The importance of cotton in world trade

Transcription

1 Weed Mapping WG of East Mediterranean Countries Weed surveys in cotton fields in the Eastern Mediterranean countries G. Economou 1, A. Uludag 2, I. Uremis 3, D. Kalivas 1, S. Tabbache 4, I Al-Jboory 5, B. Rubin 6 1 Agricultural University of Athens, 2 European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark, 3 Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Hatay, Turkey, 4 University of Tichreen, College of Agriculture, Lattakia, Syria, 5 Melford Consultant Ltd, Jordan, 6 Hebrew University Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel. The objective of our current activity The importance of cotton in world trade 1

2 India the region of origin, with ancient residues ( 3000 B.C). Alexander the Great introduced the cotton in Greece (325 B.C), whereas has been distributed to other European counties of Mediterranean. The map of the ancient trade routes Cotton production World cotton production (million tonnes), by main countries, 1980/ /13 Source: UNCTAD secretariat, based on International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC) statistics 2

3 The East-Med countries produce cotton of high quality Cotton area (ha) World Cotton area ha Source FAO 3

4 The Scope of our action To record the abundance at a country and regional scale To obtain data for evident weed changes To rank the weed importance in each country and in East Med region To record the risk of invaders To plan the strategy for efficient weed control sustaining the biodiversity Turkey a very rich weed flora in cotton fields (88 weed species) 10 species can be considered as important weeds: C. rotundus, S. halepense, C. arvensis, C. dactylon, E. colonum, Amarantlms spp., S. nigrum, P. oleracea, X. strumarium, Physalis angulata L., and Setaria spp. These species are seen in almost all regions. 4

5 Cyperus rotundus Convolvulus arvensis Amaranthus spp. Portulaca oleracea Physalis angulata Sorghum halapense Cynodon dactylon Solanum nigrum Xanthium strumarium Turkey 5

6 Turkey There are three main cotton production areas in Turkey: The Mediterranean, the Aegean, and the Southeast Anatolia Regions. Weed surveys have been carried out in all regions. The Mediterranean Region can be divided into sub-regions: The Antalya Province and the Cukurova Region Cukurova Region S. halepense, 2. Cyperus rotundus 3. Prosopis farcta 4. Convolvulus arvensis 5. Cynodon dactylon 1. Cyperus spp. 2. S. halepense 3. S. nigrum 4. E. colonum, 5. C. arvensis 6. Portulaca oleracea 7. Xanthium strumarium 8. Amaranthus graecizans 1. C. rotundus 2. C. arvensis 3. Euphorbia chamaesyce 4. P. farcta, 5. P. oleracea 6. S. halepense 7. A. retroflexus 8. A. albus 9. E. colonum 10. C. tincoria 11. X. strumarium 6

7 Weed flora of Aegean cotton fields Turkey Most frequent and abundant weed species in... Menemen, Gediz Basin, Aydın, Cyperus rotundus Setaria verticillata Sorghum halepense Xanthium strumarium Digitaria sanguinalis Cynodon dactylon Portulaca oleracea Echinochloa crus-galli Salsola kali Tribulus terrestris Amaranthus retroflexus Chenopodium album Cyperus rotundus Echinochloa crus-galli Portulaca oleracea Setaria verticillata Solanum nigrum Sorghum halepense Xanthium strumarium Cyperus rotundus Portulaca oleracea Xanthium strumarium Sorghum halepense Setaria verticillata Amaranthus retroflexus Cynodon dactylon Solanum nigrum Echinochloa crus-galli Datura stramonium 1 Zuhal, 1972; 2 Demirci, 1995; 3 Boz, 2000 area ha tn yield tn/ha 233, ,

8 Map of Greece with the three surveyed regions during the period Rodopi Thessalia Phthiotida Relative abundance of cotton weeds in Phthiotida Solnigr Cyprot Convarv Xanstru Cyndact Chrotinct Amablit Hybtri Amaret Phthiotida 8

9 1 Relative abundance of cotton weeds in ThessaliaSolnigr Chrotinct Convarv Cyprot Xanstru Cyndact.Sorhal Chenalb Heliann Abuthe Amaret Xanspin Amablit Tribter Thessalia 1 Relative abundance in Rodopi Datstra Solnigr Amar Abuthe Portole Chenalb Xanstru Xanspin Circarv.Sorhal Rodopi 9

