City of High Point Recommended Plant Materials

Transcription

1 This list provides guidance and information on recommended plant materials that are compatible with the landscape standards in the City of High Point Development Ordinance, and it is also intended to help educate the public about the appropriate types of trees and shrubs to plant in the community. City of High Point Recommended Plant Materials Updated November 2017 by City of High Point Planning & Development Dept.

2 City of High Point Recommended Plant Materials Introduction - How to use this list The purpose of this list is for it to be used in conjunction with the landscape requirements found in Section 5.5 Landscaping of the City of High Point Development Ordinance. It is also designed for general use by the public to help educate about the appropriate types of trees to plant in the community. It should be noted, although the species on this list were compiled from a variety of reputable sources (listed at the end of this introduction), these are only recommendations, and there may be other plant materials that might be considered acceptable. If there is a particular species of tree or shrub not listed that you would like to plant to meet the City s landscaping requirements, contact the Planning & Development Department to determine whether it can be approved. The list is divided into the following categories: Canopy s = a height of at least 40 feet at maturity; Understory s = a height of between 25 and 40 feet at maturity; Shrubs: o Large = a height between 10 and 20 feet at maturity; o Medium = a height between 5 and 10 feet at maturity; o Small = a height less than 5 feet at maturity; Groundcovers = a height of only a few feet that can be used as an alternative to grasses; and Vines = species with a spreading growth pattern that can be used on the ground, walls, or trellises. Here is a brief explanation of each column on the list: Scientific and Common Name Each category in this list is alphabetized using commonly accepted scientific names, which identifies the plants by genus and species. The advantage to organizing the list this way is that it groups similar types of plants together (for example, the maples genus acer are listed together, the oaks genus quercus are listed together, etc.). However, each entry also lists the common name. If you are looking for a particular type of tree and do not know its scientific name, you can right click on the document and choose the Find function (or Ctrl+F) and then search by the common name. This column refers to whether the plant is deciduous, meaning it drops its leaves in the fall, or evergreen, meaning it retains its leaves year-round. While this distinction would seem fairly obvious, sometimes it may not always be as clear cut as you might think. Some trees and shrubs are considered semi-evergreen and sometimes lose all their leaves and sometimes do not, usually depending on the weather conditions during the season. Known examples of these are identified in the notes column. vegetation is marked with a Yes in this column. While a community s urban forest should have a healthy mix of native vegetation, there are non-native plants that are also acceptable. All plant materials on this list are either native species or species that are adapted to local conditions. As mentioned previously, others may be approved by the Planning & Development Department Director per Section D. of the City of High Point Development Ordinance. and Each entry on the list has a typical height and width in feet, and also a range of height and width. The typical height and width is the most common size of the species and is taken primarily from a plant list compiled by North Carolina State University in conjunction with the NC Cooperative Extension agency. However, other sources often report a wider range of potential heights and widths for a species, so this information is provided in the height and width range columns. Species that can tolerate prolonged periods of dry weather are noted in this column. Not only does this help conserve the city s water resources, because these species do not require constant watering, but it also means they have a higher likelihood of surviving. That is why there is an incentive in the landscaping regulations allowing for a reduction in the minimum caliper size at planting for drought tolerant understory trees. This column identifies species that are best used to provide screening. It primarily includes evergreen trees and shrubs, but there are certain dense-growing deciduous plants that can also be used. This column identifies species that have been identified in research as being suitable for planting as street trees. Traits that help trees survive in typically confined street tree planting spaces include deeper growing, non-aggressive root systems that do not produce large surface roots, and the ability to deal with air pollution, heat stress, and poor/compacted soils. Species that are identified in research as being good for planting within parking areas are noted with a Yes, while those that are not recommended have a No in this column. A blank space means a species was not mentioned as being specifically good or bad for planting in parking lots and other paved areas. Like with those noted as possible street trees, recommended species typically have deep root systems and can tolerate difficult site conditions, while those not recommended tend to have large surface roots. November 2017

