Common Name: PONDSPICE
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1 Common Name: PONDSPICE Scientific Name: Litsea aestivalis (Linnaeus) Fernald Other Commonly Used Names: none Previously Used Scientific Names: Laurus aestivalis Linnaeus, Litsea geniculata (Walter) G. Nicholson, Glabraria geniculata (Walter) Britton, Malapoenna geniculata (Walter) J.M. Coulter Family: Lauraceae (laurel) Rarity Ranks: G3/S2 State Legal Status: Rare Federal Legal Status: none Federal Wetland Status: OBL
2 Description: Shrub or small tree to 10 feet (3 meters) tall. Twigs zigzag and odorless when crushed. Leaves ½ - 1½ inches (1.5-4 cm) long, deciduous, simple, alternate, somewhat leathery, smooth, oblong to lance-shaped, margins entire and slightly thickened. Flowers about ¼ inch (0.6 cm) wide, opening before leaves appear, with 6 yellow sepals and no petals, usually in clusters at the tips of twigs. Female and male flowers on separate plants; female flowers with 1 ovary, 9 non-functional stamens, and a ring of nectar-producing glands; male flowers with 9 stamens, each with 4 openings on the anther. Fruit about ⅜ inch (0.4-1 cm) long, fleshy, red, round. Similar Species: Spicebush (Lindera benzoin) also flowers before leafing out; its flowers resemble pondspice but its twigs have a spicy smell and are not zigzag. Myrtle-leaf holly grows in similar habitats, and its leaves are similar in size and shape to those of pondspice but are shiny, evergreen, and tipped by a tiny bristle; its flowers are white and its twigs are not zigzag. Related Rare Species: See pondberry (Lindera melissifolia) and bog spicebush (Lindera subcoriacea) on this website. Habitat: Edges of swamps, cypress ponds, sandhill depression ponds, and Carolina bays, sometimes forming thickets around pond margins. Life History: Pondspice reproduces sexually as well as vegetatively by suckering from underground stems (rhizomes), sometimes forming thickets. It is dioecious female and male flowers are on separate plants. The flowers are probably pollinated by flies and small bees which are attracted to the nectar produced in glands at the base of the female flowers. The fruits are dispersed by birds and other animals who eat the fruit. Pondspice is currently at risk of infection by laurel wilt disease, a fungal (Raffaelea sp.) infection that kills trees and shrubs in the laurel family. The fungus is carried by an exotic insect, the red bay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus), and blocks water-conducting cells of infected plants, resulting in wilted leaves and, quickly and ultimately, death. Laurel wilt has spread quickly along the southeastern coast and caused extensive mortality among red bay (Persea spp.). Laurel wilt is likely to spread inland, infecting and killing rare species in the laurel family such as pondspice and pondberry (Lindera melissifolia) as well as common species such as sassafras (Sassafras albidum) and spicebush (Lindera benzoin). Survey Recommendations: Surveys are best conducted during flowering (early March April) and fruiting (May June). Range: Coastal Plain of Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland. Threats: Ditching, draining, and filling wetlands. Fire suppression and construction of firebreaks in wetland transition zones. Georgia Conservation Status: More than 50 populations are known, although few regularly produce fruit. More than half of the populations are on 2 military bases; only one population occurs on conservation land.
3 Conservation and Management Recommendations: Protect isolated wetlands from draining. Avoid placing roads and firebreaks in transition zones between swamps or ponds and uplands. Allow prescribed fires in uplands to burn into wetlands (pondspice re-sprouts vigorously after a fire). Selected References: Chafin, L.G Field guide to the rare plants of Georgia. State Botanical Garden of Georgia and University of Georgia Press, Athens. Chafin, L.G Field guide to the rare plants of Florida. Florida Natural Areas Inventory, Tallahassee. FNA Flora of North America. Vol. 3, Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae. Oxford University Press, New York. Foote, L.E. and S.B. Jones, Jr Native shrubs and woody vines of the southeast. