3/4/2013. A day in the life. Of an OSU Master Gardener. Diagnosing Home Gardener problems and making recommendations. Requests are either

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1 A day in the life Of an OSU Master Gardener The Desk: Homeowner Home and Garden advice MG program began as a way to meet demand for this information Restricted to calls from non-commercial sources Diagnosing Home Gardener problems and making recommendations Provide diagnosis and advice within the office or by phone Two big advantages A service for residents of Marion County In 2011, there were 2,167 requests for info Another 223 requests were handled by Neil 1. It s free! 2. Talk to an actual person Requests are either Phone calls (or ) Requests for information are usually: 1. Plant identification Ornamentals Weeds Apple/pear/plum variety 2. Insect Identification Visits to the office 3. Pests in the home ants (carpenter, sugar) termites pests of stored products spiders! 1

2 4. Critter problems Deer control voles moles gophers 5. Requests for cultural information Tree fruit Lawns Small fruit Pruning Ornamentals propagation 6. Plant problems (including lawns) Cultural Disease Insect pest Herbicide damage Difficulties: 1. Client may only tell you so much 2. You cannot visit A simple intake form assists with problem solving: The resources we use are Books Web-based Neil s Resources Books You don t have to do it all by yourself! MG volunteer Community Horticulturist Crop Specialist Files 2

3 So if you are in doubt Leave it for me! We also can use other faculty and clinics Insects (and spiders): Insect ID clinic (currently through ODA) No charge per sample Plant Disease: Plant Disease Clinic-Melodie Putnam $50 charge per sample Also: Distance Diagnostics Plant ID: OSU Herbarium-Dr. Richard Halse No charge per sample Recording inquiries Tallied in October for OSU year-end report Miscellaneous others At month end, clip together and put on my desk What kind of information do we give out? Verbal: Information just over the phone Photocopies of book chapters OSU publications Printed from the web Hard copies from office files Inquiries to avoid: 1. Commercial operations Size of operation Is product being sold? Refer these to commercial agents! 3

4 Others Things we do not do 2. Human health issues Poisonous plants Soil or water tests house calls 3. Legal disputes EM 8677: Laboratories serving Oregon EC 628: Soil sampling for home gardens and small acreages Plant Identification Most of samples brought in are from gardens People with new gardens Seedling plants that appear Weed samples-how to eliminate! ID not possible? Leave for me! OSU plant ID website: You should have: More than one leaf! Lonicera pileata Flowers or fruit best! 4

5 Some samples are more common than others Catalpa Paulownia Weed identification Mushroom ID-a special case Same sample required Announcements in paper Of noxious weeds bring enquiries Japanese knotweed Most people want to know: Is the mushroom edible/poisonous How to eradicate from lawn/garden Rake mushrooms up Leave ID questions for me I take digital pics to campus Slime mold (Fuligo sp.) Aleria aurantia Willamette Valley Mushroom Society Oregon mycological society 5

6 Moss and Lichens are not pathogenic Moss and lichen Moss in the lawn Living with mosses FS 55: Controlling moss in lawns Scholars Archive Insect and Spider ID Garden insect problems Information to get: Host plant? (or if in soil ) When was it noticed? Damage? (if there is any) Control measures used? Scale insects on Wisteria Rose aphids 6

7 Bronze Birch Borer Aphids on Plum NWREC Nursery Pest Site: Spotted-wing drosophila Household pests Human health: Cockroaches Fleas Structural: Termites Carpenter ants Stored products: Moths Carpet beetles Nuisance: Lady beetles Sugar ants Box elder beetles Samples of the insect and plant (if applicable) are essential for proper ID Health pests You ll usually need adults Larvae are very difficult American cockroach Fleas OSU Urban Entomology Ken Gray Images: German cockroach Cockroaches: Often associated with apartments 7

8 Structural pests Pests of stored products Carpenter ant Indian meal moth Require referral to PCO: Pest in yellow pages Termites Carpet beetles Nuisance insects Household insect references of choice Lady beetle Box Elder bug Household insect websites OSU Urban Entomology website WSU Plant Disease and Insect Identification Pests Leaflet Series: Insect intake form at desk 8

9 Spiders in the home Maybe spiders have earned a bad rep for some reason? Most clientele want to know if it is venomous Only two venomous spiders in Oregon: Black Widow Hobo (Aggressive House Spider) Most spiders brought in are neither species Spider ID not always easy if it can be readily ID d, do so if it cannot be, do not! Black Widow Aggressive House (Hobo) Jumping Zebra Spider General information on spiders, management: Vertebrate pests The important facts are: Spiders with few exceptions are non-toxic beneficials Sanitation and structural modifications work best Oregon Department of Agriculture Washington State University 9