3 City of High Point Recommended Plant Materials Within 20 feet A major challenge when maintaining trees in an urban setting is preventing their limbs from conflicting with overhead utilities, especially electric lines. This column indicates trees that would be appropriate to plant within 20 feet of overhead utility lines, because they typically do not exceed 20 feet in height. However, since the height of utility lines vary considerably, each site should be examined carefully before deciding what and where to plant. In addition to potential overhead utility conflicts, roots can also impact underground utilities, such as water/sewer lines. Although there is not a separate column on the list for this, only vegetation with shallow root systems should be planted near below ground utilities, but never closer than 3 feet. Colonial Pipeline, which maintains easements along major gas pipelines in the area, has information about limiting the impacts of trees and shrubs on pipeline safety. This column is intended to give an idea about a tree or shrub s general physical characteristics. Not every species includes information about each characteristic (for example, not all of them have a branching pattern worth noting), but collectively it gives an overall sense of what it will look like. This may also be important when deciding whether a species will fit in a particular space. Notes The last column includes any relevant notes about the species. Most importantly, you may see a notice, which indicates that the species should not be planted, or at best, should only be planted after very careful consideration. Sometimes this indicates that the species is considered invasive which means it is not native to the ecosystem and has the potential to spread aggressively and cause environmental harm. These definitely should not be planted, but are on the list to draw attention to them, because they are still commonly planted due to their popularity. A list of known invasive species is provided on the next page, and can also be found on the U.S. Department of Agriculture s National Invasive Species Information Center website. Alternatively, the notes column may say a species can escape cultivation, which means it may grow beyond the area intended for planting if left unchecked, but not necessarily cause harm to surrounding plants. Cautions also include if the species is susceptible to pest or disease, has poor branch structure or weak wood, tends to be overplanted, can be messy, or some combination of these or other factors. Otherwise, the notes include helpful information, such as popular cultivars, rate of growth, depth of the root system, whether it produces edible (or toxic) fruit, and attractive features like distinctive bark, flowers, or colorful fall foliage. It also references whether the tree is listed on the NC Audubon Society s Plants for Birds - Piedmont. Known Invasive Species: of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) Royal paulownia/princess tree (Paulownia tomentosa) Mimosa/Silk tree (Albizia julibrissin) Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) Goldenraintree (Koelreuteria paniculate) European mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia) Thorny Elaeagnus (Elaeagnus pungens) Amur Privet (Ligustrum amurense) Leatherleaf Mahonia (Mahonia bealei) Nandina (Nandina domestica) Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii) Virginia Sweetspire (Itea virginica) Japanese Spirea (Spiraea japonica) Large Periwinkle (Vinca major) Common Periwinkle (Vinca minor) English Ivy (Hedera helix) Hall's Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica 'Halliana') Japanese Wisteria (Wisteria floribunda) Chinese Wisteria (Wisteria sinensis) Sources/Further References: N.C. State/A&T University/N.C. Cooperative Extension - Plant List (s) Virginia Tech Dept. of Forest Resources & Environmental Conservation - Dendrology Factsheets University of Florida IFAS Extension EDIS Publication System - Southern s Fact Sheets Missouri Botanical Garden - Plant Finder U.S. Dept. of Agriculture National Resources Conservation Service - Fact Sheets & Plant Guides Arbor Day Foundation - The Guide Town of Wake Forest Official Planting List Athens (GA)-Clarke County Species List Audubon NC Plants for Birds - Piedmont Urban Foundation - List N.C. Forest Service - Recommended s for North Carolina N.C. Urban Forest Council - NC Urban Search N.C. Cooperative Extension - Urban s for Use Under Utility Lines Virginia Cooperative Extension - s for Lots and Paved USDA National Invasive Species Information Center - Plants For more information, see the City of High Point s Guidelines and Standard Practices for s November 2017

4 Canopy s: City of High Point Recommended Plant Materials Updated November 2017 Abies firma Acer barbatum (floridanum) Japanese Pyramidal; Open; (Momi) fir Evergreen No Yes Yes No No Horizontal Southern sugar or Florida maple Yes Yes No No No Oval/Rounded Acer negundo Boxelder Yes Yes No No No Acer platanoides Norway maple No No No No No No Acer rubrum Red maple Yes No No Yes No No Acer saccharinum Silver maple Yes No No No No No Rounded; Irregular crown Pyramidal; Irregular; Rounded with age Oval/Rounded; Upright; Open; Acer saccharum Sugar maple Yes No No No No Rounded; Dense Acer x Oval; Columnar; freemanii Freeman maple No No No Yes No Pyramidal Aesculus flava Yellow buckeye Oval; Dense; (octandra) (horsechestnut) Yes No No No No Aesculus Common hippocastanum horsechestnut No No No No No Rounded; Upright Aesculus x Red carnea horsechestnut No No No Yes No Dense Ailanthus altissima of heaven No No No No No Alnus glutinosa European black (common) alder No No Yes No No Betula nigra River birch Yes No No Yes No No Calocedrus decurrens Incensecedar Evergreen Yes Yes No No No Carpinus European betulus hornbeam No Yes No Yes Yes No Carya cordiformis Bitternut hickory Yes No No No No Irregular; Open; Upright Multi-stemmed Pyramidal; Open; Upright Conical; Upright; rounded with age Oval; Irregular; Ascending Smaller cultivars available; sometimes considered an understory tree; resistant to root rot; aromatic Subspecies of sugar maple, but more heat tolerant; shallow root system; on Audubon list Usually considered an undesirable tree; weak, brittle wood; short life span; susceptible to Boxelder bugs Can escape cultivation; susceptible to pest; shallow root system; tolerant of urban conditions Overplanted; popular cultivars include 'Armstrong', 'Bowhall', 'Autumn Blaze'; 'Red Sunset' & 'October Glory'; on Audubon list Fast-growing; shallow, aggressive root system; brittle wood and weak ; susceptible to pest/disease; leaves have silvery underside Many cultivars available; roots need space; tolerates shade; excellent yellow/orange/red fall foliage Hybrid between red and silver maple; popular street tree Good shade tree; can be messy due to leaf/flower/nut litter; seeds highly toxic if eaten Can be messy due to leaf/fruit litter; fruit has prickly husk; seeds highly toxic if eaten Hybrid between common horsechestnut and red buckeye; good shade tree; can be messy due to leaf/fruit litter; fruit has prickly husk that is poisonous Known invasive; weedy and will grow almost anywhere; broken stems produce odor Can escape cultivation; tolerates flooding and has naturalized along streams; forms thickets Usually multi-trunked; heat tolerant; prefers moist soils; produces sap in spring; attractive exfoliating bark to western U.S.; needles have incense-like aroma; exfoliating red to gray bark Fastigiata' cultivar is good street tree because more columnar Nut is bitter, inedible and can create litter; prefers moist soils; needs space to grow; strong wood

