2014 Sunflower Planting Date Trial
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1 214 Sunflower Plnting Dte Tril Dr. Hether Drby, UVM Extension Agronomist Sr Ziegler, Eric Cummings, Susn Monhn, nd Julin Post UVM Extension Crops nd Soils Technicins (82) Visit us on the web t Februry 214, University of Vermont Extension
2 214 SUNFLOWER PLANTING DATE TRIAL Dr. Hether Drby, University of Vermont Extension hether.drby[t]uvm.edu Sunflowers re being grown in the Northest for their potentil to dd vlue to diversified opertion s fuel, feed, fertilizer, nd n importnt rottionl crop. However, pest pressures from seed-boring insects, disese, nd birds cn limit yield nd qulity, mking the crop less vible for existing nd potentil growers. Addressing some of these pest pressures with gronomic mngement strtegies my help mitigte yield losses. One culturl pest control strtegy is mnipultion of plnting dte. To evlute the impcts of ltered plnting dtes on sunflower pests, n on-frm tril ws designed nd implemented by the University of Vermont Extension s Northwest Crops & Soils Progrm in 214. MATERIALS AND METHODS To ssess the effect of vrying plnting dtes on sunflower pest pressures, yield, nd qulity, field tril ws initited t Borderview Reserch Frm in Alburgh, VT in 214 (Tble 1). The experimentl design ws rndomized complete block with split plots nd four replictions. The min plots were five plnting dtes, ech spced pproximtely one week prt (14-My, 21-My, 29-My, 4-Jun, nd 11-Jun). The subplots were two vrieties, Coblt II (erly) nd Torino (med-full). Both vrieties re Nuseed (formerly Seeds 2 ) hybrids, treted with Cruiser Mxx (thimethoxm, zoxystrobin, fludioxonil, mefnoxm). Coblt II is Clerfield (tolernt to Beyond mmonium slt of imzmox herbicide) vriety tht is high-oleic ( 8% oleic cid); Torino is Clerfield NuSun mid-oleic (pproximtely 65% oleic cid) vriety. Tble 1. Agronomic field mngement of sunflower plnting dte tril, Alburgh, VT, 214. Loction Borderview Reserch Frm Alburgh, VT Soil type Benson rocky silt lom, 8-15% slope Previous crop Corn with rye cover crop Tillge opertions Fll chisel plow, disk nd spike tooth hrrow Seeding rte (vible seeds c -1 ) 36, Plnting equipment John Deere 175 corn plnter Row width (in.) 3 Plot size (ft) 1 x 3 Plnting dtes 14-My, 21-My, 29-My, 4-Jun, 11-Jun Vrieties Nuseed 'Coblt II' (Erly), Nuseed 'Torino' (Med-Full) Strter fertilizer (t plnting) 25 lbs. c -1, Weed control Cultivted 23-Jun, 3-Jul; hndweeded 8-Jul Hrvest dte 15-Oct Pressing dte 3-Dec The soil type t the site ws Benson rocky silt lom with n 8-15% slope. The previous crop ws corn with rye cover crop. The seedbed ws prepred ccording to stndrd locl prctices, with fll chisel plow, disk, nd spike tooth hrrow. Sunflowers were plnted in 3 rows with John Deere 175 corn
3 plnter fitted with sunflower finger pickups. Ech 1 x3 plot ws plnted t 36, seeds per cre, nd 25 lbs. per cre of strter fertilizer ws pplied t plnting. Trust (triflurlin) ws pplied t 1.5 pints per cre on 17-My. Plots were cultivted on 23-Jun nd 3-Jul nd were lso hnd-weeded on 8- Jul with hoes nd smll rototillers. Torino plots were scouted t ech growth stge R2-R5 (Figure 1) for Bnded Sunflower Moth (BSM) eggs, lve, nd dults, s well s dult spotted Sunflower Mggot Fly nd striped Sunflower Mggot Fly (SMF). The reserch tril ws not protected from birds with netting or other strtegies, in order to more ccurtely estimte the impct of bird pressure on seed yields nd qulity (Figure 2). Figure 1. Sunflower reproductive growth stges from R1 to R7. Plnt stnd chrcteristics such s bird dmge, plnt popultion, height, hed width, disese incidence, nd lodging were mesured just prior to hrvest. Disese incidence ws mesured by scouting ten consecutive plnts in ech plot nd noting white mold t specific loctions on the plnt, including hed, stlk nd bse. Issues with white mold (Sclerotini sclerotiorum), fungus which cn overwinter in the ground nd spred quickly, especilly in wet sesons, hs proven problemtic in the Northest in the pst. All plnting dtes were hrvested on 15-Oct with n Almco SPC5 plot combine with 5 hed nd specilized sunflower pns mde to efficiently collect sunflower heds. At hrvest, test weight nd seed moisture were determined for ech plot with Berckes Test Weight Scle nd Dickey-john M2P moisture meter. Subsmples were ssessed for seed dmge from bnded sunflower moth. Oil from known volume of ech seed smple ws extruded on 3-Dec with Kern Krft Oil Press KK4, nd the oil quntity ws mesured to clculte oil content. Oil yield (in lbs per cre nd gllons per cre) ws djusted to 1% pressing moisture nd reported. Figure 2. Bird dmge cn be severe especilly in lte-hrvested sunflowers. Dt were nlyzed using mixed model nlysis using the mixed procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, 1999). Replictions within the tril were treted s rndom effects nd tretments were treted s fixed. Men comprisons were mde using the Lest Significnt Difference (LSD) procedure when the F-test ws considered significnt (p<.1). In some cses, P-vlues re given t the bottom of tbles to disply levels of significnce.
