Use of Green Moisture Content and Basic Specific Gravity to Group Tropical Woods for Kiln Drying

Transcription

1 United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory Research Note FPL-RN-0263 Use of Green Moisture Content and Basic Specific Gravity to Group Tropical Woods for Kiln Drying Syarif Hidayat William T. Simpson

2 Abstract Tropical forests often contain a large number of underutilized tree species scattered so diffusely that it is impractical to harvest and dry each species individually. However, because of their varied drying characteristics, it is inefficient to indiscriminately mix species in the same dry kiln. Therefore, a grouping method that would identify species with similar drying characteristics would be beneficial. A previous study developed grouping criteria that used basic specific gravity and green moisture content as estimators of drying time. Results of this study showed that species whose estimated drying times fall within a reasonable range can be grouped together for kiln drying. The previous study applied the grouping to 650 tropical species. The purpose of the study reported here was to extend the grouping to additional tropical species, bringing the total to more than 1,300. October 1994 Hidayat, Syarif; Simpson, William T Use of green moisture content and basic specific gravity to group tropical woods for kiln drying. Res. Note FPL-RN Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 39 p. A limited number of free copies of this publication are available to the public from the Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI Laboratory publications are sent to more than 1,000 libraries in the United States and elsewhere. The Forest Products Laboratory is maintained in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service is a diverse organization committed to equal opportunity in employment and program delivery. USDA prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political affiliation, and familial status. Persons believing they have been discriminated against should contact the Secretary, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250, or call (202) (voice), or (202) (TTY).

3 Use of Green Moisture Content and Basic Specific Gravity to Group Tropical Woods for Kiln Drying Syarif Hidayat, Wood Drying Section Leader Forest Products Research and Development Centre, Bogor, Indonesia William T. Simpson, Research Forest Products Technologist Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin Introduction Temperate forests usually contain a relatively small number of species, and there is no difficulty in harvesting enough of any species in a reasonable amount of time to kiln dry each species individually. Tropical forests, however, often contain so many potentially useful species, scattered diffusely in the forest, that it is not practical to harvest and dry each species individually. Because of diverse drying characteristics, a variety of species cannot be indiscriminately mixed in the same kiln. A reasonable compromise is to group species with similar drying characteristics in the same kiln. The goal is to kiln dry so that all species in the group will emerge from the same kiln at the same time within set limits of moisture content and minimum drying defects. Previous reports (Simpson and Baah 1989, Simpson and Sagoe 1991) described a mathematical model to group species by similar estimated drying times. They applied this estimation to 650 tropical species and ranked them by relative drying times. The purpose of the study reported here was to extend the ranking to a larger number of tropical species. Background The species grouping method utilizes green moisture content and basic specific gravity (based on ovendry weight and green volume) as the primary inputs for estimating drying time. For the remainder of this paper, specific gravity is understood to be basic specific gravity. Board thickness can also be incorporated into this grouping method. Drying temperature and relative humidity are necessary inputs. The grouping method is based on the following mathematical model (Simpson and Baah 1989): (1)

4 If specific gravity and initial moisture content are known, it is possible to use Equation (1) to estimate how specific gravity and initial moisture content affect relative drying times in any kiln schedule. While searching the literature for green moisture content and specific gravity data it became apparent that often only specific gravity was listed, with no data on the characteristic green moisture content of the species. In these cases, green moisture content was estimated from specific gravity using the following empirical equation (Ali and others 1968, Simpson and Sagoe 1991): (2) A generalized and potentially more powerful form of Equation (2) can be developed by adding two more regression coefficients, as follows: (3) where a, b, c, and d are regression coefficients. Data Collection and Analysis Data on specific gravity and green moisture content (when available) were collected from a number of sources and are listed in Tables 1 to 3 for Africa, Asia, and Latin America. All data, together with the data collected in the previous study (Simpson and Sagoe 1991) were divided into three geographical regions: Africa, Asia, and Latin America. When green moisture content was not available it was estimated using Equations (2) and (3). The regression coefficients A and B of Equation (2) and a to d of Equation (3) were determined for the three geographical regions and tested for a significant difference between regions. If the results indicated no significant difference between the coefficients of the three regions, then only one set of coefficients representing all three regions was necessary. The general statistical formula used to test the difference between two coefficients was (4) where C i and C j are the two regression coefficients SE i and SE j standard errors of the regression coefficients C i and C j Drying time for 29-mm-thick lumber was estimated using the kiln schedule in Table 4. To generalize the grouping, drying time of each species was transformed to a drying time index (DTI). The DTI is the ratio of the actual drying time of a species to the drying time of a species with 0.50 specific gravity and 97.5 percent green moisture content (Simpson and Segoe 1991), which is 15.4 days using the kiln schedule of Table 4. These base values of specific gravity and green moisture content were selected because they represent average conditions (Simpson and Sagoe 1991). 2

5 Results and Discussion The combined number of data entries, including those of Simpson and Sagoe (1991), is 1,918, and they are given in Tables 1 to 3 for Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The number of separate species is less than this because data for some species were found in more than one reference, and in about 200 cases, only the genus was identified. In total, we estimate about 1,300 to 1,400 species are represented. From the total number of entries, 182 were from Africa, 871 from Asia, and 865 from Latin America. Equation (3) reduced the residual sums of squares by more than 20 percent compared with Equation (2) primarily by improving the fit at high levels of green moisture content. Of the 182 African entries, 89 had both specific gravity and green moisture content data; 613 of the 871 Asian entries, and 609 of the 865 Latin American had both. The regression coefficients a to d of Equation (3) were determined separately for the three geographical regions and are given in Table 5. The relationships between green moisture content and specific gravity are shown in Figures 1 to 3 for Equations (2) and (3). When available, the actual green moisture content values are listed in Tables 1 to 3; otherwise, the estimated values (Eq. 3) are given. When actual values were available, estimated values are also given. Results of the tests for differences between the regression coefficients are presented in Table 6. The coefficient a does not differ significantly (95 percent level of statistical significance) between the three regions. However, the coefficients b to d for the Asian species are significantly different from both the African and Latin American species. The differences between these coefficients for the African and Latin American species are not significant; therefore, the African and Latin American data could be combined to give regression coefficients that serve both regions. These coefficients are also shown in Table 5. The DTI is also given for each entry in Tables 1 to 3 when the estimated green moisture content is greater than 20 percent. Relatively few entries were at the extremes of specific gravity, i.e., less than about 0.2 and greater than 1.0. Therefore, the regression was dominated by entries within that range, and the result was several unrealistic values for estimated green moisture content at high specific gravity levels. For example, for specific gravity greater than 1.1, there were several estimated green moisture content values less than 5 percent. Therefore, we considered estimated green moisture content less than 20 percent to be unreliable. The range of DTI for all entries is between 0.2 and 1.8, although most are between 0.4 and 1.4 (Fig. 4). We can divide this range to develop species groupings. For example, the range can be divided into intervals of 0.1 DTI (equal to about 1.5 days drying time interval) to create 12 species groups whose members could be kiln dried together. These species groups are given in Table 7 and noted for each entry in Tables 1 to 3. Conclusions The species grouping system described here and in the previously related reports can be considered a first step in creating an objective and easily applied grouping system for kiln drying tropical species. It is perhaps oversimplified and has weak points of failure to address susceptibility to drying defects and the lack of proof that it can offer effective groupings. The failure to address drying defects can be dealt with by using conservative kiln schedules that most species will withstand. This will probably result in drying times that are longer than necessary for some species. However, considering the alternatives of indiscriminate mixing or the impractical task of drying each species separately, it may not be a serious shortcoming. The lack of proof of effectiveness is currently being researched through a field test. 3

6 Figure I-Relationship between basic specific gravity (G b ) and green moisture content (M g ) for African species. Figure 3 Relationship between basic specific gravity (G b ) and green moisture content (Mg) for Latin American species. Figure 2 Relationship between basic specific gravity (G b ) and green moisture content (M g ) for Asian species. Figure 4 Frequency distribution of drying time index (DTI) for tropical species. Each frequency bar represents a DTI interval of For example, 154 of the entries in Tables 1 to 3 had a DTI within the range 1.08 to 1.10.

