Well you see, Norm, it's like this... A herd of buffalo can only move as fast as the slowest buffalo; and when the herd is hunted, it is the slowest

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1 Soybean

2 Well you see, Norm, it's like this... A herd of buffalo can only move as fast as the slowest buffalo; and when the herd is hunted, it is the slowest and weakest ones at the back that are killed first. This natural selection is good for the herd as a whole, because the general speed and health of the whole group keeps improving by the regular killing of the weakest members.

3 Similarly, the human brain can only operate as fast as the slowest brain cells. Now excessive alcohol kills brain cells. But naturally, it attacks the slowest and weakest brain cells first. In this way, regular consumption of beer eliminates the weaker brain cells, making the brain a faster and more efficient machine. And that, Norm, is why you always feel smarter after a few beers.

4 Soybean (Glycine max) is an annual summer legume. It was is one of the oldest cultivated crops. First records of propagated in China 5,000 years ago. Emperor Cheng-Nung described the crop as Wu Ku one of the sacred grains. Most likely derived from wild type (Glycine ussuriensis). Grown in Europe in the 17 th century, introduced to the USA by Samuel Bowen, an Easy India Company employee.

5 In 1852 first documented soybean planting (as an ornamental) in Davenport, Iowa. Prior to the 1920 s, most soybean in USA was grown in the south, mostly for hay. Spread to the Corn Belt in Soybean is a sub-tropical plant, although it does have a wide range of adaptations. Minimum temperature for growth is 50 o F. Tends to do well in any region where corn is grown. Plants are usually erect with white or purple flowers.

6 80 US acres of Oat and Soybean Oat Soybean Year

7 World Vegetable Oil Corn 3% Peanut 7% Olive 4% Cotton 4% Coconut 3% Soy 36% Sunflower 12% Palm 20% Total 2006 = 26.8 Bill gal. Rapeseed 11%

8 World Vegetable Oil

9 Soybean harvested Production by County

10 1,800,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 1,200,000 18% 15% 12% 1,000, ,000 9% 8% 600, , , % 4% 4%

11 Growth Stages Vegetative: VE = emergence; VC = cotyledon; V1 = first node; etc. Reproductive: R1 = Begin flowering; R2 = Full bloom; R3 = Begin pods; R4 = Full pod; R5 = Begin seed, R6 = Full seed; R7 = begin to mature; R8 = ready to harvest.

12 I II III Soybean Adaptability Zones IV V VI VII VIII IX

Group Maturity Date Days from Planting 00 September 10 120 0 September 28 126 I September 30 126 II October 3

13 Group Maturity Date Days from Planting 00 September September I September II October III October IV October V October VI October VII October VIII November 9 158

14 Seed bed preparation Control weeds. Conserve moisture. Remove tilth Control wind and water erosion Be suitable for planting to attain good seed-soil contact

15 Seed bed preparation Control weeds. Conserve moisture. Remove tilth. Control wind and water erosion. Be suitable for planting to attain good seed-soil contact.

16 Planting

17 Row width Seeds per linear foot * Plants per linear foot ** 30 inches inches inches inches * three seeds per square foot, regardless of row width ** Assumed 80% field emergence Optimum planting depth for soybean is 1 to 1.5 inches, and no deeper than 2 inches. With earlier planting, shallow planting will result in quicker establishment. Later planting might be deeper to reach moisture.

18 Planting

19 Under normal conditions, soybean will need no nitrogen fertilizer as the nodule bacteria will fix sufficient nitrogen for optimum plant growth Nitrogen fixing bacteria (Rhizobium japonicum) develop nodules on soybean roots. Inoculum is not usually required if soybeans have been grown in the land within three years. Inoculum is normally mixed and applied to the seed within 1 day of planting.