5 Canopy s: City of High Point Recommended Plant Materials Updated November 2017 Carya glabra Pignut hickory Yes Yes No No No Carya illinoinensis Pecan Yes Yes No No No Shellbark Carya lacinoisa hickory Yes No No No No Shagbark Carya ovata hickory Yes No No No No Carya Mockernut tomentosa hickory Yes No No No No Castanea mollissima Catalpa bignonioides Catalpa speciosa Chinese chestnut No Yes No No No Southern catalpa Yes No No No No (Northern) catalpa Yes Yes No No No Cedrus atlantica Atlas cedar Evergreen No Yes No No No Cedrus deodara Deodar cedar Evergreen No Yes Yes No No Cedar of Cedrus libani Lebanon Evergreen No Yes No No No Southern (or Celtis laevigata sugar) hackberry Yes Yes No Yes No No Celtis Common occidentalis hackberry Yes Yes No Yes No No Cercidiphyllum japonicum Katsuratree No No No Yes Yes No Chamaecyparis Hinoki obtusa falsecypress Evergreen No No Yes No No Japanese Chamaecyparis (Sawara) pisifera falsecypress Evergreen No No Yes No No Chamaecyparis Atlantic white thyoides (swamp) cedar Evergreen Yes No Yes No No Cladrastis American kentuckea yellowwood Yes Yes No No No Oval/Rounded; Open; Irregular Oval; Upright; Oval; Upright; Narrow crown Oval; Upright; Open; Irregular Narrow crown Rounded; Symmetrical; Lowbranching Rounded; Irregular; Rounded; Open; Irregular; Pyramidal; Open Pyramidal; Broadspreading; Hanging Pyramidal; Rounded; Vaseshaped; Rounded; Vaseshaped; Pyramidal; Dense; Arching Pyramidal; Broad; Pyramidal; Open with age Columnar; Dense; Irregular Rounded; Vaseshaped; Good shade tree; nut is bitter, inedible and can create litter; prefers moist soils; needs space to grow Known for edible nuts; brittle ; many cultivars available, usually for nut production Slow-growing; long-lived; prefers moist soils; hard, heavy wood; exfoliating bark with age Best in natural areas; edible nuts; distinctive exfoliating bark Best in natural areas; prefers moist soils; does not do well in shade; good yellow fall foliage Can escape cultivation; replacement for American chestnut; nut in spiny casing is edible Long-lived; characterized by crooked and large leaves; caterpillars can defoliate but will releaf Brittle wood; prefers moist soils and will tolerate some flooding; long, bean-like fruit; blackish fall foliage Cultivars include blue and weeping varieties; good specimen tree; becomes flat-topped with age Cultivars include weeping varieties; most heat tolerant of cedars; good specimen tree; needs space to grow; becomes flat-topped with age Not tolerant of pollution or shade; slow-growing; most cold hardy of cedars; forms massive trunk Fast growing; warty bark; bright yellow fall color; susceptible to disease Fast growing; warty bark; fruit can temporarily stain sidewalks; susceptible to disease Has male and female plants; very little tolerance for drought; rough, furrowed bark; good fall color Many cultivars available; smaller ones often considered shrubs; reddish-brown exfoliating bark with age Many cultivars available; smaller ones often considered shrubs; prefers partial shade; reddish-brown exfoliating bark with age Many smaller cultivars considered shrubs; grows in swamps/wetlands in wild; loses lower with age Deep root system; nearly pest free; good tree for making honey; notable orange to yellow fall foliage

6 Canopy s: City of High Point Recommended Plant Materials Updated November 2017 Upright; ; Lowbranching Pyramidal; Open; Hanging Pyramidal; Open Cladrastis lutea Yellowwood Yes No No No No Cryptomeria japonica Japanese cedar Evergreen No Yes Yes No No Cunninghamia Common China lanceolata fir Evergreen No Yes Yes No No with age; Irregular Cupressocyparis Pyramidal; Dense; leylandii Leyland cypress Evergreen No No Yes No No Upright Cupressus arizonica Arizona cypress Evergreen No Yes Yes No No Pyramidal; Upright Diospyros Common oval virginiana persimmon Yes Yes No No No with age; Upright Eucommia Hardy rubber ; Lowbranching ulmoides tree No Yes No No No Fagus grandifolia American beech Yes No No No No No Fagus sylvatica European beech No No Yes No No No Fraxinus americana White ash Yes No No Yes No Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Ginkgo biloba Ginkgo No Yes No Yes Yes No Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis Gymnocladus dioicus Thornless honeylocust Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Kentucky coffeetree Yes Yes No No No Oval; Upright; Dense; Oval with age; Dense; Low spreading Upright Irregular; Upright; Pyramidal; Irregular; Denser with age Vase-shaped to oval; Open; Irregular; Oval; Upright; Open; Irregular Ilex aquifolium English Holly Evergreen No 15-50' 8-50' 15' 8-15' No Yes No No Pyramidal; Dense Pyramidal; Open Ilex opaca American holly Evergreen Yes Yes Yes No No with age; Irregular Withstands urban conditions; attracts birds; fragrant white flower panicles in early summer Many cultivars available; smaller ones often considered shrubs; national tree of Japan Strong, heavy trunk; attractive peeling reddish bark; inside tends to "brown" with age Susceptible to disease; fast growing; used for screening Silvery blue color; susceptible to cankers; thins in shade; good for windbreaks Historically important to High Point because its wood was used in spindles of textile factories; fruit is edible Adaptable tree, but does not do well in wet soils; good shade tree; resistant to insect and disease problems; sap can be used to make rubber Shallow roots; good shade tree; forms thickets via suckering roots; ripened nuts are edible Many cultivars available, including upright 'fastigiata' which can be a good street tree; dislikes heat; ripened nuts are edible Susceptible to Emerald Ash Borer; tolerates adverse conditions; can be messy due to seeds Susceptible to Emerald Ash Borer; fast-growing; does well in variety of conditions; can be messy due to seeds Only plant males due to odor of fruit on female plants; slow growing and long lived; upright cultivars are better as street trees; leaves have medicinal properties Susceptible to several diseases/pests; has fine leaves; many cultivars available, but only thornless varieties should be used Use males to avoid seed pods; somewhat brittle wood; seeds can be roasted and ground as caffeine-free substitute for coffee, but pulp between seeds is toxic Dislikes heat and humidity; many cultivars available and smaller ones often considered shrubs; needs both male and female plants to produce berries Many cultivars available; needs both male and female plants to produce berries