7 References

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9 Table 1. Basic specific gravity (Gb), green moisture content (Mg), and drying time index (DTI) of African species. Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Estimate Mg (%) Actual Mg (%) DTI Drying Group Afzelia africana Afzelia quanzensis Afzelia quanzensis Albizia adianthifolia Albizia ferruginea/angolensis Albizia versicolor Albizia adianthifolia Albizia ferruginea Albizia lebbek Allanblackia floribunda Alstonia boonei Alstonia boonei Alstonia congensis Amphimas pterocarpoides Amphimas spp. Aningeria robusta Anogeissus leiocarpus Anopyxis klaineana Antiaris africana Antrocaryon micraster Autranella congolensis Baikiaea minor Baikiaea plurijuga Berlinia auriculata Berlinia confusa Berlinia grandiflora Blighia welwitschii Brachylaena discolor Brachylaena hutchinsii Brachystegia spiciformis Bridelia micrantha Burkea africana Canarium schweinfurthii Canarium schweinfurthil Cassipourea gerrardii Cassipourea malosana Ceiba pentandra Ceiba pentandra Celtis africana Celtis mildbraedii Celtis spp. Celtis spp. Chlorophora excelsa Chlorophora excelsa Chrysophyllum africanum Chrysophyllum perpulchrum Cleistopholis patens Coelocaryon preussii Combretodendron africanum Combretodendron macrocarpum Copaifera salikounda Cordia caffra Cordia millenil Coula edulis Croton sylvaticus Cylicodiscus gabunensis Cylicodiscus gabunensis Cynometra alexandri Cynometra ananta Dacryodes klaineana Daniellia thurifera Afzelia Pod mahogany Afzelia Flat crown/impepe latandza Nongo Mepepe Sifou-sifou Lebbek Alstonia Sindru Alstonia Lati Asanfena Kane White oaks Kirundu Akoua Mukulungu Nkobakoba/nkoma Rhodesian teak Berlinia Berlinia Red oaks Bosvaalbos Muhuhu Brachystegia Macarati African elemi Canarium Bastard onionwood Pillarwood Onyina Fuma Camdeboo stinkwood Celtis African celtis Diania/ohia Iroko lroko Longui Longui Ngo-ne-nkyene Essia Soap tree Oudehout Cordia Walnut Croton Okan Okan Muhimbi Apome Adjouaba Gum copal 7

10 Table 1 continued Detarium senegalense Didelotia spp. Diospyros mespiliformis Diospyros sanza-minika Distemonanthus benthamianus Ekebergia capensis Entandrophragma angolense Entandrophragma angolense Entandrophragma candolei Entandrophragma caudatum Entandrophragma cylindricum Entandrophragma cylindricum Entandrophragma utile Entandrophragma utile Entandrophragma utile Erythrophleum ivorense Erythrophleum ivorense Erythrophleum spp. Erythrophleum spp. Funtumia elastica Gilbertiodendron ivorense Gilbertiodendron spp. Gmelina arborea Gonioma kamassi Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum Guarea cedrata Guarea thompsonii Guarea thompsonii Guibourtia coleosperma Heritiera utilis * Heritiera utilis * lrvingia gabonensis lsoberlinia angolensis Khaya anthotheca Khaya anthotheca Khaya grandifoliola Khaya ivorensis Khaya ivorensis Khaya nyasica Khaya senegalensis Klainedoxa gabonensis Lophira alata Lophira alata Lophira alata Lovoa trichilioides Lovoa trichilloides Maesopsis eminii Mammea africana Manilkara lacera Manilkara multinervis Mansonia altissima Millettia stuhlmannii Mimusops heckelii Mimusops heckelii Monopetalanthus spp. Morus alba Morus mesozyga Musanga cecropioides Musanga cecropioides Nauclea diderichii Deta Gombe African ebony Ebony Movingui Cape ash Gedu nohor Tiama Kosipo Sapele Sapele Utile Utile Utile Sass wood Tali Missanda Tali Funtum African oak Limbali Gmelina Kamassi/knysna boxwood Tola Agba Guarea Guarea Sweet cedar Rhodesian copalwood Niangon Whismore African mahogany African mahogany African mahogany African mahogany African mahogany African mahogany Savana mahogany Eveuss Ekki Iron wood Ekki Tiger wood Walnut, African Musizi Oboto African pearwood Bulletwood Mansonia Panga-panga Makore Makore Andoung Moerbei Difou Odwuma Corkwood Opepe Estimate Actual Mg (%) Mg (%) DTI Drying Group 8

11 Table 1 continued Estimate Actual Mg (%) Mg (%) DTI Drying Group Nauclea spp. Nesogordonia papaverifera Newtonia buchanani Ocotea bullata Ocotea usambarensis Olea africana Olea capensis Olea hochstetteri Ongokea gore Oxystigma oxyphyllum Parinari curatellifolia Parinari spp. Pentaclethra macrophylla Pentadesma butyracea Pericopsis angolensis Pericopsis elata Piptadeniastrum africanum Piptadeniastrum africanum Piptadeniastrum africanum Piptaderiastrum africanum Pterocarpus angolensis Pterocarpus angolensis Pterygota bequaertii Pterygota macrocarpa Pycnanthus angolensis Rhizophora racemosa Ricinodendron rautanenii Saccoglottis gabonensis Sclerocarya spp. Scottellia coriacea Scytopetalum tieghemia Staudtia stipitata Sterculia murex Sterculia oblonga Sterculia rhinopetala Sterculia rhinopetala Strephonema pseudocola Strombosia glaucescens Symphonia globulifora Terminalia amazonia Terminalia chebula Terminalia ivorensis Terminalia ivorensis Terminalia servicea Terminalia superba Testulea gabonensis Tetraberlinia tubmania Tetrapleura tetraptera Tieghemella heckelii Triplochiton scleroxylon Triplochiton scleroxylon Triplochiton scleroxylon Triplochiton scleroxylon Uapaca guineensis Uapaca heudelotii Uapaca paludosa Vitex micrantha Zanthoxylum capensis* Zanthoxylum davyi* Zanthoxylum macrophylla* Bilinga Muchehche Black stinkwood Camphorwood Olienhout Black ironwood East African olive Angueuk Tchitola Mobola plum Mubalar Tallow tree Mubanga Afrormosia Dabema Dabema Dahoma Dahoma Muninga Muninga Pterygota Pterygota lllomba Red mangrove Mugongo Cherry Mugongo Odoko Sourwood Niove Lowveld chestnut Yellow sterculia Brown sterculia Wawabina Afina Ossol Nargusta Emire ldigbo Nkonola Limba lzombe Ekop Makore Samba Obeche WaWa Obeche Rikio Red cedar Red cedar Lemon thorn Knobwood Mafu * Older scientific name Newer scientific name Tarrieta spp. Heritiera spp. Fagara spp. Zanthoxylum spp.