10 Climbing and burrowing pests Voles Mole Tree squirrel Gopher Vertebrate pest information The Internet Center for Wildlife damage management Or just use this link Cultural information Diagnosing plant problems USU Extension Service Publications Scholars Archive (older, non-reviewed publications) 10

11 Two factors that affect ability to diagnose problems: 2. Their ability to describe the problem accurately 1. The perception of the caller of the problem An accurate diagnosis depends on good information Better, much better Bring in a sample Photos give you an even better picture! Sometimes, a diagnosis is elusive Encourage clients to bring in pictures Site visit required Deodar Cedar (Cedrus deodara) 11

12 Steps in diagnosing plant problems What is the identity of the affected plant? Keep assessments of damage in proportion Euonymus spp. Powdery mildew Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) 1. Determine that a real problem exists What are the characteristics of the plant? How does it display them through the year? Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica ) with Incense Cedar (Calocedrus decurrens) Pinus contorta Chief Joseph Western redcedar (Thuja occidentalis): foliar browning 12

13 White Pine (Pinus sp.) Drought stress Pinus sp. Crape myrtle Lagerstroemia sp. Grape-pith color Double file Viburnum (Viburnum tomentosum) Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) 13

14 2. What is the population of the plants? The population refers to the number of plants of the species of interes that are present Arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis) Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Boxwood (Buxus sempervirens), with Hebe (Hebe sp.) Highbush blueberry: Vaccinium corymbosum 14

15 3. And how many of the plants are affected? Hebe species and cultivars Kinnikinnick (Arctostaphjylos uva-ursi) 4. What is the pattern of damage within the population? Bentgrass (Agrostis sp): Fairy ring Incense Cedar (Calocedrus decurrens) Uniform pattern=abiotic factors (non-living) 1. Entire population uniformly affected Normal Abnormal 15

16 Uniform pattern Usually the result of non-living, environmental causes Occurs over the entire population of plants, or discrete groups Uniform pattern=abiotic factors (non-living) 2. Same part of entire population affected Abnormal Periwinkle (Vinca minor) Arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis) Foliar browning on Pinus, Rhododendron and Euonymus Uniform pattern=abiotic factors (non-living) Abnormal 16

17 Random pattern=biotic factors (diseases/pests) Random pattern Occurs because of progressive spread of a living organism Abnormal Oriental Arborvitae (Platycladus orientalis): Berckmann s Blight Turf: Cranefly (Tipula sp.) damage Arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis): spider mites Don t overanalyze uniform versus random Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) and oxalis (Oxalis sp.) weeds in flower bed Arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis) near La Grande, OR 17

18 Petunia (Petunia x hybrida) Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) Uniform or non-uniform? 18

19 5. What part or parts of the plant are affected? Japanese Zelkova (Zelkova serrata) Just leaves? Manzanita (Arctostaphylos Arroyo Cascade ): Leaf gall aphid (Tamalia cowenii) Red Maple (Acer rubrum): Anthracnose (Kabatiella sp.) Leaves and fruit? Leaves, fruit and shoots? Apple (Malus sp): Scab (Venturia inaequalis) Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum): Mummyberry (Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi) 19

20 Stem-tip dieback? Cherry (Prunus avium), Coryneum blight (Wilsonomyces carpophilus)) Atlas Blue Cedar (Cedrus atlantica ): Needle Blight (Sirococcus conigenus) Individual stems dying back entirely? Cherry (Prunus sp.) Japanese Maple (Acer palmatum): Verticillium wilt (Verticullium dahliae) The whole plant? English Walnut (Juglans regia) Red Maple (Acer rubrum): Phytophthora Canker (Phytophthora sp.) 20

21 Birch: Betula utilis Silk Tree (Albizia julibrissin) Nectria canker 6. What is the pattern of damage within the plant Uniform pattern=abiotic factors (non-living) Normal Abnormal Uniform pattern=abiotic factors (non-living) Abnormal Dwarf Alberta Spruce (Picea glauca Conica ): sunburn 21

22 Random pattern=biotic factors (diseases/pests) Abnormal Rockrose (Halimium sp.): early-season tip chlorosis Noble Fir (Abies nobilis) Hebe (Hebe sp.): Root Rot (Phytophthora sp.) 7. What is the pattern on the plant part? Hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata): Leaf spot (Diplocarpon mespili) Normal 22

