An Investigation of Tree Growth and Colonization on a 19 Year-Old Forestry Reclamation Site. Wesley Dement 4/10/17
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1 An Investigation of Tree Growth and Colonization on a 19 Year-Old Forestry Reclamation Site Wesley Dement 4/10/17
2 Introduction/Goals Provide a brief overview of the forestry reclamation approach. Discuss history of Starfire project. Summarize findings on three planted species. Summarize findings on volunteer woody plants.
3 The Forestry Reclamation Approach Research.pomona.edu
4 Steps of the Forestry Reclamation Approach The FRA can be summarized in five steps: 1. Create a suitable rooting medium for good tree growth that is no less than 4 feet deep and comprised of topsoil, weathered sandstone and/or the best available material. 2. Loosely grade the topsoil or topsoil substitute established in step one to create a non-compacted growth medium. 3. Use ground covers that are compatible with growing trees. 4. Plant two types of trees--early successional species for wildlife and soil stability, and commercially valuable crop trees 5. Use proper tree planting techniques.
5 Site Preparation: Loose-Dump When reforestation is planned on active mines, spoil is often dumped in tightly packed piles using large trucks the loose dump or end dump method. This method achieves the required depth of loose rooting medium and results in an undulating surface topography.
6 Site preparation: Strike-off This option requires a single pass of equipment to level loosely-dumped spoil. This results in a smoother topography that may be preferable in some cases.
7 The Starfire Project In 1996, University of Kentucky and government researchers began a reforestation experiment on the Starfire mine in eastern Kentucky. The project aimed to investigate the effects of soil compaction and surface amendment on the growth and survival of trees.
8
9 The Starfire Project Plots were divided into ha cells and planted with: Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) White ash (Fraxinus americana) Black walnut (Juglans nigra) Yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) White oak (Quercus alba) Northern red oak (Quercus rubra) Royal paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa) From Angel et al., 2006
10 From Angel et al., 2006 Previous Results
11 Current Work - Inventory We sought to compare the success of trees planted in levels of surface and grading treatments by inventorying the experimental plots. Diameter at breast height (DBH) was measured for all live trees. Heights of a subset of trees were measured and crown classes were identified.
12 Current Work - Inventory A mixed model statistical approach was followed. Fixed effects: Grading, Surface Amendment, Interaction Random effect: Plot
13 Pinus Strobus Survival Control (a) Strike-Off (b) Loose-Dump (c)
14 Pinus Strobus Mean Overstory Height (m) Control (a) Strike-Off (b) Loose-Dump (b)
15 Pinus Strobus DBH (cm) Control Bark Straw 0-5 Control Strike-Off Loose-Dump
16 Q. Alba Survival Control Strike-Off Loose-Dump Control Bark Straw
17 Q. Alba Mean Overstory Height (m) Grading Amendment Control Strike-Off/Bark Loose-Dump/Straw
18 Q. Alba Mean DBH (cm) Control (a) Strike-Off (b) Loose-Dump (b)
19 L. Tulipifera Survival Control Strike-Off Loose-Dump Control Bark Straw
20 L. Tulipifera Mean Overstory Height (m) Control Strike-Off/Bark Loose-Dump/Straw 2 0 Grading Amendment
21 L. Tulipifera Mean DBH (cm) Control Strike-Off/Bark Loose-Dump/Straw 2 0 Grading Amendment
22 Biomass Estimation We also sought to gauge growth through the estimation of biomass per acre. Trees were felled, divided into components, and weighed.
23 Biomass Estimation Subsamples were weighed, dried, and reweighed. Dry weights of sampled trees were used to develop regression equations relating DBH to mass.
24 Biomass Estimation A mixed model similar to that used for inventory data was used to test mean values.
25 P. Strobus Biomass Regression (n= 18, p<.0001, R²=.843)
26 Pinus Strobus Aboveground Biomass Estimate (Mg/ha) Control (a) Strike-Off (b) Loose-Dump (c)
27 Q. Alba Biomass Regression (n= 36, p<.0001, R²=.936)
28 100 Q. Alba Aboveground Biomass Estimate Control Bark Straw 0-20 Control Strike-Off Loose-Dump
29 L. Tulipifera Biomass Regression (n= 36, p<.0001, R²=.948)
30 L. Tulipifera Aboveground Biomass Estimate (Mg/ha) Control Bark Straw Control Strike-Off Loose-Dump
31 Woody Species Colonization We sought to quantify and characterize colonizing plants. All woody plants >1 meter in height and with DBH 1.0 were included in our survey. GLD, DBH, species and condition were all recorded.
32 Woody Species Colonization Differences in stem density and native species proportions were tested using a mixed model. -Fixed effects: Grading, Surface Amendment, Interaction -Random effect: Plot
33 Species Composition Species Frequency Percent Cumulative Frequency Cumulative Percent Sycamore Autumn Olive Red Maple Tree of Heaven Sweet Birch Black Cherry Sourwood Slippery Elm Black Locust White Ash River Birch Royal Paulownia Yellow-Poplar
34 Species Composition Species Frequency Percent Cumulative Frequency Cumulative Percent Redbud Black Willow Box Elder Eastern Red Cedar Virginia Pine Sassafras Sumac American Elm Flowering Dogwood Sugar Maple Yellow Birch Eastern White Pine Winged Elm Cottonwood Tag Alder Callery Pear Crabapple Eastern Arborvitae Elderberry Mapleleaf Viburnum Mimosa Paper Birch Red Mulberry
35 Stem Density (stems/ha) Control Strike-Off Loose-Dump Control Bark Straw
36 Proportion of Native Volunteers Control Strike-Off Loose-Dump Control Bark Straw
37 Conclusions Both strike-off and loose-dump techniques have allowed for survival and growth of planted trees over a 19-year period. Straw/manure mulch and loose-dump preparation result in highest mean biomass for Q. Alba and L. tulipifera. Straw/manure mulch may introduce/ foster growth of competitive herbaceous species. Loose-dump plots show significantly more volunteer stems, most of which are desirable native species.
38 University of Kentucky Robinson Forest staff Field technicians Drs. John Lhotka, Chris Barton, and Jeff Stringer OSMRE and Dr. Patrick Angel Kat Sasser Acknowledgements
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Alder, Red (Alnus rubra) OR, 1-0, 12"+ (50) 6,500 0.63 0.68 0.91 1.25 Alder, Red (Alnus rubra) OR, 1-0, 6-12" (50) 14,000 0.57 0.63 0.85 1.19 Alder, Red (Alnus rubra) WW, 1-0, 12"+ (50) 37,150 0.63 0.68
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