12 Table 2. Basic specific gravity (Gb), green moisture content (Mg), and drying time index (DTI) for Asian species. Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Estimate Actual DTI Abies pindrow Acacia arabica Acacia catechu Acacia chundra Acacia confusa Acacia ferruginea Acacia leucophloea Acacia leucophloea Acacia spp. Acer spp. Adina cardifoia Adina fagifolia Adina microcephala Adina minutiflora Aegele marmelos Agathis alba Agathis alba Agathis baccaril Agathis borneensis Agathis hamii Agathis labillardieri Agathis loranthifolia Agathis philippinensis Agathis phillipinensis Agathis spp. Aglaia diffusa Aglaia edulis Aglaia iloilo Aglaia llanosiana Ailanthus grandis Alangium longiflorum Alangium meyeri Albizia acle * Albizia falcata Albizia falcata Albizia lebbek Albizia lebbek Albizia lebbek Albizia procera Albizia moluccana Albizia odoratissima Albizia procera Albizia procera Albizia saman * Albizia saman * Aleurites moluccana Aleurites moluccana Aleurites trisperma Alnus nepalensis Alphitonia philippinensis Alphonsea arborea Alseodaphne umbaliflora Alseodaphne insignis Alseodaphne longipes Alstonia angustiloba Alstonia angustiloba Alstonia macrophylla Alstonia pneumatophora Alstonia scholaris Alstonia scholaris Alstonia scholaris Altingia excelsa Altingia excelsa Partal Kikar Cutch Red cutch Ayangili Safed khair Hewar Pilang Acacia Maple Haldu Lasi Matumi Berumbung Bel Damar minyak Agathis Agathis Agathis Agathis Agathis Agathis Almaciga Agathis Kauri Malasaging Ilo-ilo Bayanti Gokul Malatapai Putian Akle Jeunjing Moluccan sau Koroi Langil Kokko Akleng-parang Batai Black Siris White siris Weru Trembesi Raintree Kemiri Lumbang Bagilumbang Indian alder Tulo Bolon Medang Medang Babulo Pulai Pulai Batino Pulai Shaitan wood Pulai Dita Jutili Rasamala 10

13 Table 2 continued Estimate Actual DTI Amoora aherniana Amoora macrocarpa Amoora rohituka Amoora rugbiginosa Amoora wallichii Anisoptera aurea Anisoptera brunnea Anisoptera costata Anisoptera glabra Anisoptera grossivenia Anisoptera laevis Anisoptera marginata Anisoptera marginata Anisoptera thurifera Anogeissus acuminata Anogeissus latifolia Anogeissus pendula Anogeissus sericea Anthocephalus cadamba Anthocephalus cadamba Anthocephalus cadamba Anthocephalus cadamba Anthocephalus chinensis Anthocephalus chinensis Antidesma pleuricum Aphanamixis cumingiana Aphanamixis perrottetiana Artocarpus blancoi Artocarpus chaplasha Artocarpus chaplasha Artocarpus elasticus Artocarpus hirsuta Attocarpus integrifolia Artocarpus lanceifolius Artocarpus ovata Artocarpus rigidus Artocarpus scortechinii Bassia butyracea Bassia latifolia Berrya ammonilla Bischofia javanica Bischofia javanica Bischofia javanica Bischofia javanica Bischofia javanica Blumeodendron tokbrai Bombax ceiba * Bombax ceiba * Bombax insigne Bombax malabarica * Bombycidendron vidalianum Boswellia serrata Bridelia retusa Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Buchanania latifolia Bucklandia populnea Calophyllum blancoi Calophyllum curtisii Calophyllum inophyllum Calophyllum inophyllum Calophyllum inophyllum Calophyllum pulcherrimum Calophyllum retusum Kato Katong-lakihan Amoora Bekak Amoora Dagang Afu Mersawa Kaunghmu Mersawa Mersawa Mersawa Mersawa Palosapis Phasi Bakli Kardhai Kelempayan Kadam Kadam Jabon Kaaloan bangkal Laran Bignai-kalabau Salakin Kangko Antipolo Chapalish Chaplash Terap Aini Kathal Keledang Anubing Keledang Terap Hill mahua Mahua Trincomalee wood Bishop wood Gadog Tuad Bhadi Bishopwood Gaham badak Simul Semul Semul Malabulak Vidal lanutan Salai Kasi Bakau Char Pipli Bitanghol Bintangor Bintangur Bitaog Bintangor Bintangur Bintangor

14 Table 2 continued Estimate Actual DTI Calophyllum soulatri Calophyllum spp. Calophyllum tomentosum Calophyllum wightianum Campnosperma auriculata Campnosperma auriculata Campnosperma macrophylla Campnosperma macrophylla Cananga odorata Cananga odorata Canarium asperum Canarium asperum Canarium bengalense Canarium calophyllum Canarium euphyllum Canarium hirsutum Canarium luzonicum Canarium rufum Canarium strictum Canarium vrieseanum Canthium monstrosum Cantleya corniculata Carallia lucida Carapa mollucensis Careya arborea Cassia fistula Cassia fistula Cassia javanica Cassia siamea Cassia spectabilis Castanopsis hystrix Castanopsis argentea Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarina junghuhniana Casuarina sumatrana Cedrela serrata Cedrela toona Cedrus deodara Ceiba malabarica * Ceiba pentandra Celtis luzonica Chisocheton cumingianus Chisocheton pentandrus Chlorophora excelsa Chloroxylon swietenia Chloroxylon swietenia Chukrasia tabularis Chukrasia tabularis Cinnamomum camphora Cinnamomum iners Cinnamomum inunctum Cinnamomum parthenoxylon Citrus grandis Cleidion spiciflorum Cleistocalyx operculatus Colona serratifolia Combretocarpus rotundatus Combretodendron quadrialatum Cordia subcordata Cotylelobium burckii Cotylelobium malayanum Cotylelobium melanoxylon Bintangur Poon Poon Poon Terentang Terentang Terentang Terentang Ilang-ilang Kenanga Pagsahingin Kenari Pagsahingin-bulog Dhup Dulit Piling-liitan Kedondong Dhup Gisau Tadiang-anuang Bedaru Maniawga Pussur Kumbi Cana-fistula Amaltas Antsoan Johar Antsoan-dilau Indian chesnut Saninten Agoho Casuarina Cemara Cemara Toon Toon Deodar Kapuk hutan Kapok Magabuyo Balukamag Katong-matsin lroko Satinwood Satinwood Chickrassy Chickrassy Camphor wood Cinnamon Cinnamon Medang Lukban Santiki Malaruhat Anilau Perepat darat Toog Salimuli Giam Giam Giam 12