23 Uniform pattern=abiotic factors (non-living) Abnormal Hosta: drought stress Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum): blossom-end rot Random pattern=biotic factors (diseases/pests) Abnormal Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.): Powdery mildew (Eriysiphe azaleae) 23

24 Beets (Beta vulgaris ): Leafminer (Pegomya sp.) Maple (Acer sp.): Bladdergall mite (Vasates quadripedes) Normal Grape (Vitis sp.): Powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) Uniform pattern=abiotic factors (non-living) Abnormal Weeping baldcypress (Taxodium distichum Cascade Falls ) 24

25 Grand Fir (Abies grandis), Phenoxy herbicide damage Arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis): Phenoxy herbicide damage Random pattern=biotic factors (diseases/pests) Abnormal Douglasfir (Pseudotsuga menziesii): Needle cast (Rhabdocline spp.) 8. When did the symptoms appear? Hemlock (Tsuga sp.): Hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) Peach (Prunus persica): Leaf Curl (Taphrina deformans) 25

26 Symptoms appear early in the year? Chaparral Currant (Ribes malvaceum) Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis): cold injury Symptoms appear later in the year Ash (Fraxinus sp.)-anthracnose (Gnomoniella fraxini) Viburnum tinus-sunburn 26

27 Symptoms appear after specific event 9. Are the symptoms spreading, improving or constant? Wheat (Triticum aestivum): spray damage Port Orford Cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana): Phytophthora root rot (Phytophthora spp.) Aspen (Populus tremuloides) Leaf scorch Symptoms stay the same Rosa Berries N Cream Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.) 27

28 10. Are any signs of a pest present? Symptoms: Physical characteristics of a problem expressed by the plant. Damage from non-living factors will induce symptom development, but there will be no signs of a pest Include: wilting leaf discoloration leaf spots leaf distortion defoliation galls cankers rots/dieback plant decline Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.): Sunburn Cucumber (Cucumis sativus): wilt Holly (Ilex sp.): leaf discoloration Western Spicebush (Calycanthus occidentalis): leaf spots Redbud (Cercis canadensis): Leaf distortion due to phenoxy herbicide European Pear (Pyrus communis): Fruit distortion due to true bug feeding damage 28

29 Fraser Photinia (Photinia x fraseri): defoliation by Leaf Spot (Diplocarpon mespili) Oak (Quercus sp.): mite galls Birch (Betula sp.): gall Apple (Malus domestica): cankers caused by Anthracnose Peach (Prunus persica): dieback and canker Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum): rot caused by Late Blight (Lycopersicon esculentum) Kousa dogwood (Cornus kousa) Plant decline 29

30 Signs: evidence of the actual causal agent Diseases: fungal fruiting bodies fungal mycelia bacterial slime (more later ) Insects: the insect itself boring holes or tunnels sawdust frass Other rodent mounds/holes slug trails Goldenchain tree (Laburnum x watereri): aphids Apple (Malus domestica): Crane fly (Tipula sp.) Sunflower (Helianthus annuus): Sclerotinia wilt (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) Apple (Malus domestica): Rust (Gymnosporangium sp.) Incense-cedar (Calocedrus decurrens): Broom rust (Gymnosporangium libocedri) Big-leaf maple (Acer macrophyllum): Tar spots (Rhytisma punctatum) 30

31 Cherry (Prunus sp.): possible Bacterial canker damage (Pseudomonas syringae) Apple (Malus domestica): Leaf roller (species undetermined) California lilac (Ceanothus sp.): Whitefly Hebe (Hebe sp.): Meadow spittle bugs (Philaenus spumarius) Viburnum davidii: leaf notching due to root weevils Colorado Blue Spruce (Picea pungens): White Pine weevil (Pissodes strobi) 31

32 Raywood Ash (Fraxinus oxycarpa Raywood ): frass of the Lace bug (species unknown ) Slug trails Some signs cannot be seen without magnification Vole burrows Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus): RBDV Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium): possible Bacterial canker (Pseudomonas syringae) Pear (Pyrus communis): Leaf spot-undetermined cause 32

33 Cultural causes of plant problems Planting practices Rootbound plants Root damage Pruning injury Herbicide injury White-bark birch (Betula jacquemontii) Root-bound plants Flowering cherry (Prunus sp.): circling roots 33