7 Canopy s: City of High Point Recommended Plant Materials Updated November 2017 Juglans cinerea Butternut Yes No No No No Juglans nigra Black walnut Yes Yes No No No Liquidambar styraciflua Sweetgum Yes No No Yes No No Liriodendron tulipifera Magnolia acuminata Magnolia grandiflora Magnolia virginiana Tulip (yellow) poplar Yes No No Yes No Cucumbertree magnolia Yes No Yes No No Southern magnolia Evergreen Yes Yes No No No No Sweetbay magnolia Evergreen Yes 10-60' 10-60' 10-20' 10-40' No No No Yes No Metasequoia glyptostroboides Dawn redwood No No Yes No No Morus alba White mulberry No Yes No No No Morus rubra Red mulberry Yes Yes No No No Nyssa ogeche Nyssa sylvatica Ogeechee tupelo Yes Yes No No No Black gum (tupelo) Yes Yes No Yes No Paulownia tomentosa Royal paulownia (Princess tree) No No No No No Phellodendron amurense Amur corktree No Yes No Yes No Rounded; Open; Rounded; Open; Pyramidal; Upright; oval; Upright; Narrow rounded; Dense; Low-spreading oval with age; Dense; Low-spreading Pyramidal with straight trunk; Rounded; rounded/oval with age; Dense oval with age; Open Upright; Irregular; Rounded; Open; Usually found in the wild, not planted, but becoming rare due to canker disease; typically has a forked trunk Susceptible to Thousand Cankers Disease; typically has massive ; considered very valuable for its wood and nuts Spiny fruit are often considered a nuisance; 'Rotundiloba' cultivar is fruitless, slightly smaller and best for street trees Tall, straight trunk with rounded crown; soft, brittle wood makes it susceptible to storm damage; tulip-like flower in spring; beautiful yellow fall foliage Lower can be pruned; seeds attract birds; fruit resembles a cucumber; unlike most magnolias, has respectable gold fall foliage Shallow roots; large, saucer-like flowers are fragrant; many cultivars available, including smaller ones, such as 'Little Gem' Semi-evergreen; shallow roots; leaves and flowers are pleasantly fragrant; native to wet, coastal areas Appears evergreen but sheds needles; reddish brown bark; large, buttress-like root flares; fast-growing Can escape cultivation; fast-growing; messy fruit, but fruitless cultivars available Prefers moist soils and full sun; messy fruit; leaves are variable with some having lobes and others not Deep tap root; can grow in swampy sites; lime-like fruit on female trees is edible, but can be messy Some right-angled; deep tap root; prefers moist soil but is very adaptable; brilliant red fall foliage; on Audubon list Known invasive; very large leaves; brittle wood; messy; profuse spring bloom of flowers Shallow, wide-spreading root system; bark becomes furrowed with age

8 Canopy s: City of High Point Recommended Plant Materials Updated November 2017 Picea abies Norway spruce Evergreen No No Yes No No Picea glauca White spruce Evergreen No Yes Yes No No Pinus bungeana Lacebark pine Evergreen No No Yes No No Pinus densiflora Japanese red pine Evergreen No No No No No Pinus echinata Shortleaf pine Evergreen Yes No No No No Pinus elliotii Slash pine Evergreen Yes Yes No No No Pyramidal; Straight trunk; Hanging Pyramidal; Dense; Ascending rounded; Multistemmed; Lowbranching Oval; Irregular; Low-spreading Pyramidal; Open; Horizontal Pyramidal; Oval crown Pinus flexilis Limber pine Evergreen Yes No Yes No No Pyramidal; Dense Pinus Pyramidal; Dense; heldreichii Bosnian pine Evergreen No No Yes No No Upright oval; Dense; Lowspreading Pinus nigra Austrian pine Evergreen No Yes Yes No No Tall trunk; Round Pinus palustris Longleaf pine Evergreen Yes Yes No No No crown; Open Pyramidal; Open; Pinus rigida Pitch pine Evergreen Yes No No No No Irregular Pyramidal; Eastern white with Pinus strobus pine Evergreen Yes No Yes No No age Pyramidal; Irregular; Pinus sylvestris Scotch pine Evergreen No Yes Yes No No oval Pinus taeda Loblolly pine Evergreen No Yes Yes No No Pinus thunbergiana Japanese black pine Evergreen No Yes Yes No No with age Pyramidal; Dense; Irregular; Can escape cultivation; many cultivars available; shallow root system; not heat tolerant Can withstand wind and cold making it a good windbreak; not heat tolerant; blue-green needles Canopy flattens with age; sometimes considered an understory tree; slow growing; attractive exfoliating bark, but takes approximately 10 years for it to develop Reddish-orange peeling bark; twisted, crooked trunk with horizontal gives appearance of being "windswept" Small crown; deep tap root; fast-growing; attractive reddish-brown bark and dark blue-green needles; on Audubon list Heavy ; long needles; tolerant of a range of soil types, including damp soil; fast-growing New are very flexible; canopy flattens with age; long-lived Prefers dry, rocky soil; does not do well in heat and humidity; ascending Can escape cultivation; many cultivars available; canopy flattens with age State tree of North Carolina; stays in grass-like stage for first five years; very long needles Prefers moist well-drained soils, but will tolerate a variety of soils; long, rigid needles in bundles of three Wide-spreading root system; forms layers of horizontal ; does not tolerate air pollution or high winds Can escape cultivation; susceptible to disease; loses lower with age; many cultivars available Loses lower with age; good in clay soil; 'Nana' cultivar is smaller, rounded and used for screening Often asymmetrical with hanging ; smaller cultivars available; sometimes considered an understory tree; very tolerant of salt

