3/19/2012. Random pattern=biotic factors (diseases/pests) Abnormal. 8. When did the symptoms appear?
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1 Random pattern=biotic factors (diseases/pests) Abnormal Douglasfir (Pseudotsuga menziesii): Needle cast (Rhabdocline spp.) 8. When did the symptoms appear? Hemlock (Tsuga sp.): Hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) Peach (Prunus persica): Leaf Curl (Taphrina deformans) John Day, OR 25
2 Symptoms appear early in the year? Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis): cold injury Ash (Fraxinus sp.)-anthracnose (Gnomoniella fraxini) Symptoms appear later in the year Symptoms appear after specific event Viburnum tinus-sunburn Wheat (Triticum aestivum): spray damage 9. Are the symptoms spreading, improving or constant? Port Orford Cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana): Phytophthora root rot (Phytophthora spp.) 26
3 Symptoms stay the same Aspen (Populus tremuloides) Leaf scorch Rosa Berries N Cream 10. Are any signs of a pest present? Damage from non-living factors will induce symptom development, but there will be no signs of a pest Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.) Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.): Sunburn Symptoms: Physical characteristics of a problem expressed by the plant. Include: wilting leaf discoloration leaf spots leaf distortion defoliation galls cankers rots/dieback plant decline Cucumber (Cucumis sativus): wilt Holly (Ilex sp.) 27
4 Western Spicebush (Calycanthus occidentalis) Redbud (Cercis canadensis): damage due to phenoxy herbicide Fraser Photinia (Photinia x fraseri): Leaf Spot (Diplocarpon mespili) Cherry (Prunus serrulata) Hazelnut (Corylus avellana) Peach (Prunus persica) 28
5 Signs: evidence of the actual causal agent Diseases, etc.: fungal fruiting bodies fungal mycelia bacterial slime nematodes slug trails Or for insects: the insect itself boring holes or tunnels sawdust frass Kousa dogwood (Cornus kousa) Goldenchain tree (Laburnum x watereri): aphids Apple (Malus domestica): Crane fly (Tipula sp.) Sunflower (Helianthus annuus): Sclerotinia wilt (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) Apple (Malus domestica): Rust (Gymnosporangium sp.) Incense-cedar (Calocedrus decurrens): Broom rust (Gymnosporangium libocedri) 29
6 Big-leaf maple (Acer macrophyllum): Tar spots (Rhytisma punctatum) Cherry (Prunus sp.): possible Bacterial canker damage (Pseudomonas syringae) Apple (Malus domestica): Leaf roller (species undetermined) California lilac (Ceanothus sp.): Whitefly Hebe (Hebe sp.): Meadow spittle bugs (Philaenus spumarius) Viburnum davidii: leaf notching due to root weevils 30
7 Colorado Blue Spruce (Picea pungens): White Pine weevil (Pissodes strobi) Pinks (Dianthus sp.): Carnation fly (Delia brunnescens ) Cultural causes of plant problems Planting practices Rootbound plants Root damage Pruning injury Herbicide injury Pear (Pyrus communis): leaf spot White-bark birch (Betula jacquemontii) 31
8 Root-bound plants Flowering cherry (Prunus sp.): circling roots Deodar cedar (Cedrus deodara) European White Birch (Betula pendula) 32
9 Western Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) Deodar cedar (Cedrus deodara) Problems caused by pruning English Laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) Rockrose (Cistus x hybridus) and California Lilac (Ceanothus Victoria ) Pesticide injury 33
10 Hebe (Hebe sp.): glyphosate damage Raspberry (Rubus idaeus): glyphosate damage Photo: B. Strik Bearded Iris (Iris sp.): glyphosate damage Oak leaf Hydrangea (Hydrangea quercifolia): phenoxy herbicide damage Deodar cedar (Cedrus deodara): phenoxy herbicide damage 34
11 Environmental causes of problems Cold Injury Pollination problems Sun (too much or too little) Water (too little or too much) Nutrient deficiencies Arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis): spray damage by horticultural oil Wind/hail/lightning Cold injury results from: Winter low temperatures Fall or early spring low temperatures Unexpected frosts Cold Injury Rare to see winter injury to deciduous shrubs and trees or conifers Winged Euonymus (Euonymus alatus) Port Orford Cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) Olive (Olea europea) orchard, western Oregon 35