15 Table 2 continued Estimate Actual DTI Cratoxylon arborescens Cratoxylon arborescens Cryptocarya liebertiana Cryptomeria japonica Ctenolophon parvifolius Cubilia cubili Cullenia ceylanica Cullenia excelsa Cupressus torulosa Cyathocalyx maingayi Cynometra polyandra Cynometra ramiflora Dacrydium baccarii Dacrydium junghuhnii Dacryodes rastrata Dacryodes rugose Dactylocladus stenostachys Dalbergia cultrata Dalbergia latifolia Dalbergia latifolia Dalbergia sissoo Dehaasia caesis Dehaasia cuneata Dehaasia nigrescens Dehaasia triandra Dialium patens Dialium platysepalum Dialium platysepalum Dialium wallichii Dichopsis elliptica Dichopsis polyantha Dillenia eximia Dillenia grandifolia Dillenia indica Dillenia luzoniensis Dillenia megalantha Dillenia pentagyna Dillenia philippinensis Diospyros celebica Diospyros ebenum Diospyros femea Diospyros inclusa Diospyros iolin Diospyros melanoxylon Diospyros mindanaensis Diospyros nitida Diospyros philippensis Diospyros pilosanthera Diospyros poncei Diospyros pyrrhocarpa Diospyros pyrrhocarpa Diospyros rumphii Diplodiscus paniculatus Dipterocarpus acutangulus Dipterocarpus alutus Dipterocarpus basilanicus Dipterocarpus baudii Dipterocarpus borneensis Dipterocarpus bourdilloni Dipterocarpus cauciferus Dipterocarpus caudatus Dipterocarpus caudiferus Dipterocarpus confertus Gerunggang Gerunggang Wild quince Suji Mertas Kubili Kataboda Karani Cypress devidiar Pisang-pisang Ping Balikbikan Melur Melur Kenari Kenari Mentibu Yindaik Sonokeling Indian rosewood Sissoo Medang Medang Medang tandok Margapali Keranji Keranji Keranji Keranji Pali Tali Simpur jangkang Simpoh Chalta Malakatmon Katmon-bayani Dillenia Katmon Eboni Eboni Eboni Anang-gulod Eboni Eboni Ata-ata Katilma Kamagong Eboni Ponce kamagong Anang Ebony Eboni Balobo Keruing Gurjan Basilan apitong Keruing Keruing Keruing Leaf-tailed panau Keruing Keruing 13

16 Table 2 continued Estimate Actual DTI Dipterocarpus cornutus Dipterocarpus cornutus Dipterocarpus costulatus Dipterocarpus costulatus Dipterocarpus crinitus Dipterocarpus gracilis Dipterocarpus gracilis Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Dipterocarpus griffithii Dipterocarpus indicus Dipterocarpus kerrii Dipterocarpus kerrii Dipterocarpus kunstleri Dipterocarpus lowii Dipterocarpus lowii Dipterocarpus macrocarpus Dipterocarpus pilosus Dipterocarpus retusus Dipterocarpus speciosus Dipterocarpus spp. Dipterocarpus spp. Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Dipterocarpus turbinatus Dipterocarpus verrucosus Dipterocarpus warburgii Dipterocarpus zeylanicus Dracontomelon dao Dracontomelon dao Dracontomelon edule Dracontomelon mangiferum Dryobalanops aromatica Dryobalanops aromatica Dryobalanops baccarii Dryobalanops beccarii Dryobalanops fusca Dryobalanops keithii Dryobalanops lanceolata Dryobalanops lanceolata Dryobalanops oblongifolia Dryobalanops oblongifolia Dryobalanops rappa Drypetes bordenii Duabanga moluccana Duabanga sonneratioides Duabanga sonneratioides Durio carinatus Durio oxleyanus Durio oxleyanus Durio zibethinus Durio zibethinus Dyera costulata Dyera costulata Dyera lowii Dysoxylum altissimum Dysoxylum decandrum Dysoxylum densiflorum Dysoxylum euphlebium Dysoxylum malabaricum Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Elateriospermum tapos Elmelliria mollis Keruing Keruing Keruing Keruing Keruing Panau Keruing Gurjan Apitong Keruing Gurjan Gurjan Gurjan Malapanau Keruing Keruing Keruing Hollong Garjan Keruing Broad-winged apitong Gurjam Keruing Eng Gurjan Keruing Hagakhak Hora Dao Dahu Lamio Dahu Kapur Kapur Kapur Kapur Kapur Kapur Kapur Kapur Petanang Kapur Kapur Balikbikan Benuang laki Lampati Bandarhola Durian Durian Durian Durian Durian Jelutong Jelutung Jelutung Kuling-babui Igyo Cempaga Miau White cedar Rudraksh Perah Cempaka 14

17 Table 2 continued Estimate Actual DTI Elmelliria ovalis Cempaka Endiandra laxiflora Usuang-saha Endospermum peltatum Gubas Endospermum mallacense Sendok-sendok Engelhardtia spicata Moglaipoma Epicharis cimingiana Tara-tara Erythrina fusca Anii Erythrina subumbrans Rarang Erythrophleum densiflorus Kamatog Eucalyptus alba Ampupu Eucalyptus deglupta Leda Eucalyptus eugenioides Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus Eucalyptus Eugenia gardneri Jaman Eugenia griffithii Kelat Eugenia jambolana Jaman Eugenia spp. Jaman Eusideroxylon zwageri Belian Eusideroxylon zwageri Ulin Evodia aromatica Salimuli Fagraca fragans Tembesu Fagraca sogroria Tembesu Ficus benjamina Salisi Ficus botryocarpa Basikong Ficus minahassae Hagimit Ficus varietata Tangisang-bayauak Fraxinus excelsior Ash Fraxinus micrantha Ash Ganua motleyana Nyatoh Ganua motleyana Nyatoh Gardenia gummifera Gardenia Gardenia latifolia Gardenia Gardenia turgida Gardenia Garuga pinnata Garuga Gluta renghas Rengas Gluta tranvancorica Gluta Gmelina arborea Gamari Gmelina arborea Gamari Gmelina arborea Yemane Gmelina arborea Gmelina Gnetum gnemon Meninjau Gonocaryum calleryanum Taingang-babui Gonystylus bancanus Ramin Gonystylus bancanus Ramin Gonystylus macrophyllus Lanutan-bagyo Grevillea robusta Grevillea Grewia multiflora Danglin Grewia tiliaefolia Dhaman Grewia vestita Daman Hardwickia binata Anjan Hardwickia pinnata Piney Harpullia arborea Uas Heritiera javanica Palapi Heritiera javanica * Mengkulang Heritiera minor Sundri Heritiera simplicifolia * Mengkulang Heritiera simplicifolia Palapi Heritiera simplicifolia Mengkulang Heritiera spp. Sundri Heritiera sylvatica * Dungon Heterophragma adenophyllum Karenwood Heterophragma roxburghii Palang Hevea brasiliensis Rubberwood 15