9 Canopy s: City of High Point Recommended Plant Materials Updated November 2017 Platanus occidentalis Sycamore Yes Yes No Yes No No Platanus x acerifolia London planetree No Yes No Yes No No Populus alba White poplar No Yes No No No Populus deltoides Eastern cottonwood Yes Yes No No No Prunus sargentii Sargent cherry No Yes Yes Yes No Prunus serotina Black cherry Yes Yes No No No Rounded; Open Irregular; Rounded; with age Oval; Open; Irregular vase shaped with age; Open; Irregular oval with age; Hanging Pyrus calleryana Callery pear No Yes No Yes No Conical; Upright Quercus acutissima Sawtooth oak No Yes No Yes Yes No Quercus alba White oak Yes Yes No Yes No Quercus bicolor Swamp white oak Yes Yes No Yes No Quercus coccinea Scarlet oak Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Southern red Quercus falcata oak Yes Yes No Yes No Quercus hemisphaerica Laurel (Darlington) oak Yes Yes No Yes No Dense; Upright; Open; Irregular Rounded; Open; Rounded; Open; Irregular Dense; Upright Massive; distinctive mottled white and grey peeling bark; usually grows near rivers and streams; can be messy Large ; distinctive mottled white and grey peeling bark; 'Liberty' and 'Colombia' cultivars less susceptible to disease; can be messy Can escape cultivation; susceptible to disease; brittle wood; fast-growing, but short-lived; striking white bark Short-lived; brittle wood; messy tree; flower is a cottony mass; becomes ragged with age; typically found near rivers and streams Good shade tree; pink spring flowers; small, red fruit popular with birds; colorful foliage in early fall; attractive reddish-brown bark; sometimes considered an understory tree Susceptible to tent caterpillars; messy tree; leaves and stems toxic; wood is prized for furniture; on Audubon list Can escape cultivation; poor branch structure; many cultivars available; 'Bradford' cultivar overplanted; sometimes considered an understory tree Can escape cultivation; semi-evergreen; leaves have small bristles around edge; can lift sidewalks if not given enough space Massive ; thick trunk; strong wood; slowgrowing but long-lived; needs space; on Audubon list Short trunk; casts dense shade; long-lived; typically found near streams and lakes or at the edge of swamps Semi-evergreen; fast-growing; less tolerant of adverse conditions than other oaks; can lift sidewalks if not given enough space; red fall foliage Semi-evergreen; tolerates poor soils; typically requires little maintenance Semi-evergreen; fast-growing but relatively short-lived oak; sometimes combined with Quercus laurifolia

10 Canopy s: City of High Point Recommended Plant Materials Updated November 2017 Upright; Hanging lower Quercus imbricaria Shingle oak Yes Yes No Yes No Swamp laurel Quercus (diamond leaf) laurifolia oak Yes No No No No Oval; Dense Quercus lyrata Overcup oak Yes No No Yes Yes No Quercus macrocarpa Bur oak Yes Yes No Yes No Quercus michauxii Swamp chestnut oak Yes No No No Yes No Quercus muehlenbergii Chinkapin oak Yes Yes No Yes No Quercus nigra Water oak Yes Yes No Yes No Quercus nuttallii Nuttal oak Yes No No Yes No Quercus palustris Pin oak Yes No No Yes No No Quercus phellos Willow oak Yes Yes No Yes No No Quercus prinus/ montana Chestnut oak Yes Yes No Yes No Quercus robur English oak No Yes No Yes Yes No (Northern) Red Quercus rubra oak Yes Yes No Yes No oval/ Open; Lower upswept Pyramidal; Broad; oval/rounded; Dense Rounded; Open; with age Hanging Rounded; Hanging Pyramidal; Dense; Hanging lower Dense; Hanging lower Irregular; Open; Low branching Rounded; Open; Symmetrical Semi-evergreen; broad, strong ; lower can almost touch the ground; good shade tree Semi-evergreen; fast-growing; good shade tree; tolerant of wet sites; sometimes combined with Quercus hemisphaerica Semi-evergreen; sometimes twisted trunk; generally uniform branching; slow-growing; attractive rough, reddish grey/brown bark Semi-evergreen; massive trunk with stout ; unusual light brown/grey bark that furrows with age; large acorns can be messy Shallow root system; bark is furrowed; host for a variety of butterflies and moths; acorns popular with wildlife Semi-evergreen; strong wood; generally pest free; acorns are edible Semi-evergreen; weaker wood than most oaks; good shade tree; produces a lot of acorns that can be messy Semi-evergreen; fast-growing; tolerates wet soil Semi-evergreen; fibrous root system; loses lower with age; somewhat overplanted; not recommended for high ph soils Semi-evergreen; small, narrow leaves; sometimes mistakenly referred to as 'pin oak;' fast-growing; fibrous root system; overplanted; on Audubon list Semi-evergreen; prefers well drained soil; acorns popular with wildlife; scientific name 'prinus' was also used for swamp chestnut oak, but they are now considered distinct, so 'montana' is commonly accepted Can escape cultivation; has short trunk and massive ; cultivar 'fastigiata' is better as street tree Semi-evergreen; fast-growing; canopy flattens with age; dark red fall foliage; small acorns