20 Very low 0-5 Phosphorous Recommendations (based on soil test) Low 6-12 Soil Test Level (ppm) Medium High Very high > lb* lb 0-20 lb None None * lbs of P 2 O 5 Very low 0-40 Potassium Recommendations (based on soil test) Low Soil Test Level (ppm) Medium High Very high > lb* lb lb 0-20 None * lbs of K 2 O

21 Nutrient Seeds ---- lb/bu ---- Straw ---- lb/bu Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Calcium Magnesium Sulfur

22 Crabgrass Pig weed Velvetleaf Foxtail

23 Relatively slow rate of early soybean growth requires the use of early weed control by cultivation and herbicide application. Pre-plant and pre-emergence herbicides: Trifluralin, metribuzin, pendimethalin, clomazone. Post emergence herbicides: Bentazon, chlorimuron, sethoxydim, amazamox and flumiclorac. Roundup and Liberty can be applied to herbicide tolerant cultivars.

24 Bacterial blight Brown spot Downey mildew Fusarium

25 Phytophthora Rhizoctonia White Mold Rust

26 Cyst Nematode

27 Harvest Harvest is best done when seeds have dried to 12% moisture. Crop can be direct cut with seed moisture at 13% or lower. Delayed harvest will cause pod shatter and yield loss. Combine drum speed should be reduced (300 to 450 rpm) to avoid seed damage.

Storage Soybean seed should never be put into storage with greater than 13% moisture content. Seeds to be stored for more than 11 months should be reduced to 11% moisture.

28 Storage Soybean seed should never be put into storage with greater than 13% moisture content. Seeds to be stored for more than 11 months should be reduced to 11% moisture. Soybean seeds can be air dried. Drying temperature should be 130 to 140 o F (54 to 60 o C). Seed in storage should be aerated in winter to maintain a temperature between 35 and 40 o F (2 to 4 o C) and 40 to 60 o F (4 to 16 o C) in summer.

29 Soybeans

30 Oil is extracted from soybeans using an expeller which removes about 50% of the 20% of seed oil. Beans are first heated to 170 o F (77 O C) to allow for better oil flow. A solvent (Hexane) extraction is usual to bring the seed meal oil content down to 1% Oil is filtered, de-gummed, bleached, and deodorized for human consumption.

31 Crop Utilization

32 High protein, high fiber live stock feed

33 Soy Meal Characteristics Dry matter 89% Crude protein 48% Fat 1% Crude fiber 3% Neutral detergent fiber 7.1% Acid detergent fiber 5.3% Total digestible nutrients 78% Net Energy 81.1 Meal/100 lbs

34 USA Vegetable Oil Production Other 0.4 Bill gal. 9% Soy 3.6 Bill. Gal 91%

35 Crop Utilization

37 Paints and printing inks. Lubricants, Cutting agents, Surfactants, Plastics, Engine oils and greases,

38 Saturated Saturated No C=C bonds Mono unsaturated one C=C bond Poly unsaturated 2 or more C=C bonds Mono unsaturated Poly unsaturated Soy oil = 15% 24% 61%

40 Million Gallons 77% 82% 88% 83% Ending Biodiesel Export Food

42 Cloud point Pour point

43 Biodiesel from a saturated feedstock

44 Cold filter plug temperature (o F) Highway Diesel Coconut Palm Soy Canola Rapeseed

45 Monoglycerides, not soap

46 NO x : major contributor to smog and acid rain; smog causes breathing difficulties for asthmatics and general illness of respiratory system.

47 % NOx Emissions over Diesel 20% 16% 12% 8% 4% 0% Highway Diesel Coconut Palm Rapeseed Canola Soy

49 Low saturated fats are healthier Low polyunsaturated fats do not require hydrogenation and hence have no Trans-fats

50 Rice

ACCORDING to the USDA Agricultural

Growing Soybeans ACCORDING to the USDA Agricultural Statistics Service, 63.3 million acres of soybeans were harvested in the United States during 2007. The harvest resulted in 2,585,207,000 bushels. These