18 Table 2 continued Estimate Actual DTI Hevea brasiliensis Para rubber Hevea braziliensis Rubberwood Hibiscus tiliaceus Malubago Holarrhena antidysenterica Kuda Holoptelea integrifolia Kanju Homalanthus populneus Balanti Homalium foetidum Gia Homalium longifolium Selimbar Homalium tomentosum Burma lancewood Hopea acuminata Manggachapui Hopea desyrhachis Merawan Hopea dolosa Balau Hopea dryobalanoides Merawan Hopea ferruginea Merawan Hopea foxworthyi Dalinydingan Hopea glabra Hopea Hopea gregaria Balau Hopea heimii * Cengal Hopea helferi Giam Hopea mengarawan Merawan Hopea nervosa Merawan Hopea nutans Giam Hopea odorata Andaman thingan Hopea parviflora Hopea Hopea plagata Yakal-saplungan Hopea sangal Cengal Hopea sangal Gagil Hopea sulcata Merawan Hopea utilis * Karung kongoo Hymenodictyon excelsum Kuthan llex plelobrachiata Mensira gunung lntsia bijuga Merbau lntsia bijuga lpil lntsia palembanica Merbau lntsia palembanica Merbau lrvingia malayana Bongin lrvingia malayana Pauh kijang Juglans fallax Walnut Juglans spp. Walnut Kayea floribunda Karal Kayea garciae Bakulau Kleinhovia hospita Tan-ag Kokoona littoralis Mata ulat Koompassia excelsa Tualang Koompassia excelsa Tualang Koompassia excelsa Manggis Koompassia malaccensis Kempas Koompassia malaccensis Kempas Koordersiodendron pinnatum Amugis Koordersiodendron pinnatum Ranggu Koordersiodendron pinnatum Bugis Lagerstroemia flos-reginae Jarul Lagerstroemia hypoleuca Jarul Lagerstroemia lanceolata Benteak Lagerstroemia microcarpa Benteak Lagerstroemia parviflora Lendi Lagerstroemia piriformis Batitinan Lagerstroemia speciosa Banaba Lagerstroemia speciosa Bungur Lagerstroemia tomentosa Leza Lannea coromandelica Jhingen Lannea grandis Jhingan Leucaena leucocephala Ipil-ipil 16

19 Table 2 continued Litchi philippinensis Lithocarpus soleriana Lithocarpus sundaicus Litsea firma Litsea firma Litsea garciae Litsea mangifera Litsea megacarpa Litsea odorifera Litsea perrottetii Livistona rotundifolia Lophopetalum fimbriatum Lophopetalum javanicum * Lophopetalum wightianum Macaranga bicolor Machilus micrantha Machilus odoratissima Madhuca obevatifolia Madhuca oblongifolia Madhuca utilis Maesopsis eminii Magnifera indict Mallotus multiglandulosus Mallotus philippinensis Mallotus philippinensis Mangifera altissima Mangifera foetida Mangifera foetida Mangifera indica Mangifera indica Mangifera merrillii Mangifera spp. Manglietia insignis Manilkara kauki Mastixia philippinensis Melaleuca leucadendron Melanorrhoea torquata Melanorrhoea usitala Melanorrhoea wallichii Melia azedarach Melia dubia Melia indica Melicope triphylla Meliosma macrophylla Melochia umbellata Memecylon pubescens Meria excelsa Mesua ferrea Mesua ferrea Mesua spp. Metrosideros petiolata Metrosideros vera Michelia catchcartii Michelia champaca Michelia champaca Michelia excelsa Micheiia montana Michelia montana Michelia oblonga Michelia platyphylla Michelia velutina Microcos stylocarpa Micromelum compressum Alupag-amo Manaring Pasang Medang Medang Bangulo Medang Medang telor Medang Marang Anahau Raktan Perupuk Banati Hamindang Machilus Machilus Pianga Malabetis Bitis Maesopsis Mango Alim Banato Raini Pahutan Macang Membacang Macang Mango Pahong-liitan Macang Phulsopa Sawo kecik Apanit Gelam Rengas Thitsi Rengas Persian lilac Bagalunga Neem Matang-arau Balilang-uak Labayo Nipis kulit Suren bawang Mesua Penaga Sirunangu Lera Lara Champ Champa Champ Champ Champ Cempaka Champ Hangilo Cempaka Kamuling Tulibas-tilos Estimate Actual DTI 17

20 Table 2 continued Estimate Actual DTI Miliusa velutina Domsal Millettia pendula Thinwin Mimusops elengi Bulletwood Mimusops elengi Tanjung Mimusops littoralis Bulletwood Mitragyna diversifolia Binga Mitragyna parvifolia Klaim Mitragyna speciosa Kedemba Morus alba Mulberry Morus serrata Mulberry Mutsaendopsis beccariana Patin Myristica attenuata Ruktmara Myristica gigantea Penarahan Myristica iners Mendarahan Myristica maingayi Penarahan Myristica spp. Malaboda Neesia altissima Bengang Neonauclea bernardoi Ludek Neotrewia cumingii Apanang Ochanostachys amentacea Petaling Ochanostachys amentacea Petaling Ochroma grandiflora Balsa Ochroma pyramidale Balsa Octomeles sumatrana Benuang Octomeles sumatrana Binuang Octomeles sumatrana Binuang Ormosia sumatrana Kupang Oroxylon indicum Pingka-pingkahan Ougeinia dalbergioides Sandan Palaquium ferox Nyatoh Palaquium gutta Taban merah Palaquium gutta Nyatoh Palaquium hexandrum Nyatoh Palaquium hipidum Nyatoh Palaquium javense Nyatoh Palaquium lanceolatum Palak-palak Palaquium leiocarpum Nyatoh Palaquium luzoniense Nato Palaquium luzoniense Nyatoh Palaquium maingayi Nyatoh Palaquium microphyllum Nyatoh Palaquium oblusifolium Nyatoh Palaquium philippense Malak-malak Palaquium quereifolium Nyatoh Palaquium rostratum Nyatoh Palaquium walsifolium Nyatoh Palaquium burckii Nyatoh Pangium edule Pangi Parartocarpus triandra Terap Parashorea lucida Meranti, red Parashorea malaanonan Seraya, white Parashorea plicata Bagtikan Parashorea stellata Tavoy wood Parashorea tomentella Seraya, white Parastemon urophyllus Malus Parastemon urophyllus Nyalas Paratrophis glabra Amudil Parinari corymbosa Kolaka Parinari corymbosa Liusin Parinari rubiginosum Merbatu Parishia insignis Red dhup Parkia roxburghii Kupang Parkia speciosa Petai 18