4 Vritions in yield nd qulity cn occur becuse of vritions in genetics, soil, wether, nd other growing conditions. Sttisticl nlysis mkes it possible to determine whether difference mong tretments is rel or whether it might hve occurred due to other vritions in the field. At the bottom of ech tble LSD vlue is presented for ech vrible (i.e. yield). Lest Significnt Differences (LSDs) t the.1 level of significnce re shown. Where the difference between two tretments within column is equl to or greter thn the LSD vlue t the bottom of the column, you cn be sure tht for 9 out of 1 times, there is rel difference between the two tretments. In the following exmple, hybrid C is significntly different from hybrid A but not from hybrid B. The difference between C nd B is equl to 1.5, which is less thn the LSD vlue of 2.. This mens tht these hybrids did not differ in yield. The difference between C nd A is equl to 3., which is greter thn the LSD vlue of 2.. This mens tht the yields of these hybrids were significntly different from one nother. The sterisk indictes tht hybrid B ws not significntly lower thn the top yielding hybrid C, indicted in bold. RESULTS Tretment Yield A 6. B 7.5* C 9.* LSD 2. Wether dt ws collected with n onsite Dvis Instruments Vntge Pro2 wether sttion equipped with WetherLink dt logger. Temperture, precipittion, nd ccumultion of Growing Degree Dys (GDDs) re consolidted for the 214 growing seson (Tble 2). Historicl wether dt re from t coopertive observtion sttions in Burlington, VT, pproximtely 45 miles from Alburgh, VT. In generl, the summer of 214 ws wetter thn norml, with 4.85 inches of rin beyond the historicl verge between My nd August. Fll, however, ws much drier with 3.91 fewer inches of rin thn norml between September nd October. Tempertures remined reltively norml throughout the seson. There were n ccumulted 3276 GDDs for sunflower (clculted t bse temperture of 44 F), 17 more thn norml. Tble 2. Consolidted wether dt nd GDDs for sunflowers 214, Alburgh, VT. Alburgh, VT My June July August September October Averge temperture ( F) Deprture from norml Precipittion (inches) Deprture from norml Growing Degree Dys (bse 44 F) Deprture from norml Bsed on wether dt from Dvis Instruments Vntge Pro2 with WetherLink dt logger. Historicl verges re for 3 yers of NOAA dt ( ) from Burlington, VT.