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. Godfrey, R.K. and J.W. Wooten Aquatic and wetland plants of southeastern United States, Vol. 2, dicotyledons. University of Georgia Press, Athens. Godfrey, R.K Trees, shrubs, and woody vines of northern Florida and adjacent Georgia and Alabama. University of Georgia Press, Athens. Kral, R A report on some rare, threatened, or endangered forest-related vascular plants of the South. Technical Publication R8-TP2. United States Forest Service, Atlanta. Lance, R Woody plants of the southeastern United States: a winter guide. University of Georgia Press, Athens. NatureServe NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia. Patrick, T.S., J.R. Allison, and G.A. Krakow Protected plants of Georgia. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Natural Heritage Program, Social Circle. Weakley, A.S Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, Georgia, and surrounding areas. University of North Carolina Herbarium, Chapel Hill. Author of Species Account: Linda G. Chafin Date Compiled or Updated: L. Chafin, May 2007: original account K. Owers, Feb. 2010: added pictures
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Common Name: TRAILING MEADOWRUE. Scientific Name: Thalictrum debile Buckley. Other Commonly Used Names: southern meadow-rue
Common Name: TRAILING MEADOWRUE Scientific Name: Thalictrum debile Buckley Other Commonly Used Names: southern meadow-rue Previously Used Scientific Names: Thalictrum arkansanum Boivin, Thalictrum texanum
Previously Used Scientific Names: Benzoin melissifolium (Walter) Nees von Esenbeck
Common Name: PONDBERRY Scientific Name: Lindera melissifolia (Walter) Blume Other Commonly Used Names: pond spicebush, jove s fruit Previously Used Scientific Names: Benzoin melissifolium (Walter) Nees
Common Name: VARIABLE-LEAF INDIAN-PLANTAIN. Scientific Name: Arnoglossum diversifolium (Torrey & Gray) H.E. Robinson. Other Commonly Used Names: none
Common Name: VARIABLE-LEAF INDIAN-PLANTAIN Scientific Name: Arnoglossum diversifolium (Torrey & Gray) H.E. Robinson Other Commonly Used Names: none Previously Used Scientific Names: Cacalia diversifolia
Previously Used Scientific Names: Kalmia angustifolia var. carolina (Small) Fernald
Common Name: CAROLINA BOG LAUREL Scientific Name: Kalmia carolina Small Other Commonly Used Names: Carolina bog myrtle, Carolina wicky, Carolina lamb-kill, Carolina sheep-laurel Previously Used Scientific
Common Name: AWNED MEADOWBEAUTY. Scientific Name: Rhexia aristosa Britton. Other Commonly Used Names: awnpetal meadowbeauty
Common Name: AWNED MEADOWBEAUTY Scientific Name: Rhexia aristosa Britton Other Commonly Used Names: awnpetal meadowbeauty Previously Used Scientific Names: none Family: Melastomataceae (meadowbeauty) Rarity
Common Name: VIRGINIA SPIRAEA. Scientific Name: Spiraea virginiana Britton. Other Commonly Used Names: Appalachian spiraea
Common Name: VIRGINIA SPIRAEA Scientific Name: Spiraea virginiana Britton Other Commonly Used Names: Appalachian spiraea Previously Used Scientific Names: none Family: Rosaceae (rose) Rarity Ranks: G2/S1
Common Name: ELLIOTT S CROTON. Scientific Name: Croton elliottii Chapman. Other Commonly Used Names: none. Previously Used Scientific Names: none
Common Name: ELLIOTT S CROTON Scientific Name: Croton elliottii Chapman Other Commonly Used Names: none Previously Used Scientific Names: none Family: Euphorbiaceae (spurge) Rarity Ranks: G2G3/S2S3 State
Common Name: BUTTERNUT
Common Name: BUTTERNUT Scientific Name: Juglans cinerea Linnaeus Other Commonly Used Names: white walnut, oilnut Previously Used Scientific Names: Wallia cinerea (Linnaeus) Alefeld Family: Juglandaceae
Common Name: AMERICAN MOUNTAIN-ASH
Common Name: AMERICAN MOUNTAIN-ASH Scientific Name: Sorbus americana Marshall Other Commonly Used Names: American rowan Previously Used Scientific Names: Pyrus microcarpa (Pursh) Sprengel, Pyrus americana
Previously Used Scientific Names: Ophrys smallii (Wiegand) House, Listera reniformis Small
Common Name: APPALACHIAN TWAYBLADE Scientific Name: Listera smallii Wiegand Other Commonly Used Names: kidney-leaf twayblade, Small s twayblade Previously Used Scientific Names: Ophrys smallii (Wiegand)
Common Name: ALABAMA WARBONNET. Scientific Name: Jamesianthus alabamensis Blake & Sherff. Other Commonly Used Names: Jamesianthus
Common Name: ALABAMA WARBONNET Scientific Name: Jamesianthus alabamensis Blake & Sherff Other Commonly Used Names: Jamesianthus Previously Used Scientific Names: none Family: Asteraceae/Compositae (aster)
Common Name: GEORGIA ALDER. Scientific Name: Alnus maritima (Marshall) Muhlenberg ex Nuttall ssp. georgiensis Schrader & Graves
Common Name: GEORGIA ALDER Scientific Name: Alnus maritima (Marshall) Muhlenberg ex Nuttall ssp. georgiensis Schrader & Graves Other Commonly Used Names: seaside alder Previously Used Scientific Names:
Other Commonly Used Names: trailing spiny-pod, sandhill spiny pod
Common Name: TRAILING MILKVINE Scientific Name: Matelea pubiflora (Decaisne) Woodson Other Commonly Used Names: trailing spiny-pod, sandhill spiny pod Previously Used Scientific Names: Edisonia pubiflora
Previously Used Scientific Names: Clinopodium ashei (Weatherby) Small, Satureja ashei Weatherby
Common Name: ASHE S SAVORY Scientific Name: Calamintha ashei (Weatherby) Shinners Other Commonly Used Names: Ohoopee wild basil, Ashe s calamint, Ashe s wild savory Previously Used Scientific Names: Clinopodium
Common Name: ALABAMA LEATHER FLOWER. Scientific Name: Clematis socialis Kral. Other Commonly Used Names: none. Previously Used Scientific Names: none
Common Name: ALABAMA LEATHER FLOWER Scientific Name: Clematis socialis Kral Other Commonly Used Names: none Previously Used Scientific Names: none Family: Ranunculaceae (buttercup) Rarity Ranks: G1/S1
Previously Used Scientific Names: Myrica floridana (Chapman) A.W. Wood
Common Name: CORKWOOD Scientific Name: Leitneria floridana Chapman Other Commonly Used Names: none Previously Used Scientific Names: Myrica floridana (Chapman) A.W. Wood Family: Leitneriaceae (corkwood)
Other Commonly Used Names: Fremont s virgins-bower, Fremont s clematis, Fremont s curly-heads
Common Name: FREMONT S LEATHER FLOWER Scientific Name: Clematis fremontii S. Watson Other Commonly Used Names: Fremont s virgins-bower, Fremont s clematis, Fremont s curly-heads Previously Used Scientific
Previously Used Scientific Names: Helianthus X verticillatus E.E. Watson
Common Name: WHORLED SUNFLOWER Scientific Name: Helianthus verticillatus Small Other Commonly Used Names: Previously Used Scientific Names: Helianthus X verticillatus E.E. Watson Family: Asteraceae/Compositae
Common Name: PORTER S REED GRASS. Scientific Name: Calamagrostis porteri A. Gray ssp. porteri. Other Commonly Used Names: Porter s reed bent
Common Name: PORTER S REED GRASS Scientific Name: Calamagrostis porteri A. Gray ssp. porteri Other Commonly Used Names: Porter s reed bent Previously Used Scientific Names: Calamagrostis porteri A. Gray
Common Name: FLORIDA TORREYA. Scientific Name: Torreya taxifolia Arnott. Other Commonly Used Names: stinking-cedar, gopherwood
Common Name: FLORIDA TORREYA Scientific Name: Torreya taxifolia Arnott Other Commonly Used Names: stinking-cedar, gopherwood Previously Used Scientific Names: Tumion taxifolium (Arnott) Greene Family:
Common Name: RELICT TRILLIUM. Scientific Name: Trillium reliquum J.D. Freeman. Other Commonly Used Names: none. Previously Used Scientific Names: none
Common Name: RELICT TRILLIUM Scientific Name: Trillium reliquum J.D. Freeman Other Commonly Used Names: none Previously Used Scientific Names: none Family: Trilliaceae (Trillium) or Melanthiaceae (bunchflower)
Common Name: GEORGIA ROCKCRESS. Scientific Name: Arabis georgiana Harper. Other Commonly Used Names: none. Previously Used Scientific Names: none
Common Name: GEORGIA ROCKCRESS Scientific Name: Arabis georgiana Harper Other Commonly Used Names: none Previously Used Scientific Names: none Family: Brassicaceae/Cruciferae (mustard) Rarity Ranks: G1/S1
Previously Used Scientific Names: Cypripedium daultonii Soukop (nomen nudum), C. furcatum Rafinesque.
Common Name: SOUTHERN LADY S-SLIPPER Scientific Name: Cypripedium kentuckiense C.F. Reed Other Commonly Used Names: Kentucky lady s-slipper, ivory-lipped lady s-slipper Previously Used Scientific Names:
Previously Used Scientific Names: Portulaca teretifolia ssp. cubensis (Urban) Ortega
Common Name: GRIT PORTULACA Scientific Name: Portulaca biloba Urban Other Commonly Used Names: grit purslane Previously Used Scientific Names: Portulaca teretifolia ssp. cubensis (Urban) Ortega Family:
Common Name: RADFORD S SEDGE. Scientific Name: Carex radfordii L.L. Gaddy. Other Commonly Used Names: none. Previously Used Scientific Names: none
Common Name: RADFORD S SEDGE Scientific Name: Carex radfordii L.L. Gaddy Other Commonly Used Names: none Previously Used Scientific Names: none Family: Cyperaceae (sedge) Rarity Ranks: G2/S1? State Legal
Other Commonly Used Names: spreading false foxglove, spreading yellow false foxglove
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Other Commonly Used Names: Chattahoochee toadshade, mimic trillium, deceptive trillium
Common Name: CHATTAHOOCHEE TRILLIUM Scientific Name: Trillium decipiens J.D. Freeman Other Commonly Used Names: Chattahoochee toadshade, mimic trillium, deceptive trillium Previously Used Scientific Names:
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