21 Table 2 continued Payena acuminata Payena leeni Payena lucida Peltophorum pterocarpum Pentace burmanica Pentace griffithii Pentace triptera Pentace triptera Pentacme contorta Pentacme mindanensis Pentacme suavis Pentaspadon velutinus Pericopsis mooniana Peronema canescens Phaeanthus ebracteolatus Phoebe goalparensis Phoebe hainesiana Phoebe opaca Phylocladus hypophyllus Picea morinda Pinus caribaea Pinus excelsa Pinus insignis Pinus insularis Pinus longifolia Pinus merkusii Pinus merkusii Pisonia umbellifera Pistacia integerrima Pithecellobium confertum Pittosporum pentandrum Planchonia andamanica Planchonia spectabilis Planchonia valida Podocarpus blumei Podocarpus imbricatus Podocarpus imbricatus Podocarpus motleyi Podocarpus neriifolius Podccarpus neriifolius Podocarpus philippinensis Podocarpus wallichianus Poeciloneuron indicum Polyalthia cerasoides Polyalthia flava Polyalthia fragrans Polyalthia hypoleuca Polyatthia simiarun Polyscias nodosa Pometia pinnata Pometia pinnata Pometia pinnata Pometia tomentosa Pongamia glabra Populus ciliata Pouteria villamilii Prosopis spicigera Pseudosindora palustris Pterocarpus acerifolium Pterocarpus dalbergioides Pterocarpus indicus Pterocarpus indicus Pterocarpus indicus Nyatoh Nyatoh Nyatoh Siar Thitka Thitsho Pinang Melunak Lauan, white Mindanao lauan lngyin Pelong Kuku Sungkai Kalimatas Bonsum Bonsum Medang Melur Spruce Pine Blue pine Pine Chir Pine Tusam Anoling Kakar singhi Kungkur Mamalis Red bombway Lamog Putat Melur Melur lgem Melur Thitmin Melur Malakauayan Thitmin Ballagi Lanutan-dilau Nedunar Tepis Malapapaya Matoa Malugai Kasai Matoa Saykaranji Plachh Villamil nato Kandi Swamp sepetir Hattipaila Andaman padauk Narra Sena Sonokembang Estimate Actual DTI 19

22 Table 2 continued Estimate Actual DTI Pterocarpus macrocarpus Pterocarpus marsupium Pterocarpus santalinus Pterocymbium tinctorium Pterospermum celebicum Pterospermum diversifolium Pterospermum javanicum Pygeum vulgare Quercus incana Quercus lamellosa Quercus lamponga Quercus lineata Quercus lineata Radermachera pinnata Rhizophora apiculata Rhizophora conjugata Saccopetalum tomentosum Sageraea laurina Sageraea listeri Salix spp. Salix tetrasperma Sallix wallichiana Sandoricum koetjape Sandoricum vidalii Santalum album Santiria graffithii Santiria laevigata Santiria laevigata Santiria oblongifolia Santiria rubiginosa Santiria tomentosa Sapium baccatum Sapium luzonicum Saraca thaipingensis Scaphium affine Scaphium macropodum Schima crenata Schima noronhae Schima noronhae Schima oblata Schima wallichii Schima wallichii Schleichera oleosa Schleichera trijuga Schoutenis ovata Scorodocarpus borneensis Scorodocarpus borneensis Sesbania grandiflora Shorea accuminatisima Shorea acuminata Shorea acuminata Shorea acuminatissma Shorea agsaboensis Shorea almon Shorea assamica Shorea astylosa Shorea atrinervosa Shorea barcteolata Shorea belangeran Shorea bracteolata Shorea ciliata Shorea cutisii Shorea dasyphylla Burma padauk Bijasal Red sanders Taluto Bayur Bayur Bayur Lago Oak Oak Mempening Oak Pasang Banai-banai Bakau Bakau Hoom Chooi Indian willow Indian willow Bada-willow Santol Malasantol Cendana Kenari Kerantai Kenari Kenari Kenari Kenari Ludai Balakat-gubat Gapis Kembang semangkok Matpayang Puspa Puspa Gegatal Puspa Puspa Chilauni Kesambi Kusum Walikukun Kulim Kulim Katurai Meranti kuning Meranti merah Meranti, red Yellow seraya Tiaong Almon Makai Yakal Balau Meranti putih Belangeran Meranti, white Yakal-mabolo Meranti, dark red Light red meranti 20

23 Table 2 continued Estimate Actual DTI Shorea elliptica Shorea faguetiana Shorea faguetiana Shorea faguetiana Shorea falcifera Shorea gibbosa Shorea gibbosa Shorea gisok Shorea glauca Shorea glauca Shorea guiso Shorea guiso Shorea guiso Shorea guiso Shorea gysbertsiana Shorea hemsleyana Shorea hopeifolia Shorea hopeifolia Shorea hypochra Shorea javanica Shorea kalunti Shorea kunstleri Shorea laevifolia Shorea laevis Shorea laevis Shorea lamellata Shorea lamellata Shorea lepidota Shorea leprosula Shorea leprosula Shorea leptoclados Shorea macrophylla Shorea macroptera Shorea macroptera Shorea malibato Shorea maxwelliana Shorea maxwelliana Shorea multiflora Shorea negrosensis Shorea ochracea Shorea ochrophloia Shorea ovalis Shorea ovata Shorea pachyphylla Shorea palembanica Shorea parvifolia Shorea parvifolia Shorea parvifolia Shorea pauciflora Shorea pauciflora Shorea pauciflora Shorea philippinensis Shorea pinanga Shorea plagata Shorea platycarpa Shorea platyclados Shorea platyclados Shorea polita Shorea polysperma Shorea quadrinervis Shorea resinanigra Shorea retinodes Shorea robusta Balau Yellow seraya Meranti, yellow Meranti kuning Balau Meranti kuning Yellow seraya Yakal-gisok Damar laut Balau Balau Guijo Gisok Red selangan batu Engkabang Meranti, red Yellow seraya Meranti kuning Meranti, white Meranti putih Kalunti Damar laut Bangkirai Balau kumus Balau Manggasinorong-lakihan Meranti putih Meranti merah Meranti merah Meranti, red Light red seraya Light red seraya Meranti, red Meranti merah Yakal-malibato Damar laut Balau Meranti kuning Red lauan Meranti putih Balau Meranti merah Meranti merah Meranti merah Meranti merah Meranti merah Light red seraya Meranti, red Dark red seraya Meranti, dark red Meranti merah Manggasinoro Meranti merah Malaguijo Meranti merah Meranti merah Meranti, dark red Malaanonang Tangile Meranti merah Meranti, yellow Meranti putih Sal 21

24 Table 2 continued Estimate Actual DTI Shorea rugosa Shorea sandakanensis Shorea selanica Shorea seminis Shorea sinitiana Shorea smithiana Shorea squamata Shorea stenoptera Shorea sumatrana Shorea superba Shorea talura Shorea teysmanniana Shorea uliginos Shorea virescens Shorea waltonil Sideroxylon longepetiolatum Sindora coriacea Sindora geledupa Sindora leiocarpa Sindora wallichii Sloetia elongata Sloetia elongata Sonneratia alba Sonneratia apelata Soymida febrifuga Spathodea campanulata Stemonurus luzoniensis Sterculia alata Sterculia campanulata Sterculia ceramica Sterculia foetida Sterculia spp. Stereospermum chelonoides Stereospermum xylocarpum Stereospermum suaveolens Strombosia javanica Strombosia philippinensis Styrax benzoin Swietenia macrophylla Swietenia macrophylla Swietenia macrophylla Swietenia mahagoni Swintonia floribunda Swintonia floribunda Swintonia foxworthyi Swintonia schwenkii Swintonia spicifera Sycopsis dunni Syzygium luzonense Syzygium nitidum Syzygium simile Tectona grandis Tectona grandis Tectona grandis Tectona grandis Tectona grandis Teijsmanniodendron ahernianum Terminalia arjuna Terminalia belorica Terminalia berelica Terminalia bialata Terminalia chebula Terminalia citrina Meranti, dark red Meranti merah Meranti merah Balau Meranti merah Light red seraya Mayapis Meranti merah Balau Selangan batu Meranti, white Meranti merah Meranti merah Meranti putih Light red seraya Lambapatti Sepetir Sindur Sindur Sindur Tempinis Tempinis Parapat laut Keowra African Tulip Mabunot Sawbya wood Papita Malakalumpang Pimping Udal Padri wood Vedankonnai Padri wood Dedali Tamayuan Kemenyan Big-leafed Mahogany Mahoni Mahoni Mahoni Civit Civit Lomarau Merpauh Merpauh Parukapok Duktulan Makaasim Panglongboien Teak Teak Teak Teak Jati Sasalit Arjun Ketapang Bahera White chuglam Myrabolan 22

