

9 Cold hardiness zone Sun or shade Soil type Drainage ph Other elements in landscape Downspouts, power lines Other plants Growth rate Full Sun Well Drained Full Sun Moist Shade Well Drained Shade Moist Juniper Larch Yew Arborvitae Pine Spruce Fir Douglasfir False Cypress Bald Cypress Hemlock 9

10 The Big Five Pines (Pinus) Spruce (Picea) Juniper (Juniperus) Arborvitae (Thuja) Yew (Taxus) Fir (Abies) Larch (Larix) Hemlock (Tsuga) Douglasfir(Pseudotsuga) False Cypress (Chamaecyparis) Baldcypress(Taxodium) Dawn Redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides) Needles in clusters (fascicles) of 2, 3, 5 Needle length used in identification Leaves: 4-6 long, slender and flexible but break when bent sharply, medium to light green in summer Habit: oval; needles tufted at ends of branches Best for native landscapes Leaves: 1-3 long; bluegreen, stiff and definitely twisted Habit: young irregular pyramid; older open, flat topped Do Not Plant Leaves: 4-6 long, very stout and stiff, dark green, when bent sharply the needles bend but do not break Habit: young dense pyramidal; older broad, flat topped Do Not Plant Bark: gray to gray brown mottled Cone: solitary or in clusters, 2-3 long, scales often ends in prickle 10

11 Leaves: 1-2 long, stiff, medium to dark green, stomaticlines on both surfaces Habit: shrubby Cones: solitary or 2-3 in a cluster, 1-2 long Leaves: 3-5 long, slender, very soft bluish green Habit: young soft pyramidal; older plume like with horizontal and ascending branches Cones: 6-8 long, resinous and light brown, often curved Too large for most urban landscapes Needles whorled on spurs (attached in clusters of 10-40) Deciduous Upright cones drop intact Problem: Japanese beetles Individually attached needles Flat needles usually whitish underneath Needles leave slight depression (smooth) when removed Cones upright Cones shatter when mature Leaves: 5/8-1 long, upper surface shiny, dark green, lower surface with 2 gray bands, tip of the needle slightly notched, needles arranged in two ranks Bark: smooth dull green with raised resinous blisters Cones: 2-4 inches long Leaves: glaucous, bluish green, 1-3 inches long, flattened, curving upwards Habit: conical Best urban fir 11

12 Individual needles Square needles with sharp ends Needles leave stubs when removed Cones hang downward Cones fall intact Leaves: ½-1 long, dark green, 4-sided Fruit: cones cylindrical, pendulous, 4-6, scales undulate Leaves: green, bluish or silvery, very sharp pointed Forma Glauca Blue Spruce -needles have blue cast, but intensity of the blue varies Fruit: 2-4 light brown; scales puckered at edges Picea pungens 'Walnut Glen' Do Not Plant Leaves: pale green, ½ - 1 long, apex of needle somewhat sharply pointed;strongodor when crushed Habit: young dense pyramidal; older narrow upright, dense; branches horizontal to ascending Fruit: cones; 1-2 ½ long, light brown when mature slower growing more compact tree, with bright or bluish green needles good urban tree 12

13 Leaves: needles, flattened with a blunt tip, soft, 1-1 ½ long Fruit: cones, 2-4 long with 3 pointed bract extending beyond the scales Pseudotsugamenziesii 'Wycoff's Big Blue' Small flat needles with 2 white bands on underside Small cones Shade, cool, moist Needle like leaves Flattened, dark green on top, lighter green underneath Dioecious Fruit: pink-red fleshy aril not enclosing seed Very sensitive to poor drainage Soft, flat, featherlike foliage Oppositely attached to branch Pendulous cones Zone 5? Soft flat feathery needles Alternately attached to branch Rounded cones Zone 4 Japanese beetles Alkaline soil chlorosis 13

14 Usually mixture of overlapping awl-like and scale-like foliage Foliage sprays not flattened Dioecious Round to ovoid fleshy berries Foliage mostly scalelike, blunt, dark green Flattened branchlets Cones oval Scale-like or needle-like foliage Flattened branchlets Round cones Chamaecyparis obtusa 'Nana Lutea' 14

15 Dwarf defined as anything smaller than normal Better defined as slow growing Category Miniature Growth/Year At 10 Years Less than 1 inch Less than 1 foot Dwarf 1-6 inches 1-5 feet Intermediate 6-12 inches 5-12 feet Large 12 inches or more 12 feet or more Globose- rounded Pendulous - weeping branches Narrow Upright taller than broad, columnar Broad Upright any upright not in above Prostrate -ground hugging Spreading wider than tall Irregular erratic growth pattern Culturally Altered -pruned or trained into formal or imaginative shapes Chamaecyparis pisifera 'Cream Ball' Tsuga canadensis f. pendula Chamaecyparis nootkatensis 'Green Arrow' Chamaecyparis pisifera'golden Mop Taxus x media 'Sentinalis' 15

16 Thuja occidentalis 'Gold Drop Pinus sylvestris 'Hillside Creeper Juniperushorizontalis 'Mother Lode' Thuja occidentalis 'Columbia' Picea bicolor Howell s Dwarf reversion Picea glauca Echiniformis Pinus banksiana 'Uncle Fogy Pseudotsugamenziesii Graceful Grace Taxodium distichum 'Secrest 16

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