10 Weed population change Solanum nigrum 2. Chrozophora tinctoria 3. Convolvulus arvensis 4. Cyperus rotundus 5. Xanthium strumarium 6. Cynodon dactylon 7. Sorghum halepense 8. Portulaca oleracea 1. C. rotundus 2. C. arvensis 3. C. dactylon 4. Portulaca oleracea 5. Sorghum halepense 6. Xanthium strumarium 7. Solanum nigrum 8. Abutilon theophrastii 9. Echinochloa cruss galli Economou et al (2010). Weed community changes during the last decade in semi- arid cotton crop using spatial temporal analysis. 15 th EWRS Symposioum, Kaposvar Weed species abundance Syria high value 1. Solanum elaeagnifolium 2. Solanum nigrum 3. Amaranthus retrofluxus 4. Potrulaca oleacea 5. Convolvulus arvensis 6. Prosopis farcta 7. Euphorbia peplus indermidiate value 1. Sorghum halepense 2. Agropyron repense 3. Digitaria sanguinalis 4. Rumex crispus 5. Rumex obusifolius 6. Malva sylvestris 7. Xanthium stumarium low value Cyperus rotundus Setaria spp. Alhagimaurorum Chenopodium album Cynodon dactylon Datura stamonium 10

11 Iran Area of cultivation: 125,000 ha Yield: 770 kg/ha Total production: 96,000 ton 0.4% of the cotton production of the world Broad leaved weeds 1. Abutilon theophrasti 2. Amaranthus spp. 3. Carthamus oxyacantha 4. Chenopedium album 5. Chrozophora tinctoria 6. Datura stramonium 7. Euphorbia helioscopia 8. Hibiscus trionum 9. Lactuca serriola 10. Polugonum aviculare 11. Portulaca oleracea 12. Solanum nigrum 13. Tribulus terrestris 14. Xanthium stramarium Grass weeds 1. Digitaria sanguinalis 2. Eragrostis spp. 3. Echinochloa crus-galli 4. Echinochloa colonum 5. Hordeum spp. 6. Setaria viridis 7. Setaria verticillata 11

12 Perennial weeds 1. Acroptilon repens 2. Agropyron repens 3. Alhagi persarum 4. Alhagi pseudalhagi 5. Cardaria draba 6. Cichorium intybus 7. Cirsium arvense 8. Convolvulus arvensis 9. Cyperus esculenthtus 10. Cynodon dactylon 11. Malva neglecta 12. Paspalum dilatatum 13. Phragmites australis 14. Prosopis stephaniana 15. Sonchus spp 16. Sorghum halepense Pakistan Status of weeds of cotton crop. Frequency % Trianthema portulacastrum Dactyloctenium aegyptium Brachiaria eruciformis Corchorus aestuans Euphorbia serpens Setaria pumila Cynodon dactylon Cyperus rotundus Cleome viscosa Cressa cretica Eclpta alba Amaranthus virdis Convolvulus arvensis Tribulus terrestris Xanthium stromarium Ipomoea aquatica Conyza bonariensis Physalis peruviana Rabia Asma Memon et al Pak. J. Bot., 39(7): ,

13 Preliminary Conclusions Taking into account the current situation 1. Common weeds of major frequency 1. Cyperus 2. Convolvulus 3. Sorghum 4. Xanthium 5. Portulaca of minor frequency 1. Solanum 2. Amaranthus 3. Echinochloa 4. Cynodon 5. Amaranthus spp 2. Invasive weeds for East Med. Region - a potential threat for cotton crop - 1. Solanum eleagnifoliun 2. Ipomea 3. Conyza 4. Physalis 13

14 3. Weed flora changes A trend to perennial dominance Herbicides efficacy for annual weeds Changes in irrigation systems Climatic change Climatic change effect Map with the zones of agricultural importance in Europe (Ε.U 2007). The zone 4 (Mediterranean) is considered the most sensitive to climatic change (IPCC, 2007). 14

15 Climatic change effect Changes in crop production in 2080, for the scenario Β2ΗadAM3h temperature increase at 2,5⁰C (Peseta Research Project, 2009). 4. Emergenced needs for WG actions..potential schedule Questionnaire of minimum standardized data 1. Weed abundance 2. Spatial distribution of weeds based on GIS 3. Climatic / soil data 15