25 Table 2 continued Terminalia citrina Terminalia copelandii Terminalia edulis Terminalia foetidissima Terminalia manii Terminalia microcarpa Terminalia myriocarpa Terminalia nitens Terminalia paniculata Terminalia procera Terminalia pyrifolia Terminalia tomentosa Tetramerista glabra Tetramerista glabra Thespesia populnea Thespesia populnea Toona calantas Toona ciliata Toona sureni Trema orientalis Tristania decorticata Tristania maingayi Tristania micrantha Tsuga brunoniana Turpinia ovalifolia Ulmus wallichiana Vateria indica Vatica cuspidata Vatica mangachapoi Vatica oblongifolia Vatica pachyphylla Vatica rassak Vatica stapfiana Vernonia arborea Vitex altissima Vitex cofaesus Vitex parviflora Vitex turczaninowii Wallaceodendron celebicum Weinmannia luzoniensis Xanthophyllum excelsum Xanthophyllum excelsum Xanthophyllum verrucosum Xylia dolabriformia Xylia xylocarpa Xylocarpus granatum Xylopia malayana Zanthoxylum rhetsa Zanthoxylum rhetsa Ziziphus talanai Binggas Lanipau Ketapang Talisai-gubat Black chuglam Kalumpit Hollock Sakat Kindal White bombay Lein Sain Punak Punah Banola Bhendi Kalantas Toon Suren Anabiong Malabayabas Pelawan Tiga Anongo Elm Vellapiney Resak Narig Resak Thick-leafed narig Resak Resak Merambung Milla Gofasa Molave Lingo-lingo Banuyo ltangan Menjalin Bok-bok Minyak berok lrul lrul Nyirih Jangkang Rhetsa Kaitana Balakat * Older scientific names Newer scientific names Balanocarpus spp. Hopea spp. Bombax malabaricum Bombax ceiba Gossampinus spp. Ceiba spp. Salmalia spp. Bombax spp. Samanea spp. Albizia spp. Serialbizia spp. Albizia spp. Solenospermum spp. Lophopetalum spp. Tarrieta spp. Heritiera spp. Estimate Actual DTI 23

26 Table 3. Basic specific gravity (Gb), green moisture content (Mg), and drying time index (DTI) for Latin American species. Estimate Actual DTI Abies religiosa Acacia pennatula Achras zapota Albizia caribaea Albizia guachapele * Albizia saman * Albizia spp. Alchornea spp. Alexa imperatricis Amburana cearensis Amburana cearensis/acreanea Anacardium excelsum Anacardium excelsum Anacardium excelsum Anacardium excelsum Anacardium spp. Andira inermis Andira inermis Andira retusa Andira retusa Andira spp. Andira spp. Andira spp. Aniba amazonica Aniba canelilla Aniba riparia (Ocotea spp) Apeiba aspera Apeiba aspera Apeiba membranacea Apeiba tibourbou Apuleia molaris Artocarpus altilis Aspidosperma album Aspidosperma cruentum Aspidosperma desmanthum Aspidosperma duckei Aspidosperma macrocarpon Aspidosperma marogravianum Aspidosperma megalocarpon Aspidosperma megalocarpon Aspidosperma megalocarpon Aspidosperma spp. Aspidosperma spp. Aspidosperma spp. Astronium gracile Astronium graveolens Astronium graveolens Astronium graveolens Astronium graveolens Astronium lacointei Astronium lecointei Astronium lecointei Astronium spp. Astronium ulel Bagassa guianensis Bagassa guianensis Bagassa guianensis/tiliaefolia Banara guianensis Beilschmiedia pendula Beilschmiedia spp. Belotia panamensis Bertholletia excelsa Bertholletia excelsa 24 Oyamel Carbon Nispero Carabali Frijolillo Genizero Pashaco Barba de viejo Leche de cochino lshpingo Cerejeira Mijao Espave Espave Espave Caracoli Angelin Moca Sarrapio montanero Canelito negro Andira Barbosquillo Almendro Moena amarilla Preciosa Brazilian louro Cortezo Maquisapa kaccha Maquisapa naccha Cabeza de mono Muira-juba Panapen Hielillo negro Mylady Pumaquiro Canjilon amarillo Pelmax Hielillo blanco Araracanga Canalete amarillo Melon Muiracatiara/guarita Gateado Gateado Goncalo alvas Goncalo alves Pata de zamuro Muiracatiara Quita calzon Muiracatiara Bagasse Tatajuba Tatajuba Cayenito Guajon Aquacatillo Capulin Brazil nut Brazil Nut

27 Table 3 continued Estimate Actual DTI Bombacopsis quinata Bombacopsis quinata Bombacopsis quinata Bombacopsis quinata Bombacopsis sessilis Bombacopsis spp. Bombax paraense Bowdichia nitida Bowdichia nitida Brosimum alicastrum Brosimum alicastrum Brosimum alicastrum Brosimum rubescens Brosimum spp. Brosimum spp. Brosimum spp. Brosimum spp. Brosimum spp. Brosimum uleanum Brosimum utile Buchenavia capitata Buchenavia capitata Bucida buceras Bucida buceras Bumelia spp. Bursera simaruba Bursera simaruba Bursera simaruba Bursera simaruba Byrsonima aerugo Byrsonima coriacea Byrsonima coriacea Byrsonima spp. Calophyllum brasiliense Calophyllum brasiliense Calophyllum brasiliense Calophyllum brasiliense Calophyllum brasiliense Calophyllum brasiliense Calophyllum brasiliense Calophyllum brasiliense Calophyllum brasiliense Calophyllum candidissium Calycogonium squamulosum Calycophyllum spruceanum Campnosperma panamensis Carapa guianensis Carapa guianensis Carapa guianensis/procera Carapa guianensis/procera Carapa slateri/guianensis Cariniana brasiliensis Cariniana domesticata Cariniana pyriformis Caryocar coccineum Caryocar glabrum Caryocar spp. Caryocar villosum Cassia moschata Cassia multijuga Cassia scleroxylon Cassia spp. Casuarina equisetifolia Saqui-saqui Saquisaqui Cedro espino Pochote Bongo macho Punga Sucupira Sucupira preta Charo Janita Ramon Satine Sande Copipe Charo amarillo Charo Manchinga Manchinga Panguana Yellow sanders Granadillo Ucar Pukte Nisperillo Chaca lndio desnudo Almacigo Gumbo-limbo Manteco de agua Serrette Maricao Chaparro montanero Bari Santa Maria Santa Maria Santa-maria Santa Maria Lagarto caspi Maria Maria Santa maria Camaron Jusillo Pau mulato Nisperillo Carapa Crabwood Andiroba Andiroba Bateo Jequitiba Cachimbo Abarco Almendro Almendro Piquia Piquia Canafistola San Feo Mari-mari Muirapixuna Canafistula Casuarina 25