34 Deodar cedar (Cedrus deodara) European White Birch (Betula pendula) Western Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) Problems caused by pruning Deodar cedar (Cedrus deodara) English Laurel (Prunus laurocerasus) 34

35 Pesticide injury Rockrose (Cistus x hybridus) and California Lilac (Ceanothus Victoria ) Hebe (Hebe sp.): glyphosate damage Raspberry (Rubus idaeus): glyphosate damage Photo: B. Strik 35

36 Bearded Iris (Iris sp.): glyphosate damage Oak leaf Hydrangea (Hydrangea quercifolia): phenoxy herbicide damage Deodar cedar (Cedrus deodara): phenoxy herbicide damage Arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis): spray damage by horticultural oil Environmental causes of problems Cold Injury Pollination problems Sun (too much or too little) Water (too little or too much) Nutrient deficiencies Wind/hail/lightning Cold Injury 36

37 Cold injury results from: Winter low temperatures Fall or early spring low temperatures Unexpected frosts Rare to see winter injury to deciduous shrubs and trees or conifers Winged Euonymus (Euonymus alatus) Port Orford Cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) Coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis) Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium) Mexican orange (Choisya ternata) Marion trailing blackberry (Rubus Marion ) 37

38 Escallonia Maple (Acer sp.): south-west injury English yew (Taxus baccata): snow damage Fall or early Spring freezes Pineapple Broom (Cytisus battandieri): freezing rain Hebe Andersonii Variegata 38

39 Kiwi fruit (Actinidia deliciosa): frost damage to shoots Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum): Frost injury Photo: B. Strik Frost damage Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) Photos: B. Strik Normay Maple (Acer platanoides) Pollination problems Honeybee (Apis mellifera) on blueberry flowers (Vaccinium corymbosum) Grape (Vitis sp.) 39

40 Impacts of other environmental factors: Too much or too little sun Squash (Cucurbita pepo) Distinguish between excess sun (sunburn) and drought stress Sunburn can occur on leaves, flowers, fruit or stems Sunburn occurs when a plant, or plant part is exposed to too much sun and heat, even if well-supplied with water Drought stress occurs to any plant when soil water becomes limiting Rhododendron: (Rhododendron sp.) 40

41 Sunburn on flowers Sunburn on fruit Mophead Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) Lack of sun can cause problems Flowering dogwood: (Cornus canadensis) Mugo Pine: (Pinus mugo) 41

42 Drought stress is dependent on: Inherent drought tolerance of plant Weather conditions (temperature, wind) Site exposure and aspect Soil conditions (moisture, structure etc.) Irrigation (and it s efficacy) Weather: Temperature and wind Site exposure Site aspect Soil conditions 42

43 Irrigation can mean many things Drooping foliage Tip burn Brown areas on leaves Loss of older leaves Shoot dieback Hebe sp. Pacific Dogwood (Cornus nuttalli) Katsura tree: (Cercidiphyllum japonicum) Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.) 43

44 Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.) Turf: most enquiries in late summer Turf: perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) White-barked birch (Betula jacquemontii) Drainage Problems Drainage problems result from: Topography Impervious soil Leyland Cypress: (x Cupresssocyparis leylandii) 44

45 Boysenberry (Rubus Boysen Impervious soil layers: Soil preparation Raspberry (Rubus idaeus): Phytophthora root rot (Phytophthora spp.) 45

46 Nutrient deficiencies in plants Nutrients required by plants Major nutrients: Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Sulfur (S) Minor nutrients: Iron (Fe) Zinc (Zn) Manganese (Mn) Copper (Cu) Molybdenum (Mo) Boron (B) Chlorine (Cl) Also: salt toxicity. Dicentra spectabilis Gold Heart Location of symptoms: Base of plant mobile (N, P, K, Mg) Whole (mid) plant partially mobile (S, Mo) Top of plant immobile (Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B) 46

47 Mobile nutrient: symptoms at plant base Mobile nutrient: Nitrogen deficiency Flowering plum (Prunus x blireana) Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) Immobile Nutrient: Iron Immobile Nutrient deficiency in fruit: Calcium Rhododendron (Rhododendron sp.): ph-induced Fe deficiency Pear (Pyrus communis): cork spot 47

48 Wind Hardy Kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta): scarred fruit Hail Highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum): hail damage Apple (Malus domestica): Hail damage Websites for home garden problems Pesticide recommendations for homeowners Plant Disease Control: PNW Disease Management Handbook Insect Pest Control: PNW Insect Management Handbook Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis): Lightning damage Weed Control: PNW Weed Management Handbook 48

49 The End! 49

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