5 Hrvest Moisture (%) Plnting dte x vriety interctions There ws significnt interction between plnting dte nd vriety on the hrvest moisture of sunflower seed (Figure 3). Although moisture ws significntly lower for Coblt II it is importnt to note tht overll moistures were still bove the trget hrvest moisture of 13%. Torino, medium-full vriety, produced seed tht ws close to 2% moisture t hrvest regrdless of plnting dte while Coblt II, n erly vriety, when plnted on 21-My produced seed close to the trget hrvest moisture. This difference suggests tht Torino responded less to chnges in plnting dte in terms of hrvest moisture. Becuse Torino is medium-full vriety, it requires longer growing seson to rech physiologicl mturity nd therefore dry down thn Coblt II. However, it is interesting tht sunflowers plnted on the first plnting dte (14-My) did not show s gret of difference between vrieties s the second nd third dtes (21- My nd 29-My respectively) Coblt II (Erly) Torino (Med-Full) 5 14-My 21-My 29-My 4-Jun 11-Jun Plnting Dte Figure 3. Effects of plnting dte on seed moisture t hrvest for two vrieties, Alburgh, VT, 214. There were no significnt interctions between plnting dte nd vriety for ny other plnt stnd chrcteristics or for seed nd oil yield or qulity. This indictes tht the impct of plnting dte on sunflower yield nd qulity ws similr for both erly nd full-seson vrieties. Impcts of plnting dte Some plnt stnd chrcteristics were impcted by plnting dte (Tble 3). Plnt popultion verged 19,667 plnts per cre t hrvest, though the fourth plnting dte (4-Jun) hd sttisticlly higher popultions thn ll other plnting dtes. The incidence of sclerotini (in the form of hed rot) ws not sttisticlly significnt by plnting dte. Incidence of sclerotini in the form of stlk or bse rot ws not observed. Bird dmge severity vried by plnting dte, with the lest dmge in the finl plnting dte
6 (11-Jun). The highest bird dmge ws observed in the first two plnting dtes (14-My nd 21-My) which sw 51.1% nd 42.9% dmge respectively. The third nd fourth plnting dtes did not sttisticlly differ from the finl plnting dte. There ws sttisticl difference in plnt height by plnting dte, with the tllest sunflowers in lter plnting dtes (4-Jun nd 11-Jun). There ws lso sttisticl difference in lodging by plnting dte with less lodging in erlier plnting dtes. In ddition, there ws modertely strong positive correltion (r =.476) between plnt height nd lodging indicting tht lodging incresed with incresing plnt height. Tble 3. Plnt stnd chrcteristics by plnting dte, Alburgh, VT, 214. Hrvest Hed rot Bird Plnt Plnting dte Lodging popultion incidence dmge height Hed width plnts c -1 % % % in in 1-14-My * * 2-21-My * My * * Jun * 158* Jun * 151* LSD (.1) NS Tril men Tretments in bold were top performers for the given vrible. NS There ws no sttisticl difference between tretments in prticulr column (p=.1). *Tretments mrked with n sterisk did not perform sttisticlly worse thn the top performing tretment (p=.1). Plnting dte hd sttisticlly significnt impct on hrvest moisture, test weight, seed nd oil yields, nd oil content (Tble 4). Moisture t hrvest verged 18.3% cross plnting dtes. All were bove the trget moisture of 13%, however the second plnting dte (21-My) produced the lowest moisture of 15.8% compred to ll other dtes. Test weights verged 29.7 lbs. per bushel with the highest vlue of 3.5 being observed in the 29-My plnting dte lthough this ws not sttisticlly different from the 4- Jun or 11-Jun dtes. Seed yield ws highest in the fifth plnting dte (11-Jun) t 1623 lbs. per cre, though this ws not sttisticlly greter thn the third or fourth dtes (29-My nd 4-Jun). Tble 4. Seed nd oil yield nd qulity by plnting dte, Alburgh, VT, 214. Hrvest Test Seed Oil Plnting dte Oil yield moisture weight yield content % lbs. bu -1 lbs. c -1 % lbs. c -1 gl c My My * * 418* 54.7* 3-29-My * 1622* 28.9* 46* 6.3* 4-4-Jun * 1475* 3.1* 428* 56.* 5-11-Jun * 1623* * 55.6* LSD (.1) Tril Men Tretments in bold were top performers for the given vrible. There were no sttisticl differences between tretments in ny prticulr column (p<.1). *Tretments mrked with n sterisk did not perform sttisticlly worse thn the top performing tretment (p=.1).
7 Seed Yield (lbs c -1 ) Oil Yield (gl c -1 ) The highest oil content ws observed in the second plnting dte (21-My). The highest oil yield ws seen in the third plnting dte (29-My) lthough this only differed sttisticlly from the first plnting dte (14- My). Seed nd oil yields over plnting dtes cn be seen in Figure b b c b Seed Yield Oil Yield 14-My 21-My 29-My 4-Jun 11-Jun Plnting Dte Figure 4. Impct of plnting dte on seed nd oil yields of sunflower, Alburgh, VT, 214. Tretments tht shre letter re not sttisticlly different (p=.1) The lowest seed yield ws observed in the first plnting dte (14-My). This ppers to be due to bird pressure (Figure 5). The plnting dte with the lowest yield (14-My, 958) hd the highest bird dmge of 51.1%. Alterntively, the plnting dte with the highest yield (11-Jun, 1623) hd the lest bird dmge of 14.1%.
