Greater p protein content is is a negative negative or rumin an s

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1 Myths About Sorghum Grain as a Feed dstuff Chris Reinh hardt, Ph.D Kansas State University

2 Greater protein content isa negative For F rumin nants

3 The N has to comefrom somew where!!!

4 Lower conte ent and availability of nutrients sorghum un nsuitable for use in diets for nonruminants

5 Corn vs Sorghum as % of NRC, 0-3wk a wk utrient Requirement, % Corn Sorghum rotein rginine ly + Ser istidine soleucine eucine ysine 1.10 et + Cys 0.90 he + Tyr 1.34 roline hreonine 0.80 ryptophan p 0.20 aline ?? a Adapted from NRC (1994). All values on a 90% DM basis.

6 Corn vs Sorghum as % of NR RC, 0-3wk a Nutrient Corn Sorghum Protein Arginine Gly + Ser Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine a Adapted from NRC (1994). All values on a 90% DM basis.

7 Corn vs Sorghum as % of NR RC, 0-3wk a Nutrient Corn Sorghum Protein a Adapted from NRC (1994). All values on a 90% DM basis.

8 Corn vs Sorghum as % of NR RC, 0-3wk a Nutrient Corn Sorghum Protein Arginine a Adapted from NRC (1994). All values on a 90% DM basis.

9 Corn vs Sorghum as % of NR RC, 0-3wk a Nutrient Corn Sorghum Protein Arginine Gly + Ser a Adapted from NRC (1994). All values on a 90% DM basis.

10 Corn vs Sorghum as % of NR RC, 0-3wk a Nutrient Corn Sorghum Protein Arginine Gly + Ser Lysine a Adapted from NRC (1994). All values on a 90% DM basis.

11 ME of Cereals in Broiler kcal/kg ,593 Chicks 3,829 3, Corn ronze vs yellow (P < 0.07) SE 180 Bronze Yellow

12 Sorghum mhas more of some AAs and vits Less of other AAs and vits

13 Sorghug um is full of tannins and/or mycotox xins

14 Tannins & BW Gain in g 479 Broilerr Chicks Corn org vs Tannin Sorg (P < 0.10) SE 4 Sorghum Tannin Sorghum

15 U.S. sorghum is notoriously low in tannins and mycotoxins: except bird resistant sorghums Sorghum regions are too dry? Conditions for mold growth? Physical traits of sorghum head? Genetic predispos sition?

16 Sorghum is too variable feeding f value >100% to < 90 0% vs corn

17 Test Weight & MEn in Broiler r Chicks kcal/kg 3, ,535 3, ,300 3,268 3,000 Normal (55 lb/bu) (45 Me edium lb/bu) Light (35 lb/bu)

18 Light Wt Milo - ADG Growing Rations AD DG KSU: 1991; Corn silage & alfalfa hay; 37% grain

19 Light Wt Milo F:G Growing Rations F: :G KSU: 1991; Corn silage & alfalfa hay; 37% grain

20 Light Wt Milo - ADG Dry Rolled - Finishing Rations AD DG KSU: 1992; 1991 Dry rolled

21 Light Wt Milo F:G Dry Rolled - Finishing Rations F: :G KSU: 1992; Dry rolled

22 Light Wt Milo - ADG SF - Finishing Rations AD DG KSU:

23 Light Wt Milo F:G SF - Finishing Rations F: :G KSU: 1992

24 Light Milo ADG Finishing Diets ADG KSU

25 Light Milo F:G Finishing Diets F:G KSU

26 Light tes t wt Milo For Cattle: 40# = 60# More variable Extensive pro ocessing needed

27 Even with e xtremes in growing con nditions Only O l a 10% difference in feeding value of sorghum grain

28 Why the Discount? Cost of Processing Trash Non-uniform size Inconsistent nutrient content

29 Sorghum is difficult to process

30 Particle Size of Corn and 37.0 g Sorghum & ADG in Broilers size quad (P < 0.01) vs S x P-size lin (P < 0.02) SE 0.3 Corn Sorghum

31 Particle Size of Milo ADG Grower die ets in Cattle ADG DRC Coarse Med Fine KSU, % Grain

32 Particle Size of Milo F:G Grower diets in Cattle 8 b ab 7.5 a a F:G DRC Coarse Med Fine KSU, % Grain

33 Particle Size of Milo F:G Grower diets in Cattle % Imp proveme ent Coarse Med Fine KSU, % Grain

34 What s It Worth? 16% 20 lbs/ /d 2.84/cwt 150 days = $13.63 / head Or = 45 / cwt Sorghum

35 Wh hy? Starch is surrounded with a tight protei n web Starch Protein Enzyme/ Bacteria

36 advantage a e in feeding val lue for corn vs so rghum improper (t too coarse) grinding of fthe sorghum grain