11 Canopy s: City of High Point Recommended Plant Materials Updated November 2017 Quercus shumardii Shumard oak Yes Yes No Yes No rounded; Open; with age Quercus stellata Post oak Yes Yes No Yes No Quercus velutina Black oak Yes Yes No No No Rounded; Irregular Quercus virginiana (Southern) Live oak Evergreen Yes Yes No Yes No No Robinia pseudoacacia Black locust Yes Yes No No No Salix babylonica Weeping willow No No No No No No Sassafras albidium Sassafras Yes Yes No No No Taxodium ascendens Pond cypress Yes No No No Yes No Taxodium distichum Bald cypress Yes Yes No Yes No Taxus baccata English yew Evergreen No No No No No American Thuja arborvitae occidentalis (White cedar) Evergreen Yes No Yes No Yes No Giant arborvitae (Western Thuja plicata redcedar) Evergreen Yes No Yes No Yes No Rounded; Very wide-spreading; Horizontal branching Upright; Open; ; Irregular Rounded; Broad; Hanging Pyradmidal to Irregular Pyramidal; Upright; Open crown Pyramidal; Open; Broad; Dense; Horizontal branching Pyramidal; Dense; Upright Pyramidal; Dense; Upright Semi-evergreen; shallow root system; brilliant red/orange fall foliage; on Audubon list Semi-evergreen; stout, twisted ; not typically cultivated in nurseries Thick, furrowed, and nearly black bark; typically found growing in the wild and not planted to coastal areas; massive, sprawling ; drops old leaves as new ones form in spring; shallow, spreading roots; long lived; symbolic of the South Can escape cultivation; susceptible to pest/disease; prone to storm damage; tends to form thickets via root sprouts; fast-growing; tolerates poor soil; thorny; very fragrant blossoms Can escape cultivation; don't plant near water/sewer lines due to invasive water-seeking roots; brittle wood; susceptible to cankers Deep tap root; colorful fall foliage; birds attracted to fruit; roots/bark historically used to make drinks with supposedly medicinal properties Narrower and more open than related bald cypress; typically found near water/wet ground; trunk very thick at base; needle-like leaves drop in the fall Large tap root; typically found near water/wet ground but grows faster in well-drained soils; reddish brown peeling bark; needle-like leaves drop in the fall Seeds, leaves and bark highly toxic and may be fatal if eaten; slow-growing; attractive reddish-brown bark; trunk can become massive Many smaller cultivars available; slow-growing; prefers rich, moist soil; needles turn brown in winter; fragrant to western North America; prefers moist, welldrained soil but also does well in clay soils; fragrant; best known cultivar is 'Green Giant'

12 Canopy s: City of High Point Recommended Plant Materials Updated November 2017 Tilia americana American linden (Basswood) Yes No No No No Tilia cordata Littleleaf linden No No No Yes Yes No Tilia tomentosa Silver linden No Yes No Yes No Canadian Tsuga (Eastern) canadensis hemlock Evergreen Yes No Yes No No Tsuga caroliniana Carolina hemlock Evergreen Yes No Yes No No Ulmus alata Winged elm Yes Yes No Yes No Ulmus americana American elm Yes Yes No Yes No No Ulmus parvifolia Zelkova serrata Chinese (Lace Bark) elm No Yes No Yes Yes No Japanese zelkova No Yes No Yes Yes No Open; Low spreading Dense; oval with age; Upright; Dense; Pyramidal; Low branching Pyramidal; Compact; Low branching rounded; Upright; Hanging Vase-shaped; Upright; Rounded to vaseshaped; Upright; Hanging Vase-shaped; Upright; Low branching Good shade tree; caterpillars eat leaves; seeds attract wildlife; very fragrant summer flowers attract bees and make good honey Can escape cultivation; susceptible to Japanese beetle infestation; tolerates poor soil; fragrant summer flowers attract bees and make good honey; most popular cultivar is fast-growing 'Greenspire' Good shade tree; fast-growing; tolerates urban conditions; bottom of leaves are silver-colored; fragrant summer flowers attract bees Susceptible to pests/disease; not heat tolerant; prefers moist, cool soils Susceptible to pests/disease; more tolerant of heat than Canadian hemlock Susceptible to Dutch Elm Disease and powdery mildew; fast-growing; identified by corky, wing-like projections on twigs; sometimes considered an understory tree Susceptible to Dutch Elm Disease but resistant cultivars available; shallow root system; fast-growing; seeds popular with birds and wildlife; can be messy Semi-evergreen; resistant to Dutch Elm Disease; fastgrowing; durable and tolerant of urban conditions; attractive orange, green, brown/grey exfoliating bark Many cultivars available; popular street tree; tolerant of urban conditions; good shade tree; often used as a replacement for American elm; likes full sun