8 Seed Yield (lbs c -1 ) Bird Dmge (%) b B b A A A C 8 3 Bird Dmge Seed Yield 14-My 21-My 29-My 4-Jun 11-Jun Plnting Dte Figure 5. Impct of plnting dte on seed yield nd bird dmge of sunflower, Alburgh, VT, 214. It is interesting tht we see very cler negtive reltionship between plnting dte nd bird dmge. In previous yers we hve observed tht erly plnting cn help sunflowers rech mturity erlier, voiding fll bird dmge thus incresing yields. This yer we see exctly the opposite, the erliest plntings sw the worst bird dmge nd consequently lowest yields. In ddition to bird nd disese pressures, sunflowers lso fce pressure from vrious insect pests. Torino plots were scouted t four growth stges for BSM, spotted SMF nd striped SMF. The SMF dt ws not shown s very low levels of this pest were present in 214. Figure 6 nd Tbles 5 nd 6 show the verge number of BSM eggs found in ech growth stge R2-R5 nd cross the five plnting dtes. Tbles 5 nd 6. Observed BSM eggs per 1 plnts over five plnting dtes nd 4 growth stges Plnting BSM Eggs Dte # 1 plnts My My My 1.* 4-4-Jun 1.5* 5-11-Jun 1.3* LSD (.1) 2.3 Tril Men 2.5 Growth BSM Eggs Stge # 1 plnts -1 R2 1.7 R3 2.5 R4 2.3 R5 3.7 LSD (.1) NS Tril Men 2.5 Tretments in bold indicte top performers in tht column NS No significnt difference. *Tretments mrked with n sterisk did not perform sttisticlly worse thn the top performing tretment (p=.1).
9 # BSM Eggs per 1 Plnts The other insects nd BSM developmentl stges besides eggs re left out here s the BSM eggs were observed in the gretest numbers. Eggs were only found in the R2 stge in the first two plnting dtes nd were higher in the first thn the second with n verge of bout 6 eggs per 1 plnts. However, BSM eggs did not sttisticlly differ cross growth stges (Figure 6). Eggs were found in the R3 stge in ll plnting dtes except the third. The highest number found in the R3 stge ws in the fourth plnting dte t 5 eggs per 1 plnts. Eggs were found in the R4 stge in ll plnting dtes with the highest number of 4 eggs per 1 plnts found in the third plnting dte. Eggs were only found in the R5 stge in the first two plnting dtes where they ech hd bout 9 eggs per 1 plnts R2 R3 R4 R My 21-My 29-My 4-Jun 11-Jun Plnting Dte Figure 6. BSM eggs per 1 plnts in four growth stges (R2-R5) cross plnting dtes. Overll, the highest number of BSM eggs ws found in the R5 stge on the first two plnting dtes. The lowest occurrence of BSM eggs ws found in the third plnting dte where only 1. egg per 1 plnts ws seen (Tble 5). This only differed from the first two plnting dtes which sw bout 5 nd 4 eggs per 1 plnts respectively. However, it is importnt to note tht lthough sttisticlly different, ll plnting dtes experienced low numbers of BSM eggs. The economic injury level (EIL) for BSM eggs on sunflowers is the number of BSM eggs on 6 brcts tht would cuse economic dmge, therefore, the cost of tretment, the mrket vlue of the crop, nd the plnt popultion re considered. For exmple, if the verge insecticide tretment costs $8. per cre with plnt popultion of 2, per cre nd seed vlue of $.16 per cre, then the economic injury level from BSM eggs would be 3.6 eggs per 6 brcts (North Dkot Stte University Extension). The highest level observed ws 9 eggs per 1 plnts. Overll, it ppers s though the erlier My plnting dtes were most susceptible to BSM dmge. In order to better mesure BSM dmge, mture seed smples should be evluted for exit holes to estblish percentge of seed tht ws fed on by BSM lrve. We were unble to obtin these dt this seson.