37 An advantage

38 An advantage Ruminal Digestion = Acid Pro oduction

39 An advantage Wheat Barley HM Corn Flaked Corn DR Corn Flaked Milo Whole Corn DR Milo Fastest WDG? Slowest

40 Blending DR Milo with HMC Finishin g Diets ADG HMC DRM UN-L 1987

41 Blending DR Milo with HMC Finishin ng Diets HMC DRM F:G UN-L 1987

42

43 Steam Flaking Extremely effe ective in sorghum-base ed diets for ruminants Feedlot DairyD i

44 Effects of Steam Flaking on ADG: Corn vs Sorghum AD DG 2.6 Corn Sorgum 2.5 Dry Rolled Flaked ale, 1980

45 Effects of Steam Flaking on F:G: Corn vs Sorghum Corn Sorgum Dry Rolled Flaked ale, 1980

46 Effects of Corn vs Sorghum Finishin g cattle SF Corn SF Milo 3.5 ADG FG F:G SU, 1992

47 Effects of Corn vs Sorghum Da airy FCM 3.5% SF Corn SF Milo Z, 1999

48 If Steam Flaked: No performance difference in Feedlot or Dairy

49 Poor nut tritional value of coproducts

50 Nutrient Conten of DDGS from Corn and Sorghums Corn Bronze Yellow Item Grain DDGS Grain DDGS Grain DDGS Dry matter, % CP, % Crude fat, % Crude fiber, % GE, Mcal/kg Lysine, % Threonine, % Met + Cys, %

51 Nutrient Content of DDGS from Corn and Sorghum Item Corn DD DGS Bronze DDGS Dry matter, %

52 Nutrient Content of DDGS from Corn and Sorghum Item Dry matter, % Corn DD DGS 90.3 Bronze DDGS 90.4 CP, %

53 Nutrient Content of DDGS from Corn and Sorghum Item Dry matter, % CP, % Crude fat, % Corn DD DGS Bronze DDGS

54 Nutrient Content of DDGS from Corn and Sorghum Item Dry matter, % CP, % Crude fat, % Corn DD DGS Bronze DDGS Crude fiber, %

55 Nutrient Content of DDGS from Corn and dsorghum C orn Bronze Item DDGS DDGS Lysine, % Threonine, % Met + Cys, %

56 MEn of DDGS in Broiler kcal/kg Chicks 2,866 2,677 2, Corn Bronze Yellow orn vs sorghums x grains vs DDGS (P < 0.10) SE 180

57 Feeding Value of Co-products Sorghum DDGS similar to corn DDGS for MEn in broilers lower lysine availabilit ty No negative effects on growth performance: nursery pigs 20 to 30% DDGS finishing pigs 60% DDGS

58 Nutritional Value of Corn and Sorghum Silages* Silage type DM % CP % Corn, well eared Corn, droughty Grain sorghum NEg Mcal/lb *Relative Energy Value % % % * Kuhl et al., KSU 1993.

59 Nutritional Value of Corn and Sorghum Silages* Silage type DM % CP % Forage Sorghums: NEg Mcal/lb *Relative Energy Value High grain % Med. Grain % Low grain % Sorghum Sudan % * Kuhl et al., KSU 1993.

60 Nutritional Value of Corn and Sorghum Silage type CP % Corn, well eared Corn, droughty Grain sorghum Silages* *Relative Energy Value % % % * Kuhl et al., KSU 1993.

61 Nutritional Value of Corn and Sorghum Silage type Forage Sorghums: High grain Med. Grain Low grain Silages* CP % *Relative Energy Value % % % * Kuhl et al., KSU 1993.

62 Resources poured into improving corn

63 NGSPA and State Commodity Commissions Loyalists in industry INTSORMIL programs Public research Sorghum g Impro vement Center at KSU

64 Summary: Sorghum has equal perf. to corn: Ruminants, Swin ne, and Poultry Extensive Processing needed >40# test weigh t = 60# for feedlot cattle Higher processin ng cost and mgmt By-products have equal value to corn by-products Ruminants, swine,,poultry