28 Table 3 continued Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Estimate Actual DTI Catostemma commune Catostemma commune Catostemma spp. Cavanillesia plantanifolia Cecropia peltata Cecropia peltata Cedrela angustifolia Cedrela mexicana Cedrela odorata Cedrela odorata Cedrela odorata Cedrela odorata Cedrelinga catenaeformis Cedrelinga catenaeformis Ceiba pentandra Ceiba pentandra Ceiba pentandra Ceiba pentandra Ceiba pentandra Ceiba pentranda Ceiba samauma Centrolobium paraense Centrolobium spp. Centrolobium yavizanum Chaetocarpus schomburgkianus Chimarrhis microcarpa Chlorophora tinctoria Chlorophora tinctoria Chlorophora tinctoria Choristia integrifolia Chrysophyllum caracasanum Chrysophyllum spp. Chrysophyllum spp. Citharexylon poeppigi * Clarisia racemosa Clarisia racemosa Clarisia racemosa Clarisia racemosa Clusia rosea Cochlospermum orinocensis Copaifera aromatica Copaifera officinalis Copaifera officinalis Copaifera officinalis Copaifera reticulata Copaifera spp. Cordia alliodora Cordia alliodora Cordia alliodora Cordia alliodora Cordia alliodora Cordia apurensis Cordia bicolor Cordia collococca Cordia dodecandra Cordia exaltata Cordia fallax Cordia goeldiana Cordia goeldiana Cordia spp. Cordia trichotoma Cornus disciflora Couepia spp. Baraman Baromalli Quipo Yagrumo hembra Yagrumo Cedro rojo Cedro real Cedar Cedro Cedro hembra Cedro Tornillo Tornillo Ceiba Ceiba Ceiba Bango Sumauma Ceiba Huimba Arariba Amarillo guayaquil Cache Carutillo Mora Mora amarilla Moral Lupuna blanca Caimito Platano Caimito morado Santa rosa Mashonaste Cajiman Guariuba Guariuba Cupey Bototo Cabimo blanco Copaiba Currucay Cabimo, palo de aceite Copaiba Capa prieto Laurel Pardillo Bojon Laurel blanco Pardillo negro Candilero Candelera Siricote Alatrique blanco Alatrique negro Freijo Freijo Laurel. Mato hombre Lengua de picon 26

29 Table 3 continued Estimate Actual DTI Couratari multiflora Couratari oblongifolia Couratari panamensis Couratari pulchra Couratari pulchra Couratari spp. Couroupita guianensis Couroupita guianensis Croton panamensis Croton xanthochloros Cupania spp. Cyrilla racemiflora Dacryodes excelsa Dacryodes excelsa Dacryodes spp. Dalbergia retusa Dalbergia spp. Dendropanax arboreus Dendropanax arboreus Dialium guianense Dialium guianense Dialium guianense Dialyanthera spp. Dicorynia guianensis Dicorynia guianensis/paraensis Dicorynia paraensis Didymopanax morototoni Didymopanax morototoni Didymopanax morototoni Didymopanax morototoni Didymopanax morototoni Didymopanax morototoni Didymopanax morototoni Didymopanax morototoni Dinizia excelsa Dinizia excelsa Diospyros spp. Dipholis salicifolia Diploon venezuelana Diplotropis martiusii Diplotropis purpurea Diplotropis purpurea Diplotropis purpurea Dipteryx odorata Dipteryx odorata Dipteryx odorata Dipteryx oleifera * Dipteryx oleifera/odorata * Dipteryx spp. Drypetes variabilis Drypetes variabilis Dussia spp. Ecclinusa guianensis Endlicheria cocuirey Endopleura uchi Enterolobium cyclocarpum Enterolobium cyclocarpum Enterolobium maximum Enterolobium schomburgkii Enterolobium schomburgkii Enterolobium schomburgkii Enterolobium schomburgkii Enterolobium schomburgkii Tampipio Tauari Congolo-garapelo Capa de tabaco Tauary Tauari Taparo de chuco Coco de mono Sangredrago Canelon Cacho de chivo Palo colorado Tabonuco Gommier Gommier Nambar Ciruelo Nagua blance Quesito Comenegro Hauso Jutai-pororoca Cuangara, virola Angelique Basralocus Angelique Guarumo macho Morototo Yagrumo macho Morototo Sunsun Cafetero Tinajero Sunsun Angelim vermelho Angelim vermelho Flo de guinea Bustic Abiurana seca Chontaguiro Congrio Tatabu Sapupira Tonka Cumaru Sarrapia Almendro Almendro Cumaru Kerosen blanco Pau branco Bolador/sangrillo Chicle Uchi liso/uchi Guanacaste Earpod Fava tamboril/tamboril Timbauba Fava de rosca Menudito Harino Curarina 27

30 Table 3 continued Botanical Name Common Name Reference Gb Estimate Actual DTI Enterolobium schomburgkii Enterolobium spp. Enterolobium spp. Enterolobium spp. Enterolobium spp. Eperua falcata Eperua spp. Eperua spp. Erblichia odorata Eriotheca spp. Erisma uncinatum Erisma uncinatum Erisma uncinatum/erisma spp. Erythrina spp. Eschweilera amara Eschweilera corrugata Eschweilera grata Eschweilera hologyne Eschweilera odora Eschweilera sagotiana Eschweilera spp. Eschweilera spp. Eschweilera spp. Eschweilera spp. Eschweilera subglandulosa Eschweilera subglandulosa Eschweilera subglandulosa Eschweilera tenax Eschweilera trinitensis Eucalyptus globulus Eucalyptus robusta Eugenia compta Eugenia pseudopsidium Eugenia spp. Eugenia stahlii Euxylophora paraensis Ficus aff, insipida Ficus laevigata Ficus spp. Ficus spp. Genipa americana Genipa americana Genipa spp. Gliricidium sepium Glycydendron amazonicum Glycydendron amazonicum Goethalsia meiantha Goupia glabra Goupia glabra Goupia glabra Goupia glabra Goupia glabra Guarea excelsa Guarea excelsa Guarea glabra Guarea kunthiana Guarea trichilioides Guarea trichilioides Guarea trichilioides Guatteria spp. Guatteria decurrens Guatteria olivacea Guatteria procera Batibatra Tamboril Caracaro Sierra de iguana Wallaba Wallaba Wallaba Pino blanco Cedro dulce Quarubarana/cedrinho Mureillo Jaboty Bucare Matamata vermelho Guacharaco Tinajito Mata-mata Black kakeralli Guasca/oxito Matamata-ci Machimango blanco Manbarklak Majaguillo Manbarklak Coco de mono Tampipio Eucalipto Eucalipto Guayabito blanco Guayabo de montana Guayabota Pau amarelo Higueron Jaguey blanco Caxinguba Higueron Caruto montanero Jagua Caruto Madero negro Glicia Guacimo blanco Kopie Cupiuba Cupiuba Congrio blanco Cupiuba Cramtree Tololo Cedrillo Requia Trompillo Pica del oro Guaraguao Ramo de plaze Carahuasca Envira preta Envira preta 28