10 Impcts of vriety There ws little impct of vriety on sunflower plnt stnd chrcteristics (Tble 7). Hrvest popultion, hed rot incidence, lodging, nd bird dmge did not sttisticlly differ by vriety. Plnt height nd hed width were sttisticlly impcted by vriety with Torino growing to n verge height nd width of nd 14.7 inches respectively. Tble 7. Plnt stnd chrcteristics by vriety, Alburgh, VT, 214. Hrvest Hed rot Bird Plnt Vriety Lodging popultion incidence dmge height Hed width plnts c -1 % % % in in Coblt II Torino LSD (.1) NS NS NS NS Tril men Tretments in bold were top performers for the given vrible. NS There ws no sttisticl difference between tretments in prticulr column (p=.1). Torino out-performed Coblt II in ll hrvest prmeters except moisture (Tble 8). Although hrvest moisture ws sttisticlly lower for Coblt II t 17.1%, both were well bove the trget hrvest moisture nd therefore required drying. Torino hd the higher test weight, seed nd oil yield, nd oil content of 3. lbs. per bushel, 1574 lbs. per cre, 3.5%, nd 61.1 gllons per cre respectively. Tble 8. Hrvest dt nd seed nd oil yields by vriety, Alburgh, VT, 214. Hrvest Test Seed Oil Vriety Oil yield moisture weight yield content % lbs. bu -1 lbs. c -1 % lbs. c -1 gl c -1 Coblt II Torino LSD (.1).91 NS Tril Men Tretments in bold were top performers for the given vrible. NS - There were no sttisticl differences between tretments in ny prticulr column (p<.1). DISCUSSION The only significnt interction between vriety nd plnting dte ws observed in hrvest moisture. Torino consistently produced seed with moistures t hrvest round 2%. Conversely, Coblt II showed lower hrvest moistures when plnted on the second or third plnting dtes (21-My nd 29-My). Although this indictes tht Coblt II ws impcted more gretly by plnting dte, ll moistures were bove the trget hrvest moisture nd required drying. Vrying plnting cross the dtes evluted in this study impcted ll plnt stnd nd hrvest chrcteristics except for disese incidence. Disese incidence ws quite low in terms of hed rot while stlk nd bse rot were not observed throughout the tril. This could be due to less fvorble conditions
11 for sclerotini s we experienced drier nd wrmer fll thn norml, limiting the bility for the pthogen to infect nd proliferte. Overll yields were much higher thn previous yers, perhps due to better conditions erly in the seson llowing for erlier plnting, timely cultivtion, nd better stnd estblishment. Bird dmge to sunflower heds ws detrimentl to yields of erly plnting dtes. In previous yers, we hve seen trend towrds lower bird dmge in erly plnted sunflowers, but lower insect dmge in lte plnted sunflowers. This yer, however, we sw the opposite s the erliest plnting dtes hd the highest bird dmge which lowered yields considerbly. Lodging occurred more with tller sunflowers which were produced by lte plnting dtes. Plnting sunflowers in lte My showed shorter plnts with less lodging, less bird dmge, nd therefore high yields. Both vrieties were similrly susceptible to disese, birds, nd hd similr stnd estblishment. There ws difference in plnt height s Torino plnts were tller. In ll hrvest chrcteristics besides moisture, Torino out-performed Coblt II. Overll, the strtegy of sunflower shifting plnting dtes hs potentil s pest control strtegy. However, the reltionship we hve seen in the pst between pest pressure, yield, nd plnting dte needs to be investigted further s we hve found contrdicting evidence. It is importnt to remember tht these dt represent results from only one yer nd one loction. More reserch should be generted nd consulted before mking gronomic decisions. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project ws mde possible through n IPM Prtnership Grnt from the Northestern IPM Center t Cornell University. UVM Extension would like to thnk Roger Rinville t Borderview Reserch Frm for his generous help implementing nd mintining this reserch tril. We would lso like to cknowledge Conner Burke, Lily Clderwood, Julij Cubins, Hnnh Hrwood, Ben Leduc, Lur Mdden, nd Dn Vesty of the UVM Extension Northwest Crops & Soils Progrm for their ssistnce with dt collection nd entry. Thnk you to Amnd Gervis of the UVM Extension Northwest Crops & Soils Progrm for the rtwork depicting sunflower growth stges. The informtion is presented with the understnding tht no product discrimintion is intended nd no endorsement of ny product mentioned or criticism of unnmed products is implied. UVM Extension helps individuls nd communities put reserch-bsed knowledge to work. Issued in furthernce of Coopertive Extension work, Acts of My 8 nd June 3, 1914, in coopertion with the United Sttes Deprtment of Agriculture. University of Vermont Extension, Burlington, Vermont. University of Vermont Extension, nd U.S. Deprtment of Agriculture, cooperting, offer eduction nd employment to everyone without regrd to rce, color, ntionl origin, gender, religion, ge, disbility, politicl beliefs, sexul orienttion, nd mritl or fmilil sttus.
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