13 Understory s: City of High Point Recommended Plant Materials Updated November 2017 Abies koreana Korean fir Evergreen No No Yes No No Acer buergerianum Trident maple No Yes No Yes No Acer campestre Hedge maple No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Acer cissifolium Ivy-leaved maple No No No No No Acer ginnala Amur maple No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Acer griseum Paperbark maple No No No No No Acer japonicum Fullmoon maple No No No No No Acer leucoderme Whitebark (or Chalk) maple No Yes No No No Acer maximowiczianum Nikko maple No No No No No Acer palmatum Japanese maple No No No No No Acer spicatum Mountain maple No No No No No Acer tataricum Tatarian maple No Yes No No Yes Acer triflorum Acer truncatum Pyramidal; Dense; Horizontal branching Low branching Low branching Oval; Upright; Broad spreading Oval/Rounded; Upright; Multistemmed Multi-stemmed Oval/Rounded; Rounded; Vaseshaped Rounded; Flat topped; Dense; Bushy; Short trunked Multi-stemmed Three-flower maple No No No No No Upright; Purpleblow (Shantung) maple No Yes No No No Rounded; Dense Aesculus california California buckeye No No No No No Rounded; Symmetrical Shallow root system; slow growing; does not tolerate wet conditions, clay soils, or air pollution of urban conditions; dwarf cultivar 'Mino Yatsubusa' can be used near overhead utility lines; 'wise' cultivar best as street tree; attractive orange/brown peeling bark Shallow root system; slow growing; good shade tree Slow growing; dislikes heat; small are typically twisted/contorted; smooth, grey bark Can escape cultivation; messy due to prolific seed production; good shade tree; needs early pruning Slow growing; attractive reddish-orange to cinnamon brown, exfoliating bark; vibrant scarlet fall foliage Many cultivars available; showy, purple/red flowers; exceptional yellow to maroon fall foliage White bark; generally pest free; tolerates heat; similar to sugar or Florida maple; on Audubon list Slow-growing; smooth, grey bark; attractive redorange fall foliage; generally pest free Many cultivars available; sensitive to conditions, such as frost and excessive sun, wind or drought; usually available with either green or red leaves Usually found in the wild and not well adapted to cultivation; sometimes considered a large shrub Tolerates a variety of soil conditions including clay soils; sometimes considered a large shrub Attractive red/brown peeling bark; good shade tree; generally pest free; good fall foliage; not readily available Very cold hardy but also tolerates heat; generally pest free; good fall foliage to California; may suffer during drought; drops leaves in early summer; sometimes considered a shrub; tall, showy flowers; attractive grey bark; highly toxic if eaten

14 Understory s: City of High Point Recommended Plant Materials Updated November 2017 Aesculus glabra Ohio buckeye Yes No No No No Aesculus pavia Red buckeye Yes Yes No No No Oval/Rounded; Low-branching Aesculus sylvatica Painted buckeye Yes No No No No Rounded; Open Vase-shaped; Open; Multistemmed; Flattopped; Lowspreading Albizia julibrissin Mimosa (Silk tree) No Yes No No No Pyramidal; Alnus japonica Japanese alder No No No No No Upright; Narrow Alnus surrulata Tag (hazel) alder Yes No No No No Amelanchier arborea Amelanchier canadensis Downy serviceberry Yes No No Yes No Shadblow (Shadbush) serviceberry Yes No No No Yes Amelanchier x grandiflora Apple serviceberry No No No No No Asimina triloba Pawpaw Yes No No No No Carpinus caroliniana Carpinus japonica American hornbeam Yes Yes No Yes No Japanese hornbeam No Yes No No No Carpinus orientalis Oriental hornbeam No Yes No No No (Alleghany) Castanea pumila Chinquapin Yes Yes No No No Dense; Multistemmed Dense; Irregular Rounded; Multistemmed; Lowbranching; Irregular Upright; Dense; Irregular Pyramidal; Multistemmed; Rounded; Multistemmed; Upright; Dense; U- shaped branching Rounded; Susceptible to pest/disease; dislikes dry soil; tall, showy flowers; bright orange/yellow fall foliage; highly toxic if eaten Forms in clumps; does not like heat; tall, showy red flowers attract hummingbirds/insects; short-lived; highly toxic if eaten Sometimes a large shrub; tall, showy yellow flowers; smooth, leathery seed; highly toxic if eaten Known invasive; fast-growing but short-lived; susceptible to disease; fern-like foliage; produces pink/white flowers in the summer that attract hummingbirds Tough and adaptable; best in full sun; tolerates short-term flooding Normally found in wet areas, but tolerates range of soil types; forms thickets via root sprouts; fruit attracts birds; sometimes considered a shrub Ornamental white/pink flowers; purple berries attract birds; smooth, gray bark; brilliant fall foliage; sometimes considered a large shrub Normally found in wet areas; white/pink flowers in early spring; purple berries attract birds; yellow/gold fall foliage; sometimes considered a large shrub Hybrid between downy and Allegheny serviceberry; many cultivars available; adapted to wide range of soils; white/pink flowers in early spring; fruit attracts birds Many cultivars available; produces mildly pungent but edible fruit somewhat like banana; forms clumps via root sprouts; brilliant yellow fall foliage Also known as Ironwood or Musclewood; slowgrowing; sometimes has flat-top or single-trunk; smooth bluish-grey bark; orange/yellow fall foliage Slow-growing; tolerates shade; low-maintenance; grey, fluted bark Slow-growing; tolerates range of soil types; sometimes considered a large shrub Forms dense thickets; fruit has burs; flowers have strong scent; sometimes considered a large shrub