12 Coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis) Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium) Mexican orange (Choisya ternata) Marion trailing blackberry (Rubus Marion ) Escallonia 36
13 Maple (Acer sp.): south-west injury English yew (Taxus baccata): snow damage Fall or early Spring freezes Pineapple Broom (Cytisus battandieri): freezing rain Hebe Andersonii Variegata Kiwi fruit (Actinidia deliciosa): frost damage to shoots Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum): Frost injury Photo: B. Strik 37
14 Frost damage Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) Photos: B. Strik Kousa dogwood (Cornus kousa) Pollination problems Normay Maple (Acer platanoides) Honeybee (Apis mellifera) on blueberry flowers (Vaccinium corymbosum) Grape (Vitis sp.) Squash (Cucurbita pepo) 38
15 Impacts of other environmental factors: Too much or too little sun Distinguish between excess sun (sunburn) and drought stress Sunburn occurs when a plant, or plant part is exposed to too much sun and heat, even if well-supplied with water Drought stress occurs to any plant when soil water becomes limiting Sunburn can occur on leaves, flowers, fruit or stems Sunburn on flowers Rhododendron: (Rhododendron sp.) Mophead Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) 39
16 Sunburn on fruit Lack of sun can cause problems Flowering dogwood: (Cornus canadensis) Mugo Pine: (Pinus mugo) Drought stress is dependent on: Inherent drought tolerance of plant Weather conditions (temperature, wind) Site exposure and aspect Soil conditions (moisture, structure etc.) Irrigation (and it s efficacy) 40
17 Inherent tolerance of drought Weather: Temperature and wind Site exposure Site aspect Soil conditions 41
18 Irrigation can mean many things Drooping foliage Tip burn Brown areas on leaves Loss of older leaves Shoot dieback Hebe sp. Pacific Dogwood (Cornus nuttalli) Katsura tree: (Cercidiphyllum japonicum) Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.) 42
19 Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.) Turf: most enquiries in late summer Turf: perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) White-barked birch (Betula jacquemontii) Drainage Problems Drainage problems result from: Topography Impervious soil Leyland Cypress: (x Cupresssocyparis leylandii) 43
20 Boysenberry (Rubus Boysen Impervious soil layers: Soil preparation Raspberry (Rubus idaeus): Phytophthora root rot (Phytophthora spp.) 44
21 Nutrient deficiencies in plants Nutrients required by plants Major nutrients: Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Sulfur (S) Minor nutrients: Iron (Fe) Zinc (Zn) Manganese (Mn) Copper (Cu) Molybdenum (Mo) Boron (B) Chlorine (Cl) Also: salt toxicity. Dicentra spectabilis Gold Heart Location of symptoms: Base of plant mobile (N, P, K, Mg) Whole (mid) plant partially mobile (S, Mo) Top of plant immobile (Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B) 45
22 Mobile nutrient: symptoms at plant base Mobile nutrient: Nitrogen deficiency Flowering plum (Prunus x blireana) Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) Immobile Nutrient: Iron Immobile Nutrient deficiency in fruit: Calcium Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.): ph-induced Fe deficiency Pear (Pyrus communis): cork spot 46
23 Wind Hardy Kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta): scarred fruit Hail Highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum): hail damage Apple (Malus domestica): Hail damage Websites for home garden problems Pesticide recommendations for homeowners Plant Disease Control: PNW Disease Management Handbook Insect Pest Control: PNW Insect Management Handbook Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis): Lightning damage Weed Control: PNW Weed Management Handbook 47
24 The End! 48
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