15 Understory s: City of High Point Recommended Plant Materials Updated November 2017 Cercis canadensis Eastern redbud Yes Yes No Yes No Chionanthus retusus Chinese fringe tree No Yes No Yes No Chionanthus virginicus (White) Fringe tree Yes No No No Yes Cornus florida Flowering dogwood Yes No No No No Cornus kousa Kousa dogwood No No No Yes No Cornus mas Cotinus coggygria Cotinus obovatus Crataegus phaenopyrum Cornelian cherry dogwood No Yes Yes No Yes No Common (European) smoketree No Yes No No Yes American smoketree Yes Yes No No No Washington hawthorn Yes Yes No Yes No Crataegus viridis Green hawthorn Yes Yes No Yes No Flat to vaseshaped; Irregular; Rounded; Multistemmed; Oval/Rounded; Upright; Open; Rounded; Lowspreading; Horizontal branching Vase-shaped to rounded; Upright; Low, horizontal branching Oval/Rounded; Dense; Multistemmed; Lowbranching Oval/Rounded; Open; Irregular, Oval/Rounded; Upright; Upright branching Upright; Elaeagnus angustifolia Russian olive No Yes Yes No No Rounded; Irregular Many cultivars available; 'Oklahoma' and 'Texas White' are esp. good street trees; pink flowers form directly on stems before heart-shaped foliage; fastgrowing but short-lived Similar to native fringe tree, but not susceptible to Emerald Ash Borer; spectacular white, fragrant flowers; exfoliating bark; fruit attracts birds Some evidence that can host Emerald Ash Borer; striking white, fragrant flowers; sometimes considered a large shrub; fruit attracts birds Grows best in partial shade; shallow root system; susceptible to anthracnose disease; many cultivars available; color of flowers vary by cultivar; red fall foliage; berries attract birds Many cultivars available; resistant to anthracnose; white flowers appear after flowering dogwood and last longer; red fall foliage; berries attract birds; exfoliating bark Many cultivars available; tougher and more adaptable variety of dogwood; slow-growing; yellow flowers; berries attract birds; exfoliating bark; sometimes considered a large shrub Many cultivars available; slow-growing; fibrous root system; summer flowers give effect of smoke; considered to have some of the best fall colors; sometimes a large shrub Slow-growing; trunks become gnarled; summer flowers give effect of smoke; considered to have some of the best fall colors; exfoliating bark; sometimes a large shrub Thorny, but thornless varieties available; columnar 'fastigiata' cultivar best as street tree; susceptible to disease; fruit attracts birds; good fall color Thorny, but thornless varieties available; popular cultivars include Cockspur, Downy, English/Scarlet & Lavalle; tolerant of urban conditions Can escape cultivation; dislikes heat; silvery leaves and flowers; fruit attracts birds; sometimes considered a shrub

16 Understory s: City of High Point Recommended Plant Materials Updated November 2017 Eriobotrya japonica Loquat Evergreen No Yes Yes No No Halesia carolina (Halesia tetraptera) Carolina silverbell Yes No No Yes No Ilex cassine Dahoon holly Evergreen Yes Yes Yes No No Ilex cornuta Chinese Holly Evergreen No Yes Yes No No Ilex decidua Possumhaw holly Yes Yes Yes No No Ilex vomitoria Yaupon holly Evergreen Yes Yes Yes No Yes Ilex x attenuata Holly Evergreen No Yes Yes No Yes No Juniperus chinensis Chinese juniper Evergreen No No Yes No Yes No Juniperus virginiana Eastern red cedar Evergreen Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Koelreuteria paniculata Goldenraintree No Yes No Yes Yes No Lagerstroemia fauriei Lagerstroemia indica Japanese crape myrtle No Yes No Yes Yes No Common crape myrtle No Yes Yes Yes No Maackia amuremsis Amur maackia No Yes No Yes No Multi-stemmed Rounded; Open; oval; Dense; Irregular Dense Rounded; Open; Multi-stemmed Irregular; columnar; Upright; Dense Conical; Upright; Dense columnar; Upright; Dense Irregular; Multistemmed Multistemmed Sensitive to cold; fast-growing; usually does not fruit in NC; sometimes considered a large shrub Does not do well in drought; gets name from white, bell-shaped, hanging flowers; yellow fall foliage; leaves drop early; exfoliating bark Leaves do not have spines; fewer berries than other types of hollies; underused Many cultivars available including popular 'Burford' and 'Carissa'; fragrant white flowers in spring; red berries in winter; sometimes considered a shrub Many cultivars available; bright red/orange berries on female plants in fall last through winter and attract birds; sometimes considered a large shrub Many cultivars available including 'Pendula' (weeping) variety; berries on female plants last through winter and attract birds Hybrid between American and Dahoon holly; popular cultivars include 'Carolina Sentinel,' 'East Palatka,' 'Emily Bruener,' 'Fosters #2,' 'Nellie Stevens' & 'Savannah'; heavy berry production Many cultivars available, including 'Hetzii'; height and form varies greatly by cultivar; dwarf cultivars can be a small shrub Susceptible to pest and disease; many cultivars available including 'Silicicola' (southern) variety which is shorter, wider; blue berries attract birds Known invasive; somewhat weak-wooded; tolerates a variety of conditions; bright yellow flowers in early summer even on young plants Overplanted; a vast number of cultivars available with a variety of flower colors; blooms in summer; attractive exfoliating bark; tends to be overpruned Overplanted; a vast number of cultivars available with a variety of flower colors; blooms in summer; attractive exfoliating bark; tends to be overpruned Tolerates wide variety of conditions; slow-growing; exfoliating bark; relatively recent acceptance means limited availability